美国文学大纲
美国文学复习大纲
• • • •
* Second stage: Transcedentalism (p.56-59) Raph Waldo Emerson: Nature Henry David Thoreau: Walden
• Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter • Herman Melville: Moby Dick • Edgar Allan Poe: Gothic novels • “Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque” • Poe’s position in the world literature (P.114-115)
The first peak of literature in US
• Two stages of Romanticism in the first half of 19th century of US: • * First stage: • Washing Irving: Father of American literature; the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame • A History of New York • The Sketch Book: “Rip Van Winkle” “Sleepy Hollow” • James F. Cooper: • Leather-stocking Tales: The Pioneer • The Last of the Mohicans • The Prairie • The Pathfinder • The Deerslayer
• American Movement of Enlightenment (P.27-28) Writers of enlightenment Benjamin Franklin: The Authobiography; Poor Richard’s Amanack The Importance of Benjamin Franklin’s “The Autobiography”. (P. 35-37) Thomas Paine: Common Sense; Thomas Jefferson: The Declaration of Independence
美国文学大纲
The Outline of American LiteratureI Colonial Period (1607—1765)Colonial Part: American PuritanismII Revolutionary Period (1765—1800)1 The Great Awakening2 The EnlightenmentIII The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)1 American Romanticism2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)1 Beginning2 Local Colorism 乡土文学3 American Naturalism (1908—1918)V American Modernism (1918—1945)(I)Modern PoetryAmerican Modernism first began in poetry.3 types of poems:A: Chicago PoetsB: Leading figures in the poetic revolution---Imagism and New-poetry MovementC: in-between poets1 Great playwright of the 1920s2 playwrights of the 1930s(II) Modern Novels1 Lost Generation----Ernest Hemingway2 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgerald3 Literature of Depression4 Literature of the South / the Southern Renaissance5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s6 Female Writers7 Literary critics: New Criticism“新批评派”8 Black Literature:Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴(III) American DramaVI Contemporary Literature (1945-- )(I) Postwar Novels(II) Postwar Dramas(III) Postwar Poetry(IV) Multiethnic LiteratureAmerican LiteratureI Colonial Period (1607—1800)ⅠIntroductionThe period stretches roughly from the settlement of Americans in the early seventeenth century through the end of the eighteenth. The major topic is about American Puritanism, the one enduring influence in American literature.II American PuritanismPuritansEnglish religious and political reformers who fled their native land in search of religious freedom, and settled and colonized New England in the 17th century. They at first wished to reform or ―purify‖ their religious beliefs and practices. To them, religion should be a matter of personal faith rather than a ritual.PuritanismPuritanism is the practices and beliefs of puritans.American PuritanismThe Puritans established their own religious and moral principles known as American Puritanism which became one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few)from God's grace. With such doctrines in their minds, Puritans left Europe for America in order to establish a theocracy in the New World. Over the years in the new homeland they built a way of life that stressed hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety.The main doctrines of American Puritanism1 They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity. They considered that man was born sinful, was a sinner and could note redeem his original sin.“In Adam’s fall, we all sin.”2 Man did not know whether they could be God’s chosen people, but should live a saint-like life at ordinary times according to God’s will. The Holy Bible was the guidebook to man’s behaviors.3 Puritanism encouraged people to struggle in their career. If one’s business was booming, it proved that he had gained god’s providence. Puritans meant to prove that they were God’s chosen people, enjoying his blessing on this earth as in heaven.4 Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order and worked with indomitable courage and confident hope toward building a new Garden of Eden in America, where man could at long last live the way he should.5 Puritans stressed hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety. In people’s daily life, religious activities were a matter of first importance and all others should serve the religion. Their lives were disciplined and hard.Significant change in the character of American PuritansPractical idealist, doctrinaire opportunistComparison between American Puritanism and Chinese ConfucianismInfluence of Puritanism on American literature1 the spirit of optimism bustles out of the pages of many American authors2 symbolism as a technique has become a common practice in the writing of many American authors3 simplicity has left an indelible imprint on American writingPuritan style of writingThe style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, with a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.III Literary Scene in Colonial Period(I)form, content and writing style in the literature of the early colonial period form: personal literature in its various forms;content: served either God or colonial expansion or both;writing style: imitated and transplanted English literary traditions（II）Two sorts of literary figures in Colonial PeriodA write for religion(1)Captain John Smith (1580—1631) 约翰.史密斯船长Led the first group of immigrants in 1607Settled down and established the first British colony—Jamestown ColonyA Description of New England 《新英格兰介绍》The General History of Virginia <弗吉尼亚通史>(2)William Bradford (1590—1675) 威廉.布雷福德Led Mayflower in 1620 and arrived at Cape CodEstablished the Plymouth ColonyOf Plymouth Plantation <普利茅斯开发史>Chapter IV: Showing the Reasons and Causes of their Removal4 reasons and causes:①Escape religious persecution②For wealth③For a new and better life④Having ―a great hope and inward zeal‖ to do the spadework for disseminating ―the gospel of the kingdom of Christ‖ in the new world(3)John Winthrop (1588—1649) 约翰.温思罗普Led the first group of Puritans in the Great Immigration in 1630Captain of AbraThe first governor of the Massachusetts Bay ColonyA Model of Christian Charity <基督教博爱的典范>--manifested the purpose and intention of their journey(4)Anne Bradstreet (1612—1672) 安妮.布雷特兹里特Passenger on AbraOn the Burning of My HouseTo My Dear and Loving HusbandIn Reference to My ChildrenAs Weary Pilgrim <疲乏的朝圣者>The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America <美洲最近出现的第十缪斯>Several Poems Compiled with a Great V ariety of Wit and Learning, Full of Delight <一些风格各异，充满机智和学识的诗歌>Contemplation <沉思>(5)Edward Taylor (1642—1729) 爱德华.泰勒Metrical History of Christianity <基督教史>God‘s Determinations Touching His Elect: and the Elect‘s Combat in Their Conversation, and Coming up to God in Christ Together with the Comfortable Effects Thereof <上帝的决心>Preparatory Meditations 217首<受领圣餐前的自省录>B write for civil and religious freedom(1) Roger Williams (1603-1683) 罗杰.威廉斯The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience(2) John W oolman (1720-1772) 约翰.乌尔曼Some Considerations on the Keeping of NegroesA Plea for the PoorThe Journal(3)Thomas Paine (1737—1809) 托马斯.潘恩Common Sense (<常识>1776);The American Crisis (<美国危机>Dec. 1776—April 1783);The Rights of Man (<人的权利>1791—92);The Age of Reason (<理智时代>1794—95);(4)Philip Freneau (1752—1832) 菲利普.弗瑞诺The British Prison ship <英国囚船>The Rising Glory of America <美洲光辉的兴起>The Indian Burying Ground <印地安人墓地>The Wild Honey suckle <野金银花>(5) Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) 查尔斯.布罗克丹.布朗Wieland (or The Transformation: An American TaleEdgar HuntlyOrmondArthur Mervyn2 The 18th Century:Enlightenment and the Great AwakeningEnlightenmentAn 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense,benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rightsof man.The Great Awakening: series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards.Revolutionary WarThe War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.