chap4101315习题及参考答案
第四章 习题及参考答案.doc
解⑴G(s)= 第四章线性系统的根轨迹法4-3单位反馈系统的开环传递函数如下，试概略绘出系统根轨迹。
⑴ G3)= s(0.2s + l)(0.5s +1)K 10Ks(0.2s + l)(0.5s +1) = s(s + 5)(s + 2)系统有三个开环极点：0 =0,P2 =-2,，3 =-5 实轴上的根轨迹：[—2,0]炊、己心0-2-5 7 (2k +1)71；■勿①渐近线：——= 一牙仁= -------；-- =±^，石%1分离点：j + £? + £ = °解得：％= 一°・88，d2 - 3.7863 (舍)%1与虚轴的交点：特征方程为D(s)= s 3 + 7s 2 + 10s + 10K = 0 J Re[D(jd))] = -7a)2 + 10K = 0 \(o = V10令[Im[D(ja))] = -a)3 + 10fi? = 0 解得[K = 7与虚轴的交点(0, +710j)o根轨迹如图解4-3 (1)所示。
图4-3 (1)K*(s + 2)⑴ G(s) =⑴(s + i + 〃)(s + l 一以)解:①实轴上的根轨迹：(-00-2]1 1 1②分离点：d + 1 + j2+ d + l-j2 = d + 2解之得：=-4.23③起始角：° PI = 180。
+ 63.435 -90 =153.43°,另一起始角由对称性得：-153.43°。
图4-4 (1)4-5已知单位反馈系统的开环传递函数G(s),要求：(2)确定G(s)= “EK：：、、产生纯虚根为±顶1的z值和K*值S十_LV八S 十)解(2)闭环特征方程：D(s) = $2 (s + 10)(s + 20) + K* (s + z)=s4 + 30s3 + 200s2 + K*s + K*Z = 0有：D(j(o) = 3 一200妒 + K*Z)+ - 30切3)=0刃4 -200妒+矿々=0令实、虚部分别等于零即：如•勿-30妒=0把刃=1 代入得：K*=30, z = 199/30。
计量经济学(第四版)习题及参考答案解析详细版
计量经济学（第四版）习题参考答案潘省初第一章 绪论1.1 试列出计量经济分析的主要步骤。
一般说来，计量经济分析按照以下步骤进行：（1）陈述理论（或假说） （2）建立计量经济模型 （3）收集数据 （4）估计参数 （5）假设检验 （6）预测和政策分析 1.2 计量经济模型中为何要包括扰动项?为了使模型更现实，我们有必要在模型中引进扰动项u 来代表所有影响因变量的其它因素，这些因素包括相对而言不重要因而未被引入模型的变量，以及纯粹的随机因素。
1.3什么是时间序列和横截面数据? 试举例说明二者的区别。
时间序列数据是按时间周期（即按固定的时间间隔）收集的数据，如年度或季度的国民生产总值、就业、货币供给、财政赤字或某人一生中每年的收入都是时间序列的例子。
横截面数据是在同一时点收集的不同个体（如个人、公司、国家等）的数据。
如人口普查数据、世界各国2000年国民生产总值、全班学生计量经济学成绩等都是横截面数据的例子。
1.4估计量和估计值有何区别？估计量是指一个公式或方法，它告诉人们怎样用手中样本所提供的信息去估计总体参数。
在一项应用中，依据估计量算出的一个具体的数值，称为估计值。
如Y就是一个估计量，1nii YY n==∑。
现有一样本，共4个数，100，104，96，130，则根据这个样本的数据运用均值估计量得出的均值估计值为5.107413096104100=+++。
第二章 计量经济分析的统计学基础2.1 略，参考教材。
2.2请用例2.2中的数据求北京男生平均身高的99％置信区间NS S x ==45=1.25 用α=0.05，N-1=15个自由度查表得005.0t =2.947，故99%置信限为 x S t X 005.0± =174±2.947×1.25=174±3.684也就是说，根据样本，我们有99%的把握说，北京男高中生的平均身高在170.316至177.684厘米之间。
CH3习题参考答案
CH3习题参考答案习题3解答判断题1.栈和队列都是限制存取点的线性结构（TRUE）2.栈和队列是两种重要的线性结构。
（ TRUE ）3.带头结点的单链表形式的队列，头指针F指向队列的头结点，尾指针R指向队列的最后一个结点（TRUE）4.在对不带头结点的链队列作出队操作时，不会改变头指针的值。
（FALSE）单项选择题：5.若已知一个栈的入栈序列是1，2，3，…，n，其输出序列为p1，p2，p3，…，p n，若p1=n，则p i为( )。
A．i B．n=i C．n-i+1 D．不确定答：C[当p1=n，即n是最先出栈的，根据栈的原理，n必定是最后入栈的，那么输入顺序必定是1，2，3，…，n，则出栈的序列是n，…，3，2，1，所以答案是C。
] 6．栈和队列的共同点是( )。
A．都是先进后出B．都是先进先出C．只允许在端点处插入和删除元素D．没有共同点答：C7．若依次输入数据元素序列{a，b，c，d，e，f，g}进栈，出栈操作可以和入栈操作间隔进行，则下列哪个元素序列可以由出栈序列得到？( )A．{d，e，c，f，b，g，a} B．{ f，e，g，d，a，c，b}C．{e，f，d，g，b，c，a} D．{ c，d，b，e，g，a，f}答：A8.一个栈的入栈序列是1,2,3,4,5，则下列序列中不可能的出栈序列是( )A. 2,3,4,1,5B. 5,4,1,3,2C. 2,3,1,4,5D. 1,5,4,3,2答：B9. 队列操作的原则是( )A. 先进先出B. 后进先出C. 只能进行插入D. 只能进行删除答：A10. 栈的插入与删除是在( )进行。
A.栈顶B. 栈底C. 任意位置D. 指定位置答：A11.假设顺序栈的定义为：typedef struct {selemtype *base; /* 栈底指针*/selemtype *top; /* 栈顶指针*/int stacksize; /* 当前已分配的存储空间,以元素为单位*/ }sqstack;变量st为sqstack型，则栈st为空的判断条件为（）。
罗斯公司理财Chap001全英文题库及答案
罗斯公司理财Chap001全英文题库及答案Chapter 01 Introduction to Corporate Finance Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions1. The person generally directly responsible for overseeing the tax management, cost accounting, financial accounting, and information system functions is the:A. treasurer.B. director.C. controller.D. chairman of the board.E. chief executive officer.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CONTROLLERType: DEFINITIONS2. The person generally directly responsible for overseeing the cash and credit functions, financial planning, and capital expenditures is the:A. treasurer.B. director.C. controller.D. chairman of the board.E. chief operations officer.3. The process of planning and managing a firm's long-term investments is called:A. working capital management.B. financial depreciation.C. agency cost analysis.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CAPITAL BUDGETINGType: DEFINITIONS4. The mixture of debt and equity used by a firm to finance its operations is called:A. working capital management.B. financial depreciation.C. cost analysis.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.5. The management of a firm's short-term assets and liabilities is called:A. working capital management.B. debt management.C. equity management.D. capital budgeting.E. capital structure.6. A business owned by a single individual is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. limited liability company.7. A business formed by two or more individuals who each have unlimited liability for business debts is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. limited liability company.8. The division of profits and losses among the members ofa partnership is formalized in the:A. indemnity clause.B. indenture contract.C. statement of purpose.D. partnership agreement.E. group charter.9. A business created as a distinct legal entity composed of one or more individuals or entities is called a:A. corporation.B. sole proprietorship.C. general partnership.D. limited partnership.E. unlimited liability company.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CORPORATIONType: DEFINITIONS10. The corporate document that sets forth the business purpose of a firm is the:A. indenture contract.B. state tax agreement.C. corporate bylaws.D. debt charter.E. articles of incorporation.11. The rules by which corporations govern themselves are called:A. indenture provisions.B. indemnity provisions.C. charter agreements.D. bylaws.E. articles of incorporation.12. A business entity operated and taxed like a partnership, but with limited liability for the owners, is called a:A. limited liability company.B. general partnership.C. limited proprietorship.D. sole proprietorship.E. corporation.13. The primary goal of financial management is to:A. maximize current dividends per share of the existing stock.B. maximize the current value per share of the existing stock.C. avoid financial distress.D. minimize operational costs and maximize firm efficiency.E. maintain steady growth in both sales and net earnings.14. A conflict of interest between the stockholders and management of a firm is called:A. stockholders' liability.B. corporate breakdown.C. the agency problem.D. corporate activism.E. legal liability.15. Agency costs refer to:A. the total dividends paid to stockholders over the lifetime of a firm.B. the costs that result from default and bankruptcy of a firm.C. corporate income subject to double taxation.D. the costs of any conflicts of interest between stockholders and management.E. the total interest paid to creditors over the lifetime of the firm.16. A stakeholder is:A. any person or entity that owns shares of stock of a corporation.B. any person or entity that has voting rights based on stock ownership of a corporation.C. a person who initially started a firm and currently has management control over the cash flows of the firm due to his/her current ownership of company stock.D. a creditor to whom the firm currently owes money and who consequently has a claim on the cash flows of the firm.E. any person or entity other than a stockholder or creditor who potentially has a claim on the cash flows of the firm.17. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 is intended to:A. protect financial managers from investors.B. not have any effect on foreign companies.C. reduce corporate revenues.D. protect investors from corporate abuses.E. decrease audit costs for U.S. firms.18. The treasurer and the controller of a corporation generally report to the:A. board of directors.B. chairman of the board.C. chief executive officer.D. president.E. chief financial officer.19. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning the organizational structure ofa corporation?A. The vice president of finance reports to the chairman of the board.B. The chief executive officer reports to the board of directors.C. The controller reports to the president.D. The treasurer reports to the chief executive officer.E. The chief operations officer reports to the vice president of production.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREType: CONCEPTS20. Which one of the following is a capital budgeting decision?A. determining how much debt should be borrowed from a particular lenderB. deciding whether or not to open a new storeC. deciding when to repay a long-term debtD. determining how much inventory to keep on handE. determining how much money should be kept in the checking account21. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted in:A. 1952.B. 1967.C. 1998.D. 2002.E. 2006.22. Since the implementation of Sarbanes-Oxley, the cost of going public in the United States has:A. increased.B. decreased.C. remained about the same.D. been erratic, but over time has decreased.E. It is impossible to tell since Sarbanes-Oxley compliancedoes not involve direct cost to the firm.23. Working capital management includes decisions concerning which of the following?I. accounts payableII. long-term debtIII. accounts receivableIV. inventoryA. I and II onlyB. I and III onlyC. II and IV onlyD. I, II, and III onlyE. I, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS24. Working capital management:A. ensures that sufficient equipment is available to produce the amount of product desired on a daily basis.B. ensures that long-term debt is acquired at the lowest possible cost.C. ensures that dividends are paid to all stockholders on an annual basis.D. balances the amount of company debt to the amount of available equity.E. is concerned with the upper portion of the balance sheet.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS25. Which one of the following statements concerning a sole proprietorship is correct?A. A sole proprietorship is the least common form of business ownership.B. The profits of a sole proprietorship are taxed twice.C. The owners of a sole proprietorship share profits as established by the partnership agreement.D. The owner of a sole proprietorship may be forced to sell his/her personal assets to pay company debts.E. A sole proprietorship is often structured as a limited liability company.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPType: CONCEPTS26. Which one of the following statements concerning a sole proprietorship is correct?A. The life of the firm is limited to the life span of the owner.B. The owner can generally raise large sums of capital quite easily.C. The ownership of the firm is easy to transfer to another individual.D. The company must pay separate taxes from those paid by the owner.E. The legal costs to form a sole proprietorship are quite substantial.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPType: CONCEPTS27. Which one of the following best describes the primary advantage of being a limited partner rather than a general partner?A. entitlement to a larger portion of the partnership's incomeB. ability to manage the day-to-day affairs of the businessC. no potential financial lossD. greater management responsibilityE. liability for firm debts limited to the capital investedDifficulty level: EasyTopic: PARTNERSHIPType: CONCEPTS28. A general partner:A. has less legal liability than a limited partner.B. has more management responsibility than a limited partner.C. faces double taxation whereas a limited partner does not.D. cannot lose more than the amount of his/her equity investment.E. is the term applied only to corporations which invest in partnerships.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: PARTNERSHIPType: CONCEPTS29. A partnership:A. is taxed the same as a corporation.B. agreement defines whether the business income will be taxed like a partnership or a corporation.C. terminates at the death of any general partner.D. has less of an ability to raise capital than a proprietorship.E. allows for easy transfer of interest from one general partner to another.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: PARTNERSHIPType: CONCEPTS30. Which of the following are disadvantages of a partnership?I. limited life of the firmII. personal liability for firm debtIII. greater ability to raise capital than a sole proprietorshipIV. lack of ability to transfer partnership interestA. I and II onlyB. III and IV onlyC. II and III onlyD. I, II, and IV onlyE. I, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: PARTNERSHIPType: CONCEPTS31. Which of the following are advantages of the corporate form of business ownership?I. limited liability for firm debtII. double taxationIII. ability to raise capitalIV. unlimited firm lifeA. I and II onlyB. III and IV onlyC. I, II, and III onlyD. II, III, and IV onlyE. I, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CORPORATIONType: CONCEPTS32. Which one of the following statements is correct concerning corporations?A. The largest firms are usually corporations.B. The majority of firms are corporations.C. The stockholders are usually the managers of a corporation.D. The ability of a corporation to raise capital is quite limited.E. The income of a corporation is taxed as personal income of the stockholders.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CORPORATIONType: CONCEPTS33. Which one of the following statements is correct?A. Both partnerships and corporations incur double taxation.B. Both sole proprietorships and partnerships are taxed in a similar fashion.C. Partnerships are the most complicated type of business to form.D. Both partnerships and corporations have limited liability for general partners and shareholders.E. All types of business formations have limited lives.