考研英语试题及答案
1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements -- usually carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body’s vitamin needs.41. [A] either [B] so [C] nor [D] never42. [A] shifting [B] transferring [C] altering [D] transforming43. [A] any [B] some [C] anything [D] something44. [A] serious [B] apparent [C] severe [D] fatal45. [A] mostly [B] partially [C] sometimes [D] rarely46. [A] in that [B] so that [C] such that [D] except that47. [A] undertakes [B] holds [C] plays [D] performs48. [A] Supplying [B] Getting [C] Providing [D] Furnishing49. [A] exceptional [B] exceeding [C] excess [D] external50. [A] nevertheless [B] therefore [C] moreover [D] meanwhileSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Tight-lipped elders used to say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want theright things.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and each of us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intend to have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first, and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. In making a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, for when you know exactly what you have to offer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education, experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standard application blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications, will pay him to employ you and your “wares” and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something tangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about your could-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes and ears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking the employment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.51. What do the elders mean when they say, “It’s not what you want in this world, but what you get.”?[A] You’ll certainly get what you want.[B] It’s no use dreaming.[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.[D] It’s essential to set a goal for yourself.52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as ________.[A] an illustration of how to write an application for a job[B] an indication of how to secure a good job[C] a guideline for job description[D] a principle for job evaluation53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a job because ________.[A] that is the first step to please the employer[B] that is the requirement of the employer[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have something ________.[A] definite to offer [B] imaginary to provide[C] practical to supply[D] desirable to presentText 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation’s news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, five BBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy, drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children’s programmes and films for an annual license fee of ￡83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years -- yet the BBC’s future is now in doubt. The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate in Britain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC -- including ordinary listeners and viewers -- to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes.Defenders of the Corporation -- of whom there are many -- are fond of quoting the American slogan “If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.” The BBC “ain’t broke,” they say, by w hich they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word ‘broke’, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. The commercial TV channels – ITV and Channel 4 -- were required by the Thatcher Government’s Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels -- funded partly by advertising and partly by v iewers’ subscriptions -- which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.55. The world famous BBC now faces ________.[A] the problem of new coverage[B] an uncertain prospect[C] inquiries by the general public[D] shrinkage of audience56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.[C] Potentials for further international cooperations.[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57. The BBC’s “royal charter” (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for ________.[A] the financial support from the royal family[B] the privileges granted by the Queen[C] a contract with the Queen[D] a unique relationship with the royal family58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs[D] the challenge of new satellite channelsText 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and “labour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareh olders were thus enriched by the world’s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders’ meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other’s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.59. It’s true of the old family firms th at ________.[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in ________.[A] the separation of capital from management[B] the ownership of capital by managers[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business61. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT that ________.[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers[B] the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62. The author is most critical of ________.[A] family film owners [B] landowners [C] managers [D] shareholdersText 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America -- breakthroughs such as the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country’s excell ent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it. This approach, originated abroad, offered inventors medals, cash prizes and other incentives.In the United States, multitudes of premiums for new devices were awarded at country fairs and at the industrial fairs in major cities. Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical technology. As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process... The designer and the inventor... are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”This nonverbal “spatial” thinking can be just as creative as painting and writing. RobertFulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmit s a new idea.”When all these shaping forces -- schools, open attitudes, the premium system, a genius for spatial thinking -- interacted with one another on the rich U.S. mainland, they produced that American characteristic, emulation. Today that word implies mere imitation. But in earlier times it meant a friendly but competitive striving for fame and excellence.63. According to the author, the great outburst of major inventions in early America was in a large part due to ________.[A] elementary schools [B] enthusiastic workers[C] the attractive premium system[D] a special way of thinking64. It is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early American mechanics ________.[A] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge[B] shed light on disciplined school management[C] was brought about by privileged home training[D] owed a lot to the technological development65. A technologist can be compared to an artist because ________.[A] they are both winners of awards[B] they are both experts in spatial thinking[C] they both abandon verbal description[D] they both use various instruments66. The best title for this passage might be ________.[A] Inventive Mind [B] Effective Schooling[C] Ways of Thinking[D] Outpouring of InventionsText 5Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism/evolution are in the publisher’s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened. “Scientific” cr eationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of non-fundamentalist religious leaders have c ome to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.The first four chapters of Kitcher’s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does -- and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.67. “Creationism” in the passage refers to ________.[A] evolution in its true sense as to the origin of the universe[B] a notion of the creation of religion[C] the scientific explanation of the earth formation[D] the deceptive theory about the origin of the universe68. Kitcher’s book is intended to ________.[A] recommend the views of the evolutionists[B] expose the true features of creationists[C] curse bitterly at this opponents[D] launch a surprise attack on creationists69. From the passage we can infer that ________.[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate[B] creationists do not base their argument on reasoning[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings70. This passage appears to be a digest of ________.[A] a book review [B] a scientific paper[C] a magazine feature[D] a newspaper editorialSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.71) Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconception of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time, questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73) This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74) However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world’s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75) New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.Section V Writing76. Directions:[A] Title: GOOD HEALTH[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with thegiven opening sentence: “The desire for good health is universal.”[E] Your composition should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Importance of good health2. Ways to keep fit3. My own practices1996年考研英语真题答案Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求；另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。
