【期末试卷】上海市浦东新区2017-2018学年高一上学期期末考试语文试题Word版含解析
浦东新区2017学年度第一学期期末教学质量检测高一语文试卷积累应用1. 按要求填空。
（1）怅寥廓，_______，谁主沉浮。
（毛泽东《沁园春•长沙》）（2）_____________，长河落日圆。
（王维《使至塞上》）（3）陶渊明《饮酒》中与“可意会，不可言传”意思相同的诗句是：_______，________。
【答案】 (1). 问苍茫大地 (2). 大漠孤烟直 (3). 此中有真意 (4). 欲辨已忘言【解析】试题分析：本题考查名句名篇默写能力，采用的是句子式默写和情景式默写相结合的题型，解答时既要注意所给句子的出处及作者，还要注意题干中给出的提示，准确书写出答案。
本题要注意下列字的正确写法：苍茫、漠、孤、辨。
按要求选择。
2. 下列句子中，加点的传统礼貌用语表述正确的一句是A. 你的文稿，我已看了，对其中不妥当的几处，我斗胆加以斧正．．。
B. 探望朋友，可以说，“特意来看您”，也可以说“特意光临寒舍．．．．”。
C. 我们家家教很严，令尊．．常常告诫我们，到社会上要清清白白做人D. 令郎．．不愧是丹青世家子弟，他画的马无不惟妙惟肖、栩栩如生。
【答案】D【解析】试题分析：A项，斧正：敬辞，请人修改自己的文章，这里用于自己修改别人的文章，不得体。
B项，光临寒舍：“寒舍”，谦称自己的家；“光临寒舍”，用于主人欢迎别人到自己家来。
这里用于自己到别人家去，不得体。
C项，令尊：敬词，尊称对方的父亲。
这里用来称自己的父亲，不得体。
点睛：本题考查语言表达得体的能力，这类题目命题往往着眼于：①依据语境，用语准确句式恰当；②看准对象，用语讲究分寸；③适应场合，巧妙用语；④把握语体，既要注意区分书面语和口语，还要注意区分各类文章的语体要求，如书信、公文、广播稿等等。
因此学生在平时学习和复习中要注意积累并能够正确使用生活中常见的谦敬词语，解答时一定要考虑交际场合、对象和目的。
现代文阅读阅读下文，完成下面小题。
①任何一种艺术样式都以其特定的审美范式与民族心理契合。
不管人们如何狂热地用“世界性”、“现代性”、“后现代”、“后殖民”、“全球化”之类的术语涂抹即将到来的21世纪，民族特性依然是艺术的本质属性之一。
放逐民族性必将置艺术于无根状态。
作为一种审美范式．．．．，古老的诗歌往往是一个民族审美心理的凝聚，是历代诗人探索、实验的结晶，是一个民族审美经验的长期积淀。
如意大利的十四行、波斯的柔巴依、日本的俳句、中国的律诗……②那么，新诗是否完成审美范式与民族心理的契合呢？③中国诗歌史发展的一个基本规律是：诗歌体制起自民间，兴于文士，最后成为一种主要审美范式。
④中国古典诗歌历经二千年实验、积淀，从四言、五言到七言，至唐代格律诗体制完备，产生了中国人骄傲的唐诗。
由于方块字的音形特征，格律诗汇融节奏、韵律、修辞与建筑之美，成为汉语诗的黄金范式。
伴随这一审美范式的成熟，汉语诗学也发展为一门系统的学科。
天才李白、杜甫是汉语诗的顶峰大师，他们掌握、运用汉语诗的审美范式，并将这一审美范式推向成熟，但他们无力改变这一范式。
因为这不是个人选择，而是一个民族的选择——唐代不仅拥有灿若群星的诗人，更有爱诗的民众。
⑤然而，新诗是个例外。
新诗是由知识分子率先发起的一种自上而下的诗歌体制。
新诗的第一个尝试者胡适宣布《关不住了》，恰好是美国诗人SaraTeasdale的《OvertheRoofs》的翻译。
这与梁实秋所说的“新诗，实际就是中文写的外国诗”是一致的。
这就是说，新诗的源头是外国诗。
的确，中国古典诗到清代已腐朽不堪，革命的选择不容置疑。
问题在于，这种完全断裂的结果是将诗学建设置于零起点。
作为新诗的代表，自由诗风靡一时。
当时，谁写得最不象古典诗，谁就是先锋。
在这种风气鼓励下产生的大量新诗确是货真价实的白话——当时有人说白话诗只有白话没有诗，这话虽然尖刻而轻巧，倒也并非无的放矢。
不久，“胡适之体”新诗遭遇质疑，周作人也觉得新诗少了点“余香与余味”。
郭沫若的《女神》固然为创生期的新诗开阔了气象、充实了内涵，但体制依然是自由体。
他甚至说“诗不是‘做’出来的，只是‘写’出来的”。
这句易于引起误解的话也表明郭沫若对诗歌体制未做深入思考。
⑥然而危机也正发生在这里：一种新的审美范式是否契合民族心理？⑦但是，初期白话诗也并非欧化的一统天下。
刘半农的《瓦釜集》是以江苏民歌的方式创作的，刘大白更以民谣体式写了《田主来》。
这在当时虽然算不上主流，却也暗示了新诗体制的一种选择。
⑧20年代，新诗从对古典诗的破坏转入本体建设，体制建设和诗学建设成为诗人们关注的中心。
真正对新诗格律发挥影响的是闻一多。