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: BUSINESS TYPESType: CONCEPTS34. The articles of incorporation:A. can be used to remove company management.B. are amended annually by the company stockholders.C. set forth the number of shares of stock that can be issued.D. set forth the rules by which the corporation regulates its existence.E. can set forth the conditions under which the firm can avoid double taxation.35. The bylaws:A. establish the name of the corporation.B. are rules which apply only to limited liability companies.C. set forth the purpose of the firm.D. mandate the procedure for electing corporate directors.E. set forth the procedure by which the stockholders elect the senior managers of the firm.36. The owners of a limited liability company prefer:A. being taxed like a corporation.B. having liability exposure similar to that of a sole proprietor.C. being taxed personally on all business income.D. having liability exposure similar to that of a general partner.E. being taxed like a corporation with liability like a partnership.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANYType: CONCEPTS37. Which one of the following business types is best suited to raising large amounts of capital?A. sole proprietorshipB. limited liability companyC. corporationD. general partnershipE. limited partnershipDifficulty level: EasyTopic: CORPORATIONType: CONCEPTS38. Which type of business organization has all the respective rights and privileges of a legal person?A. sole proprietorshipB. general partnershipC. limited partnershipD. corporationE. limited liability companyDifficulty level: EasyTopic: CORPORATIONType: CONCEPTS39. Financial managers should strive to maximize the current value per share of the existing stock because:A. doing so guarantees the company will grow in size at the maximum possible rate.B. doing so increases the salaries of all the employees.C. the current stockholders are the owners of the corporation.D. doing so means the firm is growing in size faster than its competitors.E. the managers often receive shares of stock as part of their compensation.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: GOAL OF FINANC IAL MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS40. The decisions made by financial managers should all be ones which increase the:A. size of the firm.B. growth rate of the firm.C. marketability of the managers.D. market value of the existing owners' equity.E. financial distress of the firm.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: GOAL OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS41. Which one of the following actions by a financialmanager creates an agency problem?A. refusing to borrow money when doing so will create losses for the firmB. refusing to lower selling prices if doing so will reduce the net profitsC. agreeing to expand the company at the expense of stockholders' valueD. agreeing to pay bonuses based on the book value of the company stockE. increasing current costs in order to increase the market value of the stockholders' equity42. Which of the following help convince managers to work in the best interest of the stockholders?I. compensation based on the value of the stockII. stock option plansIII. threat of a proxy fightIV. threat of conversion to a partnershipA. I and II onlyB. II and III onlyC. I, II and III onlyD. I and III onlyE. I, II, III, and IVDifficulty level: MediumTopic: AGENCY PROBLEMType: CONCEPTS43. Which form of business structure faces the greatest agency problems?A. sole proprietorshipB. general partnershipC. limited partnershipD. corporationE. limited liability company44. A proxy fight occurs when:A. the board solicits renewal of current members.B. a group solicits proxies to replace the board of directors.C. a competitor offers to sell their ownership in the firm.D. the firm files for bankruptcy.E. the firm is declared insolvent.45. Which one of the following parties is considered a stakeholder of a firm?A. employeeB. short-term creditorC. long-term creditorD. preferred stockholderE. common stockholderDifficulty level: EasyTopic: STAKEHOLDERSType: CONCEPTS46. Which of the following are key requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act?I. Officers of the corporation must review and sign annual reports.II. Officers of the corporation must now own more than 5% of the firm's stock. III. Annual reports must list deficiencies in internal controlsIV. Annual reports must be filed with the SEC within 30 days of year end.A. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and III onlyD. II and III onlyE. II and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: SARBANES-OXLEYType: CONCEPTS47. Insider trading is:A. legal.B. illegal.C. impossible to have in our efficient market.D. discouraged, but legal.E. list only the securities of the largest firms.48. Sole proprietorships are predominantly started because:A. they are easily and cheaply setup.B. the proprietorship life is limited to the business owner's life.C. all business taxes are paid as individual tax.D. All of the above.E. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: SOLE PROPRIETORSHIPSType: CONCEPTS49. Managers are encouraged to act in shareholders' interests by:A. shareholder election of a board of directors who select management.B. the threat of a takeover by another firm.C. compensation contracts that tie compensation to corporate success.D. Both A and B.E. All of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: GOVERNANCEType: CONCEPTS50. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 focuses on:A. all stock transactions.B. sales of existing securities.C. issuance of new securities.D. insider trading.E. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: REGULATIONType: CONCEPTS51. The basic regulatory framework in the United States was provided by:A. the Securities Act of 1933.B. the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.C. the monetary system.D. A and B.E. All of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: REGULATIONType: CONCEPTS52. The Securities Act of 1933 focuses on:A. all stock transactions.B. sales of existing securities.C. issuance of new securities.D. insider trading.E. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) insurance.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: REGULATIONType: CONCEPTS53. In a limited partnership:A. each limited partner's liability is limited to his net worth.B. each limited partner's liability is limited to the amount he put into the partnership.C. each limited partner's liability is limited to his annual salary.D. there is no limitation on liability; only a limitation on what the partner can earn.E. None of the above.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: LIMITED PARTNERSHIPType: CONCEPTS54. Accounting profits and cash flows are:A. generally the same since they reflect current laws and accounting standards.B. generally the same since accounting profits reflect when the cash flows are received.C. generally not the same since GAAP allows for revenue recognition separate from the receipt of cash flows.D. generally not the same because cash inflows occur before revenue recognition.E. Both c and d.。
习题册参考答案-《焊接英语》-A25-9315
A- As welded. It indicates the impact tests were carried out under the welding condition.
