英语虚拟语气与主从复合句复习

英语虚拟语气与主从复合句复习了英语语法复习(虚拟语气与主从复合句)

I. Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气

三种语气简介:

1)陈述语气(Indicative Mood):

陈述语气用来陈述事实或就事实提出询问,表示谓语动词所表

达的动作或状态是符合客观事实的.

How hot it is today! Flowers blossom in spring.

Why does he sit there with his back to us? 2)祈使语气(Imperative Mood):

祈使语气表示说话人的请求,建议或命令.谓语动词要用原形表

达.

Let us help you. Do drop in to see us.

Don’t open the door.

3)虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood):

虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实,而是一种与事实相反

的假设,祝愿,建议等.虚拟语气通常用在非真实条件状语从句及

其表示结果的主句中.

Mother told me to put on my sweater lest I should catch cold.

We suggested that the meeting be put off.

I wish he had told me this yesterday.

一. 虚拟语气的三种基本句型的构成形式:

1. 叙述与现在事实相反(the present fact):

条件句谓语: 一般过去式(be动词一律用were);

主句谓语: would, could, should, might 加动词原形.

She wouldn’t feel so cold if she were indoors.

If I were you, I would take the job. If I knew the answer it would be much better. I would certainly be willing to help you id I hade enough time.

2.叙述与过去事实相反(the past fact):

条件句谓语: 过去完成时

主句谓语: would, could, should, might加现在完成时.

If it had been fine yesterday, he might have come.

If she had not missed many classes, she would have done better in the exam.

He would not have made that mistake, if he had asked me. You would not have missed the train if you had walked faster.

3.叙述对未来可能性不大的事情进行的推测,(表示与将来事实

可能相反或可能性很小) (the future fact)

条件句谓语: 一般过去式(be动词一律用were); should+动词

原形; were to do;

主句谓语: should, would, could, might加动词原形.

What should we do if we should fail (were to fail; failed) to

fulfill the plan in time?

If he parked his car there the police might tow it away. If I were to see him, I would speak to him about it . I would not believe it, unless I should see it. Notes:

(1) 混合条件句(错综时间条件句)( Conditional Sentences of

mixed Time):

有时虚拟条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作在发生的时

间上不一致,因此,主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不

同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。

If I were you, I wouldn’t have missed the film last night.

If I had a bike, I would have lent it to you yesterday. I should not be here now if you hadn’t given me a lift in your car.

If you had followed the doctor’s advice, you would be well now.

If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better.

If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.

If the old man were alive, he might have finished his novel two years ago.

(2) 虚拟条件句中if的省略.

当虚拟条件句中含有should, were, had时,可以不用连词if,而

把should, were, had移到主语前面.这种用法多用在书面语中.

Were it to rain tomorrow, the match would be cancelled. Were this to happen again, we wouldn’t let you off so easily.

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Had it not been for the rain, we would have gone to see the

film.

Had they started earlier, they could have reached the

summit.

Should I happen to see him at school, I would tell him to come back at once.

Should they forget to bring a compass with them, they would get lost in the woods.

(3)含蓄条件句 (Sentence of Implied Condition):

在虚拟语气中,有时句子表示假设的虚拟条件并不以虚拟条件

从句的形式表现出来,而是以介词短语,动词不定式短语等来表

示。那些不含有条件从句,而实际上包含虚拟条件的句子可称为

含蓄条件句。

Without electricity(If it were not for electricity), there would not be modern industry.

Without water, no fish could live.

T hey wouldn’t have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.

But for air and water, nothing could live.

But for your help we couldn’t have succeeded.

We could have done better under more favourable conditions.

Under such circumstances I would probably have done the same.

I would do so in your place.

It would be wrong not to take this into consideration.

It would be a mistake not to help him.

You would be a fool to refuse his offer.

I was away that day. Otherwise I would have

attended the lecture.

She came to town yesterday. Otherwise I shouldn’t

have met her.

He can’t be ill, or (= if he were ill) he would not have come so early.

I would have attended the meeting, but (that) I have been too busy

(= if I had not been too busy).

She would have fallen into the river but he caught her ( But that

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要不是…)

But that he saw it, he could not have believed.

