英国史 论文
英国文学史期末论文
The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingHenry Fielding is a famous novelist and dramatist in the 18th century. His master piece The History of Tom Jones, a foundling set a good example to later writers in the thematic presentation, character portrayal, plot construction and writing style and is considered by many critics to be the model of modern realistic novels, and Henry Fielding has been therefore called the father of realistic novels.The novel has eighteen books. The first six books give the cause of the action: Tom's open, sensual nature; the conflict with Blifil; the misunderstanding with Squire Allworthy; Tom's love for Sophia and their separation. The next six contain both the consequences of the first six and the incidents and details which will bring about a resolution. The last six books plunge Tom into disastrous circumstances through his actions and get him out of them again. When he is in prison about to be hanged, he hears that Sophia has refused to speak to or see him again as a result of his affair with Lady Bellaston. As if this were not enough, he even has to face the possibility that he might have committed incest. But it is this last misfortune which also brings about his change of fortune: it is through Jenny Jones, Tom's purported mother who is now known as Mrs. Waters, that the truth of Tom's birth emerges. This brings about a reconciliation with Squire Allworthy and Sophia, and the downfall of Blifil.The neatly constructed plot reflects a basic eighteenth century faith in the order of the world, which Fielding, despite skeptical overtones, displayed in this huge but far from sprawling novel. As one of the pioneers of English realistic literature, Fielding portrayed without disguising anything the real lives of men at that time. This novel differs from almost all other novels both in the range and the precision of its scale and scheme. Its personages are extremely numerous; its scenes are extremely varied, and each has its local colour adjusted with perfect propriety. It is not an exaggeration to say that this novel is the very panorama of the true reflection of the eighteenth century England social life. He exposed the hypocrisy and depravity of the upper class, and pictured he poverty and innocence of the lower people.As the founder of English realistic literature, Henry Fielding not only gives us a panoramic view of English life in the 18th century, but also pictures a series of characters in his masterpiece “Tom Jones”. He mainly portrays many characters such as Mr.Allworthy,Tom, Miss Sophia with the employment of the realistic theory and the art of imperfection. And he especially succeeds in revealing the humanity of the protagonist. Meanwhile, Fielding further strengthens the human writing principle through sharp contrast. Undoubtedly, such a writing principle has a certain significance in the history of British novels.Henry Fielding set up a multi-level and multi-angle contrast structure, by using which he not only created a series of vivid characters, but also clarified the theme of this great work powerfully. He not only uses the contras to of one character with another each representing a different type of human nature, but also the contrast of the same character in his different aspects such as his words and his actions, usually in contradiction with each other, in order to depict the true human nature through a kind of ironic effect. In depicting Tom and Blifil, Fielding’s purpose was obviously to emphasize the contrast between agood-hearted young man and a false-hearted blackguard. Although the former has also made some mistakes, he is sound at the core. Whereas the latter, though always with pious talk and outward exemplary manners, his inner nature is wholly corrupt.Feilding showed us his thorough and systematic male chauvinism in terms of this novel, namely, male was the main stay in that society. The history of“Tom Jones”was the one that male played a leading role. Fielding’s male Chauvinism embodied in this novel will be explored by analyzing male’s expanding of self-consciousness, and other women characters.For example, Sophia is aremarkable character representing the young women of the day who had sufficient courage and independence to defy the corrupted values of that time. She is a rare creation of a young woman of a good family, with sufficient courage and independence to struggle for her heart’s desire. Sophia is a real courageous and anti-traditional woman character. But she is not a very successful woman character since she fails to be an autonomous individual and has to make compromises with the patriarchal world created by Fielding. She has to make compromises with such a society