烟草专业英语考试总结
烟草专业英语考试总结教学内容
Chapter 1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科combustibility 可燃性度nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱pest resistance抗虫害agronomic performance农艺性能Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette：混合型卷烟tar content：焦油含量aromatic芳香的limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟Bright tobacco ：浅色烟Burley tobacco ：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟disease resistance：抗病性plant's physiology：植物生理thresh：打叶redrying：复烤aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产smoke chemistry：烟气化学cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草botanical植物的air-curing 晾制sun-curing晒制fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。
烟草英语测试题目及答案
烟草英语测试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the main ingredient in cigarettes?A. AlcoholB. NicotineC. CaffeineD. Sugar2. Which of the following is not a health risk associated with smoking?A. Lung cancerB. Heart diseaseC. High blood pressureD. Improved immune system3. What does the abbreviation "WHO" stand for?A. World Health OrganizationB. World Health OrganizationsC. World Health OfficerD. World Health Online4. The term "secondhand smoke" refers to:A. Smoke inhaled by the smokerB. Smoke exhaled by the smokerC. Smoke inhaled by non-smokers in the vicinity of smokersD. Smoke produced by burning cigarettes5. Which of the following is a method to quit smoking?A. Gradual reductionB. Cold turkeyC. HypnosisD. All of the above6. What is the term for the act of smoking without inhaling the smoke?A. Passive smokingB. Social smokingC. Non-smokingD. Secondhand smoking7. The addictive substance in tobacco is:A. CaffeineB. NicotineC. AlcoholD. Heroin8. Which of the following is a common side effect of smoking cessation?A. Weight gainB. Increased appetiteC. Both A and BD. Neither A nor B9. The "Tobacco-Free Generation Campaign" aims to:A. Increase tobacco salesB. Promote smoking as a social activityC. Encourage young people to smokeD. Prevent young people from starting to smoke10. In many countries, tobacco products must carry a warning label stating:A. "Smoking is cool"B. "Smoking is harmful to your health"C. "Smoking is a status symbol"D. "Smoke to relieve stress"二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. Smoking is the leading cause of ________ diseases.12. The ________ is an international organization that works to improve public health.13. ________ is a legal requirement in many places for tobacco products to display health warnings.14. The ________ is a program designed to help smokers quit.15. The term "thirdhand smoke" refers to residual tobacco smoke contaminants that remain on surfaces long after the tobacco has been smoked.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）16. What are some of the social consequences of smoking?17. Describe the process of addiction to nicotine.18. Explain why smoking cessation is beneficial for health.19. Discuss the role of public health campaigns in reducing smoking rates.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）20. Discuss the impact of tobacco advertising on society and the measures that can be taken to control it.21. Analyze the challenges faced by individuals attempting to quit smoking and the support systems available to them.答案：一、1. B2. D3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. C9. D10. B二、11. preventable12. WHO13. plain packaging14. Quitline15. pollutants三、16. Social consequences of smoking include stigmatization, reduced social interactions, and increased healthcare costs.17. Nicotine addiction begins with regular use, leading to physical dependence and psychological cravings.18. Smoking cessation is beneficial as it reduces the risk of various diseases, improves overall health, and extends life expectancy.19. Public health campaigns raise awareness, promote cessation services, and influence policy to reduce smoking rates.四、20. Tobacco advertising can glamorize smoking and target vulnerable groups. Control measures include banning ads, imposing plain packaging, and raising taxes.21. Challenges include withdrawal symptoms and social pressures. Support systems include counseling, medication, and community programs.。
烟草专业英语
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Artificial fermentation :It is in a temperature and humidity controlled room. It is a process which accelerate the aging process of tobacco leaves, so that in a short time improving the quality of materials. Artificial fermentation is a little worse in color, fragrance and irritating than natural fermentation, but the quality of leaves has still obviously improved. Cigarette manufacturers widely used this kind of fermentation, in that the period is short, takes up less inventory, fund turnover fast.
5 .Cigarette silk technology
The main purpose of cigarette silk technology : To ensure the cutting quality of stable and uniformly To ensure the casing solution uniformly To ensure the width of cut tobacco uniformly To ensure the moisture content uniformly.
