身份困惑与伦理选择--爱德华.阿尔比戏剧研究(张连桥)思维导图
建构学习法.思维导图
记忆(memory)是脑对过去经历过的事物的反映。它可以是个体 过去经历过，出现在面前——再现出现在面前——回忆 按信息加工理论的说法，记忆是指对输入信息通过编码、复习而予 以储存，并在一定条件下进行检索和提取的过程。
记忆的故事
二、记忆分类及特点
根据内容：形象记忆、词语记忆、情绪记忆与动作记忆。 形象：是以感知过的事物形象为内容的记忆。 词语：是以语词所概括的逻辑思维结果为内容的记忆。亦即以概念、 判断和推理为内容的记忆。 情绪：以体验过的情绪、情感为内容的记忆。 动作：以个体的动作、运动及其系统为内容的记忆。
记忆的故事
三、记忆的基本环节：识记、保持、回忆与再认。
1.识记： 与要记忆的事物接触，接受它的刺激作用并对所接受的信息进 行加工。编码（encoding），指个体在讯息处理时，经由心理运作， 将外在刺激的物理性特征（如声音、形状、颜色等等），转换成另一 种抽象的形式，以便在记忆中贮存并备供以后取用的心理表征。 2、保持和遗忘 保持是人的知识、经验在头脑中的贮存过程。保持就是把所识记的 东西纳人到自己的经验体系中，以备后用。它是记忆过程的又一个环 节。 忘遗就是指对识记过的材料不能回忆或再认，或者表现为错误的回 忆或再认。 3、回忆与再认 是经验恢复的过程，回忆与再认是经验恢复的过程
建构学习法
建构主义是一种关于知识和学习的理 论，强调学习者的主动性，认为学习是学 习者基于原有的知识经验生成意义、建构 理解的过程，而这一过程常常是在社会文 化互动中完成的。 瑞士的皮亚杰(J.Piaget)。他是认知发 展领域最有影响的一位心理学家，他的理 论充满唯物辩证法，坚持从内因和外因相 互作用的观点来研究认知发展。
思维导图.建构学习法
尹丽芳 2015年7月
简爱思维导图-13张(15页)
简爱思维导图1. 简爱简介作者：夏洛蒂·勃朗特出版日期：1847年故事背景：19世纪的英国2. 主要人物简·爱：故事的主人公，一个聪明、独立、勇敢的女性罗切斯特先生：富有的庄园主，简·爱的雇主和爱人阿黛尔：罗切斯特先生的私生女圣约翰·里弗斯：简·爱的表兄，传教士3. 故事情节简·爱的童年：在孤儿院和寄宿学校度过的艰苦岁月到桑菲尔德庄园工作：简·爱成为罗切斯特先生的管家罗切斯特先生与简·爱的爱情：他们之间的感情逐渐升温罗切斯特先生的秘密：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的疯狂和存在简·爱的离开：在发现罗切斯特先生已婚后，简·爱决定离开桑菲尔德简·爱的成长：在莫尔顿村度过的时光，成为教师和独立女性罗切斯特先生的困境：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的死亡简·爱与罗切斯特先生的重逢：他们再次相遇并重新燃起爱情结局：简·爱与罗切斯特先生结婚，过上了幸福的生活4. 主题思想女性独立与自主：简·爱通过自己的努力和坚持，最终实现了自我价值和幸福爱情与婚姻：简·爱与罗切斯特先生的爱情经历了重重考验，但最终获得了幸福社会阶级与性别歧视：故事中反映了19世纪英国社会对女性和低阶层人士的压迫和不公5. 影响与评价简爱对女性文学的影响：成为女性独立和自主的象征文学评论家的评价：被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的小说之一简爱思维导图1. 