二.wish后面从句的虚拟语气表现形式:

wish后面的宾语从句虚拟语气的时态是和主要动词 wish相对而

言的。wish本身是什么时态与之没有关系。该类词有 as if (as

though), if only等。

I wish I were as young as you.

We wish we had seen the film yesterday evening. I wish it wouldn’t rain tomorrow.

I wish(ed) she were here.

I wish(ed) we had done it better.

I wish(ed) you would come.

Yesterday I wished I had listened to your advice. Someday you will wish that you had listened to me. I wished you would go to the lecture.

The nurse looks ( is looking, looked) after the boys and

girls as if (as though) they were her own children.

You talk (are talking, talked) as if (though) you had really

been there.

I feel (felt) as if we had known each other for years.

He stood up as if (though) he would speak. 注意:as if或as though引导的从句内容如果是实际情况应该用陈

述语气。

He looks as if he is(were) ill.

The milk smells as if it is sour。

They talked as if they were (had been) friends for years。

If only we knew where to look for him。

If only I’d been able to speak to her before she died。

If only he would join our party!

注意: (省去主句的)以 if only引导的从句,其虚拟语气形式和用法

和wish后的宾语从句相同,带有强烈的感情色彩。if only(真

希望)= I strongly wish…

If only Mother could be here. = I wish Mother could be here.

If only he were alive. = I wish he were alive.

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If only you had worked with greater care!= I wish you had

worked with greater care.

三.虚拟语气在一些从句中的运用( in some subordinate clauses):

1) It is (high) time that… (that从句中的谓语动词通常用一般过去

式,如用 should +动词原形时, should不可省略). (that从句可

视为同位语从句)

It is (high) time that we went off. It’s time we left.

It is high time something were (was) done about it.

He came to the conclusion that it was time that he left.

It is time that we went to (should go to) bed. 2) would rather (sooner); had rather后的从句:

这种结构中的从句谓语动词用一般过去时,如果与过去事实相

反(或带有明确过去时间状语)须用过去完成时.

I’d rather they came tomorrow.

I’d rather you went home now.

I’d rather you paid the money yourself.

She would rather we didn’t see each other any more.

I would sooner she painted the wall green next time.

I’d rather he hadn’t done that.

3)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的用法(noun clause):

学习时要注意从句中的一些关键词语, 这类词通常含有要求,建

议之类的含义.

They decided that no one (should) be admitted without a ticket. It was decided that no one (should) be admitted without a ticket. Their decision was that no one (should) be admitted without a ticket.

They made a decision that no one (should) be admitted without a ticket.

(1) in object clause常用的关键动词(该类词在主句中作谓语)

有:suggest, request, demand, order, urge, propose, command,

insist, prefer, require, desire, resolve, maintain, decree,

advise, ask (require)

She insisted that the seats (should) be booked in advance. They demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 percent.

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They request that she (should) sing a song.

She advised that the doctor (should) be sent for.

She asked that she (should) be allowed to join the army. The lawyer suggested that the case (should) be postponed for a week.

注意:当insist表示“坚持某个事实”;sugges t 表示“表明了某个事

实”时,从句谓语要用陈述语气.

What he has done suggests that he is an honest man. She insisted

that she was twenty years old.

(2) in Subject Clause.

(A)常用的关键形容词(这类词在主句中作表语)有:necessary,

important, natural, desirable, essential, urgent, strange,

appropriate, vital, insistent, advisable, keen, possible, resolved, concerned, unthinkable, imperative, amazing, astonishing, (B)常用的表示提议,要求,命令等由动词构成的过去分词

有:suggested, required, requested, demanded, urged, proposed,

ordered, advised

(C)常用来表示惊奇,懊悔,失望的名词有: a pity, a shame, no

wonder, honor等.

It is necessary that some immediate effort (should) be made. It is essential that the program (should) be loaded into computer. It is/was very strange (that) they (should) feel so angry.

It is desired that he carry out his plan.

I’m surprised that he should refuse (should have refused)

to see me.

It has been decided that the meeting (should) be put off. It is a pity that they should have forgotten to tell you about it. It is no wonder that he (should) have succeeded.

