Paradox_Oxymoron
词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1
ParadoxDefinition: A statement that seems impossible at first but actually makessense.ExamplesDark knows daylight"Dark knows daylight" is an example of paradox because dark and daylight are opposites, and yet here they have something in common.Hot understands Cold"Hot understands cold" is an example of paradox because hot and cold are opposites, but yet the stanza says that they understand each other. This is a paradox because the stanza doesn't seem to make sense. However, a paradox poem will explain how two opposite or very unlike things can be related in some way.Dark and lightDark remembers light,The day they separated,They try to be friends, butcan't.Dark doesn't like lightTheir friendship no longer exists.By AlexNIGHT REMEMBERS LIGHTNight remembers the light of anewbornstar.Night remembers how he heldthe littlestar,And now you can seethe star,Much bigger nowfor now it isthe sun.By RachelFor example: "I know that I know nothing." Knowing "know nothing" is knowing something thus cannot be "know nothing". This logic is self-contradictory, but one can know that they know nothing.IronyTo say something that is the opposite of the truth. In a scary movie when the audience knows that a killer is in the house, but the owners in the house don't know it.At a restaurant there is a fly floating in a customer's soup and the customer says, "Mmmmm. Insect soup, my favorite!"When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover.You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go out to the concession stand, you run into your date who is there with another guy.You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"Your boyfriend shows up in ripped jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh!I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a nice restaurant!"The average cost of rehabilitating a seal after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska was $80,000. At a special ceremony, two of the most expensively saved animals were released back into the wild amid cheers and applause from onlookers. A minute later, they were both eaten by a killer whale.A boy and his friends are talking trash about the principal, and the principal is standing right around the corner listening.Terrorist Khay Rahnajet didn't pay enough postage on a letter bomb. It came back with "return with sender" stamped on it. Forgetting it was the bomb, he opened it and was blown to bits.Two animal rights activists were protecting the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protestors to death.Irony: a leading part of humor. Irony is using words to express somethingcompletely different from the literal meaning. Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said.Verbal irony, including sarcasmVerbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers. For instance, if a speaker exclaims, “I‟m not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state through her voice while truly trying to claim she's not upset, it would not be verbal irony by virtue of its verbal manifestation (it would, however, be situational irony). But if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was upset by claiming she was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. There are examples of verbal irony that do not rely on saying the opposite of what one means, and there are cases where all the traditional criteria of irony exist and the utterance is not ironic.Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean. For instance, the following explicit similes have the form of a statement that means P but which conveys the meaning not P:as hard as puttyas funny as canceras clear as mudas pleasant as root canal treatmentas sharp as a marbleas straight as a circleThe irony is recognizable in each case only by using stereotypical knowledge of the source concepts (e.g., mud, root-canals) to detect an incongruity.A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm, and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly (e.g,Lee & Katz, 1998). For example, ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. For example, a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Great idea! I hear they do fine work!" The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.Most instances of verbal irony employ sarcasm, suggesting that the term sarcasm is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be (Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000). Some psycholinguistic theorists suggest that sarcasm ("Great idea!", "I hear they do fine work."), hyperbole ("That's the best idea I have heard in years!"), understatement ("Sure, what the hell, it's only cancer..."), rhetorical questions ("What, does your spirit have cancer?"), double entendre ("I'll bet if you do that, you'll be communing with spirits in no time...") and jocularity ("Get them to fix your bad back while you're at it.") should all be considered forms of verbal irony (Gibbs, 2000). The differences between these tropes can be quite subtle, and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourse goals, and are not generally identifying, by name, the kinds of tropes used.[edit] Dramatic ironyIn drama, the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus of placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. Dramatic irony has three stages - installation, exploitation and resolution (sometimes called preparation, suspension and resolution) - producing dramatic conflict is produced in what one character relies or appears to rely upon a fact, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.For example:In City Lights, we know that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherill) does not.In Cyrano de Bergerac, we know that Cyrano loves Roxane and that he is the real author of the letters that Christian is writing to the young woman; Roxane is unaware of this.In North by Northwest, we know that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his acolytes do not. We also know that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger and Vandamm do not.In Oedipus the King, we know that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.In Othello, we know that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but he doesn't. We also know that Iago is pulling the strings, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.In Pygmalion, we know that Eliza is a woman of the street; Higgins's family does not.[edit] Tragic ironyTragic irony is a special category of dramatic irony. In tragic irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize.Ancient Greek drama was especially characterized by tragic irony because the audiences were so familiar the legends that most of the plays dramatized. Sophocles' Oedipus the King provides a classic example of tragic irony at its fullest.Irony threatens authoritative models of discourse by "removing the semantic security of …one signifier: one signified‟";[2] irony has some of its foundation in the onlooker‟s perception of paradox which arises from insoluble problems.For example:In the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged death-like sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet kills herself with his knife.[edit] Situational ironyThis is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results when enlivened by 'perverse appropriateness'.For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.[3]Monty Python's last comedy album The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album was continuously delayed from release for various reasons, having yet to see an official release, and has since been made available online for free by the group, thus making the album neither hasty nor earning the group any income.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward turns out to be bold and fearless, The people in Emerald City believe the Wizard to have been a powerful deity, only to discover he was a bumbling eccentric old man.In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has past, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.[4][5]After astronaut Gus Grissom's first flight into space, the hatch on his spacecraft accidentally blew off while Grissom was waiting for a rescue helicopter to fish the capsule out of the ocean, causing the capsule to fill with water and sink and Grissom to nearly drown. The hatch system was re-designed in later spacecraft to prevent similar accidents, and, while training for his third spaceflight, a fire broke out inside Grissom's spacecraft, causing Grissom and two other astronauts to suffocate. The hatch redesign triggered by the accident with Grissom's first spacecraft, meant to help save astronaut's lives, prevented Grissom from being rescued in the subsequent accident.