主要角色简·爱：孤儿，性格坚强，勇敢，聪明罗切斯特先生：庄园主，性格复杂，对简·爱有深厚的感情阿黛尔：罗切斯特先生的私生女，天真无邪圣约翰·里弗斯：简·爱的表兄，传教士，性格严肃2. 故事情节简·爱的成长：在孤儿院和寄宿学校的经历，塑造了她坚强的性格桑菲尔德庄园：简·爱成为罗切斯特先生的管家，两人逐渐产生感情罗切斯特先生的秘密：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的疯狂和存在，导致简·爱离开桑菲尔德简·爱的成长：在莫尔顿村度过的时光，成为教师和独立女性罗切斯特先生的困境：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的死亡简·爱与罗切斯特先生的重逢：他们再次相遇并重新燃起爱情结局：简·爱与罗切斯特先生结婚，过上了幸福的生活3. 主题思想女性独立与自主：简·爱通过自己的努力和坚持，最终实现了自我价值和幸福爱情与婚姻：简·爱与罗切斯特先生的爱情经历了重重考验，但最终获得了幸福社会阶级与性别歧视：故事中反映了19世纪英国社会对女性和低阶层人士的压迫和不公4. 影响与评价简爱对女性文学的影响：成为女性独立和自主的象征文学评论家的评价：被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的小说之一5. 分析与讨论简爱的性格特点：坚强、勇敢、聪明，面对困境从不退缩罗切斯特先生的角色：他的复杂性格和秘密，对简·爱产生了深远的影响故事的象征意义：桑菲尔德庄园、孤儿院、莫尔顿村等地点的象征意义简爱思维导图1. 主要角色简·爱：孤儿，性格坚强，勇敢，聪明罗切斯特先生：庄园主，性格复杂，对简·爱有深厚的感情阿黛尔：罗切斯特先生的私生女，天真无邪圣约翰·里弗斯：简·爱的表兄，传教士，性格严肃2. 故事情节简·爱的成长：在孤儿院和寄宿学校的经历，塑造了她坚强的性格桑菲尔德庄园：简·爱成为罗切斯特先生的管家，两人逐渐产生感情罗切斯特先生的秘密：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的疯狂和存在，导致简·爱离开桑菲尔德简·爱的成长：在莫尔顿村度过的时光，成为教师和独立女性罗切斯特先生的困境：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的死亡简·爱与罗切斯特先生的重逢：他们再次相遇并重新燃起爱情结局：简·爱与罗切斯特先生结婚，过上了幸福的生活3. 主题思想女性独立与自主：简·爱通过自己的努力和坚持，最终实现了自我价值和幸福爱情与婚姻：简·爱与罗切斯特先生的爱情经历了重重考验，但最终获得了幸福社会阶级与性别歧视：故事中反映了19世纪英国社会对女性和低阶层人士的压迫和不公4. 影响与评价简爱对女性文学的影响：成为女性独立和自主的象征文学评论家的评价：被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的小说之一5. 分析与讨论简爱的性格特点：坚强、勇敢、聪明，面对困境从不退缩罗切斯特先生的角色：他的复杂性格和秘密，对简·爱产生了深远的影响故事的象征意义：桑菲尔德庄园、孤儿院、莫尔顿村等地点的象征意义简爱思维导图1. 主要角色简·爱：孤儿，性格坚强，勇敢，聪明罗切斯特先生：庄园主，性格复杂，对简·爱有深厚的感情阿黛尔：罗切斯特先生的私生女，天真无邪圣约翰·里弗斯：简·爱的表兄，传教士，性格严肃2. 