since she has no power to counter against it. It is impossible for her, a dependent to the male authority, to be an autonomous individual and assert her own rights. So the ideal image of Sophia is only a sham, she is just one of the many“ideal” products of the patriarchal ideology.Underlying Sophia’s compromises were Fielding’s male Chauvinism. In Tom Jones, Fielding created a totally patriarchal and hierarchical world. Although Fielding successfully exposed the hypocrisy andextolled“good nature”in this novel, his treatment of the gender role and male Chauvinism need to be challenged especially in the modern society.From the digression in“Tom Jones”,in the form of jocular conversation with the reader, we can know Fielding’s philosophy of art.“Nature herself”, that is, the exact observation and study of real life, was thebasis of Fielding’s work. He would not, like the romance-writers’,re ly simply on his imagination for the creation of his characters. Nor would he content himself merely with imitating the figures depicted in the works of earlier authors. “Imitation here”,he once wrote,“will not do the business. The picture must be after “N ature herself”.By“Nature”he meant the close and constant study of men and women in life. The centre of Fielding’s writing philosophy was Man,common earthly Man with his earthly interests, needs and passions, which would be studied and portrayed in action,in clashes, and in development.According to Fielding, the appropriate subject of the novel is human nature .Human nature is what Fielding claims to reproduce in the characters of his novels. It is his endeavor to picture this human nature faithfully and accurately as he sees it He will not embellish or idealize. But in the delineation of his characters Fielding does not simply produce a series of literally exact portraits of the people he observes around him. Fielding holds the view that a truthful art ist’s duty was to reproduce human nature faithfully and accurately as he saw it.Thus,he drew his characters,not from his imagination,nor from models in literature,but from the living human nature which he observed in the people around him.The result was an assemblage of living characters in his novels. Based on a deep understanding of human psychology and sound criticism of social evils,“Tom Jones”gives us a truthful and comprehensive description of human nature. In the struggle between kindness and evil, honesty and hypocrisy, the former always triumphs over the latter, which has proved the educational function of Fielding’s novelHenry Fielding's Tom Jones is both one of the great comic masterpieces of English literature and a major force in the development of the novel form. Tom Jones gives a comprehensive ,all-embracing picture of the life of 18th century England, combined with understanding of human psychology and criticism of social evils, together with full-blooded characters, realistically depicted in brilliant, witty and highly artistic language. Let’s remember the words engraved on his tombstone.“No one is better than him at revealing the human secret; he lives for others, not for himself.” This is the best appraisal of Fielding’s writing and life.。
英国史论文 浅谈英国崛起与工业革命
浅谈英国崛起与工业革命英国是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的简称，位于欧洲西部，由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士以及爱尔兰岛北部及附近许多小岛组成，国土面积24.41万平方公里。
英国由于受季风天气的影响，所以属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，全年气候温和。
主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气，并不算很丰富。
然而就是这样一个小小的岛国，是第一个全球金融资本的中心，是第一个真正意义上的世界超级大国。
“日不落帝国”和“世界工厂”这两个称谓可以概括为英国最伟大的成就。
那是什么将英国从一个岛国变成欧洲强国，最终成为世界霸主的呢？答案只有一个——工业革命。
那么，这一次工业革命是如何产生的呢？首先，政治上，17 世纪的英国资产阶级革命，推翻了英国的封建专制制度，建立了资产阶级和土地贵族联盟为基础的君主立宪制度，从而成为世界上第一个确立资产阶级政治统治的国家。
资产阶级利用国家政权加速推行发展资本主义的政策和措施，促进了工业革命各种前提条件的迅速形成；思想上，亚当斯密在《国富论》提出的最著名的观点就是：看不见的手，也就是今天经济学家常常讲的市场供求规律。
他认为在市场经济中，个体间的自然交易会创造出高效的资源分配模式，并有利于促进市场经济，创造出更高水平的收入。
根据这个理论，亚当•斯密提出了一个影响深远的对外贸易战略。
所以，经济上，随着君主立宪制的与资本主义制度的建立，英国加速了圈地运动，殖民地掠夺与奴隶贸易，给英国带来了巨额的货币资本，从而为工业革命累积了财力上的准备。
从十六世纪到十九世纪，英国继续了近三个世纪的圈地运动，为工业革命提供了大批廉价的劳动力。
同时海外贸易和殖民地的开发，使大量财富集中到英国资产阶级手中。
自然科学上，经典力学、热力学等学科的理论创新也为工业革命带来了契机。
1687年，牛顿出版了自己最著名的著作《自然哲学的数学原理》，用数学方法证明了万有引力定律和三大运动定律，这四大定律被认为是“人类智慧史上最伟大的一个成就”。
英国文学史论文
Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good NightWe often talk about love,but we rarely think about death.As long as human beings are alive,they always make every effort to avoid death.However, it can’t be denied that we have to face death.And the best way to face it is to make your every day count .Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night,a poem in the form of a villanelle written by Dylan Thomas deeply impresses me.How do people treat death？We should let nature take its course or fight against death bravely ?In my opinion,death is not such a terrifying and sad thing,instead ,it is a part of a man’s life.we need to face it bravely and take it as a necessary process in life.Dylan Thomas’s poems show that everyone should face death,fight with it and accept it in the end.In the book Instincts and Their Vicissitudes,Freud Sigmund said:“Instincts is a kind of stimulation to the soul”He divided instincts into two types:life instinct and death instinct,the cooperation and rebellion between both two types lead to the phenomenon of life.and death is the final destination of human beings.In the Dylan Thomas’s poems,the writer calls for fighting with death and meanwhile he also eulogizes death.In his poem And Death Shall No Dominion,the poet writes : Dead men naked they shall be oneWith the man in the wind and the west moon;When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone,They shall have stars at elbow and foot;Though they go mad they shall be sane,Though they sink through the sea they shall rise again;Though lovers be lost love shall not;And death shall have no dominion.In this poem, the poet personifies the death and claims that death shall have no dominion,which indicates that the poet’s fearlessness towards death.The word “And”strongly shows the poet’s firm attitude.Dylan Thomas deprecates death and also admits the truth that the death will rise up again .Therefore,that is to say the poet subjectively accept the death .In the poem Fem Hill,the poet writes:And as I was green and carefree,famous among the barns,About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,In the sun that is young once only,Time let me play and beGolden in the mercy of his means,And green and golden I was huntsmanAnd herdsman, the calvesSang to my horn,the foxes on the hillsBarked clear and cold,And the sabbath rang slowlyIn the pebbles of the holy streams.From this poem, we can imagine that the poet may spend happy time in this place.At that time,he was a carefree child who enjoyed the beautiful nature very much.It also shows the poet’s nostalgia to his hometown and the good memory of his childhood.In other words,the poet’s love of nature also means the return to the essence of life itself.Although the poet still sings songs on his life journey with pain and sadness,but the destination is the road to death.As the professor LiuShouLan once said:the mountains and rivers in the nature are just the counterparts of life in Dylan Thomas’s poems.In the early stage of Dylan Thomas’s poems,the poet has shown the lament to life’s fragility and brevity.However, although the death ends life,the poet never fears it,because he subjectively accept the existence of death and he has the belief to fight against it.The poem Do not go gentle into that good night deeply impresses me.the poet writes:Do not go gentle into that good night,Old age should burn and rave at close of day;Rage,rage against the dying of the light.Though wise men at their end know dark is right,Because their words had forked no lightning theyDo not go gentle into that good night.Good men, the last wave by,crying how brightTheir frail deeds might have danced in a green bay.Rage,rage against the dying of the light.Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,And learn,too late,they grieved it on its way,Do not go gentle into that good night.Grave men ,near death, who see with blinding sightBlind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,Rage,rage against the dying of the light.This poem is the poet writing to his father.He wants to encourage his father to fight against the death rather than go gentle into such good night.He uses many figure speeches such as metaphor and repetition to emphasize his strong willing to face death bravely.He describes four kinds of men:wise men,good men,wild men and grave men.the different attitudes and behaviors among the four kinds of men show human beings will all have the day to face death.And the poet calls out:Rage, rage against the dying of the light,do not go gentle into thatgood night.I want to learn more about death, not because I want it，but because I respect life and also respect death. I want to cherish my every day and face death bravely.From Dylan Thomas’s poems, I think a lot and gain a lot.Death is also a part of life that we need to know and learn.Words cite-ZhaoWenRong ,Yunnan Normal University,海外英语2010年04期-天津外国语学院学报2000年01期-语文学刊(外语教育与教学)2010年11期。
[英国历史文化概况的论文]关于英国历史文化论文
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[英国历史文化概况的论文]关于英国历史文化论文英国历史文化的论文篇1浅谈英国诗歌的历史沿革据王佐良先生所著的《英国诗史》，英国诗歌发展共分为三大主要时期：古英语时期，主要指5世纪到12世纪;中古英语时期，主要指12世纪到15世纪;近代英语时期，主要是从15世纪至今。
我基本赞同这个观点，即按照语言的发展水平划分诗歌史，当然还有其他的划分方法，比如按照时间划分等。
虽然都是在“英语”范围内，但是古英语、中古英语以及现代英语的差异还是比较大。