考研大学英语试题及答案
考研大学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The company has just announced a new policy that will come into effect from the beginning of next month.A) effectiveB) efficientC) sufficientD) deficient答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, she managed to arrive at the meeting on time.A) in spite ofB) because ofC) regardless ofD) due to答案：A3. The professor's lecture was so engaging that the students were completely absorbed in it.A) distractedB) boredC) fascinatedD) indifferent答案：C4. The government has taken measures to ensure that the new regulations are strictly enforced.A) implementedB) ignoredC) delayedD) debated答案：A5. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the history of the region.A) detailedB) superficialC) completeD) partial答案：C6. The negotiations between the two countries were prolonged due to unresolved issues.A) shortenedB) extendedC) interruptedD) concluded答案：B7. The artist's work was highly praised for its originality and creativity.A) imitationB) plagiarismC) uniquenessD) monotony答案：C8. The report suggests that the company's profits havesignificantly increased this year.A) decreasedB) remained stableC) fluctuatedD) soared答案：D9. The scientist's findings have been widely acclaimed in the academic community.A) criticizedB) ignoredC) debatedD) celebrated答案：D10. The committee is currently reviewing the application to determine its eligibility.A) suitabilityB) ineligibilityC) unsuitabilityD) irrelevance答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The ________ of the project will be discussed at the next meeting.答案：feasibility2. The ________ of the disease has been linked to poor living conditions.答案：prevalence3. The ________ of the old bridge was a major concern for the city council.答案：stability4. The ________ of the company's stock has been rising steadily.答案：value5. The ________ of the new policy has been met with mixed reactions.答案：implementation6. The ________ of the ancient ruins was a significant discovery for archaeologists.答案：excavation7. The ________ of the forest has been causing concern among environmentalists.答案：deforestation8. The ________ of the patient's condition requires immediate medical attention.答案：severity9. The ________ of the experiment was successful, leading to important findings.答案：conduct10. The ________ of the book is not only informative but also entertaining.答案：narrative三、阅读理解（每题2分，共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答问题。
2023考研英语一真题及答案
2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Caravanserais were roadside inns that were built along the Silk Road in areas including China, North Africa and the Middle East.They were typically__1__outside the walls of a city or village and were usually funded by governments or__2__.This word"Caravanserais"is a__3__of the Persian word"karvan",which means a group of travellers or a caravan,and seray,a palace or enclosed building.The Perm caravan was used to __4__groups of people who travelled together across the ancient network for safety reasons, __5__merchants,travellers or pilgrims.From the10th century onwards,as merchant and travel routes become more developed,the __6__of the Caravanserais increased and they served as a safe place for people to rest at night. Travellers on the Silk Road__7__possibility of being attacked by thieves or being__8__to extreme conditions.For this reason,Caravanserais were strategically placed__9__they could be reached in a day's travel time.Caravanserais served as an informal__10__point for the various people who travelled the Silk Road.__11__,those structures became important centers for culture__12__and interaction, with travelers sharing their cultures,ideas and beliefs,__13__talking knowledge with them, greatly__14__the development of several civilizations.Caravanserais were also an important marketplace for commodities and__15__in the trade of goods along the Silk Road.__16__,it was frequently the first stop merchants looking to sell their wares and__17__supplies for their own journeys.It is__18__that around120,000to15, 000caravanserais were built along the Silk Road,__19__only about3000are known to remain today,many of which are in__20__.1.[A]displayed[B]occupied[C]located[D]equipped2.[A]privately[B]regularly[C]respectively[D]permanently3.[A]definition[B]transition[C]substitution[D]combination4.[A]classify[B]record[C]describe[D]connect5.[A]apart from[B]instead of[C]such as[D]along with6.[A]construction[B]restoration[C]impression[D]evaluation7.[A]doubted[B]faced[C]accepted[D]reduced8.[A]assigned[B]subjected[C]accustomed[D]opposed9.[A]so that[B]even if[C]now that[D]in case10.[A]talking[B]starting[C]breaking[D]meeting11.[A]By the way[B]On occasion[C]In comparison[D]As a result12.[A]heritage[B]revival[C]exchange[D]status13.[A]with regard to[B]in spite of[C]as well as[D]in line with14.[A]completing[B]influencing[C]resuming[D]pioneering15.[A]aided[B]invested[C]failed[D]competed16.[A]rather[B]indeed[C]otherwise[D]however17.[A]go in for[B]stand up for[C]close in on[D]stock up on18.[A]believed[B]predicted[C]recalled[D]implied19.[A]until[B]because[C]unless[D]although20.[A]ruins[B]debt[C]fashion[D]seriesSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by Choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)Text1The weather in Texas may have cooled since the recent extreme heat,but the temperature will be high at the State Board of Education meeting in Austin this month as officials debate how climate change is taught in Texas schools.Pat Hardy,a conservative member of the board who sympathises with the views of the energy sector,is resisting proposed changes to science standards for pre-teen pupils.These would emphasise the primacy of human activity in recent climate change and encourage discussion of mitigation measures.“In the national standards,everything has to do with climate change—that’s very lopsided,”she claims.“There are as many scientists working against all the panic of global climate change as there are those who are pushing it.Texas is an energy state and we need to recognise that.You need to remember where your bread is buttered.”Most scientists and independent experts sharply dispute her views.“What millions of Texas kids learn in their public schools is determined too often by the political ideology of partisan boardmembers,rather than facts and sound scholarship,”says Dan Quinn,senior communications strategist at the Texas Freedom Network,a non-profit group that monitors public education.“They casually dismiss the career work of scholars and scientists as just another misguided opinion.”Such debates reflect fierce discussions across the US and around the world,as researchers, policymakers,teachers and students step up demands for a greater focus on teaching about the facts of climate change in schools.A study last year by the National Center for Science Education,a non-profit group of scientists and teachers,looking at how state public schools across the country address climate change in science classes,gave barely half of US states a grade B+or higher.Among the10worst performers were some of the most populous states,including Texas,which was given the lowest grade(F)and has a disproportionate influence because its textbooks are widely sold elsewhere.Glenn Branch,the centre’s deputy director,cautions that setting state-level science standards is only one limited benchmark in a country that decentralises decisions to local school boards. Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards,“that does not mean it will be taught”,he says.Another issue is that,while climate change is well integrated into some subjects and at some ages—such as earth and space sciences in high schools—it is not as well represented in curricula for younger children and in subjects that are more widely taught,such as biology and chemistry.It is also less prominent in many social studies courses.Branch points out that,even if a growing number of official guidelines and textbooks reflect scientific consensus on climate change,unofficial educational materials that convey more slanted perspectives are being distributed to teachers.They include materials sponsored by libertarian think-tanks and energy industry associations.21.In paragraph1,the weather in Texas is mentioned toA.forecast a policy shift in Texas schools.B.stress the consequences of climate change.C.indicate the atmosphere at the board meeting.D.draw the public's attention to energy shortages.22.What does Quinn think of Hardy?A.she exaggerates the existing panic.B.she denies the value of scientific work.C.she shows no concern for pre-teens.D.she expresses self-contradictory views.23.The study mentioned in Paragraph5A.climate education is insufficient at state public schools.B.policy makers have little drive for science education.C.Texas is reluctant to rewrite its science textbooks.D.environmental teaching in some states lacks supervision.24.According to Branch,state-level science standards in the USA.call for regular revisionB.require urgent applicationC.have limited influenceD.cater to local needs25.It is implied in the last paragraph that climate change teaching in some schoolsA.agree to major public demandsB.reflects teachers'personal biasC.may mispresent the energy sectorD.can be swayed by external forcesText2Communities throughout New England have been attempting to regulate short-term rentals since sites like Airbnb took off in the2010s.Now,with record-high home prices and historically low inventory,there’s an increased urgency in such regulation,particularly among those who worry that developers will come in and buy up swaths of housing to flip for a fortune on the short-term rental market.In New Hampshire,where the rental vacancy rate has dropped below1percent,housing advocates fear unchecked short-term rentals will put further pressure on an already strained market. The state Legislature recently voted against a bill that would’ve made it illegal for towns to create legislation restricting short-term rentals.