[edit] Irony of fate (cosmic irony)The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent. Closely connected with situational irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intentions and actual results.For exampleIn art:In O. Henry's story The Gift of the Magi, a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The man finally pawns his heirloom pocket watch to buy his wife a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. She, meanwhile, cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a watch-chain.In the ancient Indian story of Krishna, King Kamsa is told in a prophecy that a child of his sister Devaki would kill him. In order to prevent it, he imprisons both Devaki and her husband Vasudeva, allowing them to live only if they hand over their children as soon as they are born. He murders nearly all of them one by one, but the eighth child, Krishna, is saved and raised by a cowherd couple, Nanda and Yasoda. After growing up and returning to his kingdom, Kamsa is eventually killed by Krishna, as was originally predicted by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was Kamsa's attempt to prevent the prophecy that led to it becoming a reality.Rakesh Roshan's 2006 Indian film Krrish is a modern take on the story of Krishna.In history:In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed. [6]Importing Cane Toads to Australia to protect the environment only to create worse environmental problems for Australia.Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.[edit] Historical irony (cosmic irony through time)When history is seen through modern eyes, it sometimes happens that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their world and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired. For example, during the 1920s The New York Times repeatedly heaped scorn on crossword puzzles. In 1924 it lamented "the sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern;" in 1925 said "the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast;" and in 1929 judged that "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads." Today, no U.S. newspaper is more closely identified with the crossword than The New York Times.[citation needed] In a more tragic example of historical irony, what people now refer to as "World War I" was originally called "The War to End All Wars" or "The Great War". Historical irony is therefore a subset of cosmic irony, but one in which the element of time is bound up.Other examples:"They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance." Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedgwick before being shot through the eye by a Confederate sniper.[7] In Dallas, in response to Mrs. Connolly's comment, "Mr. President, you can't say that Dallas doesn't love you," John F. Kennedy said, "That's very obvious." He was assassinated immediately afterwards.[8]Further examples of irony in history:Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.Fritz Haber was the patriotic German Jewish creator of Zyklon B. Initially used as a pesticide, it was later used in the Holocaust.In the Kalgoorlie (Australia) gold rush of the 1890s, large amounts of the little-known mineral calaverite (gold telluride) were identified as fool's gold, and were (foolishly, as it later turned out) discarded. The mineral deposits were used as a building material, and for the filling of potholes and ruts. (Several years later, the nature of the mineral was identified, leading to a minor gold rush to excavate the streets).Ibn al-Haytham of Basra invented the modern camera obscura, as described in his Book of Optics in 1021. Nearly a thousand years later, his hometown of Basra was attacked using camera-guided missiles during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]Several inventors were killed by their own creations, including Haman, Ismail ibn Hammad al-Javhari,[10] William Nelson,[11] Alexander Bogdanov, William Bullock, Marie Curie, Otto Lilienthal, and others.Oxymorons!An oxymoron is a phrase consisting of two contradicting words, that make sense when put together.Here are a few of our favorite oxymorons. Do you think you've got a better one?Airline FoodAlone TogetherCivil WarFriendly ArgumentJumbo ShrimpMedium LargeMinor DisasterOld NewsPretty UglyStudent Teacher。
oxymoron的修辞格用法
oxymoron是修辞格中的一种，是指在同一短语中使用了相互矛盾的词语，通过矛盾的结合来达到一种特殊的修辞效果。
oxymoron有时候也被称作矛盾修辞或冲突修辞。
1.oxymoron的功能oxymoron在修辞学中有着重要的功能。
它能够通过矛盾的结合，产生一种强烈的对比效果，吸引读者的注意力。