这时的闻一多背叛《红烛》式的自由诗，以其对中国艺术的衷情与富于唯美倾向的形式追求对新诗体制进行反思，提出影响颇大的格律理论：“诗的实力不独包括音乐的美（音节），绘画的美（词藻），并且还有建筑的美（节的匀称与句的均齐）”。
而且他称新诗的格律是“戴着脚镣”，“越有魄力的作家，越是要戴着脚镣跳舞才跳得痛快，跳得好。
只有不会跳舞的才怪脚镣碍事。
只有不会做诗的才感觉得格律的束缚”。
代表作便是他自己的《死水》。
在他的影响下，一批新诗人投入格律实验，其中徐志摩的诗更活泼。
比如他的《再别康桥》：轻轻的我走了，正如我轻轻的来；我轻轻的招手，作别西天的云彩。
那河畔的金柳，是夕阳中的新娘；波光里的艳影，在我的心头荡漾。
……⑨新月派的格律诗实验很快演化成新的“形式主义诗体”，走向没落，但格律意识对于新诗的建设意义无疑是巨大的。
叶公超仍然在《论新诗》一文中写道：“假使诗人有自由的话，那必然就是探索适应于内在的要求的格律的自由，恰如哥德所说，只有格律能给我们自由”。
这证明人们不再一提格律就联想到恢复旧诗秩序，而是从新诗的审美范式与民族心理的关系上进行审思。
⑩胡适的白话诗从体制到诗学都是西方的，刘大白的歌谣体从体制到诗学都是中国民间的，而闻一多的格律体则是中国体制与西方诗学的融汇。
这样，从源流上上说，到20年代新诗已出现三种类型的体制：甲体、乙体、丙体。
此后新诗体制基本上沿着这三条道路演变发展。
（选自《中国新诗的审美范式与民族心理》，有删改）3. 第①段中加点词“审美范式”在文中是指4. 依据文本，在第⑩段甲、乙、丙处横线上填空。
5. 下列与文意不符的一项A. 中国诗歌的体制起自民间，兴于文士，最后成为一种主要审美范式。
B. 唐诗的辉煌源自汉语的黄金范式与熟练运用这一范式的诗人和爱众。
C. 体制建设和诗学建设是新诗的本体建设，诗人们从理论和时间探索。
D. 新诗的格律要求并不影响创作的自由，只有格律能给新诗诗人自由。
6. 请以徐志摩的《再别康桥》为例，说说新月派的格律诗特征。
【答案】3. 凝聚（契合）民族审美心理、由历代诗人探索实验、经过一个民族审美经验的长期积淀而形成的一种诗歌形式。
4. 欧化的自由诗（或白话诗）、中国民间的新民歌体诗（或歌谣体诗）中西汇合的新格律诗5. A6. 新格律诗的特征三美：音乐美、绘画美、建筑美。
音乐的美，如押韵或韵律和谐（韵脚分别为：来，彩；娘，漾；摇，草；虹，梦；溯，歌；箫，桥；来，彩）；回环复沓（首节和末节语意相似，节奏相同，构成回环呼应的结构形式）等。
绘画的美，多采用有色彩的词语：云彩、金柳、夕阳、波光、艳影、青荇、彩虹、青草、星辉斑斓，给读者以视觉上的色彩想像；每节的画面色彩鲜明，如向西天的云彩轻轻招手作别河畔的金柳倒映在康河里摇曳多姿；康河水底的水草在招摇着似乎有话对诗人说……具有流动的画面美。
建筑的美如诗行有变化，于参差变化中见整齐，给人以建筑的美感（四行一节，错落排列，字数相近，回环呼应）。
【解析】3. 试题分析：本题考查理解文中重点词语含义的能力，解答时既要理解词语的本义，还要理解词语的语境义，本题题干要求答出“审美范式”“在文中”的意思，也就是要答出这个词语的语境义。
第一段文章说“作为一种审美范式，古老的诗歌……”那就是说古老诗歌所具有的特点也就是“审美范式”的具体内容，因此可依据“往往是一个民族审美心理的凝聚，是历代诗人探索、实验的结晶，是一个民族审美经验的长期积淀”概括出答案。
4. 试题分析：本题要求填出的内容是对上文所说的“20年代新诗已出现三种类型的体制”的总结，也是对全文的总结。
结合上文“胡适的白话诗从体制到诗学都是西方的，刘大白的歌谣体从体制到诗学都是中国民间的，而闻一多的格律体则是中国体制与西方诗学的融汇”，可总结出三种诗歌的体制分别是“欧化的自由诗（或白话诗）”“中国民间的新民歌体诗（或歌谣体诗）”“中西汇合的新格律诗”。
5. 试题分析：A项，由原文第五段“然而，新诗是个例外。
新诗是由知识分子率先发起的一种自上而下的诗歌体制”可知，中国古典诗歌的体制的确如选项所言，但新诗例外。
点睛：本题考查筛选文中信息的能力。
这类题目解答时要找出文章中相对应的语句，注意将选项转述内容与原文内容逐一相对。
概念不能随意扩大或缩小，因果、前后关系不能颠倒。
同时还要注意选项肢之间的比较，如果选项中有内容矛盾的选项必有一错。
注意叙述角度和表达方式的转换。
分辨可能与必然、必然与或然、未然与已然、全称与特称。
推断不夸大不缩小，不无中生有。
6. 试题分析：本题将现代文阅读与诗歌鉴赏结合起来考查，要求考生用选文中的知识解读课内学过的诗歌。