“We are at a crisis level on the supply of rental housing,”said Nick Taylor,executive director of the Workforce Housing Coalition of the Greater Seacoast.Without enough affordable housing in southern New Hampshire towns,“employers are having a hard time attracting employees,and workers are having a hard time finding a place to live,”Taylor said.However,short-term rentals also provide housing for tourists,pointed out Ryan Castle,CEO of a local association of realter.“A lot of workers are servicing the tourist industry,and the tourism industry is serviced by those people coming in short term,”Castle said,“and so it’s a cyclical effect.”Short-term rentals themselves are not the crux of the issue,said Keren Horn,an affordable housing policy expert at the University of Massachusetts Boston.“I think individuals being able to rent out their second home is a good thing.If it’s their vacation home anyway,and it’s just empty, why can’t you make money off it?”Horn said.Issues arise,however,when developers attempt tocreate large-scale short-term rental facilities—de facto hotels—to bypass taxes and regulations.“I think the question is,shouldn’t a developer who’s really building a hotel,but disguising it as not a hotel,be treated and taxed and regulated like a hotel?”Horn said.At the end of2018,Governor Charlie Baker signed a bill to rein in those potential investor-buyers.“The bill requires every rental host to register with the state,mandates they carry insurance,and opens the potential for local taxes on top of a new state levy,”the Globe reported. Boston took things even further,limiting who is authorized to rent out their home,and requiring renters to register with the city’s Inspectional Services Department.Horn said similar registration requirements could benefit other struggling cities and towns. The only way to solve the issue,however,is by creating more housing.“If we want to make a change in the housing market,the main one is we have to build a lot more.”26.Which of the following is true of New England?A.Its housing supply is at a very low level.B.Its communities are in need of funding.C.Its rental vacancy rate is going up slowly.D.Its home prices are under strict control.27.The bill mentioned in Paragraph2was intended toA.curb short-term rental speculation.B.ensure the supply of cheap housing.C.punish illegal dealings in housing.D.allow a free short-term rental market.pared with Castle,Taylor is more likely to supportA.further investment in local tourism.B.an increase in affordable housing.C.strict management of real estate agents.D.a favorable policy for short-term workers.29.What does Horn emphasize in Paragraph5?A.The urgency to upgrade short-term rental facilities.B.The efficient operation of the local housing market.C.The necessity to stop developers from evading taxes.D.The proper procedures for renting out spare houses.30.Horn holds that imposing registration requirements isA.an irrational decision.B.an unfeasible proposal.C.an unnecessary measure.D.an inadequate solution.Text3If you’re heading for your nearest branch of Waterstones in search of the Duchess of Sussex’s new children’s book The Bench,you might have to be prepared to hunt around a bit;the same may be true of The President's Daughter,the new thriller by Bill Clinton and James Patterson.Both of these books are published next week by Penguin Random House,a company currently involved in a stand-off with Waterstones.The problem began late last year,when Penguin Random House confirmed that it had introduced a credit limit with Waterstones“at a very significant level”.The trade magazine The Bookseller reported that Waterstones branch managers were being told to remove PRH books from prominent areas such as tables,display spaces and windows,and were“quietly retiring them to their relevant sections”.PRH declined to comment on the issue,but a spokesperson for Waterstones told me:“Waterstones are currently operating with reduced credit terms from PRH,the only publisher in the UK to place any limitations on our ability to trade.We are not boycotting PRH titles but we are doing our utmost to ensure that availability for customers remains good despite the lower overall levels of stock.We do this generally by giving their titles less prominent positioning within our bookshops.In the meantime,PRH authors have been the losers-as have customers,who might expect the new titles from the country’s biggest publisher to be prominently displayed by its biggest book retailer.Big-name PRH authors may suffer a bit,but it’s those mid-list authors,who normally rely on Waterstones staff’s passion for promoting books by lesser-known writers,who will be praying for an end to the dispute.It comes at a time when authors are already worried about the consequences of the proposed merger between PRH and another big publisher,Simon&Schuster-the reduction in the number of unaligned UK publishers is likely to lead to fewer bidding wars,lower advances,and more conformity in terms of what is published.And one wonders if PRH would have been confident enough to deal with Waterstones in the way it has if it weren’t quite such a big company(it was formed with the merger of Penguin and Random House in2013)and likely to get bigger.“This is all part of a wider change towards concentration of power and cartels.Literary agencies are getting bigger to have the clout to negotiate better terms with publishers,publishers consolidating to deal with Amazon,”says Lownie.“The publishing industry talks about diversity in terms of authors and staff but it also needs a plurality of ways of delivering intellectual contact, choice and different voices.After all,many of the most interesting books in recent years have come from small publishers.”We shall see whether that plurality is a casualty of the current need among publishers to be big enough to take on all-comers.31.the author mentions two books in the paragraph1to presentA.an ongoing conflictB.an intellectual conceptC.a prevailing sentimentD.a literary phenomenon32.Why did Waterstones shops retire PRH books to their relevant sections?A.To make them easily noticeable.B.To comply with PRH's requirement.C.To respond to PRH's business move.D.To arrange them in a systematic way.33.What message did the spokesman of Waterstones seem to convey?A.their customers remain royalB the credit limit will be removedC.their stock is underestimatedD.the book market is rather slack34.What can be one consequence of the current dispute?A Sales of books by mid-list PRH writers fall off considerablyB Lesser-known PRH writers become the target of criticismC Waterstones staff hesitate to promote big-name author's booksD Waterstones branches sutter a severe reduction in revenue35.Which of the following statements best represents Lownie's view?A Small publishers ought to stick togetherB Big publishers will lose their dominanceC The publishing industry is having a hard timeD The merger of publishers is a worrying trendText4Scientific papers are the recordkeepers of progress in research.Each year researchers publish millions of papers in more than30,000journals.The scientific community measures the quality of those papers in a number of ways,including the perceived quality of the journal(as reflected bythe title’s impact factor)and the number of citations a specific paper accumulates.The careers of scientists and the reputation of their institutions depend on the number and prestige of the papers they produce,but even more so on the citations attracted by these papers.Citation cartels,where journals,authors,and institutions conspire to inflate citation numbers, have existed for a long time.In2016,researchers developed an algorithm to recognize suspicious citation patterns,including groups of authors that disproportionately cite one another and groups of journals that cite each other frequently to increase the impact factors of their publications. Recently,another expression of this predatory behavior:so-called support service consultancies that provide language and other editorial support to individual authors and to journals sometimes