湖北中烟考试的作文
湖北中烟考试的作文回答1:Title: The Essay on Hubei Zhongyan ExaminationIntroduction:The Hubei Zhongyan Examination is a significant event that holds great importance in the province. This essay aims to explore the various aspects of this examination.Background:The Hubei Zhongyan Examination is a highly competitive annual examination conducted by the Hubei Zhongyan Tobacco Company. It aims to select talented individuals who can contribute to the development of the tobacco industry. The examination covers multiple subjects, including Chinese, English, mathematics, and professional knowledge related to the tobacco industry.Benefits:Participating in the Hubei Zhongyan Examination offers numerous benefits. Firstly, it provides a platform for individuals to showcase their knowledge and skills. Successfulcandidates are given the opportunity to work in the prestigious tobacco industry, which offers stable employment and excellent career prospects. Additionally, the examination serves as a means to attract and retain talented individuals, ensuring the industry's continued growth and innovation.Preparation:Preparing for the Hubei Zhongyan Examination requires dedication and thoroughness. Candidates need to have a strong foundation in Chinese, English, mathematics, and possess a deep understanding of the tobacco industry. They should stay updated with the latest industry trends and developments, along with the regulations and policies governing the tobacco sector. Engaging in regular practice tests and seeking guidance from experienced professionals can significantly enhance one's chances of success.Challenges:The Hubei Zhongyan Examination is known for its high level of difficulty and competitiveness. The vast amount of knowledge required to excel in the examination can be overwhelming. Additionally, the time constraint during the examination posesa challenge for candidates to complete the tasks accurately and efficiently. The pressure to perform well and stand out among thousands of applicants can also be mentally taxing.Conclusion:The Hubei Zhongyan Examination is an important event in Hubei province, offering a gateway to a promising career in the tobacco industry. While it presents challenges, diligent preparation and a strong foundation can lead to success. The examination not only benefits individuals but also contributes to the growth and development of the tobacco industry in Hubei. It serves as a platform for talented individuals to showcase their abilities and contribute to the industry's progress.标题：湖北中烟考试的作文介绍：湖北中烟考试是该省一项非常重要的活动。
烟草专业英语词汇
烟草专业英语词汇烟草专业常用英语词汇1. 与烟草栽培技术有关的专业英语词汇发芽期buding stage十字期period of cross shaped苗床期period of plant bed成苗期time of seedling for transplant移栽期transplanting period生根期rooting stage伸根期root stretching stage团颗期rosette stage旺长期prosperously growing stage现蕾期flower budding stage，budding period stage 开花期flower stage打顶期topping stage成熟期maturing stage品种species, variety栽培种cultivar育种breeding of seed假植presetting漂浮育苗floating seedling移栽transplant密植close grown施肥spread manure中耕cultivation培土earth up表层土topsoil底层土subsoil除草weed除草剂herbicide，weedicide 灌溉irrigate打顶topping现蕾打顶topping at button stage初花打顶(见花打顶) topping at initial-flower stage 盛花打顶（抽苔打顶）topping at fully-flower stage 烟杈sucker烟杆stick抹杈smearing sucker from stalk留杈keep suckers on stalk抑芽剂suckercide成熟度maturity未熟immature假熟premature田间成熟ripe生理成熟，欠熟mature工艺成熟fully mature完熟、适熟mellow过熟over mature采收harvesting, prime采摘pluck产量yield产值output value鲜烟叶fresh tobacco leaves干重dried weight干烟叶dried tobacco leaves茎围stem girth断茬stubble打包bale木质化woody2. 