6- V notch impact strength is at least 20 ft-lb, the minimum test temperature is -60℉.
1. horizontal vertical position welding 3. fillet welding in the vertical position 5. fillet welding in the flat position 7. vertical down position welding 9. horizontal overhead position welding 11. vertical up position welding 13. fixed pipe, horizontal axis 15. rotating pipe, horizontal axis 17. fixed pipe, vertical axis
Type of current
E7010-X high cellulose sodium flat, vertical, overhead, horizontal
DCEP
E7020-X
high iron oxide
flat horizontal fillets
AC, DCEN, DCEP AC, DCEN
Lesson 4
Look and Learn A. 1. tungsten electrode 2. filler wire for TIG welding B. parent metal –母材 arc -电弧 molten puddle - 熔池 filler wire -焊丝 nozzle-喷嘴 weld-焊缝 Dialogue A. tungsten, addition, element, percentage, pure B. 1．tungsten 2. zirconium 3. alloy addition
计量经济学(第四版)习题及参考答案详细版
计量经济学（第四版）习题参考答案潘省初第一章 绪论1.1 试列出计量经济分析的主要步骤。
一般说来，计量经济分析按照以下步骤进行：（1）陈述理论（或假说） （2）建立计量经济模型 （3）收集数据 （4）估计参数 （5）假设检验 （6）预测和政策分析 1.2 计量经济模型中为何要包括扰动项?为了使模型更现实，我们有必要在模型中引进扰动项u 来代表所有影响因变量的其它因素，这些因素包括相对而言不重要因而未被引入模型的变量，以及纯粹的随机因素。
1.3什么是时间序列和横截面数据? 试举例说明二者的区别。
时间序列数据是按时间周期（即按固定的时间间隔）收集的数据，如年度或季度的国民生产总值、就业、货币供给、财政赤字或某人一生中每年的收入都是时间序列的例子。
横截面数据是在同一时点收集的不同个体（如个人、公司、国家等）的数据。
如人口普查数据、世界各国2000年国民生产总值、全班学生计量经济学成绩等都是横截面数据的例子。
1.4估计量和估计值有何区别？估计量是指一个公式或方法，它告诉人们怎样用手中样本所提供的信息去估计总体参数。
在一项应用中，依据估计量算出的一个具体的数值，称为估计值。
如Y就是一个估计量，1nii YY n==∑。
现有一样本，共4个数，100，104，96，130，则根据这个样本的数据运用均值估计量得出的均值估计值为5.107413096104100=+++。
第二章 计量经济分析的统计学基础2.1 略，参考教材。
2.2请用例2.2中的数据求北京男生平均身高的99％置信区间NSS x ==45=1.25 用α=0.05，N-1=15个自由度查表得005.0t =2.947，故99%置信限为 x S t X 005.0± =174±2.947×1.25=174±3.684也就是说，根据样本，我们有99%的把握说，北京男高中生的平均身高在170.316至177.684厘米之间。
英文版罗斯公司理财习题答案Chap013
CHAPTER 13CORPORATE FINANCING DECISIONS AND EFFICIENT CAPITAL MARKETS Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions1.To create value, firms should accept financing proposals with positive net present values. Firms cancreate valuable financing opportunities in three ways: 1) Fool investors. A firm can issue a complex security to receive more than the fair market value. Financial managers attempt to package securities to receive the greatest value. 2) Reduce costs or increase subsidies. A firm can package securities to reduce taxes. Such a security will increase the value of the firm. In addition, financing techniques involve many costs, such as accountants, lawyers, and investment bankers. Packaging securities in a way to reduce these costs will also increase the value of the firm. 3) Create a new security. A previously unsatisfied investor may pay extra for a specialized security catering to his or her needs.Corporations gain from developing unique securities by issuing these securities at premium prices.2.The three forms of the efficient markets hypothesis are: 1) Weak form. Market prices reflectinformation contained in historical prices. Investors are unable to earn abnormal returns using historical prices to predict future price movements. 2) Semi-strong form. In addition to historical data, market prices reflect all publicly-available information. Investors with insider, or private information, are able to earn abnormal returns. 3) Strong form. Market prices reflect all information, public or private. Investors are unable to earn abnormal returns using insider information or historical prices to predict future price movements.3. a.False. Market efficiency implies that prices reflect all available information, but it does notimply certain knowledge. Many pieces of information that are available and reflected in prices are fairly uncertain. Efficiency of markets does not eliminate that uncertainty and therefore does not imply perfect forecasting ability.b.True. Market efficiency exists when prices reflect all available information. To be efficient inthe weak form, the market must incorporate all historical data into prices. Under the semi-strong form of the hypothesis, the market incorporates all publicly-available information in addition to the historical data. In strong form efficient markets, prices reflect all publicly and privately available information.c.False. Market efficiency implies that market participants are rational. Rational people willimmediately act upon new information and will bid prices up or down to reflect that information.d. False. In efficient markets, prices reflect all available information. Thus, prices will fluctuatewhenever new information becomes available.e.True. Competition among investors results in the rapid transmission of new market information.In efficient markets, prices immediately reflect new information as investors bid the stock price up or down.B-2 SOLUTIONS4.On average, the only return that is earned is the required return—investors buy assets with returns inexcess of the required return (positive NPV), bidding up the price and thus causing the return to fall to the required return (zero NPV); investors sell assets with returns less than the required return (negative NPV), driving the price lower and thus causing the return to rise to the required return (zero NPV).5.The market is not weak form efficient.6.Yes, historical information is also public information; weak form efficiency is a subset of semi-strong form efficiency.7.Ignoring trading costs, on average, such investors merely earn what the market offers; the trades allhave zero NPV. If trading costs exist, then these investors lose by the amount of the costs.8.Unlike gambling, the stock market is a positive sum game; everybody can win. Also, speculatorsprovide liquidity to markets and thus help to promote efficiency.9.The EMH only says, within the