古英语主要由三种日耳曼语形成的，中古英语则结合了日耳曼语和罗曼语，而近现代英语是在英格兰东南部方言基础上形成的。
我认为语言是人类思维的反映，不同的语言当然反映着不同的思维，诗歌作为一种语言的表现形式，当然在不同的阶段有不同的特色---无论是在诗歌语言特色，还是诗论方面。
首先要提到的就是古英语时期，这个时期英语诗歌据考证大多数不是由英格兰本岛人所写，而是由侵略者，如盎格鲁人，撒克逊人所写，因此题材和背景多半不是英格兰的，这一时期的诗人们喜爱用头韵体。
最开始的诗歌多是口头流传的，如《航海者》，而题材则多是歌颂英雄和一些宗教诗歌，从数量上来说，并不多。
古英语时期的诗歌多具有一种刚毅之气，描写宏大的场面。
一般认为古英语诗歌的集大成之作是《贝奥武夫》，该诗主要讲述了青年时期的贝奥武夫杀死二妖以及老年时期的贝奥武夫与火龙格斗最终两败俱伤的故事。
该诗采用的不再是单纯的描写方式来表现恢弘的场面，跌宕的情节，而是已经开始采用“夹叙夹议”(见王佐良《英国诗史》)手法，主要歌颂了贝奥武夫的英勇与爱民等美德。
总的来说中古英语时期的英语诗歌不仅数量大增且题材也日趋多样化。
1066年的诺曼征服又为英格兰诗歌注入了法国风格，如除了头韵体诗歌外，脚韵体诗歌也开始出现，前者的运用见《农夫皮尔斯之幻想》，后者见《坎特伯雷故事集》。
当然这一时期除了宗教诗歌外，还有许多故事性的诗歌，如《高文爵士与绿骑士》，诗中不仅描写了建筑、服饰、风景等方面，还涉及到了诸如猎鹿等细节，且文章富有悬念，可读性很强。
英国文学史论文2100字_英国文学史毕业论文范文模板
英国文学史论文2100字_英国文学史毕业论文范文模板英国文学史论文2100字(一)：“雨课堂”在“英国文学史及选读”课程教学中的应用论文【摘要】本文分析了现阶段“英国文学史及选读”课程教学现状，特别是传统教学方法的局限和问题，结合教学实践，总结了“雨课堂”在课程教学中的应用。
【关键词】雨课堂；英国文学史及选读；智慧教学一、“英国文学史及选读”教学现状2018年初教育部颁布的《外国语言文学类教学质量国家标准》中明确规定外语类专业学生应具备文学赏析能力，专业知识课程包括外国文学。
胡文仲先生曾说：“在外语教学中，文学作品往往是能够最生动、具体、深入、全面地提高学生文化素养的材料。
从这个角度看，可以说没有其他任何材料可以替代文学作品。
”随着本科专业必修课课时的缩减，许多学校对文学课尽量给其他应用课程让道，或将文学史与作品选读整合在一起。
在西南石油大学，“英国文学史及选读”仅有40学时。
“英国文学史及选读”目的在于培养学生阅读、理解及欣赏英语文学原著的能力，掌握基本文学常识，掌握文学批评的基本知识和基本方法，通过对文学作品阅读和分析，加强学生语言运用能力，同时提高人文素质。
但由于该课程内容涵盖广（从古英语到近现代英国文学），传统教学采用以讲授为主的教学模式下，“英国文学史及选读”课程教学面临着许多挑战。
有限课堂时间几乎只能让教师快速按照时间脉络介绍各时期文学概况，不足以深入文学文本；作品选读成了精读或故事梗概介绍，很少或基本不涉及到文学批评或欣赏，教学效果较差；学生对课外阅读的兴趣不大，或由于满篇的生单词产生畏难情绪；由于上课信息量大，老师讲课速度快，学生只有埋头抄笔记应付最后的考试，学习效果差；授课过程中；课后练习缺乏实效性，教师无法及时了解学生掌握情况。
二、“雨课堂”在“英国文学史及选读”课程中的应用“雨课堂”是由清华大学在线教育办公室组织研发的推动混合式教学，形成性评价，多通道互动的教学利器，将教学工具巧妙融入PowerPoint与微信全景式采集数据，驱动教学探微。
英国崛起历史小论文（精选五篇）
英国崛起历史小论文（精选五篇）第一篇：英国崛起历史小论文英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权，通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。
英国是通过其优越的地缘位置、制度领域的创新所导致的生产力的巨大发展、根据机会所制定的合理政策而崛起为一个世界性大国的。
虽然时代背景发生了巨大的变化，但是英国的崛起对当今寻求崛起的国家仍然具有重要的借鉴意义。
以下是英国崛起历史小论文，欢迎阅读。
英国从一个在15世纪并不为欧陆国家所重视的岛国逐步发展成为在19和20世纪大部分时间里其统治范围覆盖了非洲南部广大地区、南亚、东南亚、太平洋大部分地区及北美和加勒比海地区的庞大帝国。
这个帝国控制的区域范围相当于其国土面积的近40倍，人口达到了3亿多。
英国从一个位于北大西洋上的岛国崛起为一个庞大的殖民帝国是通过与西班牙、荷兰、法国争夺海上霸权三个阶段逐步实现的。
一、英国崛起的过程分析英国是在相继击败西班牙、荷兰、法国之后才真正荣登世界霸主的宝座的。
地理大发现对国际政治所造成的一个重要后果是使欧洲经济中心逐渐从地中海沿岸转移到大西洋西北沿岸诸国，这些国家包括了伊比利亚半岛上的葡萄牙、西班牙，欧陆大国法国，波罗的海沿岸的荷兰与隔英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆相望的英国，同时在某种程度上还有斯堪的那维亚国家。
英国通过第一、二轮勃兴崛起为一个世界性的大国并最终攫取了海洋霸权，通过第三轮勃兴英国的霸主国地位得到了进一步的巩固和增强。
（一）第一轮勃兴（1588—1674年）这里把英国第一轮勃兴的起始时间界定为1588年是从英西海战以西班牙失败而告终这一在国际关系中具有重要影响的历史事件这一角度来分析的。
英国的地缘政治条件和伴随着地理大发现而开始的国际性的海外贸易和拓殖决定了英国的崛起是一种海洋战略的崛起，而这不可避免的会与处于海上霸权地位的西班牙殖民帝国产生矛盾。
1588年，西班牙国王腓力二世派遣了一支由130多艘舰船组成的“无敌舰队”进攻英国，其结果是英国凭借着巧妙的战术和先进的技术取得了这次战争的胜利。
英国史论文
英国教会改革纵观英国历史，可以发现，教会起着不可或缺的的作用。
有时教皇的影响过于大了，所谓功高盖主，反而会使国王认为其危及到自己的权力。
正如电影《狙击生死线》中那样，将要当选的国王在暗中派人找一名狙击手，命其在公开演讲上将对其威胁很大的教皇射杀。
然而，由于教会在英国政治与人民心中有着特殊地位，所以很多国王在即位时都多多少少会针对教会采取一些措施，颁布一些法令，用以巩固自己的统治地位。
问题在于，他们的信仰很有可能不同，所以主教时常更改，这不免引起很多教派之间的冲突，影响国家统治与人民生活稳定。
英国史上较有名的教会改革有威克里夫宗教改革及都铎王朝期间的多次改革。
14世纪后期的教会过于和执政掌权者亲近、政教不分，且生活优渥不愁吃穿，教会腐化的程度超乎想像，教皇所立的多项规条也不符合圣经的教导。
于是当时名噪一时的神学教授威克里夫出现了。
他的改革思想主要包括四方面：一.驳斥教皇是教会最高首领的说法，坚持只有上帝是万众的主宰。
二.主张用英语布道，建立王权至上、隶属国家的民族教会。
因为14世纪，英国社会上层仍使用法语，法律界术语也多用法文，而在宗教教育界及官方文书都由拉丁文主宰。
三.主张简化宗教仪式，没收教会土地，否定教士阶层的中介作用，反对“变体论”。
四.《圣经》是信仰的唯一和绝对的权威，信徒可通过直接阅读《圣经》寄托精神，得到上帝点化。
为使平民得听福音起见，他派一些“贫穷神父”外出传道，他们都好像使徒那样二人一组，周游各地，工作大有果效，拥护他的人在当时称为“罗拉德派”。
该团体主要分为牛津大学学院派、下层民众、中产阶级三个分支。
然而在兰开斯特王朝时，他们被视为异端，遭到严厉镇压，信徒被活活烧死，该派活动一度停止。
这次宗教改革实在是影响很大，致使他多次遭到未能得逞的通缉，就连他的死也大大促进了教会的改革，时任教皇格列高利十一世不得不在其死后30年的一次会议上颁布谕令，宣告威克里夫乃声名狼籍之异端者，至死顽梗不化，不但被逐出教会，而且他所有对他的追思都是有罪的，当将他的骸骨挖出，丢在教会墓园之外，将其他忠诚之死者以示区别。
英国历史与文化_论文Inevitable sacrifice
Inevitable sacrifice ——After reading The Mill on the Floss——管院张某I. PrefaceWhen Ms. Feng told us the chapter “justice and law”, she had introduced many funny and amazing laws to us. And as a result I was attracted into the fascinating world of laws. So after class I would like to read some more things. While searching on Google, I found a book named The Mill on the Floss. After reading it, I thought that I can write something about the book.II. Abstract:George Eliot's The Mill on The Floss is a controversial one. In the novel there are conflicts among individuals as well as individuals between societies. One's own self-realization and acceptance are bonded by the outside world to some extent. One has to make sacrifice to fit into the society. This paper based on the main character's experience and social backgrounds. Through analysis, the papers try to reveal the relation between one's own will and the outside's bondage put him or her, then indicate only mutual understanding and love are important ways to solve the conflicts.III. Introduction of the writer and the story:For anyone living in a society, he or she is bonded by the outside world to some extent. His or her own self-fulfillment will be limited no matter what their own will is. In reality, individual has to sacrifice something for outside conciliation. However