(1)Jonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹Outstanding representative of PuritanismPersonal Narrative (<自述>1740);Freedom of the Will (<意志的自由>1754);The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend (<原罪说辩>1758);Images or Shadows of Divine Things (<神灵的形影>)(2) Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) 本杰明.富兰克林social reform; scientist;The Autobiography (<自传>)Poor Richard‘s Almanac (<格言历书>)―Thirteen Virtues‖ （13条美德）1 Temperance: eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation;2 Silence: speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid triflingconversation;3 Order: let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have itstime.4 Resolution: resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what youresolve.5 Frugality: make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.6 Industry: lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off allunnecessary actions.7 Sincerity: use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak,speak accordingly.8 Justice: wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9 Moderation: avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think theydeserve.10 Cleanliness: tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.11 Tranquility: be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12 Chastity: rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness,or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.13 Humility: imitate Jesus and Socrates.(3)Thomas Jefferson (1743—1862) 托马斯.杰斐逊3rd President of the U. S.Declaration of Independence (<独立宣言>1776)II The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)1 American RomanticismRomanceEmotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with theRomantic period.RomanticismA reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevatedthe individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion,imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellionagainst social conventions.NeoclassicismAn 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.(1)Washington Irving (1783—1859) 华盛顿.欧文father of American literaturethe first American writer of imaginative literatureinspiring the American romantic imaginationThe Sketch Book or The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon <见闻札记>―Rip V an Winkle‖ <里普.凡.温克尔>―The Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖ <睡谷的传说>(2)James Fenimore Cooper (1789—1851) 詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏The Spy <间谍> (1821)The Leather-Stocking Tales <皮袜子五部曲>：The Pioneers <开拓者>（1823）The Last of the Mohicans <最后的莫希干人> (1826)The Prairie <草原> (1827)The Pathfinder <探路者> (1840)The Deerslayer <杀鹿者> (1841)2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义or American RenaissanceTranscendentalismA broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era(peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.(1)Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882) 拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生A founder of the Transcendental movement. Moreover, Emerson was not only theshaper of a distinctly American philosophy embracing optimism, individuality, and mysticism, but one of the most influential figures of the nineteenth century.The American Scholar, an addre ss delivered before Harvard‘s Phi Beta Kappa Society, attacked American dependence on European thought urged the creation of a new literary heritage LanguageTranscendentalist ClubThe Dial <日晷>杂志Nature <论自然>Self Reliance <论自立>Essays: First Series <散文选：第一集>Essays: Second Series <散文选：第二集>Representative Men <代表性人物>English Traits <英国人的特性>The Conduct of Life <论为人处事>(2)Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862) 亨利.大卫.梭罗Walden is now considered one of the best-selling books in the history of American literature, and its critical reputation continues to grow as much as its popular acceptance. In addition, Walden has long been a staple of the American literature curriculum at universities in the U.SWaldon or Life in the Woods <沃尔登/华尔腾or林中生活>Civil Disobedience <非暴力反抗>or<论公民的不服从>The Maine Woods <缅因森林>Letters to Various Person <书信集>(3)Edgar Allan Poe （1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary criticMost controversial and misunderstood in AmericaWell received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in FranceA: PoemsTo Helen <献给海伦>The Raven <乌鸦>Israfel <伊斯拉菲尔>B: Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and the ArabesqueMS. Found in a Bottle <在瓶子里发现的手稿>The Fall of the House of Usher <厄舍古屋的倒塌>The Masque of the Red Death <红色死亡的化妆舞会>C: literary theoryThe Poetic Principle <诗歌原理>The Philosophy of Composition <创作哲学>Review of Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的<故事重述>3 Romantic Poets:(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807—1882) 亨利.华兹渥斯.朗费罗V oices of the Night <夜籁集>--catch the attentionBallads and Other Poems <歌谣及其它>Evangeline <伊凡吉林>Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha <海华莎之歌>The Courtship of Miles Standish <麦尔思.斯丹狄士的求婚>Tales of a Wayside Inn <路边酒肆的故事>(2) Walt Whitman (1819—1892) 沃尔特.惠特曼The greatest Romantic poet in the 19th centuryLeaves of Grass (1855)<草叶集>Drum-taps (1865) <桴鼓集>(3)Emily Dickinson (1830—1886) 艾米莉.狄金森Great female productive American poetWrite about common things in daily lifePoetry of Emily Dickson (1955) <艾米莉.狄金森诗集>:Because I Could Not Stop for Death <因为我不能等待死神>I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died <我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声>My Life Closed Twice before Its Close <我从未失掉过这么多但有两次4 Romantic Novelists:(1) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864) 纳撒尼尔.霍桑affected by Puritanism and enlightened by Transcendentalismpioneer of psychological novel 心理小说的开创者wrote about the dark side of society and human natureusing symbolismThe Scarlet Letter <红字>(2) Herman Melville (1819—1891) 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔sailor and whale-hunterMoby Dcik <白鯨>5 Slavery-Abolishing Movement: 废奴运动AbolitionismActive movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.(1) Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811—1896) 哈丽特.比彻.斯托夫人Uncle Tom‘s Cabin <汤姆叔叔的小屋>>A reaction against ―the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism‖3 great advocators of American realistic literature in the 19th centuryWilliam Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温1 Beginning(1)William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯Novelist, literary critic and playwrightStandard-bearer of realistic literature 现实主义文学的旗手Made for the triumph of realism over romanticismRemained for over 3 decades the de facto dean of American literatureThe Rise of Silas Lapman <赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹>(2)Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯Master of psychological realism 心理现实主义的大师novelist of psychological analysis 心理分析小说家pioneer of American Stream of Consciousness 意识流文学先驱Novel of manners 世态小说Daisy Miller <苔瑟.密勒>The Portrait of a Lady <贵夫人画像>2 Local Colorism 乡土文学Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔.朗荷恩.克莱门斯Famous American humorous novelistThe Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) <卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙>Innocents Abroad (1869) <傻子国外旅行记>Roughing It (1872) <艰苦岁月>The Gilded Age (1873) <镀金时代>The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) <汤姆.索亚历险记>The Prince and the Pauper (1881) <王子和贫儿>Life on the Mississippi (1883) <密西西比河上>The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1886)<哈克贝里.费恩历险记>----fathered Modern American literatureA Connecticut Y ankee in King Arthur‘s Court (1889) <在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人>3 American Naturalism (the last decade of the 19th century)NaturalismLate 19th- and early 20th-century literary approach of French origin thatvividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings as helpless victims of larger social and economic forces.(1)Stephen Crane (1871—1900) 斯蒂芬.克兰American novelist and poetWriter and journalistNovels:Maggie, A Girl of the Street <街头女郎玛琪>----the first naturalistic work in American literature historyThe Red Badge of Courage <红色英勇勋章>(2)Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945) 西奥多.德莱塞American naturalistic writerJournalistSister Carrie <嘉莉妹妹>Jennie Gerhardt <珍妮姑娘>The Financier <金融家>The Titan <巨头>The ―Genius‖ <天才>An American Tragedy <美国的悲剧>----the greatest American novel(3) O. Henry (1862—1910) 欧.