bounds of increasingly strong assumptions about the informationprocessing of investors, that assets are fairly priced. An implication of this is that, on average, the typical market participant cannot earn excessive profits from a particular trading strategy. However, that does not mean that a few particular investors cannot outperform the market over a particular investment horizon. Certain investors who do well for a period of time get a lot of attention from the financial press, but the scores of investors who do not do well over the same period of time generally get considerably less attention from the financial press.10. a.If the market is not weak form efficient, then this information could be acted on and a profitearned from following the price trend. Under (2), (3), and (4), this information is fully impounded in the current price and no abnormal profit opportunity exists.b. Under (2), if the market is not semi-strong form efficient, then this information could be usedto buy the stock ―cheap‖ before the rest of the market discovers the financial statement anomaly. Since (2) is stronger than (1), both imply that a profit opportunity exists; under (3) and (4), this information is fully impounded in the current price and no profit opportunity exists.c.Under (3), if the market is not strong form efficient, then this information could be used as aprofitable trading strategy, by noting the buying activity of the insiders as a signal that the stock is underpriced or that good news is imminent. Since (1) and (2) are weaker than (3), all three imply that a profit opportunity exists. Under (4), this information does not signal any profit opportunity for traders; any pertinent information the manager-insiders may have is fully reflected in the current share price.11. A technical analyst would argue that the market is not efficient. Since a technical analyst examinespast prices, the market cannot be weak form efficient for technical analysis to work. If the market is not weak form efficient, it cannot be efficient under stronger assumptions about the information available.CHAPTER 13 B-3 12.Investor sentiment captures the mood of the investing public. If investors are bearish in general, itmay be that the market is headed down in the future since investors are less likely to invest. If the sentiment is bullish, it would be taken as a positive signal to the market. To use investor sentiment in technical analysis, you would probably want to construct a ratio such as a bulls/bears ratio. To use the ratio, simply compare the historical ratio to the market to determine if a certain level on the ratio indicates a market upturn or downturn.13.Taken at face value, this fact suggests that markets have become more efficient. The increasing easewith which information is available over the internet lends strength to this conclusion. On the other hand, during this particular period, large-capitalization growth stocks were the top performers.Value-weighted indexes such as the S&P 500 are naturally concentrated in such stocks, thus making them especially hard to beat during this period. So, it may be that the dismal record compiled by the pros is just a matter of bad luck or benchmark error.14.It is likely the market has a better estimate of the stock price, assuming it is semistrong formefficient. However, semistrong form efficiency only states that you cannot easily profit from publicly available information. If financial statements are not available, the market can still price stocks based upon the available public information, limited though it may be. Therefore, it may have been as difficult to examine the limited public information and make an extra return.15. a.Aerotech’s stock price should rise immediately after the announcement of the positive news.b. Only scenario (ii) indicates market efficiency. In that case, the price of the stock risesimmediately to the level that reflects the new information, eliminating all possibility of abnormal returns. In the other two scenarios, there are periods of time during which an investor could trade on the information and earn abnormal returns.16. False. The stock price would h ave adjusted before the founder’s death only if investors had perfectforecasting ability. The 12.5 percent increase in the stock price after the founder’s death indicates that either the market did not anticipate the death or that the market had anticipated it imperfectly.However, the market reacted immediately to the new information, implying efficiency. It is interesting that the stock price rose after the announcement of the founder’s death.This price behavior indicates that the market felt he was a liability to the firm.17.The announcement should not deter investors from buying UPC’s stock. If the market is semi-strongform efficient, the stock price will have already reflected the present value of the payments that UPC must make. The expected return after the announcement should still be equal to the expected return before the announcement. UPC’s current stockholders bear the burden of the loss, since the stock price falls on the announcement. After the announcement, the expected return moves back to its original level.18.The market is generally considered to be efficient up to the semi-strong form. Therefore, nosystematic profit can be made by trading on publicly-available information. Although illegal, the lead engineer of the device can pr ofit from purchasing the firm’s stock before the news release on the implementation of the new technology. The price should immediately and fully adjust to the new information in