与烟草根，茎，叶有关的英语专业词汇根root根毛root hair根系root system须根haring root，fibrous roots气生根parasitic root根基部lower portion烟茎stalk主茎main stem茎叶角度leaf angle to stem顶芽terminal bud侧芽axillary bud烤烟叶the flue-cured tobacco leaves叶尖leaf tip叶基leaf base叶位stalk position脚叶sand leaf，sand lugs，priming leaf 下二棚lugs leaves上二棚leaf leaves顶叶tips leaves上部叶upper leaves中部叶middle leaves下部烟叶down-stalk tobacco腰叶cutters叶形form leaf shape叶宽leaf width, width of leaf叶长leaf length, length of leaf叶片密度density of leaf叶色leaf color叶肉leaf body叶表面leaf surface叶腋leaf arils叶脉leaf vein主脉，烟筋midrib枯叶dead tobacco熏叶smoked青叶，鲜叶green leaf废叶trash花flower开花blossom花瓣petal花药anther花粉pollen花丝filament花序inflorescence花冠corolla花萼calyx雄蕊stamens雌蕊pistil胚珠ovules子房ovary柱头stigma胎座placenta同株异花allogamy异株异花xemogamy异化授粉cross-pollinate自花授粉self-fertilization种子seed卵圆形种子ovate seed心形种子cordate shape seed 椭圆形种子oblong seed果皮pericarp维管组织vascular tissues3.与烟草调制，醇化和发酵有关的专业英语词汇复烤redrying打叶stemming展叶fanned leaf打叶复烤green leaf threshing and redrying 打叶去梗stemming threshing去茎stripping烤房curing burn调制curing晾制air curing晒制sun curing密集烘烤compact curing火管烘烤flue curing焙烘toasting堆积烘烤bulk curing堆积变黄bulk yellowing挂灰scalding灰烟heavy scalded leaf烤红variegated red，variegated scorch烤焦scorching通风ventilation温度temperature湿度humidity含梗率midrib proportion发酵fermentation,醇化aging，mellowing醇化过程mellowing process回潮conditioning，reordering润叶reconditioning干筋stem drying干筋期killing out分级grading加湿回潮ordering卷包making加香flavoring吡啶pyridine衍生物derivatives降烟碱nornicotine烟酸nicotinic acid氧化烟碱oxynicotine生物碱alkaloids烟碱nicotine4.与烟草感官评吸有关的英语专业词汇感官评吸panel test外观质量鉴评, 感官检验sensory inspection 辛辣pungent刺激性irritating涩味astringent粗糙harsh杂气offensive taste香气aromatic smoke芳香，香气aroma香气质quality of aroma香型flavor type香气量volume of aroma浓郁full flavored香气浓郁heavy fragrant aroma香味清雅舒适clearly comfortable flavor香气清雅fresh and graceful柔和mild醇和mellowing香气饱满aroma-fullness香气浓郁aroma full flavored香气醇厚aroma full mild taste香味flavor醇厚full-mild taste，mellowy余味after-taste吃味taste纯净clear清新freshly充实fullness浑厚fullness and thickness香味浓郁wealthy flavor，aroma full flavored 释放delivers 发霉molding持火率fire-holding or apacity酸性acidity碱性alkali浓度concentration劲头physiological strength燃烧性combustibility灰色ash color颜色均匀uniform color颜色加深darker color褪色depigment，fade5.烟草种植生态环境气候climate天气weather光照light水分moisture上壤soil细纱土壤fine sandy loam黏土heavy clays沙性壤土sandy loam粘性壤土clay loam粉沙土壤silt loam养分nutrition环境environmental霜frost无霜期frost-free period冰雹hail雨水rainfall干旱drought风wind淹水drowned热带tropical损伤damage潮湿wet温暖warm适宜suitable季节season纬度latitude海拔高度altitude，height above sea level逆境adversity胁迫stress6.与烟草病虫害防治有关的英语专业词汇烟草野火病bacterial leaf spot of tobacco 烟草瘿蛾tobacco stem borer马铃薯麦蛾tobacco split worm 烟草环斑病tobacco ring spotvirus烟草皱屈病tobacco rattle virus 烟草花叶病毒tobacco mosaic virus烟草花叶病tobacco mosaic disease 烟草花叶病蛋白质tobacco mosaic protein 烟潜叶蛾tobacco leaf miner 烟草霜霉病tobacco downy mildew白斑病tobacco cercospora leaf spot 烟草黑胫病tobacco black shank烟草枯萎病tobacco wilt 烟草角斑病tobacco angular spot野火病tobacco wild fire 烟草空胫病tobacco hollow stalk烟草畦烟病tobacco frogeye spot 小地老虎black cutworm烟蓟马tobacco thrips 斜纹夜蛾tobacco caterpillar赤星病brown spot 根黑腐病black root rot青枯病Granuville wilt 烟草黄瓜花叶病cucumber mosaic烟草根结线虫病Root-knot nematode 炭疽病Anthracnose白粉病powdery mildew 烟蚜Green peach aphid烟粉虱tobacco whitefly 异色瓢虫Leis axyridis防治prevention and cure 病虫害plunt diseases and insect pests病菌germs 病因cause of disease烟草蛙眼病frogeve leaf spot of tobacco 猝倒病damping off 烟蚜Green peach aphid 烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis烟实夜蛾tobacco budworm 烟草甲tobacco beetle病原causal 侵袭subject病原微生物causal organisms 感染，传染infection烟青虫budworms 天蛾幼虫norn worms跳甲flea beetles 蚜虫aphids金针虫wireworms 农药残留pesticide residues农药chemicals 涝害drowing旱斑病drought spot 黑火病black fire根肿病club root 烟草锈病ruct预防protect 根瘤crown gall从顶病bushy top 气候斑weather fleck昆虫insects 土壤害虫soil pests引起induce 烟草抗虫植物tobacco plants resistant toinsects 危害damage 细菌bacteria土壤杀菌soil sterilization 蛙眼病frog-eye病害发生diseases occur 控制防治control。