亨利William Sydney 威廉.辛德尼Short-story writers:The Gift of Magi <麦琪的礼物>The Cop and The Anthem <警察与赞美诗>Ironic coincidence and surprising ending(4) Jack London (1876—1916) 杰克.伦敦Martin Eden <马丁.伊登>----semi-autobiographyThe Call of the Wild <野性的呼唤>White Fang <白芳>4 muckrakers 黑幕揭发者journalists in majorityexpose the greed and cruelty of big businesses as well as the corruption of political circles①Upton Sinclair (1878—1968) 厄普顿.辛克莱The Jungle <屠场>--Chicago slaughterhouse②David Graham Phillips (1867—1911) 大卫.格雷厄姆.菲利普斯③Robert Herrick (1868—1938) 罗伯特.赫里克V American Modernism (1918—1945) 现代主义时期American Modernism first began in poetry.Chicago : the revolutionary center against traditional poetryPoetry <诗刊> (a magazine)(I) Poems Between Two Centuries ( the 19th and 20th centuries):3 types of poems:A: Chicago PoetsAdhere to the tradition of WhitmanReflect feelings of laboring people(1)Carl Sandburg (1878—1967)卡尔.桑德堡American modern poet and biographical writerBenefit from his humble personal backgrounds and rich experience Write plain poems for plain people “为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”Contribution to colloquial style of American literaturebe awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920 be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950<诗歌全集>In Reckless Ecstasy <心醉神迷>Chicago Poems <芝加哥诗集>Famous Imagist poems:Fog <雾>Lost <失落>The Harbor <港口>←→Chicago <芝加哥>Cool Tombs <清冷的墓>I Am the People, the Mob <我是人民群众>The People, Y es <人民，是的>The American Songbag <美国歌集>--folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black peopleBiography of Lincoln (6 volumes) <林肯传>1 autobiography1 historical novelCornhuskers <碾米机>Smoke and Steel <烟与钢>Good Morning, America <早安，美国>Collected Poems <诗集>B: Leading figures in the poetic revolutionImagism and New-poetry Movement(1)Ezra Pound (1885—1972) 埃兹拉.庞德a Established Imagism（意象派）with British poet T. E. Hulme in 1908; (1908—1917) T. E. 休姆(1883—1917)b Suggested 3 principles for Imagism with Richard Aldington （理查德.奥尔丁顿）and Hilda Doolittle (1886—1961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）c Sponsored V orticism (漩涡主义) with painter Windham Lewis (1882—1957) (温德姆.刘易斯) in 1914;d the leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years of the 20th centurye father of modern American poetryPersonae (1909) 《人物》Exultations (1909) 《狂喜》Cathay (1915) 译著《华夏》Homage to Sextus Propertius (1917) 《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》Hugh Selwyn Mauberley <休.赛尔温.毛伯利> (1920)The Cantos <诗章>(2)William Carlos Williams (1883—1963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯The Red Wheelbarrow <红色手推车>Paterson <佩特森>unique theory on literary composition―say it! No ideas but in things.‖ (Book I, Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”Free verse and accentual verse 自由体诗、重音诗a most important figure in modern American poetry(3) T. S. Eliot (1888—1972) T. S. 艾略特famous American poet, playwright and criticmajor figure in New Poetry Movementa key to modern British and American poetry了解现代美国诗歌的钥匙The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock <J. 阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌> Gerontion <小老头>The Waste Land <荒原>The Hollow Men <空心人>Ash-Wednesday <圣灰节>Four Quartets <四个四重奏>(4) E. E. Cummings (1894—1962) 卡明斯Poet and modern painterAgainst traditional poetry with bold attempts at composing poemsUnique styleCubism & Dadaism--guide his poems 以立体派、达达派风格指导诗歌创作Tulips and Chimneys <郁金香和烟囱>XLI Poems <诗四十一首>Is 5 <是5>No thanks <不谢>Complete Poems <全集>Drama: Him <他>Santa Claus <圣诞老人>Prose:The Enormous Room--4 months‘ wrong experience in prison <巨大的房间>Eimi—his experience in Russia <艾米>Six Non-lectures—speeches at Harvard <六个非讲座> C: in-between poets1 Robert Frost (1874—1963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特Robert Frost (1874-1963):Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry.The Road Not TakenMending WallFire and IceAcquainted with the NightStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening―New England poet‖My butterfly <我的蝴蝶>A Boy‘s Will <少年的意志>North of Boston <波士顿以北>Mountain Interval <山间>New Hampshire <新罕布什尔>West-Running Brook <向西流去的小溪>A Further Range <又一片牧场>Mending Wall <修墙>After Apple-Picking <摘苹果之后>The Birches <白桦树>A Witness Tree <见证树>Steeple Bush <尖塔丛>A Masque of Mercy <假慈悲>Collected Poems <诗选>Complete Poems <诗歌全集>In the Clearing <林间空地>won Pulitzer Prize 4 timesAppointed as professor or visiting poet by dozens of universitiesBe entitled ―national poet‖ by American senate at age of 75Recited his poem The Gift Outright on Inauguration Day of John Kennedy <全心全意的奉献>Last poem at age of 88(II) American DramaDisapproved by Puritanism, American drama started late and developed slowly. European drama entered its heyday at the end of the 19th century. Many small theatres appeared in America under the influence of European drama. Famous ones are as follows:Washington Square Theatre in 1915→Theatre Guild in 1919剧院协会Provincetown Theatre in 1915 普罗文斯敦剧社Group Theatre in 1931 同仁剧社1 Great playwright of the 1920sEugene O‘Neil (1888—1953) 尤金.奥尼尔America‘s greatest playwrightAmerican ShakespeareA prize-winning playwright:4 times won the Pulitzer Prize (1920; 1922; 1928; 1957)and one time won the Nobel Prize (1936)Beyond the Horizon <天边外>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1920(reality destroy people‘s ideal life)Anna Christie <安娜.克里斯蒂>–the Pulitzer Prize in 1922the Nobel Prize in 1936 for the above twoBound East for Cardiff <东航加迪夫> (1916)In the Zone 《在这一带》(1917)The Long V oyage Home 《漫长的返航》(1917)The Moon of the Caribbean 《加勒比的月亮》(1918)Emperor Jones <琼斯皇帝> (1920)The Hairy Ape <毛猿> (1922)--workers be treated as animals in capitalist societyDesire under the Elms <榆树下的欲望> (1924)--bourgeoisie families fought for property and its consequencesThe Great God Brown <大神布朗> (1926)Strange Interlude <奇妙的插曲> (1928)Lazarus Laughed <拉散路笑了>Mourning Becomes Electra <悲悼> (1931)Ah, Wilderness <啊，荒野> (the only comedy)The Iceman Cometh <卖冰的人来了>--people‘s void and despair during the 30s crisisLong Day‘s Journey into Night （on stage after death）<进入黑夜的漫长旅程>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1957The above two underlined –the best works2 playwrights of the 1930sClifford Odets (1906—1963) 克利福德.奥德茨born in Philadelphia and reared in the Bronxquit school at 15 to become an actora founder of Group Theatre after acting with the Theatre GuildWaiting for Lefty <等待老左> (one-act play dealing with a taxi strike)(III) Novels Between Two World Wars1 Lost Generation----Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway (1899-1961) 厄内斯特.海明威Outstanding modern American novelistjournalist & war experienceThree stories and Ten Poems (1923) 《三篇短篇小说和十首诗》In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》--a new shining literary star with unique styleThe Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照样升起》—the first long novelA Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》Death in the Afternoon (1932) 《午后之死》Green Hills of Africa (1935) 《非洲的青山》Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》To Have and Have Not (1937) 《富有与贫穷》For whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》Awarded the Nobel Prize in 19542 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgeraldoutstanding American novelistF. Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 弗.司各特.菲茨杰拉德The Romantic Egoist 《浪漫的利己主义者》―→This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》Flappers and Philosophers (1921) 《轻佻女郎与哲学家》Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》The Beautiful and Damned (1922) 《漂亮冤家》The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 《大如里兹饭店的钻石》(a short story) The Great Gatsby (1925) 《大人物盖茨比》All the Sad Y oung Men (1926) 《一代悲哀的年轻人》---(a collection of short stories)Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后的一个巨头》3 Literature of Depression:①John Steinbeck （1902—1968）约翰.斯坦贝克American novelistWrite long novels, plays, short stories, travel notes and news etc.Of Mice and Men (1937) 《鼠与人》The Grapes of Wrath (1938) 《愤怒的葡萄》②John Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰.多斯.帕索斯American novelist & social historianWrite novels, plays, reportage, travel notes and prose etc.Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》U.S. A. 