故事情节简·爱的成长：在孤儿院和寄宿学校的经历，塑造了她坚强的性格桑菲尔德庄园：简·爱成为罗切斯特先生的管家，两人逐渐产生感情罗切斯特先生的秘密：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的疯狂和存在，导致简·爱离开桑菲尔德简·爱的成长：在莫尔顿村度过的时光，成为教师和独立女性罗切斯特先生的困境：他的妻子贝拉·英格拉姆的死亡简·爱与罗切斯特先生的重逢：他们再次相遇并重新燃起爱情结局：简·爱与罗切斯特先生结婚，过上了幸福的生活3. 主题思想女性独立与自主：简·爱通过自己的努力和坚持，最终实现了自我价值和幸福爱情与婚姻：简·爱与罗切斯特先生的爱情经历了重重考验，但最终获得了幸福社会阶级与性别歧视：故事中反映了19世纪英国社会对女性和低阶层人士的压迫和不公4. 影响与评价简爱对女性文学的影响：成为女性独立和自主的象征文学评论家的评价：被誉为英国文学史上最伟大的小说之一5. 分析与讨论简爱的性格特点：坚强、勇敢、聪明，面对困境从不退缩罗切斯特先生的角色：他的复杂性格和秘密，对简·爱产生了深远的影响故事的象征意义：桑菲尔德庄园、孤儿院、莫尔顿村等地点的象征意义简爱思维导图13张(15页)1. 简爱思维导图概述简爱思维导图是一个组织性的工具，用于帮助读者更好地理解和记忆夏洛蒂·勃朗特的经典小说《简爱》。
《廊桥遗梦 梅丽尔 斯特里普主演 》读书笔记思维导图PPT模板下载
Ashes
A Letter from France...
Postscript:The Tacom...
Interview with “Nigh...
开篇
廊桥遗梦
罗伯特·金凯德 弗朗西丝卡
古老的夜晚，远 方的音乐
星期二的桥
又有了能翩翩起 舞的天地
大路和远游客
灰烬 弗朗西丝卡的信
后记：塔科马的夜鹰
最新版读书笔记，下载可以直接修改
《廊桥遗梦 梅丽尔 斯特里普主演 》
思维导图PPT模板
本书关键字分析思维导图
生命
梦
生活
几世
重心
地方
我会
弗朗西 丝卡
廊桥遗梦
激情
茧
隐秘
爱情
家庭
蒙上
电影
一生
我心
经典
目录
01 The Beginning
03 Postscript:The Ta c o m . . .
02 THE BRIDGES OF MADIS...
“夜鹰”·卡明斯谈话录
读书笔记
谢谢观看
The Beginning
THE BRIDGES OF MADIS...
Robert Kincaid Francesca
Ancient Evenings, Di...
The Bridges of Tuesd...
Room to Dance Again
The Highway and the ...
04 Interview with “Nigh...
梦
08
“夜鹰”·卡明斯谈话 录
生活结为茧壳，爱情仍在心底！打动全球千万读者的《廊桥遗梦》，由其改编的同名电影入选美国电影协会 百年百部爱情电影，著名学者、资深翻译家资中筠女士经典译本。小说讲述了一对兄妹在整理母亲的遗物时翻出 了一段尘封往事。中年女性弗朗西丝卡婚后生活平静琐碎，缺乏激情。《国家地理》杂志摄影师罗伯特·金凯德 为拍摄麦迪逊县的廊桥而来，与居于此地的弗朗西丝卡相遇、相识和相恋。面对迟来的爱情与家庭责任，弗朗西 丝卡选择了后者，而罗伯特则选择了成全。四天的完美之恋换来了半生的彼此怀念。
简爱思维导构图
5.简爱得知罗切斯特残废
3.感情吐露
3.1 简爱和罗切斯特相互表白
3.2 求婚
4.婚礼变故
4.1 简爱得知罗切斯特结过婚，妻子
就在桑菲尔德府
5.简爱离开罗切斯特
.
精品文档
6.桑菲尔德府失火 6.1 罗切斯特的“疯妻”跳楼死了 6.2 罗切斯特残废
简爱找到罗切斯特，两人结婚
.