通过oxymoron的运用，文章的表达更加生动，形象更加深刻。
2.oxymoron的例子举一些oxymoron的例子，例如“明暗”，“虚实”，“悲喜交加”等。
这些例子都是通过将两个相互矛盾的词语结合在一起，达到了生动的修辞效果。
3.oxymoron在文学作品中的运用oxymoron在文学作品中的运用非常广泛。
例如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》中有“甜蜜苦涩”、“明亮黑暗”等oxymoron的运用。
这些oxymoron在作品中起到了烘托情感、衬托氛围的作用。
4.oxymoron的运用技巧在运用oxymoron时，需要注意合理搭配词语，避免过于牵强的搭配。
同时还需要考虑上下文的语境，确保oxymoron的运用能够与整个语境相契合，使得修辞效果更加突出。
5.oxymoron的运用场景oxymoron的运用并非局限在文学作品中，实际上在日常生活和商业宣传中也能看到它的身影。
例如一些广告词中常常出现“冰火两重天”、“充满孤独的狂欢”等oxymoron的用法，起到了吸引人们注意的效果。
6.总结oxymoron作为一种修辞手法，在文学作品中有着重要的地位。
通过合理运用oxymoron，可以帮助作品更加生动形象，同时也能够吸引读者的注意力，增强作品的表现力和感染力。
然而，在运用oxymoron时也需要慎重，确保其与整体语境相契合，才能体现出其修辞的艺术价值。
7. oxymoron的文学价值oxymoron在文学创作中被广泛运用，并且在不同的文学体裁和风格中都能发挥其独特的作用。
在诗歌中，oxymoron可以帮助诗人突出诗歌的表现力和感染力。
oxymoron词根词缀
oxymoron词根词缀《oxymoron词根词缀》1. 单词概述单词：oxymoron含义：oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个看似矛盾、相反的词组合在一起，产生一种独特的、富有深意的表达效果。
比如“jumbo shrimp”（巨型虾，“jumbo”表示巨大的，“shrimp”表示小虾），“living dead”（活死人）等。
这种表达在文学作品、日常用语中都很常见，可以创造出一种诙谐、讽刺或者引人深思的效果。
2. 词根词缀解析词根：oxy - 来源于希腊语，有“尖锐、敏锐”的意思。
例如在“oxygen”（氧气）这个单词中，oxy - 表示氧原子的活性很强，就像尖锐的东西容易产生作用一样。
词缀：- moron，它在希腊语里原本有“愚蠢、迟钝”的意思。
合成逻辑：“oxy -”（尖锐、敏锐）和“- moron”（愚蠢、迟钝）组合在一起，形成了oxymoron这个词，表示一种矛盾的组合，就像把尖锐和迟钝放在一起一样矛盾又奇特，“尖锐的愚蠢= 矛盾组合”。
3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：English:I was reading a book the other day, and I came across this really interesting oxymoron - "bittersweet". It got me thinking about how life is full of these oxymoronic situations. I was chatting with my friend Tom about it. "Tom," I said, "isn't it crazy how we have words like 'bittersweet'? It's like saying something is both good and bad at the same time." Tom laughed and replied, "Yeah, it's like that time I got a promotion at work but had to move to a new city away from all my friends. It was a happy - sad moment, just like 'bittersweet'." We started coming up with more examples. "What about 'deafening silence'?" I asked. "Oh, that's a great one!" Tom exclaimed. "It's like when you're in a big empty room, and there's no sound at all, but the lack of noise is almost overwhelming. It's as if the silence is so loud it deafens you." This made me realize how oxymorons can really capture the complexity of our feelings and experiences.Chinese translation:前几天我在看书的时候，碰到了一个非常有趣的矛盾修饰法的词——“苦乐参半”。
关于对比的英文花式表达
关于对比的英文花式表达Literary Devices for Contrasting Ideas: A Comprehensive Guide.In the realm of written expression, the ability to effectively convey contrasting ideas is crucial. Language possesses a myriad of nuanced tools that enable writers to juxtapose opposing concepts, highlight disparities, and underscore points of divergence. This guide delves into an array of literary devices that serve this specific purpose, providing a comprehensive understanding of their usage and impact.1. Antithesis.Antithesis, a staple of rhetorical discourse, places two opposing ideas side by side to accentuate their contrasting nature. Its essence lies in presenting a stark contrast that draws the reader's attention to the fundamental differences between two concepts.Example: "The world is a comedy to those who think, a tragedy to those who feel." (Horace Walpole)。
Paradox
• Homeless，they have a hundred homes. ----(O Henry: The Furnished Room) • 他们无家可归，便可以处处为家。
• I love him so much that I hate him when he looks at another girl. • 我如此爱他，以至他瞟看其他姑娘，我便会 恨他。
◆我迟早要成名的，没有美名也有恶名在外。 ◆自恋是一个人一生浪漫的开端。 ◆邪恶与美德是艺术家艺术创作的素材。 ◆我花了一个上午的时间去掉一个逗号，到了下午的时候 我又把它放了回去。 ◆生活中有两个悲剧：一个是得不到想要的，另一个是得 到了不想要的。
◆生活模仿艺术，而非艺术在反映生活。
◆如今是这样的时代，看得太多而没有时间欣赏，写得太 多而没有时间思想。
• 按常理，一个能使人发出阵阵笑声的人自己也应该是非常 幸福的，其实不然，马克吐温（Mark Twain）的一生都笼 罩在悲剧的阴影之中，自己的亲人在短短的几年里相继去 世，饱尝了人世的辛酸。在他晚年时期，他变得愤世嫉俗， 写了大量辛酸尖刻的文章，挖苦小人，抨击时弊，赢得世 人的阵阵笑声，但却对当局者嫉恶如仇。
More examples:
☺Lifeless, faultless.（只有死人才不犯错误。） ☺Knowing something of everything and everything of something.（通百艺而专一 长。）
☺From small beginning comes great things.（伟大始于渺小。） ☺Diamond cuts diamond.（强中自有强中手。）
隽语的运用使那些富有人生哲理的警句、格言、谚 语更加生动活泼，言简意赅，给人们留下更深刻的 印象。 For example:
Oxymoron,Antithesis,Transferred Epithet
Soul Sister
Two forms:
Group1: Comparison between two aspects of one thing （一物两面对照）
Group2: Comparison between two things（两物对照）
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Soul Sister
Group1: Comparison between two aspects of one thing（一物两面对照） Examples：
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Group 3: adj. + sb. / sth. →adj. + another thing
Examples：
1.the noisy friendliness of a pub ①The child was noisy in the morning. ②It’s a noisy place.