烟草专业英语词汇
烟草专业常用英语词汇1. 与烟草栽培技术有关的专业英语词汇发芽期buding stage十字期period of cross shaped苗床期period of plant bed成苗期time of seedling for transplant移栽期transplanting period生根期rooting stage伸根期root stretching stage团颗期rosette stage旺长期prosperously growing stage现蕾期flower budding stage，budding period stage开花期flower stage打顶期topping stage成熟期maturing stage品种species, variety栽培种cultivar育种breeding of seed假植presetting漂浮育苗floating seedling移栽transplant密植close grown施肥spread manure中耕cultivation培土earth up表层土topsoil底层土subsoil除草weed除草剂herbicide，weedicide 灌溉irrigate打顶topping现蕾打顶topping at button stage初花打顶(见花打顶) topping at initial-flower stage盛花打顶（抽苔打顶）topping at fully-flower stage烟杈sucker烟杆stick抹杈smearing sucker from stalk留杈keep suckers on stalk抑芽剂suckercide成熟度maturity未熟immature假熟premature田间成熟ripe生理成熟，欠熟mature工艺成熟fully mature完熟、适熟mellow过熟over mature采收harvesting, prime采摘pluck产量yield产值output value鲜烟叶fresh tobacco leaves干重dried weight干烟叶dried tobacco leaves茎围stem girth断茬stubble打包bale木质化woody2. 与烟草根，茎，叶有关的英语专业词汇根root根毛root hair根系root system须根haring root，fibrous roots气生根parasitic root根基部lower portion烟茎stalk主茎main stem茎叶角度leaf angle to stem顶芽terminal bud侧芽axillary bud烤烟叶the flue-cured tobacco leaves叶尖leaf tip叶基leaf base叶位stalk position脚叶sand leaf，sand lugs，priming leaf下二棚lugs leaves上二棚leaf leaves顶叶tips leaves上部叶upper leaves中部叶middle leaves下部烟叶down-stalk tobacco腰叶cutters叶形form leaf shape叶宽leaf width, width of leaf叶长leaf length, length of leaf叶片密度density of leaf叶色leaf color叶肉leaf body叶表面leaf surface叶腋leaf arils叶脉leaf vein主脉，烟筋midrib枯叶dead tobacco熏叶smoked青叶，鲜叶green leaf废叶trash花flower开花blossom花瓣petal花药anther花粉pollen花丝filament花序inflorescence花冠corolla花萼calyx雄蕊stamens雌蕊pistil胚珠ovules子房ovary柱头stigma胎座placenta同株异花allogamy异株异花xemogamy异化授粉cross-pollinate自花授粉self-fertilization种子seed卵圆形种子ovate seed心形种子cordate shape seed椭圆形种子oblong seed果皮pericarp维管组织vascular tissues3.与烟草调制，醇化和发酵有关的专业英语词汇复烤redrying打叶stemming展叶fanned leaf打叶复烤green leaf threshing and redrying打叶去梗stemming threshing去茎stripping烤房curing burn调制curing晾制air curing晒制sun curing密集烘烤compact curing火管烘烤flue curing焙烘toasting堆积烘烤bulk curing堆积变黄bulk yellowing挂灰scalding灰烟heavy scalded leaf烤红variegated red，variegated scorch 烤焦scorching通风ventilation温度temperature湿度humidity含梗率midrib proportion发酵fermentation,醇化aging，mellowing醇化过程mellowing process回潮conditioning，reordering润叶reconditioning干筋stem drying干筋期killing out分级grading加湿回潮ordering卷包making加香flavoring吡啶pyridine衍生物derivatives降烟碱nornicotine烟酸nicotinic acid氧化烟碱oxynicotine生物碱alkaloids烟碱nicotine4.与烟草感官评吸有关的英语专业词汇感官评吸panel test外观质量鉴评, 感官检验sensory inspection辛辣pungent刺激性irritating涩味astringent粗糙harsh杂气offensive taste香气aromatic smoke芳香，香气aroma香气质quality of aroma香型flavor type香气量volume of aroma浓郁full flavored香气浓郁heavy fragrant aroma香味清雅舒适clearly comfortable flavor香气清雅fresh and graceful柔和mild醇和mellowing香气饱满aroma-fullness香气浓郁aroma full flavored香气醇厚aroma full mild taste香味flavor醇厚full-mild taste，mellowy余味after-taste吃味taste纯净clear清新freshly充实fullness浑厚fullness and thickness香味浓郁wealthy flavor，aroma full flavored 释放delivers发霉molding持火率fire-holding or apacity酸性acidity碱性alkali浓度concentration劲头physiological strength燃烧性combustibility灰色ash color颜色均匀uniform color颜色加深darker color褪色depigment，fade5.烟草种植生态环境气候climate天气weather光照light水分moisture上壤soil细纱土壤fine sandy loam黏土heavy clays沙性壤土sandy loam粘性壤土clay loam粉沙土壤silt loam养分nutrition环境environmental霜frost无霜期frost-free period冰雹hail雨水rainfall干旱drought风wind淹水drowned热带tropical损伤damage潮湿wet温暖warm适宜suitable季节season纬度latitude海拔高度altitude，height above sea level逆境adversity胁迫stress6.