1.彭斯患肺病死去
2.简爱在洛伍德当老师
1.傲慢冷漠
3.潭波尔结婚离开伍洛德
事件
4.简爱登报找工作
5.简爱去到桑菲尔德府工作
简爱还击表兄，反抗代替隐忍
简爱被送到伍洛德上学
桑菲尔德府
沼泽山庄
时间
1.简爱成年后
人物
人物
1.圣约翰
1.罗切斯特
1.1 简爱表哥
1.1 简爱的雇主
1.1.1 被宗教驯化了天性
1.2 独断专行
一心要去印度传教
1.3 爱上简爱
事件
事件
1.简爱被沼泽山庄收留
1.引发嫉妒
2.简爱在当地当小学老师
1.1 罗切斯特和其他人
打情骂俏
3.简爱得到失散舅舅的遗产
1.2 逼迫简爱直面自己对罗切
斯特的内心感情
2.救人一命
3.1 得知圣约翰是自己表哥
2.1 夜晚罗切斯特房间
4.简爱拒绝圣约翰的求婚
失火简爱救了罗切斯特
精品文档
《简. 爱》
盖茨海德
洛伍年与青年时期
简爱
人物
孤女
1.海伦彭斯
贫穷
独立、自尊自爱
1.1 简爱在洛伍德的第一个朋友
简爱的舅妈
1.2 深受宗教毒害
1.3 逆来顺受
思维导图UNIT1-READING-1
Step 3 Discussion 1. What can we do to protect the cultural relics？ 2. Now China has tens of thousands of cultural relics， should all be saved? Discuss
2. Ability aims: Enable students to talk about the history of the Amber Room。 3。Learning strategies aims： Enable the students to read the passage fast to get the
Frederick I
Pass down
思维导图：48张图了解48种主义
思维导图：48张图了解48种主义思维导图：48张图了解48种主义伦敦设计师Genis Carreras 用最简单的线条、形状和色块对它们进行了诠释。
哲学家建立了事物的基本概念，我们在讨论中遵循它，有时误用它，有时颠覆它。
以下48 个基本概念常常出现在公共讨论里，伦敦设计师Genis Carreras 用最简单的线条、形状和色块对它们进行了诠释。
1. absolutism 绝对主义/ 色盲绝对主义认为在任何一种学说里，某种观点必定是绝对正确或者绝对错误的。
2. absurdism 荒诞主义/ 恶搞“荒诞主义”是对人生的极端反叛，认为人生的意义并不存在，所以可以活得很无厘头都无所谓。
3. aestheticism 唯美主义/ 外貌协会唯美主义者的人生目的就是去创造和享受一切美的东西。
4. altruism 利他主义/ 雷锋精神利他主义者是一种随时都在无私地为他人福利着想的行为，在道德判断上，认为别人的幸福快乐比自己的来得重要。
利他主义在许多思想和文化中是一种美德。
5. anarchism 无政府主义/ 互联网精神“无政府”一词并不代表混乱、虚无或道德沦丧的状态，而是一种由自由的个体自愿结合，以建立互助、自治、反独裁主义的和谐社会。
庄子被认为是最早的无政府主义者。
6. anthropocentrism 人类中心主义/ “以人为本”人类中心主义认为人类是地球上最核心或者最重要的物种，评价现实的真实与否依靠人类的视角。
人类中心主义是环境伦理学和环境哲学的主要概念，被认为是人类为何与自然环境发生冲突的根本原因，但这种理念已经根植在大多数人类的心中。
7. atheism 无神论/ "上帝已死"无神论并没有统一的哲学思想，一些无神论者可能完全否定任何超自然事物，但另一些无神论者可能相信诸如占星术等伪科学。
无神论经常同不可知论、反神论或反有神论相混淆。
无神论者是认为没有神，不可知论者是认为神的存在是不可知，而反神论者是直接明确反对有神论。
the Renaissance Period 思维导图英美文学选读
the Renaissance period•time:between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.•it first started in Italy. painting,sculpture and culture.•marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world.•is a movement stimulated by a series of historical events.o the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture.o the new discoveries in geography and astrology.o the religious reformation and the economic expansion.•in essence,is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe,to introdue new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.•the Renaissance was slow in reaching Englando England's separation from the Continento its domestic unrest.•show its effect in Englando it was not until the reign of Henry VIII(from 1509 to 1547)▪The Oxford reformers,scholars and humanists introduced classicalliterature to England.▪religious reformation from the Continent.▪Martin Luther(1483-1546)a German Protestant,who initiatedthe Reformantion.who believed that every true Christian washis own priest and was entitled to interpret the Bible forhimself.▪the colorful and dramatic ritual of the CatholicChurch was simplified.Indulgences,pilgrimages andother practices were condemned.▪in the early stage of the continental Reformantion,he was regardedas a faithful son of the Catholic Church and named "Defender of theFaith",by the pope.▪his need for a legitimate male heir,and hence a new wife,led him tocut ties with Rome.the common english people had long beendissatisfied with the corruption of the church and inspired by thereformers'ideas from the Continent.▪1534,he was the Supreme Head of the Church of England,▪Bible in English was placed in every church andservices were held in English instead of Latin.so thatpeople could understand.▪Edward VI,Henry's son, the reform of the church's doctrine andteaching was carried out▪After Mary ascended the throne ,there was a violent swing toCatholicism▪by the middle of Elizabeth's reign,Protestantism had been firmlyestablished,with a certain extent of compromise between Catholicismand Protestantism.•had no sharp break with the past,Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and Reformation.•Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.o it sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on itsconscious,intellectual side,for the Greek and Roman civilization was based onsuch a conception that "man is the measure of all things"o Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capableof individual development in the direction of perfection,and that the worldthey inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question,explore,andenjoy.Thus ,by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importanceof the present life,they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have theright to enjoy the beauty of this life,but had the ability to perfect himself andto perform wonders.o Humanism began to take hold in England when the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus(1466-1536) came to teach the classical learning,first at Oxford andthen at Cambridge.o Thomas More,Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.•Strong national feeling in the time of the Tudors gave a great incentive to the cultural development in England.o English schools and universities were established in place of the old monasteries.with classical culture and the Italian humanistic ideas coming intoEngland,the English Renaissance began flourishing.o William Caxton,for he was the first person who introduced printing into England.▪printed Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and Malory's "Morte Darthur".▪with the introduction of printing, an age of translation came into being.▪Plutarch's"Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans" wastranslated by North.▪Ovid's"Metamorphoses" by Golding▪Homer's "The Iliad" by Chapman▪Montaigne's"Essays" by Florio.•The first period of the English Renaissanc was one of imitation and assimilation.o Academies after the Italian type were founded.o Petrarch was regarded as the fountainhead of literature by the English writers.▪he and his successors who established the language of love and sharply distinguished the love poetry of the Renaissance from itscounterparts in the ancient world.▪Wyatt and Surrey began engraving the forms and graces of Italian poetry upon the native stock.▪Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.▪Surrey brought in blank verse.▪Sidney followed with the sestina and terza rima and withvarious experiments in classic meters.▪Marlowe gave new vigor to the blank verse with his "mightylines"▪"The Passionate Shepherd to His Love", innocent.o Spenser's "The Shepheardes Calender" pastoral.•in the early stage of the Renaissance,poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms.o they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.o The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.▪Lively,vivid native English material was put into the regular form of the Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence,Tragedies were in the styleof Seneca.▪the most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe,William Shakespeare,and Ben Jonson. •Francis Bacon(1561-1626) the first important English essayist,he was also the founder of modern science in England.•VIP Writerso William Shakespeare(1564-1616)▪playwright and poet.with his 38 plays,154 sonnets and 2 long poems.▪born into a merchant's family in Stratford-on-Avon.his father,John Shakespeare,his wife Anne Hathaway gave birth to threechildren:Susanna,and the twins,Judith and Hamnet.1586 or 1587 heleave home to London.▪he worked as actor and playwright in King's Men,Robert Greene,"University Wits" declared him to be" an upstart crow"▪ 2 long narrative poems,"Venus and Adonis" and "The Rape of Lucrece",they were dedicated to the Earl of Southampton.(1593-1594) ▪his dramatic career is divided into four periods.▪the first period- one of apprenticeship.▪five history plays:"Henry VI,Parts I,II,and III" "RichardIII" and "Titus Andronicus"; four comedies:"TheComedy of Errors" "The Two Gentlemen of Verona""Taming of the Shrew" "Love's Labour's Lost"(5,4,0)▪second period-style and approach became highlyindividualized.