《美国》三部曲：The Forty-Second Parallel (1930) 《北纬四十二度》1919 (1932) 《一九一九》The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》His achievement in composition earned him reputation4 Literature of the South / the Southern RenaissanceThe Virginia Review 《弗吉尼亚评论》(1925)The Fugitives “逃亡者派”/ Agrarian“重农学派”The Fugitives 《逃亡者》杂志Southern Review 《南方评论》杂志→Kenyon Review 《肯庸评论》杂志→The New Criticism 新批评派(1)William Faulkner (1897—1962) 威廉.福克纳modern novelist19 novels and 3 collections of more than 70 short storiesThe Marble Faun (1924) 《玉石收神》The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧哗与骚动》Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》(2)Katherine Anne Porter (1890—1980) 凯瑟琳.安.波特female writer born in Texas of a family with a long southern heritage educated in convent and private schoolslater traveled widelythe settings for her fiction, in addition to her native state, include Mexico, where she lived for some time, and Germany, where she resided more briefly.The Flowering Judas (1930) 《开花的紫荆树》The Leaning Tower (1944) 《斜塔》A Ship of Fools (1962) 《愚人船》(3)John Crowe Ransom (1888—1974) 约翰.克劳伍.兰塞姆Tennessee poetA Rhodes Scholar at Oxford (1913)A member of the English department of V anderbilt UniversityA leader of the AgrarianAn editor of The FugitivesFounded and edited Kenyon ReviewPlaced stress on New CriticismContributed to the Agrarian anthology: I‘ll Take My Stand5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s(1)Gertrude Stein (1874—1946) 格特鲁德.斯泰因/斯坦Born in PennsylvaniaEducated abroadWent abroad in 1902 where she lived until her deathHer salon in FranceThree Lives (1909) 《三个女人的一生》(2)Sherwood Anderson (1876—1941) 舍伍德.安德森Windy McPherson‘s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克逊的儿子》Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小城畸人》The Triumph of the Egg and Other stories (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利及其它》Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933) 《林中之死及其它》A Story-Teller‘s Story (1924) 《讲故事人的故事》(3)Sinclair Lewis (1885—1951) 辛克莱.刘易斯Editor & journalist22 novelsnovelist of social problems 社会问题小说家plot: escape--seek--compromisefirst American author awarded the Nobel Prize (in 1930)Our Mr. Wrenn (1941) 《我们的霍恩先生》Babbitt (1922) 《巴比特》Main Street (1920) 《大街》Arrowsmith (1925) 《阿罗史密斯》Elmer Gantry (1927) 《艾尔默.甘特利》Dodsworth (1929) 《多滋沃斯》It Can‘t Happen Here (1935) 《这不可能在这里发生》6 Female Writers(1)Edith Wharton (1862—1937) 伊迪丝.华顿Born in a distinguished New Y ork family。
美国文学史复习大纲
美国文学史复习大纲一：作家作品1.Sherwood Anderson: Winesburg, Ohio(小镇畸人，1919) The Triumph of the Egg(鸡蛋的胜利，1921)2.John Steinbeck: The Grapes of Wrath(愤怒的葡萄，1939，strong sociological novel,1940年获普利策奖（Pulitzer Prize)),1962年获诺贝尔文学奖①the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。
②代表作：“Of Mice and Men”《人鼠之间》portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers “The Grapes of Wrath”《愤怒的葡萄》regarded as masterpiece ,showed the migration of the Okies from the Dust Bowls to California ,a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail. Theme : strength comes from unity i-we ;faith in life; struggle to live better2.John Dos Passos: 约翰多斯帕索斯His trilogy U.S.A(美利坚)---The 42nd Parallel(北纬42度，1930), 1919(1932), The Big Money(1936), Three Soldiers。
美国文学复习大纲
美国文学部分(American Literature)一．殖民时期文学（The Literature of the Colonial Period）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点（重点是独立革命前后时期文学）3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品4) 术语：the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great Awakening2．主要作家作品John Smith第一个美国作家A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia.Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草《独立宣言》。
十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac（收录格言警句）《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography （富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书）Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文：It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.)《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。
《美国文学》课程教学大纲
页眉内容《美国文学》课程教学大纲课程编号：ENGL2018课程类别：专业必修课程授课对象：英语、英语师范专业开课学期：春（第6学期）学分：2主讲教师：朱新福指定教材：《美国文学选读》（第I 、II 册），龙文佩、杨岂深主编。
2002年。
《美国文学简史》，常耀信著。
南开大学出版社，2005年。
教学目的：从严格意义上说，美国文学的历史距今不过二百来年，和欧洲任何一个国家的文学史相比，它是历时最短而发展最快的。
它不仅是美国这个国家多元民族的发展的一个缩影，而且它对美国的民族意识和民族文化的形成作出了突出的贡献。
从世界文学的范围来看，美国文学是一支异军突起的新生力量，在近一百多年的历史中，它对世界文学研究产生了一定的影响。
艾伦·坡的诗论和诗作成了法国象征主义诗歌的源头，惠特曼的诗风对我国二十世纪初期新诗运动产生过明显的影响，这都是大家所熟悉的事实。
我们如果对于美国文学的萌芽、生长、成熟这样一个过程具有一个即令浮光掠影的感性认识，也会增加我们对美国的风土人情和美国社会文化背景的了解。
同时，直接接触美国文学作品也会使我们对所谓的“美国精神”能有更进一步的认识和理解。
通过阅读美国作家具有代表性的经典名篇，通过课堂精讲、小组讨论、独立研究，对美国文学和历史有整体的认识。
该课程以学习原本作品为主，采取讲解和讨论相结合的教学手段，培养学生的分析思辩能力和语言表达能力，为学生写以文学主题的毕业论文打好基础。
同时，通过本课程的学习，提高学生理解欧美文学和文化的鉴赏能力，加深学生对社会人生的思考，体现素质教育的特点。
第一课 Introduction to American Literature.课时：第一周，共2课时教学内容Introduction to American Literature.第一节Why should we take this course？The importance of learning literature.American literature from its colonial period to present(postmodern).第二节How to prepare this course.How to make an oral presentation.How to do research work.思考题：1.How much do you know about American Literature?2.Literature and culture/ history/ society.第二课 Irving’s Short Stories课时：第二周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the author/story.2、Oral presentations on the author/ story.3、Detailed study of the text / story.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: W. Irving in China思考题：1.Discuss W. Irving’s writing styles.2.The social and historical background of American Romanticism.第三课Poe’s Poems and Stories课时：第三周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of theauthor/poems/story.Oral presentations on the author/poem/story.Detailed study of the text.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Poe in China思考题：1.Discuss Poe’s main ideas in “The Philosophy of Composition”.2.Discuss the themes of the poems such as “To Helen” and “Alone”.第四课Emerson’s & Thoreau’s Essays课时：第四周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the author/essayOral presentations on the author/essay.Detailed study of the text.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Emerson in China/ ecocriticism思考题：1.Discuss the main ideas of Transcendentalism.2.Discuss the importance of returning to nature.第五课Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter课时：第五周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the author/novel.Oral presentations on the author/novel.Detailed study of the text第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Hawthorne in China/ Hawthorne’s short stories.思考题：1.What do you know about Puritanism?2.Discuss the symbolism in the novel.第六课Whitman’s Poems课时：第六周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the poet/poems.Oral presentations on the poet/poems.Detailed study of the poems.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Whitman in China/ Whitman and Guo Moruo思考题：1.Discuss the democratic ideas in “Leaves of Grass”.2.Discuss free verse and its influence.3.Discuss Whitman’s environmental consciousness.第七课Melville and His Moby Dick.课时：第七周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the author/novel.Oral presentations on the author/novel.Detailed study of the novel.思考题：1.Discuss symbolism in Moby Dick.2.Eco-critical ideas in the novel.3.Melville and His Moby Dick in China.第二节Questions and answersDiscussion and Responses from the StudentsHomework: Moby Dick in China第八课 Emily Dickinson’s Poems课时：第八周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the poet/poems.Oral presentations on the poet/poems.Detailed study of the poems.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Dickinson in China.思考题：1.Discuss the themes in Dickinson’s poems.2.Discuss the characteristics of Dickinson’s poems.第九课 Twain’s Huck Finn课时：第九周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the author/novel.Oral presentations on the author/novel.Detailed study of the novel.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Twain in China.思考题：1.Discuss American realism.2.Discuss local colorism.3.Discuss Mark Twain’s humor and language.4.Racialism in Huck.第十课James’s fiction课时：第十周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background of the author/novel.Oral presentations on the author/novel.Detailed study of the novel.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: James in China.