解答时可先由原文“诗的实力不独包括音乐的美（音节），绘画的美（词藻），并且还有建筑的美（节的匀称与句的均齐）”概括出“新月派的格律诗特征”有“音乐的美（音节）”“绘画的美（词藻）”“建筑的美（节的匀称与句的均齐）”，然后以《再别康桥》为例，分别证明这些特征即可。
阅读下文，完成第下面小题。
伟大的小孩子西帕李娟①“还在吉尔阿特的时候，有一次看到卡西准备用洗衣粉来洗头发，我大惊，大喊道：“啊不可以！”连忙拿出自己的洗发水给她用。
结果这家伙一下子就给我全部用完了。
卡西用完洗发水开始清头发时，直接把顶着泡沫的脑袋插．进浅浅的小半盆清水中晃荡．．两下就捞．出来，然后用毛巾用力擦干。
②卡西帕洗衣服的情景也很恐怖，她把肮脏得快要板结的裤子和内衣被罩泡在一起洗。
打上羊油肥皂揉啊揉啊的，揉出来的黑水又黏又稠，泥浆似的。
洗完了也不清洗，直接从泥浆水中捞出来拧一拧就晾起来了。
不过有一次我总算看到她清洗了一遍。
但清洗过的水也同样的黑乎乎，黏答答的。
③卡西十五岁，还是个孩子啊，这样马马虎虎、百事不晓地打发着自己的生活，扎克拜妈妈为什么不教她呢？我看妈妈洗衣服的情形就地道多了。
就像卡西做的饭，无论再难吃扎克拜妈妈也从不加以指责。
似乎不忍打击她的积极性，要等她自己先将“做饭”一事纳入生活中理所当然的轨道，然后再等待她自个儿慢慢去发现技术上的问题。
反正妈妈最善于等待了。
④因为卡西不可能一辈子做饭都那德性的，毕竟她也在不断地接触做饭这种事情的“真实内容”——她会在亲戚家做客，到了繁华地方她也会上小馆子……总之，总有一天她会发现好吃的饭与不好吃的饭之间的区别，她会疑惑。
2017-2018学年度高一语文第二学期期末试卷 含答案
2017-2018学年度第二学期第二次月考（全二册）高一年级语文试卷命题人：校对：考试时长：150 分钟分值：150 分I 卷（选择题，共44分）一基础知识单项选择题(本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分。
在下列各小题的备选答案中，选择一个正确的答案)1.下列加点的字注音，错误最多的一项是（）A.憎．恶（zèng）岑．寂（cán）流涎．（yán）锱．铢必较（zhī）B.目眦．（zì）攻讦．（jiān）拉纤．（qiàn）一蹴．而就（cù）C.瞋．目（chēng）绮．丽（yǐ）得逞．（chěng）昙．花一现（tán）D.折腾．（teng）帷．幕（weí）露．穷（lù）清沁．肺腑（qìng）2.下列词语中，错别字最多的一项是（）A.不及不离挥豁无度珍羞美味源源不断B.抱残守却诩诩如生转瞬即逝迫在眉睫C.相形见拙烟熏火燎宠然大物屈指可数D.莫名其妙震耳欲聋猝不及防冠冕堂煌3.下列词语中，加点字解释完全正确的一项是（）A．待人接物．（物体）自鸣．得意（表示）无动于衷．（内心）B.疾．言厉色（急速）胡作非．为（不对）灭顶．．之灾（水漫过头顶）C.自顾不暇．（时间）冥思苦．想（用心）一丝不苟．（苟且、马虎）D.小心．．谨慎（留心）纵横交错．(叉开) 有史可稽．（考核、核查）4.依次填入下列句子横线处的关联词，最恰当的是（）也有的播迁他邦，重振雄风；也有的昙花一现，未老而先亡。
————，————它们内容的深浅，作用的大小，时间的久暂，空间的广狭，————它们存在过，————都是传统文化。
A.不过如果只要便B.不过即使如果就C.但是不管只要便D.但是也许如果就5.下列句子中标点使用规范的一项（）A.“你打碎了我的盘子”，她很低沉地说：“我的小儿子没有饭吃了。
”B. 做年夜饭不能拉风箱——呱嗒呱嗒的风箱声会破坏神秘感——因此要烧最好的草、棉花柴或者豆秸。
上海市浦东新区2021-2022学年高一上学期期末考试语文试题 Word版含答案
浦东新区2021学年度第一学期期末教学质量检测高一语文试卷考生留意：本试卷设试卷和答题纸两部分。
全部答案必需做在试答题纸上，坐在试卷上一律不得分。
一积累应用6分1．按要求填空。
（4分）（1）怅寥廓，，谁主沉浮。
（毛泽东《沁园春•长沙》）（2），长河落日圆。
（王维《使至塞上》）（3）陶渊明《饮酒》中与“可意会，不行言传”意思相同的诗句是：，。
2．按要求选择。
（2分）下列句子中，加点的传统礼貌用语表述正确的一句是（）（2分）A．你的文稿，我已看了，对其中不妥当的几处，我斗胆加以斧正．．。
B．探望伴侣，可以说，“特意来看您”，也可以说“特意光临寒舍．．．．”。
C．我们家家教很严，令尊．．经常告诫我们，到社会上要清清白白做人D．令郎．．不愧是丹青世家子弟，他画的马无不惟妙惟肖、栩栩如生。
二阅读54分（一）阅读下文，完成第3-6题。
（11分）①任何一种艺术样式都以其特定的审美范式与民族心理契合。