《愤怒的葡萄》
Soul Sister
Three forms:
Group 1: adj. + sb.→ adj. + sth. Group 2: adj. + sth. → adj. + another thing Group 3: adj. + sb. / sth. → adj. + another thing
Soul Sister
Group 1: adj. + sb. → adj.+ sth. Examples: 1. a murderous knife a knife used by a murderous villain 2. my wild days, my mad existence the days when I was wild and mad
Paradox_Oxymoron1(矛盾分析法)
精品课件
语言是生活的一面镜子，矛盾修辞法
是人的思想在一定的情况下充满矛盾和对
立的反映。
矛盾修辞手法的妙用在于揭示客观事
物的辩证规律，以及人们内心世界复杂心
理的矛盾和人生哲理。
表面上看，这种手法似乎不合情理， 相互矛盾，但仔细琢磨，则能领悟其深刻 的内在含意，给人耳目一新的感觉，具有 出奇制胜的艺术感染力。
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矛盾修辞法的构成及理解
由于矛盾修辞手法表层意思和深层含
义背离，理解矛盾修辞法有助于我们充分
领会文字或情感所暗含的复杂性。
下面主要就矛盾修辞法的结构形式以
及对它们的理解做一简单的介绍。
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在大多数的矛盾修辞法中, 两个看似矛盾的 词或词组紧密相联, 存在着修饰与被修饰, 说明与被说明的关系。但是在少数结构比如 形容词+ 形容词, 名词+ 名词的情况下, 这 种关系会弱化, 表现为并列的关系。从其构 成来看, 主要有以下几种方式:
3.副词+ 形容词 这种结构通常用来表示事态发展的性质、
状态、程度等, 用以衬托人物矛盾, 复杂 的思想感情。 idly busy 无事忙; falsely true 似是而非 / 似真还假 deliciously tired 美滋滋的疲倦 bitterly happy 苦涩的快乐
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(1) bitter-sweet memories
又苦又甜的回忆
(2) proud humility
不卑不亢
(3) a miserable, Merry Christmas
paradox(似非而是的隽语)与oxymoron(矛盾修辞)的比较与翻译
paradox(似非而是的隽语)与oxymoron(矛盾修辞)的比较与翻译
比较起来，paradox和oxymoron都是特殊的修辞形式，主要用来增强文章内容的表达力度，从而使文章更加鲜明有趣。
Paradox是用两个或更多的对称的观点来挑战常见的想法，虽然它们很相似，但有一些不同之处。
最明显的是，原则上，paradox包括的双重含义应该可以被解释为相反的看法而不矛盾，但它也可以表达看似矛盾但实际上真实的双重观点。
例如“失败乃成功之母”，这句话暗示在失败里潜藏着成功的可能，而这两种概念又脱离不开，又似乎可以相容。
另一方面，oxymoron是将冲突的概念结合在一起使用，并以此来表达较为众口禁止说话的概念或事实，准确概括被表达的话题。
一般来说，同时表达这两个完全相反的观点，可以被视为一种矛盾修辞。
例如“贫穷的富人”、“快乐的悲伤”等，这些短语可以表达一些聪明的思想和智慧，暗示文章深层次的内容，以更有力的表达方式阐明观点。
综上所述，paradox和oxymoron都是用精妙的语言技巧来塑造文章内容，可以使文章显得更加有力和深刻。
它们都可以增强表达的表现力，从不同的角度来提炼空旷的想法，让读者置身其中得以自由感受其中的精神和趣味。
然而，它们之间也存在差异，paradox是两个或多个似乎矛盾的观点的结合，而oxymoron是将两个或更多冲突的观点结合以表达矛盾的原则。
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The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth) 孩子是成人的父亲。 每个人都是从小长大成人的；身体也是从儿 童时代发展起来的；成人性情中纯洁美好的 东西也是儿童时代形成的。一个人孩提时代 的习性，往往对他的成年时期产生很大的影 响。这就是所谓 “三岁看大, 七岁看老”。 所以从这两方面来看，“孩子是成人的父亲 ” 并非是无稽之谈，而是有深刻含义的。
2.形容词+ 形容词 用两种无法调和或意义相反的特征来描述一 件事情, 以产生某种强烈的语言效果。 a cold warm embrace 不冷不热的拥抱 a miserable and merry Christmas 又悲又喜的圣诞节 cold and pleasant manner 既冷淡又友好的态度 bad good news 令人沮丧的好消息 poor rich guys 精神贫穷的富人
语言是生活的一面镜子，矛盾修辞法是 人的思想在一定的情况下充满矛盾和对立 的反映。 矛盾修辞手法的妙用在于揭示客观事物 的辩证规律，以及人们内心世界复杂心理 的矛盾和人生哲理。 表面上看，这种手法似乎不合情理，相 互矛盾，但仔细琢磨，则能领悟其深刻的 内在含意，给人耳目一新的感觉，具有出 奇制胜的艺术感染力。
生活中cruel (心狠)和 kindness (仁慈) 就象 一对形影不离的兄弟一样互为依存 “相辅 相成“，它们之间是辩证关系。 过于心狠 就是残忍毒辣，过分仁慈又无异于溺爱放 纵，都会导致严重后果，不宜提倡。“严 师出高徒”、“娇惯出恶子”的事例在生 活中处处可见。 cruel kindness看起来似乎 是自相矛盾的，实质上揭示了现实生活中 对立而又统一的两种倾向! 两者表面上是冲 突的，实不尽然!