思考题：1.Discuss the international theme in James’s novels.2.Discuss James’s psychological realism.3.Characterizations in Daisy Miller.第十一课O Henry & Dreiser课时：第十一周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the author/fiction.Oral presentations on the author/fiction.Detailed study of the novel/short stories.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: fiction reading.思考题：1.Discuss the surprising ending in O Henry’s stories.2.Discuss the title character in Sister Carrie.第十二课Modern American Poets (Part I )课时：第十二周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the poets/poems.Oral presentations on the poetsDetailed study of the poems第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: the difference between modernism and postmodernism.思考题：1.Discuss Robert Frost’s style.2.Discuss Carl Sandburg and Wallace Stevens’s styles.第十三课Modern American Poets (Part II )课时：第十三周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background information of the poets/poems.Oral presentations on the poets/poems.Detailed study of the poems.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: E. Pound in China.思考题：1. Discuss the themes of The Waste Land and The Love Song Of J.Alfred Prifrock..2.W.C. Williams and his style.第十四课O’ Neill’s Plays课时：第十四周，共2课时教学内容第一节TextPre-reading questions and background of the playwright/plays.Oral presentations on the playwright/plays.Detailed study of the plays.第二节Questions and answersDiscussions and responses from the studentsHomework: Liu Haiping and O’Neill(刘海平教授与奥尼尔在中国的接受)。
美国文学纲要
写作手法
John Steinbeck (1902—1968),诺贝尔文学奖得主 The Grapes of Wrath反映30年代大萧条时期中部农民向加利福尼亚 的移民过程; Tortilla Flat Cannery Row William Faulkner (1897—1962)诺奖得主,美国南方文学代表人物 The Sound and the Fury (书名来自《麦克白》,第一个叙述者是白痴 Benjy) As I Lay Dying Go Down Moses 去吧,摩西 Absalom, Absalom! 特征:意识流;多人称叙事(multiple points of view)
Fitzgerald (1896—1940) This Side of Paradise The great Gatsby Tender is the Night (书名出自Keats 《夜莺颂》)所谓爵士乐时代 说法也出自他的书 Hemingway (1899—1961)(诺贝尔文学奖获得者) (1899—1961) The Sun Also Rises A Farewell to Arms For Whom the Bell Tolls The Old Man and the Sea 有所谓海明威式的英雄人物:A man can be destroyed but not defeated,语出《老人与海》;还有所谓 "冰山风格":冰山移动之 庄严,因其有8分7在水下.指多靠对话和动作对人物内心进行暗示的
美国文学纲要
I. Colonial Time
Anne Bradstreet (1612—1672),北美第一 位女诗人
二,启蒙时期和独立革命
Age of Enlightenment and Independence War Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790): Poor Richard's Almanac; Autobiography Thomas Paine(1737—1809): two important pamphlets: Common Sense; American Crisis
《美国文学》教学大纲
教学大纲一、课程设置的有关说明1.美国文学是一门专业英语高年级开设的专业知识课，是一门必修课程。
2.设置本课程的目的和要求：美国文学课程的目的是培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。
通过阅读和作品分析，促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高，增强学生对西方文化的了解。
总体来讲，英语专业课程分为英语专业技能，英语专业知识和相关专业知识三种类型。
美国文学课程是英语专业知识课程中比较重要的课程，一般在大四年级开设，按周学时统计，需两个学期完成。
3.美国文学课程内容大体分为两部分：文学史部分和文学作品选读部分。
文学史部分从美国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍美国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景、文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化、等对文学发展的影响；主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；选读部分主要节选了美国文学史上各个时期重要作家代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。
二、具体教学内容第一章殖民时期的文学(2 学时)1.教学目的和教学基本要求通过这一部分内容的学习，了解美国文学的起始可追溯到早期北美殖民主义时期。
尽管这一时期的文学并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己的鲜明特点，但那时的政治，经济和社会发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。
例如：当年来美洲大陆移民的人基本上属于两种人，一类是为逃避国内政治迫害，追求宗教自由的英国清教徒，他们来到新英格兰地区，扎根发展；另一类是谋求发财致富的欧洲平民百姓，包括野心勃勃的冒险家。
不论是哪一种人都相信在新大陆都可以得到自由平等的待遇，都有机会实现自己的理想。
这种观点使“美国梦”成为日后美国文学的永恒主题。
清教主义有关人生来有罪及上帝主宰一切等思想也影响了美国作家不断去思考人性与原罪、人与上帝的关系。
由于这一时期文学不很发达，主要文学形式多为讲经布道之作，也有游记、书信等其他文学作品。
美国文学期末考试复习大纲
美国文学期末考试复习大纲Ⅰ. 文学史1.American Puritanism (美国请教主义):Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late 16th century.I.Background: Puritanism1.features of Puritanism(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation.(3)Total depravity(4)Limited atonement: Only the ―elect‖ can be saved.2.Influence(1)A group of good qualities –hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature.(2)It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden.(3)Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chiefly instrumental in calli ng into beinga literary symbolism which is distinctly American.(4)With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.II.Overview of the literature1.types of writing: diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons2.writers of colonial period(1)Anne Bradstreet(2)Edward Taylor(3)Roger Williams(4)John Woolman(5)Thomas Paine(6)Philip Freneau(7)Jonathan Edwards(8)Benjamin Franklin2.American Enlightenment (美国启蒙运动):Enlightenment is a philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms.The American Enlightenment is a term sometimes employed to describe the intellectual culture of the British North American colonies and the early United States (as they became following the American Revolution).It is commonly dated from 1750—1820.Among the leading intellectual figures of this period are Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.Democratic Origins and Revolutionary Writers, 1776—18201.Background: American Revolution——historicalEuropean Enlightenment2.Basic Assumptions:(1)Reg ard ―enlightenment‖ or ―education‖ as the principle means for development of society(2)Show concern for civil rights, democracy in government and tolerance rather than earlier religious mysticism(3)Reconsider the relationship between man & God. Brief-Deism (natural religion)3.Transcendentalism (超验主义):Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about1836 to 1860.It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, developing instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world.The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature (1836) and Self-reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden (1854).I.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1)Fatherhood of God(2)Brotherhood of men(3)Leadership of Jesus(4)Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5)Continued progress of mankind(6)Divinity of mankind(7)Depravity of mankind2.Romantic Idealism: Center of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3.Oriental mysticism: Center of the world is ―oversoul‖4.Puritanism: Eloquent expression in transcendentalismII.Appearance1836, ―Nature‖ by EmersonIII.Features1.spirit/oversoul2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment of the oversoul4.focus in intuition (irrationalism and subconsciousness)IV.Influence1.It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature.It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2.It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often becameopportunism, and the desire to ―get on‖ obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.It helped to create the first American renaissance – one of the most prolific period in American literature.4.Dark Romanticism1.Dark Romanticism & Gothic FictionSimilarities: darkness, supernatural, featuring charactersDifferences: sheer horror——Gothic Fiction’s purposedark mystery & skepticism of man——Dark Romance’s purpose2.Dark Romanticism——reaction against transcendentalismDark Romanticism is a literary subgenre that emerged from the transcendental philosophical movement popular in 19th century America. Some writers, including Poe, Hawthorne and Melville, found transcendental belief far too optimistic and egotistical and reacted by modifying.3.Dark Romanticism & Transcendentalism:Dark Romantics are much less confident about the notion that perfection is an innate equality of mankind, as believed by transcendentalists. Dark Romantics present individuals as prone to sin and self-destruction, not as inherently possessing divinity and wisdom.While both groups believe nature is a deep spiritual force, Dark Romanticism views it in a much more sinister light than does transcendentalism, which sees nature as a divine & universal organic mediator. For Dark Romantics, the natural world is dark, decaying, and mysterious, when it does reveal truth to man, its revelations are evil.Transcendentalists advocate social reform when appropriate, works of Dark Romanticism frequently show individuals, falling in their attempts to make changes for the better.4.Fiction:⑪ General term for invented storiesNovel, short story, novellas, romance, fable etc.