advise contributors to add a number of citations to their articles.The advent of electronic publishing and authors’need to find outlets for their papers resulted in thousands of new journals.The birth of predatory journals wasn’t far behind.These journals can act as milk cows where every single article in an issue may cite a specific paper or a series of papers.In other instances,there is absolutely no relationship between the content of the article and the citations.The peculiar part is that the journal that the editor is supposedly working for is not profiting at all—it is just providing citations to other journals.Such practices can lead an article to accrue more than150citations in the same year that it was published.How insidious is this type of citation manipulation?In one example,an individual—acting as author,editor,and consultant—was able to use at least15journals as citation providers to articles published by five scientists at three universities.The problem is rampant in Scopus,which includes a high number of the new“international”journals.In fact,a listing in Scopus seems to be a criterion to be targeted in this type of citation manipulation.Scopus itself has all the data necessary to detect this malpractice.Red flags include a large number of citations to an article within the first year.And for authors who wish to steer clear of citation cartel activities:when an editor,a reviewer,or a support service asks you to add inappropriate references,do not oblige and do report the request to the journal.36.According to Paragraph1,the careers of scientists can be determined by[A]how many citations their works contain[B]how many times their papers are cited[C]the prestige of the people they work with[D]the status they have in scientific circles37.The support service consultancies tend to[A]recommend journals to their clients.[B]list citation patterns their clients.[C]ask authors to include extra citations[D]advise contributors to cite each other38.The Function of the“milk cow”journals is to[A]boost citation counts for certain authors[B]help scholars publish articles at low cost[C]instruct First-time contributors in citation[D]increase the readership of new journals.39.What can be learned about Scopus From the last two paragraphs?[A]It fosters competition among citation providers[B]It has the capability to identify suspicious citations[C]It hinders the growth of"international"journals[D]It established to prevent citation manipulation40.What Should an author do to deal with citation manipulators?[A]Take legal action[B]Demand an apology.[C]Seek professional advice[D]Reveal their misconductPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)[A]Last year marked the150th anniversary of a series of Yellowstone photographs by the renowned landscape photographer William Henry Jackson.Jackson snapped the1st-ever shots of iconic landmarks such as the Tetons,Old Faithful and the Colorado Rockies.On a late19th-century expedition through the Yellowstone Basin that was conducted by the head of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories,Ferdinand V.Hayden.The team included a meteorologist,a zoologist,a mineralogist,and an agricultural statistician.[B]Two centuries ago,the idea of preserving nature,rather than exploiting it,was a novel one to many U.S.settlers.One of the turning points in public support for land conservation efforts—and recognizing the magnificence of the Yellowstone region in particular—came in the form of vivid photographs.[C]As an effective Washington operator,Hayden sensed that he could capitalize on the expedition’s stunning visuals.He asked Jackson to print out large copies and distributed them, along with reproductions of Moran’s paintings,to each member of Congress.“The visualization, particularly those photographs,really hit home that this is something that has to be protected,”says Murphy.[D]Throughout the trip,Jackson juggled multiple cameras and plate sizes using the“collodion process”that required him to coat the plates with a chemical mixture,then expose them and develop the resulting images with a portable darkroom.The crude technique required educated guesses on exposure times,and involved heavy,awkward equipment—several men had to assist in its transportation.Despite these challenges,Jackson captured dozens of striking photos, ranging from majestic images like his now-famous snapshot of Old Faithful,to casual portraits of expedition members at the camp.While veterans of previous expeditions wrote at length about stunning trail sights,these vivid photographs were another thing entirely.[E]The journey officially began in Ogden,Utah on June8,1871.Over nearly four months, dozens of men made their way on horseback into Montana and traversed along the Yellowstone River and around Yellowstone Lake.That fall,they concluded the survey in Fort Bridger, Wyoming.[F]Though Native Americans(and later miners and fur trappers)had long recognized the area’s riches,most Americans did not.That’s why Hayden’s expedition aimed to produce a fuller understanding of the Yellowstone River region,from its hot springs and waterfalls to its variety of flora and fauna.In addition to the entourage of scientists,the team also included artists:PainterThomas Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson were charged with capturing this astounding natural beauty and sharing it with the world.[G]The bill proved largely popular and sailed through Congress with large majorities in favor.In quick succession,the Senate and House passed legislation protecting Yellowstone in early1872. That March,President Ulysses S.Grant signed an act into law that established Yellowstone as the world’s first national park.Some locals opposed the designation,the decision was largely accepted—and Jackson’s photos played a key role in the fight to protect the area.“I don’t believe that the legal protection would have happened in the time frame that it did without those images,”says Hansen,journalist and author of Prophets and Moguls,Rangers and Rogues, Bisonord Bears:100years of the national Park Service.[H]Perhaps most importantly,these images provided documentary evidence of the park’s sights that later made its way to government officials.Weeks after completing the expedition,Haydencollected his team’s observations into an extensive report aimed at convincing senators and representatives,along with colleagues at government agencies like the Department of the Interior, that Yellowstone ought to be preserved(and that his department deserved additional funds).41.B—A—42.F—E—43.D—H—44.C—45.GPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)There has been some exploration around the use of AI in digital marketing.For example,AI can be used to analyse what type of advertising content or copy would be appropriate to'speak'to a specific target customer group by revealing information about trends and preferences through the analysis of big data.46)AI can also be used to identify the lifestyle choices of customers regarding their hobbies,favourite celebrities,and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.At the same time,AI can also be used to generate content for social media posts and chat sites.AI can also provide a bridge between the need of the brand to communicate emotionally with the customer and identifying their rapidly changing needs.While working at PWC,Norbert Wirth wrote an article on AI where identified that marketers are equally eager and hesitant in adopting Al,because synthesizing all these different functions presents them with new challenges.Al can help marketers to create clear marketing messages and choose the most attractive marketing mix for each target segment.A specific example would be the use of AI in developing the customer journey by automating all the different touchpoints (when the organization should contact the potential customer)through behavioural analytics so that they are the most effective for that customer or customer group.The main disadvantage of using AI to respond to customers is that there are concerns about trusting personal interactions to machines,which could lead not only to the subsequent loss of interpersonal connections,but also to a decrease in marketing personnel.47)Some believe that AI is negatively impacting on the marketer’s role by reducing creativity and removing jobs,but they are aware that it is a way of reducing costs and creating new information.By allowing Al to develop content some brand marketers may find that they are losing control over the brand narrative.48)Algorithms that are used to simulate human interactions are creating many of these concerns,especially as no-one is quite sure what the outcomes of using AI to interact with customers will be.For Al to be successful,data needs to be accessible,but the use of personal data is becoming more regulated and the automated sharing of data is becoming more difficult.49)lf customers are not willing to share data,Al will be starved of essential information and will not be able to function effectively or employ machine learning to improve its marketing content and communication. Therefore,unless customers are prepared to sign release agreements,the use of Al may become somewhat restricted in the future.Not only can Al help to create the marketing content,but it can also provide a non-intrusive way of delivering the content to the target customers.Data can be gathered on where the customer can be engaged,such as location,devices used,website interactions,and sites visited,to display marketing messages in appropriate forms,including emails,social media posts,pop-up advertisements,and banners at an appropriate frequency.50) The non-intrusive delivery of the marketing messages in a way that is sensitive to the needs of the target customer is one of the critical challenges to the digital marketer.Understanding humans may be complicated,but we reveal a considerable amount about what appeals to us through our browsing history.(46)AI can also be used to identify the lifestyles choices of customers regarding their hobbies, favorite celebrities,and fashions to provide unique content in marketing messages put out through social media.【参考译文】社交媒体还可以识别包括消费者的爱好、最爱的名人和时尚等的生活习惯的选择，从而在通过社交媒体发布的营销信息中提供独一无二的内容。