It is a shame that you (should) lie. (should have lied) 注意:在这类从句中, 即使主句的谓语动词用过去式,从句中的虚

拟语气形式依然不变。

(3) in predicative clause and appositive clause常用的名词(这类

词在主句中作主语,或者作同位语从句所修饰的抽象意义名词)

有: idea, proposal, suggestion, order, decision, advice, desire, requirement, demand, necessity, recommendation，resolution

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His proposal is that the meeting (should) be put off. He gives a proposal that we (should) put off the meeting.

His suggestion is that we (should) do the experiment again.

We have accepted his suggestion that we (should) do it

again.

He issued the order that the work (should) be done at once. What do you think of his proposal that we (should) send for a doctor?

My suggestion is that we (should) start at six.

My idea is that you ( should) be there by eight. (4) in adverbial clause.由for fear (that), in order that, so that, in

case (that), lest引导的状语从句中,从句谓语要用 should, 有

时也可用could或 might +动词原形.

He reminded her twice of it lest she (should ) forget. I will not make a noise for fear (that) I should (might) disturb you. They shut the window in order that (so that ) the neighbors shouldn’t hear the radio.

We started early incase we should miss the train. He put his

overcoat on her for fear that (lest) she should catch cold.

注意:in case意义上相当于 lest,可根据事情发生可能性的大小,选

用陈述语气或虚拟语气.

I’ll get some beer in case Uncle Mike should (might) come.

I’ll get some beer incase Uncle Mike comes.

Exercise 1

1. If it _____ Professor Johnson’s recommendation I wouldn’t have been admitted to the

graduate school.

A. were not for

B. had not been for

C. were not

D. had not been 2.

If we do not develop a new kind of car, air pollution ______ even more dangerous. A.

should have become B. will become

C. would have become

D. must have become

3. I’m sure she’d rather you ______ the b ad news and ______ your sorrow with her. A .will

tell/share B. tell/share C. has told/shared D. had told/shared 4. But for the stormy weather, we _____ earlier.

A. should arrive

B. shall arrive

C. should have arrived

D. shall have arrived

5. The mother whispered ______ they should disturb their children.

A. if

B. with the result

C. in case

D. provided that 6. I had better ______ the problem.

A. leave them to settle

B. to leave them to settle

C. to leave them settling

D. leave them settling

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7. If we _____ their terms, we would go bankrupt.

A. accept

B. should accept

C. had accepted

D. are to accept 8. They _____ so sleepy if they ______ for a whole day.

A. wouldn’t feel…did not work

B. wouldn’t feel …were not working

were not working C. wouldn’t be feeling…

D. wouldn’t be feeling…hadn’t been working

9. It was essential that the books you borrowed from the library

______ back before the dead line.

A. be sent

B. would be sent

C. were sent

D. must be sent 10. He insisted that his father ______ with them.

A. go

B. will go

C. will be going

D. went 11. John would never have gone to the hospital ______ that Tom would be there, too. A. he did not

know B. if had he known C. had he known D. he would have known 12. It is high time that you _____ a bath; why are you still reading newspaper? A. will take B. took C. had taken D. would take 13. I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and go to work.

A. could have slept

B. slept

C. have slept

D. might have slept 14. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _____ your advice.

A. follow

B. had followed

C. would follow

D. have followed 15. I gave her my telephone number lest she _____ her way to my home.

A. had forgotten

B. forgot

C. should forget

D. would have forgotten

16. The workers demanded that their wages _____ by 20 per cent.

A. raised

B. raise

C. should have been raised

D. be raised 17. Had

he been more careful, he _____ that accident.

A. would avoid

B. would have avoided

C. avoided

D. should avoid 18. He always talks as though he _____ a public meeting.

A. addressed

B. were addressing

C. is addressing

D. addresses 19. “ You realize that you were driving at 100 m/ph, don’t you?” “No, officer, I ______. This car

can’t do more than 80.”

A. did not need to be

B. might not have been

C. could not have been

D. should not have been

20. At the meeting everybody was against his suggestion that a new bridge _____ over the river.

A. be built

B. must be built

C. was to be built

D. had to be built

21. She said that she would rather not ______ the problem in the presence of

so many strangers.