《堂吉诃德》——the first novel of European⑫ Types of novel:①.Kunstlerroman 成长小说Bildungroman——《麦田守望者》②.Spy novel③.Historical novel④.Campus novel 校园小说⑤.Gothic novel⑥.Epistolary novel⑦.Picaresque novel⑧.Detective novel⑨.Sociological novel⑩.Psychological novel⑬ Elements of fiction:①.Setting (time, place, environment)②.Plot (selected events, cause & effect, structure)——conflict (exposition, rising action/complication, climax, falling action, resolution)③.Character (animal, inanimate things)④.Point of view (first person, third person, multiple)⑤.Theme (different from ―subject‖)⑥.Style (diction, syntax, figure of speech)⑦.Symbol & IronyⅡ. 文学概念1. Allegory (寓言)：Allegory is a story with a symbolic meaning used to teach a moral principle.Allegory is a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions in a narrative, are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative itself. The underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance, and characters are often personifications of abstract ideas as charity, greed, or envy.Thus, an allegory is a story with two meanings: a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Many of Hawthorne’s stories are allegories dealing with pride, isolation, love and betray. For example, Y oung Goodman Brown tells Brown’s journey in the forest. After the journey, Brown changed a lot. In fact the story shows Brown’s struggle between goodness and evil and re veals the processes of losing one’s innocence.2. Romance:―Romance‖ is now frequently used as s term to designate a kind of fiction that differs from the novel in being more freely. It is the product of the author’s imagination than the product of an effo rt to represent the actual world with verisimilitude.Romance is a heightened, emotional, and symbolic form of the novel. Romances are not love stories, but serious novels that use special techniques to communicate complex and subtle meanings.Nathaniel Hawthorne is a representative of dark romance, most of his works reveals the dark side of human beings.3. Lyric(抒情诗)：In the modern sense, it is any fairly short poem expressing the personal mood, feeling, or meditation of a single speaker. Lyric poetry is the most extensive category of verse. Lyrics may be composed in almost any meter and on almost every subject, although the most usual emotions presented are those of love and grief. Among the common lyric forms are the sonnet, ode, elegy, and the more personal kinds of hymn.Lyric poetry is genre that does not attempt to tell a story but instead of a more personal nature. It portrays the poet’s own feelings, states of mind, and perceptions.While the genre’s name derived from ―lyre‖, implies that it is intended to be sung, much lyric poetry is meant purely for reading.The most popular form for western lyric poetry to take may be the 14-line sonnet, as practiced by Petrarch and Shakespeare. Lyric poetry shows a bewildering variety of forms, including, increasingly in the 20th century, unrhymed ones.Lyric poetry is the most common type of poetry.5.Allusion:It is one of the figures of speech.An allusion is a figure of speech that makes a reference to, or representation of, a place, event, literary work, myth, or work of art, either directly or by implication.For example, in literature, the snake often represents the evil. It’s an allusion of Bible. In Bible, the snake allured Eve to eat the apple. Thus, they were punished by God.5. T rickster:Trickster always appears in mythology, it’s a kind of literary character.In mythology, and in the study of folklore and relig ion, a trickster is a god, goddess, spirit, man, woman, or anthropomorphic animal who plays tricks or otherwise disobeys normal rules and conventional behavior.Trickster is the ―rebellion‖ that challenges authority.The trickster is a very important archetype in the history of human kind.H e is the ―wise fool‖.It is he, through his creations that destroy the authority.He exists to question and to cause us to question.He is the Destroyer of the world and at the same time the Savior of us all.For example, Robin Hood, he is a thief, who steals the rich to help the poor. On one hand, a thief is supposed to be punished, but on another hand, he steals the money not for himself but to help others. Thus, we call him a trickster.6.Gothic Fiction:Gothic fiction rises in the late of 18th century.The Gothic relates the individual to the infinite universe.Gothic literature pictures the human condition as an ambiguous mixture of good and evil power that cannot be understood completely by human reason.The Gothic novel or short story is any story which can be describe as dark, mysterious, and grotesque. A Gothic story often has supernatural elements that give it a hint of horror/ terror.Gothic fiction is often psychological (from the villain’s perspective)It has romantic elements: the damsel in distress, the ghost of a loverCreates suspense: never sure what is going to happenIt adopts the use of doppelganger theme.The most familiar Gothic fiction to me is The V ampire Diaries. Similar to the Twilight, it tells a love story between the V ampire and a human being. There are many terror scenes with suspense and a doppelganger in the story. Now The V ampire Diaries is made into TV series. In the TV series, a vampire called Damon is my favorite one.7. Kunstlerroman8. Quest:―quest‖ means search, pursue, go on adventure. The Quest myth/ Quest story, similar to Romance is a genre of literature.The background, such as an imbalanced society, is often challenging.The hero leaves the society. His goals are always noble. He is always on the side of goodness, and his enemies are always evil.The hero must undergoes trials: physical tests—slaying a dragon, battling powerful opponents, rescuing maidens in distress etc.Having completed his quest, the hero returns to society to bring about spiritual transformation and restore the perfect human community.The Captain Ahab in Moby Dick is a hero of quest but not a traditional one, he is a villain hero who tries to conquer the nature.9. Iambic Pentameter:10. Point of View(视角)：It is the relationship of the storyteller or narrator, to the story.A story has a first-person point of view if one of the characters, referred to as ―I‖, tells the story.A story has a limited third-person point of view if the narrator reveals the thoughts of only one character but refers to that character as ―he‖ or ―she‖.A narrator who tells the thoughts of all the characters and who tells things that no one character could know uses the omniscient (all-knowing), or third-person, point of view.For example, in Moby Dick, Melville adopted the first-person narrator, Ishmael was the observer who saw the events of the story and played s minor role in the action.Ⅲ. 重要作家及作品Nathanial Hawthorne (纳撒尼尔·霍桑)1.life2.works(1)Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2)The Scarlet Letter(3)The House of the Seven Gables(4)The Marble Faun3.point of view(1)Evil is at the core of human life, ―that blackness in Hawthorne‖(2)Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3)He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4)He has disgust in science.4.aesthetic美学的ideas(1)He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2)He was convinced that romance was the predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth and satirize and yetnot to offend: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.5.style – typical romantic writer(1)the use of symbols(2)revelation of characters’ psychology(3)the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4)his stories are parable (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5)use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty – multiple point of viewThe Scarlet Letter, （adultery）1.About the story:(1)The story of Hester Prynne Set: the 17th century(2)What is situated immediately outside the door of the prison in which Hester is kept: A rosebush(3)How does Hester support herself financially: as a seamstress(4)She always wears: black(5)―A‖ represents: adultery2.Major characters in the story:(1)Hester Prynne: wears ―A‖; ―A‖ defines her identity(2)Arthur Dimmesdale: wears ―A‖ in his heart; his soul