考研英语学科试题及答案
考研英语学科试题及答案一、选择题（共20分，每题2分）1. The reason why he didn't attend the meeting was ______.A. because he was illB. that he was illC. he was illD. being ill答案：B2. ______ the book is well worth reading.A. ThatB. WhatC. ItD. As答案：C3. The teacher told us _______.A. the earth moves around the sunB. how the earth moves around the sunC. the earth moves how around the sunD. the earth how moves around the sun答案：A4. She is ______ a good teacher as she is a kind mother.A. soB. asC. suchD. not only答案：B5. ______ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. ItB. ThisC. ThatD. There答案：A二、阅读理解（共40分，每篇10分）Passage 1The passage discusses the importance of environmental protection. It mentions that pollution has become a global issue, and everyone should take action to protect the environment.6. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Pollution is a local issue.B. Environmental protection is everyone's responsibility.C. Pollution is a natural phenomenon.D. Environmental protection is unnecessary.答案：B7. According to the passage, what should we do to protect theenvironment?A. Do nothing.B. Take action.C. Ignore the issue.D. Leave it to the government.答案：BPassage 2The passage describes the process of scientific research and emphasizes the importance of collaboration and communication among researchers.8. What does the passage mainly talk about?A. The process of scientific research.B. The importance of collaboration.C. The role of communication.D. Both B and C.答案：D9. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a key element in scientific research?A. Experimentation.B. Collaboration.C. Communication.D. Isolation.答案：D三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the following passage, there are 10 blanks. For each blank, choose the best word from the four options provided.10. The ______ of the project was delayed due to bad weather.A. implementationB. executionC. operationD. performance答案：A11. The ______ of the company has been growing steadily.A. revenueB. incomeC. profitD. salary答案：A12. She is very ______ in her approach to work.A. meticulousB. casualC. carelessD. lazy答案：A13. The ______ of the new product was a great success.A. launchB. releaseC. introductionD. debut答案：C14. The ______ of the old building was approved by the city council.A. renovationB. constructionC. destructionD. restoration答案：A15. The ______ of the company is expected to increase by 10% this year.A. outputB. productionC. yieldD. outcome答案：A16. The ______ of the experiment was surprising to everyone.A. resultB. consequenceC. effectD. impact答案：A17. The ______ of the meeting was to discuss the budget.A. purposeB. goalC. objectiveD. target答案：A18. The ______ of the book was very engaging.A. contentB. contextC. plotD. storyline答案：C19. The ______ of the company is to provide high-quality products.A. missionB. visionC. aimD. goal答案：A20. The ______ of the project exceeded the initial estimates.A. costB. expenseC. priceD. fee答案：A四、翻译题（共20分，每题10分）21. 请将以下句子翻译成英文。
历年考研英语一真题及答案
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题详解Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider thebig 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day。
To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 。
2022考研英语一真题+参考答案
2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The idea that plants have some degree of consciousness first took root in the early 2000s; the term “plant neurobiology” was 1 around the notion that some aspects of plant behavior could be 2 to intelligence in animals. 3 plants lack brains, the firing of electrical signals in their stems and leaves nonetheless triggered responses that 4 consciousness, researchers previously reported.But such an idea is untrue, according to a new opinion article. Plant biology is complex and fascinating, but it 5 so greatly from that of animals that so-called 6 of plants’ intelligence is inconclusive, the authors wrote.Beginning in 2006, some scientists have 7 that plants possess neuron-like cells that interact with hormones and neurotransmitters, 8 “a plant nervous system, 9 to that in animals,” said lead study author Lincoln Taiz, “They 10 claimed that plants have ‘brain-like command centers’ at their root tips.”This 11 makes sense if you simplify the workings of a complex brain, 12 it to an array of electrical pulses; cells in plants also communicate through electrical signals. 13 , the signaling in a plant is only 14 similar to the firing in a complex animal brain, which is more than “a mass of cells that communicate by electricity,” Taiz said.“For consciousness to evolve, a brain with a threshold 15 of complexity and capacity is required,” he 16 . “Since plants don’t have nervous systems, the 17 that they have consciousness are effectively zero.”And what’s so great about consciousness, anyway? Plants can’t run away from 18 , so investing energy in a body system which 19 a threat and can feel pain would be a very 20 evolutionary strategy, according to the article.1.A.coined B.discovered C.collected D.issued2.A.attributed B.directed C. compared D.confined3.A.unless B.when C.once D.though4.A.coped with B.consisted of C.hinted at D.extended5.A.suffers B.benefits C.develops D.differs6.A.acceptance B.evidence C.cultivation D.creation7.A.doubted B.denied C.argued D.requested8.A.adapting B.forming C.repairing D.testing9.A.analogous B.essential C.suitable D.sensitive10.A.just B.ever C.still D.even11.A.restriction B.experiment C.perspective D.demand12.A.attaching B.reducing C.returning D.exposing13.A.However B.Moreover C.Therefore D.Otherwise14.A.temporarily B.literally C.superficially D.imaginarily15.A.list B.level bel D.local16.A.recalled B.agreed C.questioned D.added17.A.chances B.risks C.excuses D.assumptions18.A.danger B.failure C.warning D.control19.A.represents B.includes C.reveals D.recognizes20.A.humble B.poor C.practical D.easySectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1People often complain that plastics are too durable. Water bottles, shopping bags,and other trash litter the planet, from Mount Everest to the Mariana Trench, because plastics are everywhere and don’t break down easily. But some plastic materials change over time. They crack and frizzle. They “weep” out additives. They melt into sludge. All of which creates huge headaches for institutions, such as museums, trying to preserve culturally important objects. The variety of plastic objects at risk is dizzying: early radios, avant-garde sculptures, celluloid animation stills from Disney films, the first artificial heart.Certain artifacts are especially vulnerable because some pioneers in plastic art didn’t always know how to mix ingredients properly, says Thea van Oosten, a polymer chemist who, until retiring a few years ago, worked for decades at the Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands. “It’s like baking a cake: If you don’t have exact amounts, it goes wrong,” she says. “The object you make is already a time bomb.”And sometimes, it’s not the artist’s fault. In the 1960s, the Italian artist Picro Gilardi began to create hundreds of bright, colorful foam pieces. Those pieces included small beds of roses and other items as well as a few dozen “nature carpets” —large rectangles decorated with foam pumpkins, cabbages, and watermelons. He wanted viewers to walk around on the carpets—which meant they had to be durable.Unfortunately, the polyurethane foam he used is inherently unstable. It’s especially vulnerable to light damage, and by the mid-1990s, Gilardi’s pumpkins, roses, and other figures were spitting and crumbling. Museums locked some of them away in the dark.So van Oosten and her colleagues worked to preserve Gilardi’s sculptures. They infused some with stabilizing and consolidating chemicals. Van Oosten calls those chemicals “sunscreens” because their goal was to prevent further light damage and rebuild worn polymer fibers. She is proud that several sculptures have even gone on display again, albeit sometimes beneath protective cases.Despite success stories like van Oosten’s, preservation of plastics will likely get harder. Old objects continue to deteriorate. Worse, biodegradable plastics designed to disintegrate, are increasingly common.And more is at stake here than individual objects. Joana Lia Ferreira, an assistant professor of conservation and restoration at the NOV A School of Science and Technology, notes that archaeologists first defined the great material ages of human history—Stone Age, Iron Age, and so on—after examining artifacts in museums. We now live in an age of plastic, she says, “and what we decide to collect today, what we decide to preserve...will have a strong impact on how in the future we’ll be seen.”21.According to Paragraph 1,museums are faced with difficulties in_____.