不管人们如何狂热地用“世界性”、“现代性”、“后现代”、“后殖民”、“全球化”之类的术语涂抹即将到来的21世纪，民族特性照旧是艺术的本质属性之一。
放逐民族性必将置艺术于无根状态。
作为一种审美范式．．．．，古老的诗歌往往是一个民族审美心理的分散，是历代诗人探究、试验的结晶，是一个民族审美阅历的长期积淀。
如意大利的十四行、波斯的柔巴依、日本的俳句、中国的律诗……②那么，新诗是否完成审美范式与民族心理的契合呢？③中国诗歌史进展的一个基本规律是：诗歌体制起自民间，兴于文士，最终成为一种主要审美范式。
④中国古典诗歌历经二千年试验、积淀，从四言、五言到七言，至唐代格律诗体制完备，产生了中国人傲慢的唐诗。
由于方块字的音形特征，格律诗汇融节奏、韵律、修辞与建筑之美，成为汉语诗的黄金范式。
伴随这一审美范式的成熟，汉语诗学也进展为一门系统的学科。
天才李白、杜甫是汉语诗的顶峰大师，他们把握、运用汉语诗的审美范式，并将这一审美范式推向成熟，但他们无力转变这一范式。
上海市浦东新区区2017-2018学年度高三第一学期期末质量监控英语试卷
上海市浦东新区区2017-2018学年度高三第一学期期末质量监控英语试卷第Ⅰ卷Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension（25 分）Section A – Short ConversationsDirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. In a gym. B. In a shoe-repair shop.C. In a department store.D. At a track.2. A. $200. B. $400.C. $250.D. $500.3. A. Take classes. B. Find a job.C. Learn more.D. Get ready for the next term.4. A. To leave her a message with her roommate. B. To solve a problem in his homework.C. To talk with her roommate.D. To ask about his homework.5. A. He likes physics. B. His physics is the best in the class.C. He is working hard at physics.D. His physics is very poor in the class.6. A. A sportsman. B. A doctor.C. A news reporter.D. A game designer.7. A. Unforgettable. B. Impressive.C. Pleasant.D. Disappointing.8. A. Coins and banknotes. B. Weights and measures.C. Shapes and areas.D. Volumes and sizes.9. A. It’s too crowded and he can’t breathe very well. B. The next stop is the terminal station.C. The next stop is their stop.D. A lot of people get off at the next stop.10. A. The Parking places are very far away. B. He had no problem finding the park.C. There is enough parking space.D. He isn’t very good at parking the car.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Question 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11. A. The driver took the wrong route. B. He missed his flight.C. He failed to get to the airport.D. His taxi got stuck in a traffic jam.12. A. One of the wings caught fire. B. The plane encountered a