the conflicts which exist among society can‟t be solved easily. Usually after many twists and turns, mutu al understanding and love are proved to be the key to the problems. George Eliot‟s the Mill on the Floss reflects this phenomena clearlyIn fact George Eliot is a typical example who had undertaken pressure from the external force and taste the bitter of outside bondage. It can be seen from her name on one hand. Her origin name is Mary Ann Evans and Eliot seems to be more proper for a man‟s name. However, Evans chose writing as her occupation which was rare for a woman at that time. In order to meet fewer o bstacles she had to use a male‟s name as herpen name. On the other hand Eliot‟s own life experience told people one who wants to realize self-fulfillment must prepare for fighting against the outside world. “Eliot took over the management of the household only at sixteen. Finding local teachers to guide her she studied German, Italian, Greek and Latin.” With cumulative knowledge about science she refused to go to church at twenty two, which shocked her family and the society, then the conflicts between the religion and her own pursue for free spiritual world happens again and again. And she also does another surprising thing in a most conventual‟s society. She falls in love with G.H Lewes who had already got married; moreover she lives together with him publicly. There must be much courage taken for Eliot to defy an almost unanimous social disapproval in her way to seek true happiness. She got it at a high cost of losing many relatives including her beloved brother and some friends. Misunderstanding digs a deep gap between them.During Eliot‟s life she tries to escape from the society but involved in it, which is also reflected in her works. The Mill on the Floss is a classic one. The novel gives the detail of Tom and Maggie Tulliver‟ s life. They are brother and sister growing up on the river Floss near the village of St.Ogg. Their father Mr. Tulliver managers the mill handed down from their ancestors. He sent Tom to have better education he thought and had to borrow money from Waken a man Mr. Tulliver has deep prejudice. Unfortunately Mr. Tulliver fails in a suit case while Mr. Wakem is the opponent‟s counsel. Then Mr. Tulliver has to sell all his fortune to Wakem and become his employer in order to live. But he is not reconciled to the bad condition. After M r. Tulliver‟s bankruptcy Tom breaks his school study and become an accountant in a bank.Because of Tom‟s striving for success and diligent work their condition improved. However, when Tom tried to buy the mill Mr. Tulliver revenge himself fore Wakem but got stroke being too excited. His daughter Maggie is an intelligent and kind girl she keep pure friendship with Wakem‟s son Phillip in spite of the opposite from father and brother. Tom can‟t understand Maggie all the time and end their relation after Maggie‟s elopement. In the end when a flood happens in the floss, Maggie tries to rescue her brother Tom and they reconcile but die together in the flood.IV. The influence of societyThe story is a sad one, but the tragic destiny of the character is bonded closely with the outside world they live. In 19th century men and women have different responsibilities. Men are supposed to make a living for the whole family. In Mr. Tulliver‟s house Mr. Tulliver manages the business in the mill. After his bankruptcy his son Tom undertakes the heavy burden straightly. And women are confined in a very small circle. They are considered to be housewife in the household and dependent on men. Just illustrated with Maggie‟s story, although she is clever and independent to some extent, she still can‟t live herself, first under his father‟s protection then his brother‟s support, Maggie‟s aunts are all typical housewife in the society and Mrs. Maggie wants to educate Maggie to accept woman‟s role, too.One‟s social background has great influence on one‟s growth. A person‟s outlook, belief and behavior, etc are connected closely with his social background. One must adjust himself to the condition he lives in. take Maggie as an example, too. She sacrifices many things as a woman in Victorian England. Although she is intelligent she has got no right to get his education as boys like her brother, his father confirm Maggie is very clever, but thinks her “Too clever for a woman” “an over –clever woman is like a long –tailed sheep -- it doesn‟t add to her value” which is an almost unanimous social belief at that time. She love reading and Latin, but only learns them herself. Maggie can‟t work like his brother but only to stay at home, although she can do better than Tom at some things. Also in the pursuit of love and confirm she