与烟草病虫害防治有关的英语专业词汇烟草野火病bacterial leaf spot of tobacco 烟草瘿蛾tobacco stem borer马铃薯麦蛾tobacco split worm 烟草环斑病tobacco ring spot virus烟草皱屈病tobacco rattle virus 烟草花叶病毒tobacco mosaic virus烟草花叶病tobacco mosaic disease 烟草花叶病蛋白质tobacco mosaic protein 烟潜叶蛾tobacco leaf miner 烟草霜霉病tobacco downy mildew白斑病tobacco cercospora leaf spot 烟草黑胫病tobacco black shank烟草枯萎病tobacco wilt 烟草角斑病tobacco angular spot野火病tobacco wild fire 烟草空胫病tobacco hollow stalk烟草畦烟病tobacco frogeye spot 小地老虎black cutworm烟蓟马tobacco thrips 斜纹夜蛾tobacco caterpillar赤星病brown spot 根黑腐病black root rot青枯病Granuville wilt 烟草黄瓜花叶病cucumber mosaic烟草根结线虫病Root-knot nematode 炭疽病Anthracnose白粉病powdery mildew 烟蚜Green peach aphid烟粉虱tobacco whitefly 异色瓢虫Leis axyridis防治prevention and cure 病虫害plunt diseases and insect pests病菌germs 病因cause of disease烟草蛙眼病frogeve leaf spot of tobacco 猝倒病damping off烟蚜Green peach aphid 烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis烟实夜蛾tobacco budworm 烟草甲tobacco beetle病原causal 侵袭subject病原微生物causal organisms 感染，传染infection烟青虫budworms 天蛾幼虫norn worms跳甲flea beetles 蚜虫aphids金针虫wireworms 农药残留pesticide residues农药chemicals 涝害drowing旱斑病drought spot 黑火病black fire根肿病club root 烟草锈病ruct预防protect 根瘤crown gall从顶病bushy top 气候斑weather fleck昆虫insects 土壤害虫soil pests引起induce 烟草抗虫植物tobacco plants resistant toinsects 危害damage 细菌bacteria土壤杀菌soil sterilization 蛙眼病frog-eye病害发生diseases occur 控制防治control。
烟草专业英语考试总结
Chapter 1 单词翻译：单词翻译：Nicotian 烟草属烟草属 combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae 茄科茄科 combustibility 可燃性度可燃性度 nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱尼古丁，烟碱 pest resistance 抗虫害抗虫害agronomic performance 农艺性能农艺性能 Chinese －Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette ：中式卷烟：中式卷烟 Virginian-type cigarette ：烤烟型卷烟：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette ：混合型卷烟：混合型卷烟 tar content ：焦油含量：焦油含量：焦油含量 aromatic 芳香的芳香的 limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco ：烤烟：烤烟 Bright tobacco ：浅色烟：浅色烟 Burley tobacco ：白肋烟：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟东方烟 Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟：香料烟 Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟：马里兰烟 Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟：雪茄烟 disease resistance ：抗病性：抗病性 plant's physiology ：植物生理：植物生理thresh ：打叶：打叶 redrying ：复烤：复烤 aging ：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵发酵cigarette manufacture ：卷烟生产：卷烟生产 smoke chemistry ：烟气化学：烟气化学 cigar 雪茄雪茄cigarillo 小雪茄小雪茄 smokeless tobacco ：无烟烟草：无烟烟草 botanical 植物的植物的air-curing 晾制晾制 sun-curing 晒制晒制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing 烤制烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially ：国家烟草专卖局：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana (Nicotiana tabacum tabacum L.) L.) is is is a a a kind kind kind of of of special special special plant plant plant containing containing containing nicotine, nicotine, nicotine, belong belong belong to to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability. 烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。
烟草运动英语作文初一
烟草运动英语作文初一标题，The Tobacco Control Movement。
The Tobacco Control Movement has been a global endeavor aimed at reducing the consumption of tobacco products and mitigating their harmful effects on public health. It has garnered significant attention and support worldwide due to the devastating consequences associated with tobacco use. In this essay, we will explore the origins, objectives, and achievements of the Tobacco Control Movement, highlighting its importance in promoting a healthier society.The origins of the Tobacco Control Movement can be traced back to the mid-20th century when scientific research began to uncover the link between tobacco use and various health problems, including lung cancer, heart disease, and respiratory illnesses. As evidence of the harmful effects of tobacco became more apparent, concerned individuals and organizations started advocating for measures to regulate its production, marketing, andconsumption.One