▪five histories: "Richard II" "King John" "Henry IV,PartsI and II" "Henry V"; six comedies:"A MidsummerNight's Dream" "The Merchant of Venice" "Much AdoAbout Nothing" "As You Like It" "Twelfth Night" "TheMerry Wives of Windsor"; two tragedies:"Romeo andJuliet" "Julius Caesar"(5,6,2)▪third period-greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.▪two comedies:"All's Well That Ends Well" "Measurefor Measure": seven tragedies:"Hamlet" "Othello""Macbeth" "King Lear" "Antony and Cleopatra""Troilus and Cressida" "Coriolanus"(0,2,7)▪last period-romantic tragicomedies and two final plays.▪four romantic tragicomedies:"Pericles" "Cymbeline""The Winter's Tale" "The Tempest"; two finalplays:"Henry VIII" "The Two Noble Kinsmen".▪prevalent Christian teaching ofatonement.he seems to have entered animagined pastoral world.he could achievewhat he failed to in the real world.▪"The Tempest",the characters areallegorical and the subject full ofsuggestion.the humanly impossibleevents can be seen occurringeverywhere in the play. the wildstrom becomes magic,answeringProspero's every signal.,it is a typicalexample of his pessimistic viewtowards human life and society in hislate years.▪154 sonnets▪1-126 are addressed to a young man,beloved of the poet,of superior beauty and rank but of somewhat questionablemorals and constancy.▪127-152,they involve a mistress of the poet, a mysterious "Dark Lady",who is sensual,promiscuous,and irresistible.▪153-154,they are translations or adaptations of some version of a Greek epigram,and they evidently refer to the hot springsat Bath.▪99,126,154,three exceptions,▪history plays▪mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.▪romantic comedies▪an optimistic attitude toward love and youth.▪"The Merchant of Venice" ,praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio.to idealize Portia as a heroine of greatbeauty,wit,and loyalty.and to expose the insatiable greed andbrutality of the Jew.▪after centuries' abusing of the Jews,especially theholocaust committed by the Nazi Germany duringthe Second World War,it is very difficult to seeShylock as a conventional evil figure.and manypeople today tend to regard the play as a satire ofthe Christians' hypocrisy and their false standards offriendship and love,their cunning ways of pursuingworldliness and their unreasoning prejudice againstJews.▪romantic tragedy▪"Romeo and Juliet",which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.though a tragedy,ispermeated with optimistic spirit.▪great tragedies▪each portrays some noble hero,who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whosefate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation.each hero has his weakness of nature.▪"Hamlet",the melancholic scholar-prince,faces thedilemma between action and mind,▪base on northernEurope,Denmark,Claudius,his father'sbrother,who murdered his father,taken bothhis father's throne and widow.By revealingthe power-seeking,the jostling for place,thehidden motives.the courteous superficialitiesthat veil lust and guilt,Shakespearecondemns the hypocrisy and treachery andgeneral corruption at royal court.▪"Othello",his inner weakness is made use of by theoutside evil force.▪"King Lear",who is unwilling to totally give up hispower makes himself suffer from treachery andinfidelity;▪he has shown to us the two-foldeffects,exerted by the feudalist corruptionand the bourgeois egoism,which havegradually corroded the ordered society.▪"Macbeth" ,his lust for power stirs up his ambitionand leads him to incessant crimes.▪selected reading▪sonnet 18▪is one of the most beautiful sonnets written byShakespeare,in which he has a profound meditationon the destructive power of time and he eternalbeauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves.Anice summer's day is usually transient,but the beautyin poetry can last for ever.Thus Shakespeare has afaith in the permanence of poetry.