the article. Thus, no abnormal return can be expected from purchasing after the publication of the article.B-4 SOLUTIONS19.Under the semi-strong form of market efficiency, the stock price should stay the same. Theaccounting system changes are publicly available information. Investors would identify no changes in either the firm’s current or its future cash flows. Thus, the stock price will not change after the announcement of increased earnings.20.Because the number of subscribers has increased dramatically, the time it takes for information inthe newsletter to be reflected in prices has shortened. With shorter adjustment periods, it becomes impossible to earn abnormal returns with the information provided by Durkin. If Durkin is using only publicly-available information in its newsletter, its ability to pick stocks is inconsistent with the efficient markets hypothesis. Under the semi-strong form of market efficiency, all publicly-available information should be reflected in stock prices. The use of private information for trading purposes is illegal.21.You should not agree with your broker. The performance ratings of the small manufacturing firmswere published and became public information. Prices should adjust immediately to the information, thus preventing future abnormal returns.22. Stock prices should immediately and fully rise to reflect the announcement. Thus, one cannot expectabnormal returns following the announcement.23. a.No. Earnings information is in the public domain and reflected in the current stock price.b. Possibly. If the rumors were publicly disseminated, the prices would have already adjusted forthe possibility of a merger. If the rumor is information that you received from an insider, you could earn excess returns, although trading on that information is illegal.c. No. The information is already public, and thus, already reflected in the stock price.24. Serial correlation occurs when the current value of a variable is related to the future value of thevariable. If the market is efficient, the information about the serial correlation in the macroeconomic variable and its relationship to net earnings should already be reflected in the stock price. In other words, although there is serial correlation in the variable, there will not be serial correlation in stock returns. Therefore, knowledge of the correlation in the macroeconomic variable will not lead to abnormal returns for investors.25. The statement is false because every investor has a different risk preference. Although the expectedreturn from every well-diversified portfolio is the same after adjusting for risk, investors still need to choose funds that are consistent with their particular risk level.26. The share price will decrease immediately to reflect the new information.At the time of theannouncement, the price of the stock should immediately decrease to reflect the negative information.CHAPTER 13 B-5 27. In an efficient market, the cumulative abnormal return (CAR) for Prospectors would risesubstantially at the announcement of a new discovery. The CAR falls slightly on any day when no discovery is announced. There is a small positive probability that there will be a discovery on any given day. If there is no discovery on a particular day, the price should fall slightly because the good event did not occur. The substantial price increases on the rare days of discovery should balance the small declines on the other days, leaving CARs that are horizontal over time. The substantial price increases on the rare days of discovery should balance the small declines on all the other days, leavings CARs that are horizontal over time.28.Behavioral finance attempts to explain both the 1987 stock market crash and the Internet bubble bychanges in investor sentiment and psychology. These changes can lead to non-random price behavior.Solutions to Questions and ProblemsNOTE: All end-of-chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found without rounding during any step in the problem.Basic1.To find the cumulative abnormal returns, we c hart the abnormal returns for each of the three airlinesfor the days preceding and following the announcement. The abnormal return is calculated by subtracting the market return from a stock’s return on a particular day, R i– R M. Group the returns by the number of days before or after the announcement for each respective airline. Calculate the cumulative average abnormal return by adding each abnormal return to the previous day’s abnormal return.Abnormal returns (R i– R M)Days fromannouncement Delta United American SumAverageabnormal returnCumulativeaverage residual–3 0.2 –0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 –0.1 –2 0.2 –0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 –0.1 –1 0.2 0.2 –0.4 0.0 0.0 –0.10 3.3 0.2 1.9 5.4 1.8 1.71 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.82 –0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.83 –0.2 0.1 –0.2 –0.3 –0.1 1.74 –0.1 –0.1 –0.1 –0.3 –0.1 1.6B-6 SOLUTIONSThe market reacts favorably to the announcements. Moreover, the market reacts only on the day of the announcement. Before and after the event, the cumulative abnormal returns are relatively flat.This behavior is consistent with market efficiency.2. The diagram does not support the efficient markets hypothesis. The CAR should remain relativelyflat following the announcements. The diagram reveals that the CAR rose in the first month, only to drift down to lower levels during later months. Such movement violates the semi-strong form of the efficient markets hypothesis because an investor