has no fair chance like men. She has to give up the companion of Phillip Wakem when his father and brother oppose. She also had to end her elopement in face of her family and the society. Maggie‟s educa tion, occupation and love are all influences by the society by the society at that time. She is a most tragic character in the novel.Tom as a male in 19th century is also restrained in many aspects by his social background. First “he is known to us as a l ively and adventurous boy and clearly enjoys traditionally manly activities such as fishing, riding big horses and thinking about owinga gun one day.” he may never worry much about his future before this time. There‟s suspect that Tom will enjoy a life laden with adventures and few responsibilities until it is his time to take over the family business and become a man. However, in order to meet his family‟s expectation, Tom is sent to school and receives an education where he is “a bit nimble with his tong ue and his pen, and [because] a smart chap” (Eliot, 1995:23). In the new environment all Tom‟s previous seems to be of no use to him. He also feels very strange to be of no use to him. He also feels very strange to his new subjects and failed to prove himself through his studies. He has become quite aware of his difficulties in grasping the new concept that were thrown at him every day make him appear “stupid” and this knowledge gives him a “girl‟s susceptibility” when Tom‟s school life has not ended, the terrible accident his family has been in makes him return home. Before this he is an immature boy, but he is pressed too quickly into manhood and soon becomes ultra-masculine. Tom manages to get a job to support his family and work hard to pay the family‟s debt. It can be summarized in the beginning Tom sacrifices his interest to satisfy his family‟s great expectations on him. Later he ends his childhood suddenly and undertakes a man‟s responsibility instead of a carefree boy.Phillip Wakem as Wakem‟s only s on should be happier than Tom for his rich family background. However he gets a deformed back when man is thought to be strong and masculine, he is often discriminated and pitied by others,, which makes him a sentimental boy, his father lawyer Wakem is tho ught to be a …rascal‟ by Mr. Tulliver，from which it can be known lawyer Wakem as a counsel may often make an enemy of other. Although Phillip show intelligence in his study and is a master of the arts, he is repeatedly described as womanly or feminine for his deficiency. He calls Tom‟s dislike for his weak body and his family background, and also loses many chances of meeting with Maggie. The weak side of Phillip is often sympathized by others.As discussed above, women are confirmed to household. There are much discrimination against women at that time. Maggie is a main character in the novel, fighting almost all her life towards discrimination on her. As a little girl, she is so naughty that a boy can‟t compare with her when her mother and aunts are not sa tisfied with heruncurled disordered hair, Maggie, a nine years old girl, cuts her hair short herself, as a child, she can‟t understand why people expect her to act in such “a way that would make her physically uncomfortable and deny her the right to express all of her vibrant feelings.” during her growth, she continually defies society‟s expectation for her actions. Though her father thinks school education is no use for a girl, she reads every book she can get her hands on and gives herself a sort of “sel f-education”. In p ursuit of love, she keeps secret friendship with Phillip in spite of family‟s opposition. Because of falling in love with Stephen, she makes a decision on impulse: elopement. Fighting is always the choice Maggie chooses. However, as Maggie ages and comes to deal with his father's illness. She begins to let herself be pushed into a more traditional mold. "she reads the writing of Thomad A Kempis and decides to live a life of piety and self-denial" She makes this decision because she feels the desire to fit into her society, now that she must take on more responsibilities at home due to her father's illness. In face of the love for Phillip Wakem, Maggie also showed expected behaviors for women at that time. She feels more completed by the sense that it is a selfless love because Phillip's deficiency in body. Maggie is fighting and conciliating all the time. So it can explain why Maggie runs away with Stephen but ends their elopement soon. On one hand she is against the outside wish because she wants to pursue her own happiness. It's the only way for a woman like Maggie to do so. "For what response could poor Maggie ever win except by wresting?" But on the other hand, as an individual she