A. to discuss

B. discuss

C. discussing

D. discussion 22. If laid out in a straight line, the human digestive tract ______ approximately

thirty feet in

length.

A. will measure

B. would measure

C. had measured

D. had been measured 23. But that he came to help me, I _____ there earlier.

A. could not arrive

B. could not have arrived

C. did not arrive

D. can not arrive 24. I regret that I _____ to tell you that bad news.

A. should have forgotten

B. have forgotten

C. forgot

D. forget 25. There is a knock at the door. It is the second time that someone_____ me this evening.

A. had interrupted

B. would have interrupted

C. interrupts

D. has interrupted

26. I’d rather you ______ those important documen ts with you.

A. do not take

B. did not take

C. will not take

D. not take 27. She could look more attractive but she ____ no attention to her clothes.

A. pays

B. was paying

C. paid

D. had paid 28. If I _____ in his place, I would do that, too.

A. was

B. were

C. am

D. had been 29. If I _____ the symphony concert on the radio at that time, I would certainly not have heard

your knock.

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A. had been listening to

B. listened to

C. was listening to

D. were listening to 30. Whatever _____ the reasons for it, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty.

A. were

B. have been

C. be

D. are 31. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology ____.

A. have not been achieved

B. would not achieve

C. would not have been achieved

D. would not be achieved

32. Were the wire of a smaller diameter, its resistance______.

A. might have been increased

B. would be increased

C. was increased

D. had been increased

33. ______ we should be glad.

A. They would come tomorrow

B. Were they coming tomorrow

C. They come tomorrow

D. Were they to come tomorrow 34. Reading Piaget tells you what to expect of the child at key points during childhood, as if every child ______ normally.

A. has developed

B. developed

C. develops

D. had developed 35. _____ today, he would get there on Sunday.

A. Was he leaving

B. Were he to leave

C. If he leaves

D. If he is leaving 36. It is necessary that little children _____ as early as possible.

A. shall learn English

B. should have learned English

C. will learn English

D. learn English

37. Many students demanded the teacher ______ changed at once.

A. was

B. is

C. be

D. will be 38. It is highly desirable that every effort ______ made to reduce expenditure and that every

member of the staff _____ where possible.

A. is…economizes

B. was…economized

C. be…economize

D. be…economizes

39. It is advisable that a new chairman _____ at once.

A. should appoint

B. was appointed

C. will be appointed

D. be appointed 40. I would sooner she _____ the wall white next time.

A. paint

B. painted

C. would paint

D. had painted 41. The doctors allowed the guests to go into the room on condition that they _____ no harm to

the patients.

A. do

B. should have done

C. would do

D. did

42. If it had not been for your help, I _____ the examination.

A. could not pass

B. would not pass

C. would not have passed

D. can not have passed

43. It might have saved a lot of time _____ the shortcut to the hall.

A. if I did know

B. did I know

C. if did I know

D. had I known 44. Some days go by much more quickly than others. Some hours seem as if

they ______. A. should never end B. would never end C. might never end D. may be never ended 45. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he____ our chairman now.

A. must have been

B. would have been

C. were

D. would be 46. The schoolmaster approved of the requirement that every students _____ a report on social

investigation after summer vacation.

A. handed in

B. hand in

C. must hand in

D. ought to hand in 47. Now

it was as though he _____ the causes of the accident.

A. had known

B. knew

C. will know

D. has known 48. Would you rather that I ______ it immediately?

A. do

B. doing

C. did

D. should do 49. Even if he had the money, he

______ the house.

A. would not buy

B. could not have bought

C. would not have bought

D. can not buy 50. You_____ the contract without reading it carefully.

A. could not have signed

B. would not sign

C. must not have signed

D. should not sign

51. I think it is a thing of importance that it ______ done soon.

A. is

B. it to be

C. be

D. to be

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52.—I'm going out tonight. —Well, I'd rather you______.

A. didn't

B. don't

C. won't

D. aren't 53. She suggested to the

police in the police station that Mr Smith______.

A. stole the necklace

B. should steal the necklace

C. had stolen the necklace

D. steal the necklace 54. I would have called you ______

A. if I knew your telephone number

B. but I had forgotten your telephone number

C. but I forgot your telephone number

D. if I had not remembered your telephone number 55. —Can you come to attend our party tonight? —Sorry. but I do wish I______.