could earn abnormal profits while the stock price gradually decreased.3. a.Supports. The CAR remained constant after the event at time 0. This result is consistent withmarket efficiency, because prices adjust immediately to reflect the new information. Drops in CAR prior to an event can easily occur in an efficient capital market. For example, consider a sample of forced removals of the CEO. Since any CEO is more likely to be fired following bad rather than good stock performance, CARs are likely to be negative prior to removal. Because the firing of the CEO is announced at time 0, one cannot use this information to trade profitably before the announcement. Thus, price drops prior to an event are neither consistent nor inconsistent with the efficient markets hypothesis.b. Rejects. Because the CAR increases after the event date, one can profit by buying after theevent. This possibility is inconsistent with the efficient markets hypothesis.c.Supports. The CAR does not fluctuate after the announcement at time 0. While the CAR wasrising before the event, insider information would be needed for profitable trading. Thus, the graph is consistent with the semi-strong form of efficient markets.CHAPTER 13 B-7d.Supports. The diagram indicates that the information announced at time 0 was of no value.There appears to be a slight drop in the CAR prior to the event day. Similar to part a, such movement is neither consistent nor inconsistent with the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH).Movements at the event date are neither consistent nor inconsistent with the efficient markets hypothesis.4. Once the verdict is reached, the diagram shows that the CAR continues to decline after the courtdecision, allowing investors to earn abnormal returns. The CAR should remain constant on average, even if an appeal is in progress, because no new information about the company is being revealed.Thus, the diagram is not consistent with the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH).。
风险管理与保险原理课后题答案part13
风险管理与保险原理课后题答案part13 CHAPTER 13 Risk Management for Auto Owners—Part I THE HIGH COST OF AUTOMOBILE LOSSES INSURANCE CLAIMS THE NEED FOR INSURANCE PERSONAL AUTOMOBILE POLICY Eligibility Definitions PERSONAL AUTOMOBILE POLICY COMPONENTS Liability Supplementary Benefits Limit of Liability Exclusions Other Liability Conditions Medical Payments Exclusions Other Conditions Uninsured Motorist Uninsured Motor Vehicles Exclusions Other Conditions Physical Damage to Autos Exclusions Transportation and Towing Other Provisions Duties after an Accident or Loss General Provisions Policy Cancellation Provisions Endorsements to the PAP Motorcycles and Other Vehicles Snowmobiles Auto Loan/Lease Coverage AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE AND THE LAW Financial Responsibility Laws Compulsory Insurance Laws Unsatisfied Judgment Fund Uninsured-Underinsured Motorist Coverage RISK MANAGEMENT AND PERSONAL AUTOMOBILE RATING Rating Factors Deductibles for Damage to Your Auto The Youthful Driver Dilemma Selection of Liability Limits 44 Chapter 13: Risk Management for Auto Owners—Part I 45 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS Collision Covered auto Family member Financial responsibility laws Losses other than collision Medical payments No-fault Nonowned auto Nonstandard risk Occupying Personal automobile policy (PAP) Security provisions Trailer Underinsured motorists endorsement Uninsured motorist coverage Uninsured motor vehicle Unsatisfied judgment fund (UJF) Youthful driver ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION 1. Coverage exists on the basis that the son’s car is a tem porary, substitute automobile. 2. Most likely coverage will exist because one can assume that permission was given. 3. a. The liability of $2,000 is covered, but the physical damage of $1,000 is not covered. The definition of a trailer for liability differs from the definition given in the physical damage section. b. If the trailer were just a utility trailer, the physical damage would have been covered assuming the trailer had been declared and a premium paid on it. 4. Josephine’s PAP will pay (if s he is negligent) under its property damage liability section. There is no coverage for Josephine under her PAP’s physical damage coverage. 5. A nonowned auto is not covered for liability while used in the automobile business by the insured. Since this is a nonowned car, he is not covered. If the car had been in any other business use, however, and involved in an accident with a private car, coverage would apply under the PAP. 6. Motorcycles may be insured under the PAP using the miscellaneous-type vehicle endorsement. 7. Age, number of accidents, multiple cars insured, and location reduce or increase a person’s rates. Rates increase the younger you are, the more accidents you have, if you only insure one car, and if you live in an urban area. 8. It will cover only you, not other people on the bus. 9. Young drivers have considerably more accidents. They make up 10 percent of all drivers, but account for about 21 percent of all accidents. Older drivers have relatively fewer accidents. 10. Among the possible reasons are: (1) the higher cost of making cars safer may offset savings in insurance premiums, (2) car buyers may not like the looks of safer cars, e.g., those with extended bumpers, and (3) insurers have not given sufficient reduction in premium rates for safety features. 11. The PAP excludes damage for injuries to employees where the employee had, or was required to have, workers’ compensation coverage. This exclusion prevents duplicating coverage. 