paradox
隽语指前后两句话或同一句话的前后部分字面 内容表面上自相矛盾，荒诞不经或有悖常理， 不合逻辑，甚至是荒谬的，但仔细想来或进一 步研究，实际上其中富有哲理，内涵深刻，意 味深长，言奇意深。 主要特点有三：所述事物的两个方面似是而非， 自相矛盾，不合逻辑；强调事物的矛盾对立； 表层意义与深层意义背离，有面看似不符合公 理，但深处蕴含真理，意味深长。
paradox属于结构修辞，与oxymoron相比， 其结构形式比较单一，且多呈对照型，其 关系也多呈因果型。 Homeless, they have a hundred homes. 他们无家可归，便处处为家。 He makes no friends who never made a foe. 从来没有敌人的人也不会有朋友。
从以上paradox 的例证, 不难看出所谓 paradox 就是一句话中运用相互矛盾或意思 正好相反的词语来体现其看似不可信, 甚至 荒谬的特点。例如more 与less , child 与 father , believed 与unbelievable , healthy 与 sick , knowledge 与ignorance , hate 与love 等等, 而这正是Oxymoron的本质所在。 由此，我们可以得出结论: Oxymoron 与paradox 不仅仅是异曲同工, 简 直就是同曲同工。以上所有描述足以说明: Oxymoron 是浓缩了的paradox 。
victorious defeat 这个词的理解,相对来说就 难了一点,因为在我们每个人的常识和概念 中,失败就是失败,胜利就是胜利,两者泾渭分 明,毫不含糊。那么为什么原作者要这么说 呢?
在这个词语中defeat 是肯定的,而victorious 可能是原作者(或当事人) 的态度,认为失败 是失败了,但失败之中可能还包含着许多胜 利因素,这里着重指精神方面的(道义的) ,比 如:失败者的精神状态、风度、失败者在失 败过程中的表现,对周围人或事的影响等等。
More examples
War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. 战争就是和平。自由就是奴役。无知就是 力量。 （The purpose of war is peace; freedom of body is the slavery of thoughts; you dare do anything if you are ignorant.)
Definition
An Oxymoron is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory terms.
矛盾修辞是把一对语意相反、相对立 的词巧妙地放在一起使用， 借以表达 复杂的思想感情或说明某种意味深长 的哲理。
More haste , less speed. 欲速则不达。 To be believed , make the truth unbelievable. 真话假说, 可更让人信服。 It is healthy to be sick once in a while. 偶尔生场病, 有益健康。 The greatest hate springs from the greatest love. 爱极生恨。
Juliet….. Good night, good night, parting is such sweet sorrow. (Shakespeare) 离别总是这样甜蜜的忧伤。 罗密欧与朱丽叶花园相会，私定终身，分 手时产生了一种欢乐与惆怅交错织的心情； 初恋是甜蜜的，而快亮了，两人得分开了， 这种离别又是痛苦的。这种悲喜交集、苦 甜参半的心理就是sweet sorrow.