belongs to the society, so she must take the limitations imposed on women by nineteen-century society.Tom Tuliver also accepts his role as a man in contemporary society. As a boy, he loves outside doors and always wants to fight physically for gis place in the world. Tom's spiturial worl fits the spirit of knight in traditional England. He tries to satisfy his family's expectations and he studies hard on the subject he is not good at. After the family's accident he receives the family's burden without complains, as if it is natural for him to follow this. Tom is aligned himself with the narrow, self-serving ethic of the rising entrepreneur. In Tom's long seek of employment from Mr. Deane Tom managers to hold up his tears and behaves a man's way, when Mr. Deane says he is no use in many jobs.But he succeeds at last.Another character Phillip's response to the society can't be neglected, either. Comparing with Tom, he is a gentleman in many aspects. However, because of his deformity in body, he is considered weak throughout the entire novel. During the school time when Tom and Phillip are schoolmates, "Phillip is always depicted in a gentler light with finer features and more refined talents. When Tom goes out and experiences adventures, Philips only reads about them and retells the stories of others." Phillip's gentle gestures are especially showed when he has dealings with Maggie. He draws the picture and sings songs for her. He's always polite and knowledgeable. However, most his behaviors are not merits but a kind of compromise to the society. He accepts the role the society assumes to him. He can be strong to oppose sometimes, but he conciliates with the circumstance and his family Only his decision that marry Maggie is against his father's will , but it's only an episode and fails at lastV. Analysis of the conflicts showed by main characterThere are many conflicts in the novel which are showed in many characters and concentrated on Maggie. George Eliot explores the conflict between self-realization and acceptance that makes for the ambivalence at the heart of characters. It's also the origin of Maggie's inner conflict. Maggie is not willing to accept the role the society give to her, but at the same time she assumes duties a woman should have. Maggie Tulliver is trapped by being too compliant with other people's expectations of her, although she fights bravely but her inner struggle often brings her extreme pains. The climax is Maggie and Stephen‟s elopement. Maggie struggles between her love for Stephen and her duties to Phillip and Lucy, contracted as it were in her past .She rejects Stephen eventually and makes her way back to St.Oggs. Her last compromise implicates many women's plight at that time.Inner conflicts come from outside force. Maggie is influenced heavily by the external world. Her years for the education are not considered necessary or good for girls. She needs to love and be loved but is blocked by her brother's incomprehension. The plight ofwomen in general is showed by Maggie in a serious way. There are also many petty family obstacles to her freedom. Maggie has tasted and sought more of a forbidden knowledge for a woman. She shows her sympathy with others which is sharp contrast with many persons around her. She loves her brother Tom, but "as the heads strong Maggie grows into womanhood, the deep love which she has for Tom turns into conflict, because she can't reconcile his bourgeois standards with her own lively intelligence." Then Maggie's conflicts between her and the whole bourgeoisies‟ spirit exist. Also "Tom's pragmatics and reserved nature clashes with Maggie idealism and fervor for intellectual gains and experience."Lack of mutual understanding is another key reason for conflicts in the novel. Tom and Maggie are beloved brother and sister. They care about each other deep. But without understanding Maggie, Tom refuses Maggie many times, and at last he even roughly sends her away for Maggie's mistake on impulse, "telling her that she will never be welcome under his roof." and Mr. Tulliver's prejudice and contradiction with Phillip Wakem's father as well as Mr. Tulliver untimely death, serve both to intensify Tom and Maggie‟s prejudice, but in the same time highlight their love for each other. Confronting with difference, they don't talk the problem directly but misunderstand each other in a further step.Although Tom and Maggie have conflicts and differences, they reconcile at last. It is love and mutual understanding that solve the divergence especially in the end of the novel. Maggie tries to rescue Tom without concerning about her own life. Tom understands Maggie eventually and all their conflicts disappear.VI. ConclusionThe individual