never in peace (invisible wearer)(3)Roger Chillingworth: the maker of scarlet letter(4)Pearl: the p roduct/result of ―A‖3.Symbolism: (special movement in literature; the use of symbols)In ―The Scarlet Letter‖:(1)The rosebush: passion(2)The forest: an ungovernable place(3)The scarlet letter: adultery; sin(4)Pearl: wildness; passion(5)The meteor: community4.Refuse to take off ―A‖:(1)For Hester, to remove scarlet letter would be to acknowledge the power it has in determining who she is(2)She is determined to transform its meaning and her identity(3)She wants to be the one who controls its meaning(4)She stands as a self-appointed reminder of the evils society can commitYoung Goodman Brown1. Psychological interpretation——Sigmund Freud (the founder of psychology):(1)superego——consciousness——the principle of morality 超我(2)ego——subconsciousness——the principle of reality 自我(3)id——unconsciousness——the principle of pleasure 本我Brown’s journey is psychological as well as physical:Village, a place of light and order——Forest, a place of darkness and wildnessconsciousness——unconsciousnessvillage——superego——FaithBrown——egoforest——id——SatanHawthorne saw the dangers of an overactive suppression of libido and the consequent development of tyrannous superego.2. Men, Women, and the loss of Faith:Despite the literary sexism of his day, Hawthorne portrays women as powerful moral agents.Although Faith is not a three-dimensional character, the story centers on her husband’s rejection of her. Women are victimized.Women——angle in the house——do not have desires, rights and needsFallen women——prostitutes, witches, and mad womenFaith to Brown is female sexuality; Satan to Brown is patriarchal authority3. Female images:Innocents vs. Temptresses:(1)Governor’s wife, Goody Cloyse, prostitutes, maidens, witches, Quaker women, Faith(2)Sex is seen as alluring and dangerous(3)Brown is an empty and failed husband and fatherHerman Melville (赫尔曼·麦尔维尔)1.life(1)Typee 《泰皮》(2)Omio 《殴穆》(3)Mardi 《玛地》(4)Redburn 《雷德本》(5)White Jacket 《白外衣》(6)Moby Dick(7)Pierre 《皮埃尔》(8)Billy Budd 《比利·巴德》3.point of view(1)He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to life: His is the attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ (negative attitudetowards life).(2)One of the major themes of his is alienation (far away from each other).Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress4.style(1)Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multipleview of his narratives.(2)He tends to write periodic chapters.(3)His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised.(4)His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5)He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or onthe route (Moby Dick)Moby Dick《白鲸》：Moby-Dick, often considered the greatest American novel, is a masterpiece with many layers. It is a sea adventure, an exciting chase after a destructive and mysterious creature. The enormous white whale Moby-Dick torments Captain Ahab, who is obsessed with finding and killing Moby-Dick, having lost a leg in a previous encounter with the whale, and Ahab’s burning desire for revenge really is the center of the story. At the novel’s end, Ahab finds and attacks Moby-Dick, but the terrible whale takes Ahab, his ship Pequod, and nearly all its crew down to a watery grave with him.1. An encyclopedia of everythingA Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates (extreme individualism)2. Image of ship: ship on the sea is the human soul search the meaning in the universe.3. Purpose——noble: he think Moby Dick as an evilHero: he is a hero but not a traditional hero (he does not stand for goodness); a villain hero4. Byronic hero (create by Byron): mad, bad, dangerous to know, obsessive——rebellions: challenge the authority; unconventional; right the wrongSatanic: revengeful; rebellious; the fight between God & Satan5. The Pequod——a symbol of doom(named after a native American tribe in Massachusetts; did not long survived of white men(extincted); is painted gloomy black and covered in whale teeth and bones)The sailors are of different ethics——all people in American (individual)Queequeg’s Coffin——life boat; life6. Theme of Moby Dick:(1)Melville’s bleak view (negative attitude) the sense of futility and meaninglessness of the w orld. His attitude to life is―Everlasting Nay‖. Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futility.The adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless. Ahab tries to control it, which leads to his doom.Modern life——the loss of faith, the sense of futility——well expressed in Moby Dick(2)Alienation (far away from each other): exists between man & man, man & society, and man & nature.(3)Loneliness and suicidal individualism——the basic pattern of 19th century American life(individualism causing disaster and death)——Moby Dick is a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism.(4)Rejection and quest:V oyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of knowledge and valuesHenry David Thoreau1.life(1)A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2)Walden(3)A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3.point of view(1)He did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.(2)He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.(3)Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw natur e as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritualwell-being.(4)He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5)He was very critical of modern civilization.(6)―Simplicity…simplify!‖(7)He was sorely disgusted with ―the inundations of the dirty institutions of men’s odd-fellow society‖.(8)He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.WaldenEdgar Allen PoeI.LifeII.Works1.short stories(1)ratiocinative storiesa.Ms Found in a Bottleb.The Murders in the Rue Morguec.The Purloined Letter(2)Revenge, death and rebirtha.The Fall of the House of Usherb.Ligeiac.The Masque of the Red Death(3)Literary theorya.The Philosophy of Compositionb.The Poetic Principlec.Review of Hawthorne’s Twice-told TalesIII.Themes1.death – predominant t heme in Poe’s writing―Poe is not interested in anything alive. Everything in Poe’s writings is dead.‖2.disintegration (separation) of life3.horror4.negative thoughts of scienceIV.A esthetic ideas1.The short stories should be of brevity, totality, single effect, compression and finality.2.The poems should be short, and the aim should be beauty, the tone melancholy. Poems should not be of moralizing. Hecalls for pure poetry and stresses rhythm.V.Style – traditional, but not easy to readVI.R eputation: ―the jingle man‖ (Emerson)VII.His influencesWalt Whitman1.life2.work: Leaves of Grass (9 editions)(1)Song of Myself(2)There Was a Child Went Forth(3)Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4)Democratic V istas(5)Passage to India(6)Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking3.themes –―Catalogue of American and European thought‖He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment, idealism, transcendentalism, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):●equality of things and beings●divinity of everything●immanence of God●democracy●evolution of cosmos●multiplicity of nature●self-reliant spirit●death, beauty of death●expansion of America●brotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)●pursuit of love and happiness4.style: ―free verse‖(1)no fixed rhyme or scheme(2)parallelism, a rhythm of thought(3)phonetic recurrence(4)the habit of using snapshots(5)the use of a certain pronoun ―I‖(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7)use of conventional image(8)strong tendency to use oral English(9)vocabulary – powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins, some even wrong(10)sentences – catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem lines5.influence(1)His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2)He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated andEuropeanized mood.