of the primary objectives of the Tobacco Control Movement is to raise awareness about the dangers of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke. Through public education campaigns, policymakers, health professionals,and advocacy groups aim to inform people about the health risks associated with smoking and encourage them to adopt tobacco-free lifestyles. These efforts includedisseminating information about the addictive nature of nicotine, the carcinogenic properties of tobacco smoke, and the financial and social costs of tobacco-related illnesses.In addition to raising awareness, the Tobacco Control Movement seeks to implement policies and regulations that discourage tobacco use and promote cessation. These measures include tobacco taxation, smoke-free laws, advertising restrictions, and tobacco control programs. By making tobacco products less affordable, less accessible, and less socially acceptable, policymakers hope to reduce tobacco consumption and prevent people, especially young individuals, from starting smoking.Over the years, the Tobacco Control Movement has achieved significant successes in combating the tobacco epidemic. One of the most notable achievements is the adoption of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2003, which represents a landmark treaty aimed at reducing tobacco-related harm on a global scale. The FCTC provides a comprehensive framework for tobacco control efforts, including measures to curb tobacco advertising and promotion, protect people from exposure to secondhand smoke, and support tobacco cessation initiatives.Furthermore, many countries have implemented tobacco control policies that have proven effective in reducing smoking rates and improving public health outcomes. For example, comprehensive smoke-free laws have been enacted in numerous jurisdictions, leading to a decrease in secondhand smoke exposure and a decline in smoking prevalence. Similarly, tobacco taxation policies have been successfulin reducing tobacco consumption, particularly among low-income populations and youth.Despite these achievements, the Tobacco Control Movement continues to face challenges and obstacles in its efforts to combat the tobacco epidemic. The tobaccoindustry remains a formidable adversary, employing sophisticated marketing tactics and lobbying strategies to undermine tobacco control policies and protect its profits. Moreover, the emergence of new tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products, presents new challenges for tobacco control advocates.In conclusion, the Tobacco Control Movement plays a crucial role in promoting public health and reducing the burden of tobacco-related disease and death. By raising awareness, advocating for policy change, and implementing evidence-based interventions, the movement has made significant strides in curbing tobacco use and protecting individuals from its harmful effects. However, sustained efforts and continued collaboration are needed to overcome the challenges posed by the tobacco industry and achieve a tobacco-free future for all.。
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Chapter 1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属combustion ：燃烧. Solanaceae茄科combustibility 可燃性度nicotine 尼古丁，烟碱pest resistance抗虫害agronomic performance农艺性能Chinese－Style Cigarette ：中式卷烟Chinese-style cigarette：中式卷烟Virginian-type cigarette：烤烟型卷烟blended cigarette：混合型卷烟tar content：焦油含量aromatic芳香的limit regulation’：限焦令. Virginia tobacco ：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco：烤烟Bright tobacco ：浅色烟Burley tobacco ：白肋烟Oriental tobacco 东方烟Aromatic tobacco ：香料烟Maryland tobacco ：马里兰烟Cigar tobacco ：雪茄烟disease resistance：抗病性plant's physiology：植物生理thresh：打叶redrying：复烤aging：老化，(陈化、醇化) fermentation 发酵cigarette manufacture：卷烟生产smoke chemistry：烟气化学cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄smokeless tobacco：无烟烟草botanical植物的air-curing 晾制sun-curing晒制fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration ：STMA officially：国家烟草专卖局2. 长句子翻译Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana. T obacco differs from other crops in that it is usedmostly for combustion. Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。
烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物，烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。
Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users (i.e. manufacturers). It is based primarily on curing method (air-, sun-, fire- and flue-curing), locality of production (growth) and the way in which the leaf is to be used (cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.). Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化，因此，制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。
先按烟草的调制方法（晾、晒、熏、烤）、生产区域和使用方式（卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等）进行分类，然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。
3. 简答根据烟草的调制方法，使用方式把烟草分为几类？（至少写五种，每种一分，共五分）Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-cured tobacco烤烟Burley tobacco白肋烟sun-cured tobacco晒烟Oriental tobacco东方烟、香料烟Maryland tobacco马里兰烟Cigar tobacco雪茄烟Cigarette卷烟light air-cured tobacco浅色晾烟dark air-cured tobacco深色晾烟Chapter2alkaloid生物碱Frost-free days无霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物种群nitrogen氮肥Topping打顶stalk茎秆suckering抹叉ripeness 成熟premature未成熟的Chapter 31.单词翻译light air-cured：浅色晾晒型dark air-cured：深色晾晒型sun-cured：晒(烟)cigar filler：雪茄芯烟binder (雪茄烟)内衣；(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶) wrapper (雪茄烟)外衣；(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecific cross：杂交gene mutations：基因突变broad terms：广义breeder：育种人员；育种工作者；cultivar品种germplasm sources：种质资源genotypes：基因型outlining tests概述测试trait：特征attribute属性handling处理lamina (烟叶)叶片midvein：(烟叶叶片)中脉filling：填充值harsh (烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬bitter苦pungent辛辣aroma香气mass selection：混合选择allele：等位基因. pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent：轮回选择haploid：单倍体tissue culture techniques：组织培养技术doubled haploids：双单倍体inherited trait：遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcific bridge cross种间杂交inbreeding近亲繁殖genetically variable：基因变异recombination基因重组black root rot：黑腐病crop failure：粮食欠收sensory properties：感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis：裂解heterosis杂种优势长句子翻译In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing. In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished. Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits. Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort. The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished.概括地讲，现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。
在计划制定阶段，育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。
一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷，或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。
另外，计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源，选择最佳的育种方法，鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术，以及提出完全表征该育种研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。
品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。
There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years. Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases. In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has beencollected and characterized. This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements. Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement.在过去的几年里，烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。