在College English Book 中有这样一句: “How you shot the goat and frightened the tiger to death ,”said Miss Melin, with her disagreeably pleasant laugh. 在这一句子中,disagreeably pleasant laugh 是 矛盾修饰语,其中laugh 是关键词,这里laugh 同 时具有disagreeable (令人不愉快的) 和 pleasant (愉快的) 两种性质,即她很愉快地笑但 却让别人很不愉快，所以可以理解成“自鸣得 意却令人讨厌的笑 ”。
5.动词+ 副词 这种结构能表现描述对象的动作与行为方 式之间强烈而鲜明的反差和对比。 shout gently 温柔的吼叫 hasten slowly 慢慢地加速 die merrily 快乐的死亡 shine 暗淡地发光 love harmfully 害人的爱
矛盾修辞法的构成及理解
由于矛盾修辞手法表层意思和深层含义 背离，理解矛盾修辞法有助于我们充分领 会文字或情感所暗含的复杂性。 下面主要就矛盾修辞法的结构形式以及 对它们的理解做一简单的介绍。
在大多数的矛盾修辞法中, 两个看似矛盾的 词或词组紧密相联, 存在着修饰与被修饰, 说 明与被说明的关系。但是在少数结构比如形 容词+ 形容词, 名词+ 名词的情况下, 这种关 系会弱化, 表现为并列的关系。从其构成来 看, 主要有以下几种方式:
4.名词+ 名词 这种情况下两个名词之间的主次关系不是 十分明显, 往往用来形容二者之间的难以取 舍, 或进退两难的境地, 或者是复杂难辨的 感情。两个单词中间往往用“- ”相连。 a life-death problem 生死攸关的问题; love-hate relationship 爱恨交织的关系; life-death struggle 生死搏斗 a fire –water state 势不两立的状态
矛盾修辞法的修饰功能
1.形成鲜明的对比，给人深刻的印象； 2. 加强语势，起强调作用； 3. 言简意赅，起概括作用； 4. 生动诙谐，起幽默讽刺作用。
结语 矛盾修辞法具有简洁精练、新颖的特点， 表现力很强，使语言富有哲理性，产生强 大的逻辑力量，引人深省的艺术效果。它 是人们对复杂的社会现象或自然现象经过 长期观察分析，去粗取精，去伪存真，用 于表现理念或事物特征的一种修辞方式。 如果运用得当，可以增强表达力、感染力 和艺术效果，在信息传递、思想交流等方 面具有独特作用。学习了解这一修辞手法 可以丰富我们的语言知识和表达手段，帮 助我们欣赏名家名作。
3.副词+ 形容词 这种结构通常用来表示事态发展的性质、 状态、程度等, 用以衬托人物矛盾, 复杂的 思想感情。 idly busy 无事忙; falsely true 似是而非 / 似真还假 deliciously tired 美滋滋的疲倦 bitterly happy 苦涩的快乐
1. 形容词+ 名词 这种偏正结构在矛盾修辞中最为常见，表现 了修饰词与被修饰的中心词之间既相互排斥 又合二为一的本质特征。 a pious fraud 虔诚的骗子 a wise fool 聪明的傻瓜 victorious defeat 胜利的失败
cruel kindness 害人不浅的仁慈 painful pleasure 悲喜交集 living death 虽生犹死/半死不活
这句话当中, parting 这一词既充满了 sweetness, 同时又充满了sorrow, 这两词虽 然是对立的, 但又融合在一起。 这种说法是也辩证的,是合乎人们生活逻辑 的, 我们也常说“苦中有甜,甜中有苦”和 “有苦有甜”等这样的话语。
a wise fool（聪明的傻瓜）也不太难理解, 因为我们有“智者千虑必有一失,愚者千虑 必有一得”和“大智若愚”的说法。只要 对照一下,我们便会发现这些表达大同小异: A fool is sometimes wise or clear.
It was a brilliantly boring lecture. 那是一场令人厌倦的出色演讲。 作者运用矛盾修辞法揭示一个深刻的道理： 凡事都有一个度。尽管演讲很精彩，很有 感染力，但由于演讲太冗长，超出人们注 意力所有承受的范围，听众原来的热情和 兴趣渐渐消失殆尽，最后感到厌倦。