(3)He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4)Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.Ralph Waldo Emerson (拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生)1.life (American philosopher, poet and essayist; the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism)2.works(1)Nature——his first book expressing the main principle of Transcendentalism. It is regarded as ―American’sDeclaration of Intellec tual Independence‖(2)Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3.point of view(1)One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the ―oversoul‖.(2)He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of aspiritual and immanent God in nature.(3)If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become betterand even perfect. This is what Emerson means by ―the infinitude of man‖.(4)Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by makinghimself.4.aesthetic ideas(1)He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2)True poetry and true art should ennoble.(3)The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4)As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.5.his influenceWashington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American literature2.life3.works(1)A History of New Y ork from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2)The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication ofthis.)(3)The History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus(4)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5)The Alhambra4.Literary career: two parts(1)1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique(2)1832~1859: back to US5.style – beautiful(1)gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(3)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4)vivid and true characters(5)humour – smiling while reading(6)musical languageJames Fenimore Cooper1.life (―father of American novelists‖; the creation of the west frontier and its heroes)2.works(1)Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2)The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3)Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3.point of viewThe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rights4.style(1)highly imaginative(2)good at inventing tales(3)good at landscape description(4)conservative(5)characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6)language and use of dialect not authentic5.literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.Benjamin Franklin1.life (printer, enlightener, inventor, scientist, statesman, diplomat)2.works(9)Poor Richard’s Almanac(10)Autobiography——form: the first autobiography of Americanmeaning: American dream & individualismself-improvement; business (contents); prototype of American success (significance); Puritanism and enlightenment spirits 3.contribution(11)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society.(12)He was called ―the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven‖.(13)Everything seems to meet in this one man –―Jack of all trades‖. Herman Melville thus described him ―master of each and mas tered by none‖.(14)Aid Jefferson in writing The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Paine1.father of the American Revolution2.propagandist, pamphleteer, a master of persuasion who understands the power of language to move a man to action3.main works:(1)The American Crisis(2)Common Sense(3)The Right of Man(4)The Age of Reason。
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美国文学部分(American Literature)一．殖民时期文学（The Literature of the Colonial Period）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点（重点是独立革命前后时期文学）3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品4) 术语：the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great Awakening2．主要作家作品John Smith第一个美国作家A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia.Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草《独立宣言》。
十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。
《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac（收录格言警句）《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography （富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书）Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。
《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文：It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.)《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。
《蒸蒸日上的美洲》“The Ri sing Glory of America”《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”（诗人自己被俘，关押于英国囚船的经历）《纪念美国勇士》“To the Memory of the Brave Americans”（同类诗中最佳）《野生的金银花》“The Wild Honeysuckle”《印第安人殡葬地》“The Indian Burying Ground”二．美国浪漫主义文学（American Romanticism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1)．美国浪漫主义文学产生的社会历史及文化背景，浪漫主义文学的主要特点。
2)．主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画和语言风格。
3)．术语：Romanticism, Diedrich Knickerbocker, transcendentalism, romance (Hawthorne) free verse (Whitman) ,2.美国浪漫主义时期的主要作家作品Washington Irving 华盛顿·欧文，美国著名小说家，被称为“美国文学之父”，“美国短篇小说之父”.《纽约外史》A History of New York （以Diedrich Knickerbocker为笔名发表）《见闻札记》The Sketch Book（《瑞普·凡·温可尔》“Rip Van Winkle", 《睡谷的传说》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”为其中最著名的两个短篇故事）James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀，美国首位重要长篇小说家。
开创了以《皮裹腿故事集》为代表的边疆传奇小说，其中最为重要的一部是《最后的莫西干人》。
开创了航海小说体裁。
《间谍》The Spy《领航者》The Pilot《皮裹腿故事集》Leatherstocking Tales：《拓荒者》The Pioneer ，《最后的莫希干人》The Last of Mohicans《大草原》The Prairie《探路者》The Pathfinder《杀鹿者》The DeerslayerWilliam Cullen Bryant 威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特，早期浪漫主义诗人，The American Wordsworth。
《死亡随想曲》“Thanatopsis”为诗人16岁时作品。
《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl”Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗，早期浪漫主义诗人。
诗歌：《人生礼赞》“A Psalm of Life”《失去的青春》“My Lost Youth”《夜的赞美诗》“Hymn to the Night”《海华沙之歌》The Song of Hiawatha （美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗）Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加·爱伦·坡，小说家，诗人。
擅长写怪诞恐怖小说和侦探小说，被西方人认为是侦探小说的鼻祖。
歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头。
短篇小说：《怪诞奇异故事集》Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque《厄舍古屋的倒塌》The Fall of the House of Usher 恐怖小说代表作。
诗歌：《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”《乌鸦》“The Raven”《致海伦“》To Helen”Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生，美国19世纪著名哲学家、作家、诗人、超验主义代表人物。
《论自然》Nature (the manifesto of American transcendentalism)《论美国学者》“The American Scholar”（America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence）《论自立》“Self-Reliance”Henry David Thoreau 亨利·大卫·梭罗超验主义代表人物。
《瓦尔登湖》Walden《论市民之不服从》“Ci vil Disobedience”Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳撒尼尔·霍桑霍桑的清教主义思想及加尔文教条中的"原罪"对霍桑有着一定的影响（人性本恶的观点）霍桑对浪漫主义小说的贡献：小说的主题、心理描写、象征手法和小说结构。
《福谷传奇》The Blithedale Romance《玉石雕像》The Marble Faun《红字》The Scarlet Letter《有七个尖角阁的房子》The House of the Seven Gables短篇小说集：《重述的故事》Twice-Told Tales《古屋青苔》Mosses from an Old Manse《雪的意象及其他重述的故事》The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales短篇小说：《小布朗先生》Young Goodman BrownHerman Melville 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔，美国浪漫主义时期小说家，曾做过水手，代表作《白鲸》。
《白鲸》Moby-Dick《泰比》Typee《奥穆》Omoo《玛地》Mardi《雷得本》Redburn《白外衣》White Jacket《皮尔埃》Pierre《比利·巴德》Billy BuddWalt Whitman 惠特曼，诗人，美国现代文学开创者之一，用一生经历撰写诗集《草叶集》，是自由现代诗体（free verse）的鼻祖。
《草叶集》Leaves of Grass：《船长，我的船长》“O Capitan，My Capitan”《小院丁香花开时》When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom”d《自我之歌》“Song of Myself”《一个孩子的成长》“ There Was a Child Went Forth”《我听见美洲在歌唱》I hear America Singing;Emily Dickinson 艾米莉·迪金森，诗人，艾米莉·迪金森的很多诗作都以死亡为主题。
狄金森诗歌的主题：（1）“永恒”主题的诗Her poems concerning death and immortality（2）狄金森的爱情诗Her love poems（3）狄金森的自然诗)Her nature poems《埃米莉·迪金森诗集》The Poems of Emily Dickinson诗歌：“Because I Could Not Stop for Death”“Success”“I died for Beauty -- but was scarce”三．美国现实主义文学（American Realism）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 主要作家的主要作品、作品的艺术特色及其文学流派。
2) 术语：realism, local colourism, naturalism, vernacular language, international themes,limited point of view, psychological realism2．美国现实主义时期的主要作家Mark Twain 马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯、豪威尔斯是美国现实主义时期的三位杰出代表。
马克·吐温的作品富有地方色彩、语言幽默。
Vernacular language《汤姆·索亚历险记》The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn《亚瑟王朝廷上的康涅狄格州美国人》A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court《镀金时代》The Gilded Age《加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙》The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County《王子与贫儿》The Prince and the Pauper《在密西西比河上》Life on the MississippiHenry James 亨利·詹姆斯小说家、文学批评家，美国现实主义文学代表人物之一。