12. It is conceivable that the insured might claim that the proximate cause of loss was theft, particularly since the car was locked and was taken without permission. Another argument might be that the proximate cause was vandalism. SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS 1. A thief steals the insured’s car and wrecks it. Is this a collision loss or a theft loss? Discuss. This is clearly a theft loss and is covered under comprehensive (loss-other-than-collision) insurance. 2. In Harris v Allstate Insurance Company, 309 N.Y. 72, the insured had driven rapidly over a portion of highway inundated by water. He lost control and the car went over an embankment. There was no collision insurance, but the insured had comprehensive (loss-other-than-collision) insurance. Should the insurer pay the claim? 46 Chapter 13: Risk Management for Auto Owners—Part I The court held that this was a collision loss, not comprehensive, thus reversing other decisions involving water losses.
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第四章学习动机一、选择题1.个体为了获得长者（如教师、家长）的赞许和同伴的接纳而表现出来的把工作、学习搞好的一种需要称为（）。
A.认知内驱力B.自我提高内驱力C.附属内驱力D.一般内驱力2.认知内驱力、自我提高内驱力和附属内驱力在动机结构中所占的比重并非一成不变。
在( )附属内驱力最为突出。
A.儿童早期B.少年期C.青年期D.成年期3.自我提高内驱力和附属内驱力属于（）。
A.内部动机B.外部动机C.直接动机D.间接动机4.根据耶克斯-多德森定律，当学生从事较容易的作业时，教师应使其心理紧张程度控制在( )。
A.较高的水平B.较低的水平C.非常低的水平D.中等水平5.“为中华之崛起而读书”这样的学习动机属于( )。
A.近景性内部动机B.近景性外部动机C.远景性内部动机D.远景性外部动机6.( )内驱力将学业成就看作是赢得地位和自尊的根源。
A.学习B.认知C.自我提高D.附属7.( )是个体对学习活动所要达到目标的主观估计。
A.学习需要B.学习准备C.学习目标D.学习期待8.学习效率和动机水平之间存在( )。
A.线性关系B.U型关系C.倒U型关系D.平行关系9.某学生认为考试成功是自己的一贯努力，其归因是( )。
A.内部、不稳定、可控制的B.外部、稳定、不可控制的C.外部、不稳定、不可控制的D.内部、稳定、可控制的10.能够激起有机体的定向行为，并能满足某种需要的外部条件或刺激物称为( )。
A.需要B.动机C.强化D.诱因11.成就动机理论的主要代表人物是（）。
A.维纳B.阿特金森C.班杜拉D.马斯洛12.人们对自己能否成功地从事某一成就行为的主观判断（或学生感到自己有能力听懂老师所讲的内容，这种感觉）即为（）。
A.价值判断B.自我期待C.学习动机D.自我效能感13.根据成就动机理论，力求成功者最可能选择的任务的成功概率为( )。
A.25％B.50％C.75％D.100％14.内部动机和外部动机的划分标准是( )。
A.社会意义B.个人的前途C.动机的作用与学习活动的关系D.动力来源15.高尚的学习动机的核心是( )。
A.利他主义B.以国家为重C.大公无私D.无私奉献16.“杀鸡儆猴”属于（）。
A.替代性强化B.自我强化C.直接强化D.正强化17.“半生不熟”、“似懂非懂”的东西可以构成难度适宜的（）。
A.悬念B.问题情境C.信息D.学习任务18.根据班杜拉的理论,影响自我效能感最主要因素是( )A.自我预期B.成败经验C.自我归因D.任务难度19.马斯洛需要层次理论的最高层次是( )。
A.安全需要B.尊重需要C.爱与归属需要D.自我实现需要20.要想实施启发式教学，关键在于( )。
A.素质教育B.创设问题情境C.以学生为主D.熟悉学生21.激发、维持和指引个体学习活动的心理动因或内部动力称为（）A.学习需要B.学习期待C.学习动机D.学习态度22.把个人学习与社会主义事业相联系，为未来参加祖国建设做出贡献而学习的动机属于（）。
A.间接的远景性动机B.直接的近景性动机C.间接的近景性动机D.直接的远景性动机23.学生在学习上希望获得好名次，其学习动机是（）。
A.外部B.成就C.交往D.任务24.唯一得到心理学家公认的动机划分方法是（）。
A.学习动机内容的社会意义B.学习动机的作用与学习活动的关系C.学习动机的动力来源D.学习动机的理论25.如果个体对成功或失败作任务难度归因，从归因因素角度讲，这种归因属于（）。
A.外部、不可控和不稳定归因B.外部、可控、稳定归因C.外部、不可控、稳定归因D.外部、可控和不稳定归因26.归因理论认为，成功或失败的原因分析可划分为三个维度，即（）。
A.天资、能力和心境B.努力、任务难度和运气C.个体的力量、环境因素和偶然因素D.内外性、稳定性和可控性27.通过一定的榜样来强化相应的学习行为或学习行为倾向称为（）。
A.直接强化B.替代强化C.自我强化D.负强化28.个体的成就动机中含有两种成分：追求成功的动机和（）。
A.追求利益的动机B.避免失败的动机C.避免困难的动机D.追求刺激的动机29.一种学生学习动机强，但学习习惯、学习行为不良，导致了学习效果差，这说明了学习动机与学习效果之间的（）。
A.正向一致B.正向不一致C.负向一致D.负向不一致31.学生缺乏学习动机可能是由于某种需要没有得到充分满足，这种动机理论属于（）。
A.强化理论B.成绩动机理论C.成败归因理论D.需要层次理论32.根据学习动机和学习活动的关系来划分可以分为（）。
（多选）A.近景的直接性动机B.高尚的动机C.低级的动机D.远景的间接性动机33.维纳将人们活动成败的原因归结为六个因素，其中属于自身内在因素的是（）。
（多选）A.能力高低B.努力程度C.任务难易D.身心状态E.运气34.动机的功能有（）。
（多选）A.激活功能B.选择功能C.指向功能D.控制功能E.强化功能35.小军为了得到父母的奖励而努力学习，这种学习动机为（）。
（多选）A.低级的学习动机B.高级的学习动机C.外部的学习动机D.内部的学习动机E.间接性的学习动机二、填空题1.个体在学习活动中感到有某种欠缺而力求获得满足的心理状态称为________，它的主观体验形式是学习者的________________________，从作用上看，它即为学习的内驱力。
2.奥苏伯尔认为，学校情境中的成就动机主要由以下三方面的内驱力组成，即__________、__________、__________。
3.个体对学习活动所要达到目标的主观估计就是_______，就其作用来说就是学习的_____。
4.能够激起有机体的定向行为，并能满足某种需要的外部条件或刺激物叫做________。
5.学习动机与学习效果的关系并不是直接的，它们之间往往以__________为中介。
6.马斯洛认为人的基本需要有五种：________、_________、__________、__________和__________。
7.自我实现作为一种最高级的需要，包括__________、__________和__________的需要。
8.在学习活动中，__________是一种主要的学习动机。
9.成败归因理论把归因分为三个维度：__________、__________和__________。
10.学习动机的两个基本成分是__________和__________。
11.归因理论是从__________来阐述行为动机的。
12.“身教重于言教”是__________的作用在教育实践中的表现。
13.研究表明，学习动机强度与学习效率之间的关系一般表现为__________。
14.从动机的生理基础上看，动机最佳水平应是__________程度的激活或唤起，此时对学习具有最佳效果。
15.在所有动机划分中，唯一得到心理学家公认的是____________________。
16.大多数成绩不良问题，其实质在于_________________________。
17.阿特金森认为，广义的成就动机分为两类，一类是__________，另一类是__________。
18.学习动机的强化理论是_________主义学习理论家提出的，需要层次的理论是__________主义心理学理论在动机领域的体现。
19.近景的直接性动机是与学习活动直接相联的，来源于对____________________。
20.学习期待就其作用来说就是__________。
21.青年期，认知内驱力和_______内驱力成为学生学习的主要动机。
22.学习动机理论主要有强化理论、成就动机理论、需要层次理论、__________和__________。
三、名词解释1. 动机2.学习动机3.学习需要4.学习期待5.诱因6.成就动机7.自我效能感8.问题情境9.耶基斯一多德森定律四、简答题1.简述学习动机的基本结构及其与学习效果之间的关系。
2.简述成就动机理论的主要观点。
3.简述创设问题情境激发学生学习动机对教师的基本要求。
4.简述教师在培养学生学习动机中应用的评分艺术。
5.简述如何有效激发学习动机。
6.简述学习动机和学习效果的关系。
五、论述题1.结合马斯洛的需要层次理论，分析教师为什么应全面关心学生?2.结合教学实际谈谈如何培养学生的学习动机。
六、案例分析题在上课时，有些平时不受老师重视的学生有的爱讲话，有的爱做小动作，特别是坐在窗边的学生则爱把窗帘拉开又合上，合上又拉开。
老师发脾气，他反倒做鬼脸，引起学生们的哈哈大笑。
试运用马斯洛的需要层次理论进行分析，这些学生是为了满足哪个层次的需要？如果你是老师，如何处理为好？参考答案一、选择题1.C2.A3.B4.A5.D6.C7.D8.C9.A 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.D 15.A16.A 17.B 18.B 19.D 20.B 21.C 22.A 23.B 24.C 25.C 26.D 27.B 28.B29.D 30.A 31.D 32.AD 33.ABD 34.ACE 35.ACE二、填空题1.学习需要学习愿望或学习意向2.认知内驱力自我提高内驱力附属内驱力3.学习期待诱因4.诱因5.学习行为6.生理的需要安全的需要归属和爱的需要尊重的需要自我实现的需要7.认知审美创造8.成就动机9.内部归因和外部归因稳定性归因和非稳定性归因可控制归因和不可控制归因10.学习需要学习期待11.结果12.替代性强化13.倒U型曲线14.中等15.内部学习动机和外部学习动机16.在知识技能的掌握或应用上存在障碍17.力求成功的动机避免失败的动机18.行为人本19.学习内容或学习结果的兴趣20.学习的诱因21.自我提高22.成败归因理论自我效能感理论三、名词解释1.动机：指引起和维持个体的活动，并使活动朝向某一目标的内在心理过程或内部动力。
2.学习动机：激发个体进行学习活动,维持已引起的学习活动，并使行为朝向学习目标的一种内在过程或内部心理状态。
3.学习需要：个体在学习活动中感到有某种欠缺而力求获得满足的心理状态。
4.学习期待：是个体对学习活动所要达到目标的主观估计。
5.诱因：是指能够激起有机体的定向行为，并能满足某种需要的外部条件或者刺激物。
6.成就动机：个体努力克服障碍、施展才能、力求又快又好地解决某一问题的愿望或趋势。
7.自我效能感：人们对自己是否能够成功地从事某一成就行为的主观判断。
8.问题情境：具有一定难度，需要学生努力克服，而又力所能及的学习情境。
9.耶基斯一多德森定律：美国心理学家耶克斯和多德森认为，中等程度的动机激起水平最有利于学习效果的提高。
同时，他们还发现，最佳的动机激起水平与作业难度密切相关；任务较容易，最佳激起水平较高；任务难度中等，最佳动机激起水平也适中；任务越困难，最佳激起水平越低。