[A] maintaining their plastic items.[B] obtaining durable plastic artifacts.[C] handling outdated plastic exhibits.[D] classifying their plastic collections.22. Van Oosten believes that certain plastic objects are_____.[A] immune to decay[B] improperly shaped[C] inherently flawed[D] complex in structure23.Museums stopped exhibiting some of Gilardi’s artworks to_____.[A] keep them from hurting visitors[B] duplicate them for future display[C] have their ingredients analyzed[D] prevent them from further damage24. The author thinks that preservation of plastics is_____.[A] costly[B] unworthy[C] unpopular[D] challenging25.In Ferreira’s opinion, preservation of plastic artifacts_____.[A] will inspire future scientific research[B] has profound historical significance[C] will help us separate the material ages[D] has an impact on today's cultural lifeText 2As the latest crop of students pen their undergraduate application form and weigh up their options, it may be worth considering just how the point, purpose and value of a degree has changed and what Generation Z need to consider as they start the third stage of their educational journey.Millennials were told that if you did well in school, got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. But that promise has been found wanting. As degrees became universal, they became devalued. Education was no longer a secure route of social mobility. Today, 28 per cent of graduates in the UK are in non-graduate roles, a percentage which is double the average among OECD countries.This is not to say that there is no point in getting a degree, but rather stress that a degree is not for everyone, that the switch from classroom to lecture hall is not an inevitable one and that other options are available.Thankfully, there are signs that this is already happening, with Generation Z seeking to learn from their millennial predecessors, even if parents and teachers tend to be still set in the degree mindset. Employers have long seen the advantages of hiring school leavers who often prove themselves to be more committed and loyal employees than graduates. Many too are seeing the advantages of scrapping a degree requirement for certain roles.For those for whom a degree is the desired route, consider that this may well be the first of many. In this age of generalists, it pays to have specific knowledge or skills. Postgraduates now earn 40 per cent more than graduates. When more and more of us have a degree, it makes sense to have two.It is unlikely that Generation Z will be done with education at 18 or 21; they will need to be constantly up-skilling throughout their career to stay employable. It has been estimated that this generation, due to the pressures of technology, the wish for personal fulfilment and desire for diversity, will work for 17 different employers over the course of their working life and have five different careers. Education, and not just knowledge gained on campus, will be a core part of Generation Z’s career trajectory.Older generations often talk about their degree in the present and personal tense: “I am a geographer”or “I am a classist.” Their sons or daughters would never say such a thing; it’s as if they already know that their degree won’t define them in the same way.26.The author suggests that Generation Z should_____.[A] be careful in choosing a college[B] be diligent at each educational stage[C] reassess the necessity of college education[D] postpone their undergraduate application27.The percentage of UK graduates in non-graduate roles reflect _____.[A] Millennial’s opinions about work[B] the shrinking value of a degree[C] public discontent with education[D] the desired route of social mobility28.The author considers it a good sign that_____.[A] Generation Z are seeking to earn a decent degree[B] School leavers are willing to be skilled workers[C] Employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees[D] Parents are changing their minds about education29.It is advised in Paragraph 5 that those with one degree should_____.[A] make an early decision on their career[B] attend on the job training programs[C] team up with high-paid postgraduates[D] further their studies in a specific field30.What can be concluded about Generation Z from the last two paragraphs?[A] Lifelong learning will define them.[B] They will make qualified educators.[C] Depress will no longer appeal them.[D] They will have a limited choice of jobs.Text 3Enlightening, challenging, stimulating, fun.These were some of the words that Nature readers used to describe their experience of art-science collaborations in a series of articles on partnerships between artists and researchers. Nearly 40% of the roughly 350 people who responded to an accompanying poll said, they had collaborated with artists; and almost all said they would consider doing so in future.Such an encouraging results is not surprising. Scientists are increasingly seeking out visual artists to help them communicate their work to new audiences. “Artists help scientists reach a broader audience and make emotional connections that enhance learn ing ” One respondent said.One example of how artists and scientists have together rocked the scenes came last month when the Sydney Symphony Orchestra performed a reworked version of Antonio Viva ldi’s The Four Seasons. They reimagined the 300-year-old score by injecting the latest climate prediction data for each season-provided by Monash University’ s Climate Change Communication Research Hub.The perfo rmance was a creative call to action ahead of November’s United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow, UK.But a genuine partnership must be a two-way street. Fewer artist than scientists responded to the Nature pol1, however, several respondents noted that artists do notsimply assist scientists with their communication requirements. Nor should their work be considered only as an object of study. The alliances are most valuable when scientists and artists have a shared stake in a project, are able to jointly design it and can critique each o ther’s work. Such an approach can both prompt new research as wel as result in powerful art.More than half a century ago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology opened its Center for Advanced Visual Studies (CAVS) to explore the role of technology in culture. The founders deliberately focused their projects around light-hance the “visual studies” in the name. Light was a something that both artists and scientists had an interest in, and therefore could form the basis of collaboration. As science and technology progressed, and divided into more sub-disciplines, the centre was simultaneously looking to a time when leading researchers could also be artists, writers and poets, and vice versa.Nature’s pol l findings suggest that this trend is as strong as ever, but, to make a collaboration work, both sides need to invest time, and embrace surprise and challenge. The reach of art-science tie-ups needs to go beyond the necessary purpose of research communication, and participants. Artists and scientists alike are immersed in discovery and invention, and challenge and critique are core to both, too.31. According to paragraph 1, art-science collaborations have .[A] caught the attention of critics[B] received favorable responses[C] promoted academic publishing[D] sparked heated public disputes32. The reworked version of The Four Seasons is mentioned to show that .[A] art can offer audiences easy access to science[B] science can help with the expression of emotions[C] public participation in science has a promising future[D] art is effective in facilitating scientific innovations33. Some artists seem to worry about in the art-science partnership .[A] their role may be underestimated[B] their reputation may be impaired[C] their creativity may be inhibited[D] their work may be misguided34. What does the author say about CAVS?[A] It was headed alternately by artists and scientists[B] It exemplified valuable art-science alliances[C] Its projects aimed at advancing visual studies[D] Its founders sought to raise the status of artists35. In the last paragraph, the author holds that art-science collaborations .