are influenced by their circumstances in many ways, Georg e Eliot‟s The Mill on the Floss reveals it clearly. The effect of society upon the individual is great and the individual responds the outside force different at different life's time.In Victorian England male and female have different roles in the society,. Men are assumed to have more right and responsibility than women. it is the same case with theirpressure. However, the limitations societies given to women are sadder for women. "Eliot herself once compares Victorian England to a prison" so under this condition individual fights the external force on one hand and on the other hand makes a compromise from time to time. In Eliot's novel each character is portrayed as behaving in various ways due to varied external and internal forces. This is reflected in Maggie very well. She is intelligent and not satisfied with the role family expected of her. she fight with the unfair in early years but later family's bankruptcy make Maggie's intellectual aptitude waste in her socially isolated state. She makes many sacrifices as to fit herself to the society needs for her.In sum the novel tries to tell us self-realization and acceptance is not an even way. There are many conflicts, here and there, now and then. One's own destiny is not dependent on its own choice. In order to meet with the external force, he has to sacrifice something for conciliation.。
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英国大宪章人权思想的产生，是英国人民反对封建专制统治的结果。
在中世纪，英国王权过大，不仅广大的人民没有人权，就是上层统治阶级的权利也受到严重损害。
即使尊贵如贵族似的人物，也不过是国王的奴仆而已，贵族本人甚至不能决定自己的家务事情，例如妇女的婚姻大事等。
贵族家庭中妇女的婚嫁，要由国王来决定，这就损害了英国贵族的利益。
英国贵族争取权利的斗争，于是从反对国王干涉贵族家庭的内部事务开始。
因此，英国贵族成为反对王权、争取人权的斗士。
诺曼底公爵威廉在征服英国后，为了收买人心，争取英国教会、贵族和各阶层人民的支持，于1066年签署了给予臣民一定权利的“王冠宪章”。
征服者威廉在“王冠宪章”中宣布，保证要“用正义统治人民、把国王的一切供给人民”，他还保证要制定正义的法律，并且保卫它；他特别强调将禁止各种掠夺、暴力和不公正的审判。
这时发生了影响世界历史发展的十字军东征运动。
1099年十字军领导人从穆斯林手中夺取了耶路撒冷后，组织了耶路撒冷市政委员会，起草了《耶路撒冷审判书》。
这份重要文件规定了在耶路撒冷，各国国王都要服从耶路撒冷市政委员会的决议。
许多英国贵族参加了十字军东征，参与组织了耶路撒冷市政委员会。
当这些贵族返回英国后，他们就把限制国王权力的这种精神带回了英国。
此后在英国贵族反对王权的斗争中，就有了一个法律依据。
这样，十字军东征在世界人权史上占有重要的地位。
在英国贵族的斗争下，1100年国王亨利一世被迫颁布了一个宪章，史称“亨利宪章”。
这个宪章保证教会的自由，保证贵族的继承权。
其中最为重要的内容是亨利一世表示限制他在控制贵族家庭妇女婚姻问题上的权力。
上述英国人权实践的发展，为大宪章的诞生铺平了道路。
英国大宪章 - 历史意义
虽然第一次发布的大宪章只维持了数星期，但是约翰死后的多次重新发布，使它成为了永久的法律；大宪章亦成为了日后英国宪法的基石。
之后亨利三世及他的
继承人曾多次避开破坏大宪章的规定，然事实上中世纪英国皇室的皇权在大宪章之下，仍然是有增无减。
不过，中世纪时期的英国国王亦曾三十次重新发布大宪章，证明国王始终不能忽视它的存在，至少大宪章的存在成功确立了一项国王亦必须遵从的原则：君主受到法律的限制。
到了十七世纪，随着国王与国会之间争执的增加，大宪章的作用亦变得更为重要。
根据宪章的内容多次修订而成的法律，保障更多的权利和涵盖更多的人民，最后演化成现代的君主立宪。
虽然只有开始的数句、中间三条条文以及结束语仍然有效，其余三十四条都已被废除，1297年发布的大宪章至今仍是英国法律的一部分。
今天，大宪章的实际法律效用已很微小，只在司法过程中偶尔被控辩双方和法官引用。
但不少日后编成的政府宪法，包括美国宪法，都是起源自大宪章。
以前每次英王发布大宪章，都会抄送多份到各地，这些抄本部分被带到北美殖民地，保存至今。
1215年约翰签署的第一份大宪章并未被保存下来，只有四份同时期的抄本现仍分别存放在英国的国家图书馆、林肯大教堂和萨士巴利大教堂，另外还有13份1297年以前的大宪章现也仍被保存。
1952年，澳洲政府以12,500英镑购得一份1297年的大宪章，放在首都坎培拉的国会展览，美国富商佩里（Ross Perot）亦于1984年购得一份1297年的大宪章，现放在首都华盛顿国家资料馆，与独立宣言及美国宪法一同展出。
《大宪章》在原则上和实质上一包含了后来发展起来的议会所具有的征税权，对王国政务放入国民参与权，监督权等因素，以及“国民自由”的观念。
后来，随着历史的发展，“国民”的包容度再不断地扩大，但上述隐含的几种权利则逐渐被制度化了。
第一，《大宪章》中非经“大委员会”的同意不得征税的条款，成了后人“无代表权不纳税”这一原则的基础。
第二，征税要得到本王国一致的同意，就隐含了“国民”有被咨询的权利。
第三，即便从当时的角度上看，《大宪章》也使贵族之外的一些社会等级也分享到了利益。
这些都为半个世纪后平民代表进入议会奠定了基础，也为近代公民意识和公民法权观念的产生奠定了基础。
英国大宪章 - 现代民主的起源
现代民主制度的最主要形式就是议会。
我们历史教科书中“议会”第一次出现大概是在英国革命一章中，而议会的起源在我们的教科书中从来没有写过。
本文就是介绍现代议会起源。
古代希腊、罗马有过议会，但随着欧洲步入封建中世纪，这种政体被君主制完全取代。
因此现代民主制度与古代希腊、罗马的民主制度没有传承关系，它的出现完全是在封建制度的基础上发展而来的。
公元1066年，法国诺曼底公爵威廉借口其有权继承英格兰王位而入侵英格兰，并成功打败了英王哈罗德而建立了诺曼底王朝，史称威廉一世。
（从此之后直到现代，英国再也没有被外国军队入侵过，虽然也是王朝更迭，但历位英国国王或者女王都是威廉一世后代，因此按我们普通国人的看法，英国自1066年起至今都是一个王朝）。
在与哈罗德的一战中，威廉一世主要依靠的是从法国带来的骑士。
当时，骑士要拥有备齐了马鞍、马蹬和马衔的数匹战马，以及利剑长矛等武器装备。
对这种职业武士的训练要从孩提时代开始一直到21岁，其武器装备和培训训练费是相当昂贵的，于是国王通过向跟随作战的武士授予土地的方式来解决这个问题，这种“回报”的地产就变成了封建财产。
这显然是一种契约制度，但并不是现代社会的非人格化的商业契约，因为土地的受封者在人格上变成了封主的臣属，他必须效忠、服务，甚至为主人而献身。
在接受封土时举行“臣服礼”不仅具有宗教道德方面的约束力，它还表明因封主把作为封建财产的土地分给封臣，封臣就对封主有服从、效忠和尊重的义务。
从此封建制度在英国建立起来。
不过，此时的封建制度只是一种习惯法，国王与贵族以习惯而行事，没有成文的规定来明确这一行为。
到了公元1199年，英王约翰继位。
这位国王能力十分有限，在他的统治前期，其先祖留给他的法国领土大多被法王占领，为了争夺回法国的领土，他穷兵黩武，因而不顾原有封建习惯，大量开征各种税收捐助等，最终迫使部分英国贵族为了保护自己的权利而联合市民阶层武装反抗。
1215年初，主要来自北方各郡的贵族在斯坦福聚集，并推进到北安普顿，大贵族在伯拉克利公开拒绝向国王行效忠礼，战争开始。
5月17日，反叛贵族秘密进入伦敦，在市民的支持下，国王被迫与25名男爵代表在兰尼德草地上签定了《大宪章》。
《大宪章》对国王在封建规范下能做什么和不能做什么，作了非常详尽的规定，也就是对封臣的权利作了全面的承认。
其中精髓条款是：一、除封建义务所规定的贡款赋税外，“王国内不可征收任何兵役免除税或捐助，除非得到本王国一致的同意”；“为了对某一捐助或兵役免除税的额度进行讨论并取得全国的同意，国王应发起召集大主教、主教、寺院长老、伯爵和大男爵等等开会，讨论研究征款事宜”。
二、“若不经同等人的合法裁决和本国法律之审判，不得将任何自由
人逮捕囚禁、不得剥夺其财产、不得宣布其不受法律保护、不得处死、不得施加任何折磨、也不得令我等群起攻之、肆行讨伐”。
国王若对以上规定或基本原则蓄意违反，则贵族可随时造反，国内任何人亦可随贵族造反。
这样，《大宪章》在原则上和实质上已包含了后来发展起来的议会所具有的征税权，对王国政务的国民参与权、监督权等因素，以及“国民自由”的观念。
后来，随着历史的发展，“国民”的包容度在不断的扩大，但上述隐含的几种权利则被逐步制度化了。
在《大宪章》签定的几十年后，英国又通过《牛津条例》确定了“议会”雏形。
虽然最后亨利三世在外国势力的帮助下把贵族集团打败并全面恢复了王权，但经过《大宪章》和《牛津条例》的签订，凡国事应交大议事会讨论，国王和贵族间应该有一种有效的合作方式，这两点已在英格兰人的心中生了根，并保留下来。
因此，西方历史将《大宪章》的签定视为现代民主的萌芽。
这份封建制度顶期时期的斗争产物因为其精髓包含自由主义的精神，几百年后在英国人手里又变成了摧毁封建制度的武器。