A. had

B. can

C. should

D. would

56. —Did your brother really lose the new pea you gave him?

—Yes, he did. I wish ______ to take better care of his things.

A. he'd learn

B. he's learned

C. he should have learned

D. he will have learned 57. I demand that one of them ______ there at once.

A. would go

B. goes

C. must go

D. go

58. ______ the expense, I ______ to Italy,

A. If it were not, go

B. Was it not for, would go

C. Weren't it for, will go

D. If it hadn't been, would have gone

59.______I have greet difficulty working out this problem.

----______ to me, you ______ less difficulty with such problems.

A. If you had listened, would have had

B. If you listened, would have

C. Had you listened, would have D, If you listen, will have

60. —Did you remind him of the meeting? —No, if I ______ at home,

I would have.

A. were

B. had been

C. were

D. should be

61. He feels as if he ______ on a cloud.

A. is floating

B. floated

C. had floated

D. were floating 62. ______ it would stop snowing!

A. If only

B. Only if

C. Even If

D. But for

63. It's high time that he ______ rid of his bad habit.

A. get

B. gets

C. must get

D. got

64. I wish I ______ to the bail last night.

A. went

B. go

C. should have gone

D. had gone

65. I ______ before, but I was ill.

A. had written

B. have written

C. would have written

D. did write 66. ______ the fog, we should have reached the top of the hill.

A. In spite of

B. If there were no

C. But for

D. Because of 67. His illness was too serious, otherwise he ______ saved.

A. could be

B. couldn't have been

C. could have

D. could have been

68. Some insisted that we ______ an English evening at weekend, yet some insisted they ______ no

interest in it at all.

A. should hold, should have

B. were going to hold, show

C. hold, took

D. would hold, showed

69. How I wish it ______! If it ______ in a few days, the crops

would be saved. A. will rain, rained B. would rain, should rain C.

should rain, rains D. would rain, had rained

70. My advice is that he ______ so much.

A. not smoke

B. doesn't smoke

C. won't smoke

D. must not 71. The guard at the gate insisted that everybody ______ the rules.

A. obeys

B. obey

C. will obey

D. would obey

72. I wish I ______ you yesterday.

A. seen

B. did see

C. had seen

D. were to see

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73. If my lawyer ______ here last Saturday, he _____ me from going.

A. had been, would have prevented

B. had been, would prevent

C. were, would prevent

D. were, would have prevented

74. Without electricity human life______ quite different today.

A. is

B. will he

C. would have been

D. would be

75.—If he ______ ,he ______ that food. —Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

A. was warned, would not take

B. had been warned, would not have taken

C. would he warned, had not taken

D. yard have been warned, had not taken 76. I didn't ace your sister at the meeting. If she ______, she would have met my brother.

A. has came

B. did come

C. came

D. had come

77. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it.

A. breaks

B. has broken

C. were broken

D. had been broken

78.You didn't let me drive. If we ______ in turn, you ______ so tired.

A. drove, didn't get

B. drove, wouldn't get

C. were driving, wouldn't get

D. had driven, wouldn't have got 79.—I stayed at a hotel while in New York. —Oh, did you? you ______ with Barbara.

A. could have stayed

B. could stay

C. would stay

D. must have stayed

80. Suppose the knife ___accidentally, would the doctor get his fee from the person he is treating?

A. slipped

B. is slipping

C. had slipped

D. would slip

81. I'd just as soon remind ______ those important papers with you.

A. that you won't

B. your not taking

C. please don't

D. you didn't take 82. Had she listened to the lecture carefully last night, she wouldn't ______ in the examination.

A. fail

B. have failed

C. have been failing

D. have been failed 83. Any living thing ______ die without water.

A. would

B. may

C. might

D. will

84. ______ she not blind, she would be of great help.

A. If

B. Were

C. Was

D. Is

85. My cat would not have bitten the toy fish,______ it was made of rubber.

A. if she has known

B. she should have known

C. if she knew

D. had she known

86. Sally couldn't have written to him, or he ______ received her letter.

A. has

B. would have

C. had

D. could have

87. It's high time ______ him a severe lecture for being often late.