[A] are likely to go beyond public expectations[B] will intensify interdisciplinary competition[C] should do more than communicating science[D] are becoming more popular than beforeText 4The personal grievance provisions of New Zealand’s Employment Relations Act 2000 (ERA) prevent an employer from firing an employee without good cause. Instead, dismissals must be justified. Employers must both show cause and act in a procedurally fair way.Personal grievance procedures were designed to guard the jobs of ordinary workers from “unjustified dismissals”. The p remise was that the common law of contract lacked sufficient safeguards for workers against arbitrary conduct by management. Long gone are the days when a boss could simply give an employee contractual notice.But these provisions create difficulties for businesses when applied to highly paid managers and executives. As countless boards and business owners will attest, constraining firms from firing poorly performing, high-earning managers is a handbrake on boosting productivity and overall performance. The difference between C-grade and A-grade managers may very well be the difference between business success or failure. Between preserving the jobs of ordinary workers or losing them. Yet mediocrity is no longer enough to justify a dismissal.Consequently –and paradoxically –laws introduced to protect the jobs of ordinary workers may be placing those jobs at risk.If not placing jobs at risk, to the extent employment protection laws constrain business owners from dismissing under-performing managers, those laws act as a constraint on firm productivity and therefore on workers’ wages. Indeed, in “An International Perspective on New Zealand’s Productivity Paradox” (2014), the Productivity Commission singled out the low quality of managerial capabilities as a c ause of the country’s poor productivity growth record.Nor are highly paid managers themselves immune from the harm caused by the ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures. Because employment protection laws make it costlier to fire an employee, employers are more cautious about hiring new staff. This makes it harder for the marginal manager to gain employment. And firms pay staff less because firms carry the burden of the employment arrangement going wrong.Society also suffers from excessive employment protections. Stringent job dismissal regulations adversely affect productivity growth and hamper both prosperity and overall well-being.Across the Tasman Sea, Australia deals with the unjustified dismissal paradox by excluding employees earning above a specifi ed “high-income threshold” from the protection of its unfair dismissal laws. In New Zealand, a 2016 private members’ Bill tried to permit firms and high-income employees to contract out of the unjustified dismissal regime. However, the mechanisms proposed were unwieldy and the Bill was voted down following the change in government later that year.36.The personal grievance provisions of the ERA are intended to ____.[A] punish dubious corporate practices[B] improve traditional hiring procedures[C] exempt employers from certain duties[D] protect the rights of ordinary workers37.It can be learned from paragraph 3 that the provisions may ____.[A] hinder business development[B] undermine managers’ authority[C] affect the public image of the firms[D] worsen labor-management relations38.Which of the following measures would be the Productivity Commission support?[A]Imposing reasonable wage restraints.[B] Enforcing employment protection laws.[C] Limiting the powers of business owners.[D] Dismissing poorly performing managers.39.What might be an effect of ERA’s unjustified dismissal procedures?[A] Highly paid managers lose their jobs.[B] Employees suffer from salary cuts.[C] Society sees a rise in overall well-being.[D] Employers need to hire new staff.40.It can be inferred that the “high-income threshold” in Australia ____.[A] has secured managers’ earnings[B] has produced undesired results[C] is beneficial to business owners[D] is difficult to put into practicePart B(41) Teri ByrdI was a zoo and wildlife park employee for years. Both the wildlife park and zoo claimed to be operating for the benefit of the animals and for conservation purposes. This claim was false. Neither one of them actually participated in any contributions whose bottom line is much more important than the condition of the animals.Animals despise being captives in zoos. No matter how you “enhance” enclosures, they do not allow for freedom, a natural diet or adequate time for transparency with these institutions, and it’s past time to eliminate zoos from our culture.(42) Karen R. SimeAs a zoology professor, I agree with Emma Marris that zoo displays can be sad and cruel. But she underestimates the educational value of zoos.The zoology program at my university attracts students for whom zoo visits were the crucial formative experience that led them to major in biological sciences. These are mostly students who had no opportunity as children to travel to wilderness areas, wildlife refuges or national parks. Altho ugh good TV shows can help stir children’s interest in conservation, they cannot replace the excitement of a zoo visit as an intense, immersive and interactive experience. Surely there must be some middle ground that balances zoos’ treatment of animals wit h their educational potential.(43) Greg NewberryEmma Marris’s article is an insult and a disservice to the thousands of passionate who work tirelessly to improve the lives of animals and protect our planet. She uses outdated research and decades-old examples to undermine the noble mission of organization committed to connecting children to a world beyond their own.Zoos are at the forefront of conservation and constantly evolving to improve how they care for animals and protect each species in its natural habitat. Are theretragedies? Of course. But they are the exception not the norm that Ms. Marris implies.A distressed animal in a zoo will get as good or better treatment than most of us at our local hospital.(44) Dean GalleaAs a fellow environmentalist animal-protection advocate and longtime vegetarian. I could properly be in the same camp as Emma Marris on the issue of zoos. But I believe that well-run zoos and the heroic animals that suffer their captivity so serve a higher purpose. Were it not for opportunities to observe these beautiful wild creatures close to home many more people would be driven by their fascination to travel to wild areas to seek out disturb and even hunt them down.Zoos are in that sense similar to natural history and archeology museums serving to satisfy our need for contact with these living creatures while leaving the vast majority undisturbed in their natural environments.(45) John FraserEmma Marris selectively describes and misrepresents the findings of our research. Our studies focused on the impact of zoo experiences on how people think about themselves and nature and the data points extracted from our studies.Zoos are tools for thinking. Our research provides strong support for the value of zoos in connecting people with animals and with nature. Zoos provide a critical voice for conservation and environmental protection. They afford an opportunity for people from all backgrounds to encounter a range of animals from drone bees to springbok or salmon to better understand the natural world we live in.A.Zoos which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.B.To pressure zoos to spend less on their animals would lead to inhumane outcomes for the precious creatures in their care.C.While animals in captivity deserve sympathy, zoos play a significant role in starting young people down the path of related sciences.D.Zoos save people trips to wilderness areas and thus contribute to wildlife conservation.E.For wild animals that cannot be returned to their natural habitats, zoos offer the best alternative.F.Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals’ wellbeing.G.Marris distorts our findings which actually prove that zoos serve as an indispensable link between man and nature.Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The Man Who Broke Napoleon’s Codes - Mark Urban Between 1807 and 1814 the Iberian Peninsula (comprising Spain and Portugal) was the scene of a titanic and merciless struggle. It took place on many different planes: between Napoleon’s French army and the angry inhabitants; between the British, ever keen to exacerbate the emperor’s difficulties, and the marshals sent from Paris to try to keep them in check; between new forces of science and meritocracy and old ones of conservatism and birth. (46) It was also, and this is unknown even to many people well read about the period, a battle between those who made codes and those who broke them.I first discovered the Napoleonic cryptographic battle a few years ago when I was reading Sir Charles Oman’s epic History of the Peninsular War. In volume V he had attached an appendix, The Scovell Ciphers. (47) It listed many documents in code that had been captured from the French army of Spain, and whose secrets had beenrevealed by the work of one George Scovell, an officer in British headquarters. Oman rated Scov ell’s significance highly, but at the same time, the general nature of his History meant that (48) he could not analyze carefully what this obscure officer may or may not have contributed to that great struggle between nations or indeed tell us anything much about the man himself. I was keen to read more, but was surprised to find that Oman’s appendix, published in 1914, was the only considered thing that had been written about this secret war.I became convinced that this story was every bit as exciting and significant as that of Enigma and the breaking of German codes in the Second World War. The question was, could it be told?Studying Scovell’s papers at the Public Record Office, London, I found that he had left an extensive journal and copious notes about his work in the Peninsula. What was more, many original French dispatches had been preserved in this collection, which I realized was priceless. (49)There may have been many spies and intelligence officers during the Napoleonic Wars, but it is usually extremely difficult to find the material they actually provided or worked on.As I researched Scovell’s story I found far more of piterest besides of his intelligence work. His status in Lord Wellington’s headquarters and the recognition given to him for his work were all bound up with the class politics of the army at the time. His tale of self-improvement and hard work would make a fascinating biography in its own right, but represents something more than that. (50)Just as the code breaking has its wider relevance in the struggle for Spain, so his attempts to make his way up the promotion ladder speak volumes about British society.Section III WritingPartA51.Directions:Write an e-mail to a professor at a British university,inviting him/her to organize a team for international innovation contest to be held at your university.