▪"The Merchant of Venice"▪An impoverished young Venetian,Bassanio,asks hisfriend, Antonio,for a loan so that he might gain inmarriage the hand of Portia,a rich and beautifulheiress of Belmont.Antonio's money is all invested inmercantile expeditions;in order to help Bassanio hehas to borrow from Shylock,the Jewishusurer.Shylock has made a strange bond thatrequires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh ifhe fails to repay him within a certain period of time.▪"Hamlet"▪to live on in this world or to die;to suffer or to takeaction.o John Milton(1608-1674)▪born in London,his father was both a scholar and a cated at St.Paul's School and Cambridge.1638 travelon the Continent.▪he once had an ambition to write an epic which England would "not willingly let die",but the English Revolution broke out his dream.hewas entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for humanfreedom.1649,he was appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwell'sCouncil of State. 1652,blind because strains.after the restoration ofCharles II,he was imprisoned for a short time and then retired toprivate life.▪"Paradise Lost" was finished in 1665,after 7 years' labor in darkness.▪"Paradise Regained",1666 started,▪"Samson Agonistes",1671,last important work.the most powerful dramatic poem on the Greek model.▪three groups▪the early poetic works▪"Lycidas"(1637),composed for a collection of elegiesdedicated to Edward King,a fellow undergraduate ofMilton's at Cambridge,who was drowned in the IrishSea.▪the middle prose pamphlets▪"Areopagitica"(1644) is probably his mostmemorable prose work.it is a great plea for freedomof the press.rather smooth and calm.▪the last great poems▪after the Restoration in 1660,when he was blind and suffering,and when he was poor and lonely,Miltonwrote his three major poetical works:▪"Paradise Lost",the only generallyacknowledged epic in English literature since"Beowulf"▪divided into 12 books.taken fromGenesis 3:1-24 of the Bible.thetheme is the "Fall of Man".the poemgoes on to tell how Satan tookrevenge by tempting Adam andEve,the first human beings createdby God,to eat fruit from the tree ofknowledge against God'sinstructions.Eden.intending toexpose the ways of Satan andto"justify the ways of God tomen"and then the tragedy was re-enacted,but with a difference-"Manshall find grace",but he must lay holdof it by an act of free will.thefreedom of the will is the keystone ofMilton's creed.▪"Paradise Regained"▪show how mankind,in the person ofChrist,withstands the tempter and isestablished once more in the divinefavor.▪"Samson Agonistes",is the most perfectexample of verse drama after the Greek stylein English.▪Milton again borrows his story fromthe Bible.but this time he turns to amore vital and personal theme.thewhole poem strongly suggestsMilton's passionate longing that hetoo could bring destruction downupon the enemy at the cost of hisown life.in this sense,Samson isMilton.in his life,Milton showshimself a real revolutionary, a masterpoet and a great prose writer,Hefought for freedom in all aspects asa Christian humanist,while hisachievements in literature make himtower over all the other Englishwriters of his time and exert a greatinfluence over later ones.▪selected reading▪"Paradise Lost"▪the story is taken from the Old Testament.Satan andother angels rebel against God,but they are defeatedand driven from Heaven into Hell.。
英美文学选读 英国文学部分思维导图-高清脑图分享
John Milton Herman Melville
knightly adverntures
popular in the mediecal period
a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society
Chaucer
The Canterbury Tales
154 sonnets 2 long poems
sonnet 18 Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece
His plays are written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity
seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions
instruct and correct human beings
fixed laws and rules
prose: precise, direct, smooth and flexible poetry: lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic
the economic expansion
get rid of old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe
essence
introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie
Pericles