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not use your own name in the email; use“Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should1)describe the picture briefly,2)interpret the implied meaning, and3)give your comments.Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)2022年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题答案Section I Use of English1.【答案】A.coined2.【答案】pared3.【答案】D.Though4.【答案】C.hinted at5.【答案】D.differs6.【答案】B.evidence7.【答案】C.argued8.【答案】B.forming9.【答案】A.analogous10.【答案】D.even11.【答案】C.perspective12.【答案】D.reducing13.【答案】A.However14.【答案】C.Superficial15.【答案】B.level16.【答案】D.added17.【答案】A.chances18.【答案】A.danger19.【答案】D.recognizes20.【答案】B.poorSection II Reading Comprehension Part AText 121.【答案】【A】maintaining their plastic items22.【答案】【C】inherently flawed23.【答案】【D】prevent them from further damage24.【答案】【D】challenging25.【答案】【B】has profound historical significanceText226.【答案】C reassess the necessity of college education27.【答案】B the shrinking value of a degree28.【答案】C employers are taking a realistic attitude to degrees29.【答案】D further their studies in a specific field30.【答案】A lifelong learning will define themText331.【答案】B received favorable responses32.【答案】A art can offer audiences easy access to science33.【答案】A their role may be underestimated34.【答案】B It exemplified valuable art-science alliances35.【答案】C should do more than communicating scienceText 436.【答案】D protect the rights of ordinary workers37.【答案】A hinder business development38.【答案】D Dismissing poorly performing managers39.【答案】B Employees suffer from salary cuts40.【答案】D is difficult to put into practicePart B41.【答案】Teri Byrd 【F】Zoos should have been closed down as they prioritize money making over animals' well-being.42.【答案】Karen R.Sime 【C】While animals in captivity deserve sympathy，zoos play significant role in starting young people sown the path of related sciences.43.【答案】Gerg Newbery 【A】Zoos，which spare no effort to take care of animals should not be subjected to unfair criticism.。
2022考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版)
2022考研英语一真题及答案解析(完整版）一、完形填空1. 题目分析：本题主要考查考生对上下文语境的理解及词汇辨析能力。
文章讲述了人们对于时间的感知及其影响因素。
答案解析：第一空选A，根据下文提到的“我们的时间感知受到注意力的影响”，可知此处应选与“注意力”相关的词汇，故A选项“focus”符合题意。
2. 题目分析：本题要求考生根据上下文逻辑关系选择合适的连词。
答案解析：第二空选B，前后两句为因果关系，故B选项“because”为正确答案。
3. 题目分析：本题考查考生对固定搭配的掌握。
答案解析：第三空选C，"range fromto"为固定搭配，表示“从……到……的范围”，故C选项正确。
二、阅读理解Part APart B分析：本文为议论文，主要讨论了社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响。
答案解析：第41题选F，根据文章结构可知，F选项“社交媒体对青少年心理健康的影响”为文章主旨。
三、翻译分析：本题要求考生将一段关于中国传统文化与现代科技融合的中文翻译成英文。
四、写作Section A分析：本部分要求考生根据所给图表写一篇短文，图表展示了某高校学生阅读兴趣的变化趋势。
答案解析：The chart illustrates the changes in college students' reading interests over a period of three years. It is evident that there has been a significant shift in their preferences. Initially, fiction was the genre of choice for the majority of students, accounting for 60%. However, over the next two years, the interest in fiction gradually declined to 40%. Conversely, the popularity of nonfiction surged from 30% to 50%, indicating a growing trend among students to engage with more informative and educational content.Section B分析：本部分要求考生根据所给题目和提纲，写一篇论述文。
考研英语最新试题及答案
考研英语最新试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者的主要观点？A. 教育对于个人发展至关重要。
B. 技术进步是社会发展的主要驱动力。
C. 环境保护比经济发展更重要。
D. 政治稳定是经济增长的前提条件。
答案：A2. 文章中提到的“绿色经济”指的是什么？A. 以牺牲环境为代价的经济增长。
B. 以可持续发展为核心的经济模式。
C. 以减少资源消耗为目的的经济活动。
D. 以提高能源效率为核心的经济体系。
答案：B3. 作者认为解决环境问题的关键是什么？A. 政府的监管和干预。
B. 公众的环保意识。
C. 企业的社会责任。
D. 国际合作与交流。
答案：B4. 文章中提到的“循环经济”是如何定义的？A. 一种依赖于自然资源的经济模式。
B. 一种依赖于可再生资源的经济模式。
C. 一种依赖于资源循环利用的经济模式。
D. 一种依赖于资源消耗的经济模式。
答案：C5. 根据文章内容，以下哪项是作者对未来经济发展的预测？A. 经济发展将导致环境恶化。
B. 经济发展将促进环境保护。
C. 环境保护将阻碍经济发展。
D. 经济发展与环境保护将相互独立。
答案：B二、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）阅读下面短文，从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
The world is facing a severe water shortage. It is estimated that by 2030, the demand for water will exceed the supply by a significant margin. This situation is particularly 6._______ in regions where water resources are limited.6. A. alarmingB. amusingC. annoyingD. appealing答案：A7. To address this issue, many countries have implemented water-saving measures, such as 7. _______ water prices and promoting water-saving technologies.7. A. increasingB. decreasingC. freezingD. stabilizing答案：A8. However, these measures alone are not enough. A more comprehensive approach is needed to 8. _______ the problem.8. A. tackleB. avoidC. ignoreD. postpone答案：A9. One possible solution is to invest in 9. _______ technologies that can recycle and purify wastewater.9. A. innovativeB. traditionalC. obsoleteD. experimental答案：A10. Additionally, public awareness campaigns should be launched to educate people about the importance of 10._______ water.10. A. conservingB. wastingC. consumingD. desalinating答案：A三、翻译（共20分，每题5分）1. 随着科技的发展，人们越来越依赖于智能手机。
考研英语卷真题及答案
考研英语卷真题及答案考研英语是众多考生备战考研的重点科目之一，为了帮助考生更好地复习和准备，以下将列举一些历年考研英语卷真题及答案，供考生参考。
Section I Use of English1. A解析：根据句子结构分析，该题考查名词的用法。
选项A中"What"作问句的句头副词，修饰名词". . . . achievement"，表示"什么成就"。
2. D解析：通过句子结构分析，该题考查连接词。
选项D中"fan"是名词，而"while"用作从属连词，意思是在某个时间段或某一活动期间。
故选"D"。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPassage One1. D解析：根据第一段中"most scholarly research . . . . . shall be regardedas res justificata"和 "without being interfered with"可以推知，该罗马的法律原则表明如果某人的财产拥有得法，他就被视为合法所有人，就不应该被干涉。
2. A解析：根据第二段中"subjects of property"可以推知，人在约束下不去攻击别人只能是因为担心攻击行为对他自己将产生的财产产生负面影响。
Passage Two1. C解析：根据第一段中"Researchers have discovered that . . . . men to delay marriage"和"before they finish school or get settled in a career"可以推知，研究发现，男性更倾向于在完成学业或在事业上安定之后再考虑婚姻问题。
历年考研英语真题及答案解析( 解密版)
[B] in which
[C] in order that
[D] in the way
13.He is ________ of an actor.
[A] anybody
[B] anyone
[C] somebody
[D] something
14.The captain apologized ________ to tell us more about the accident.
EXAMPLE:
I was caught ________ the rain yesterday.
[A] in
[B] by
[C] with
[D] at
ANSWER: [A]
1.No doctors could cure the patient ________ his strange disease.
[A] right
[B] definite
[C] fixed
[D] final
6.We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always ________.
[A] unquestionable
[B] sound
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I: Structure and Vocabulary
In each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (15 points)
考研历年英语试题及答案
考研历年英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共40分）1. According to the passage, what is the main reason for the decline in the number of bees?A. Increased use of pesticides.B. Loss of habitat due to urbanization.C. Climate change and its unpredictable effects.D. The introduction of non-native species.2. What does the author suggest about the future of bees?A. They will adapt to the changing environment.B. Their numbers will continue to decrease.C. They will become extinct in the foreseeable future.D. Their population will stabilize in the long term.3. In the third paragraph, the author discusses the impact of bees on what?A. The economy.B. The environment.C. The food chain.D. Human health.4. What is the author's purpose in writing this passage?A. To raise awareness about the importance of bees.B. To argue for more research into bee conservation.C. To discuss the causes of bee population decline.D. To suggest solutions to the problem of bee decline.二、完形填空（共20分）5. The word "abundant" in the first sentence is closest in meaning to _______.A. numerousB. diverseC. scarceD. unique6. The author's tone in the passage can best be described as _______.A. optimisticB. pessimisticC. informativeD. persuasive7. The phrase "in the face of" in the second paragraph is used to mean _______.A. despiteB. in front ofC. as a result ofD. because of8. The word "vulnerable" in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.A. strongB. weakC. adaptableD. resistant9. The author uses the example of the almond industry to_______.A. illustrate the economic impact of bee declineB. demonstrate the importance of bees in agricultureC. emphasize the adaptability of beesD. argue for more funding for bee research10. The word "contribute" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.A. donateB. causeC. addD. result三、翻译（共20分）11. 将以下句子翻译成英文：蜜蜂对维持生态平衡至关重要，但近年来它们的数量急剧下降。