strong storm.C. There was something wrong with the engine.D. The hijacker forced the captain to do so.13. A. He had forgotten to lock his front door. B. He had lost his keys to the front door.C. He had left his luggage in the taxi.D. He had picked up the wrong suitcase.Question 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. Women now want to be car repairwomen instead of teachers.B. Women tend to do jobs that are traditionally intended for men.C. More girls are choosing fixed jobs in Scotland.D. British women choose non-traditional jobs more than women in other countries.15. A. Because women see many job opportunities on TV.B. Because women feel car repairing is cool on TV.C. Because women are influenced by their stars on TV.D. Because women are told about job choices by career officers on TV.16. A. Britain needs more women to do non-traditional jobs.B. The media should call for women to do non-traditional jobs.C. British women have taken up too many traditional jobs for men.D. The change in men’s attitudes is not important for women job choices.Question 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. For ten years. B. For nine years. C. For eight years. D. For one year.18. A. She is more concentrated on her career. B. She is not sure about the marriage.C. She’s holding hatred against Frank.D. She’s not comfortable with children around.19. A. Keeping persuading Claire. B. Give up and compromise.C. Fight harder with Claire.D. Give Claire some time.20. A. They have just been to Hawaii for a holiday.B. They cannot reach an agreement on having a baby.C. They are planning to get a divorce.D. They are trying to overcome career crisis.Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary（20 分）Section ADirections: Read the following passage. Fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word. For the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.As a young child, Ann Makosinski would spend hours experimenting with her toys and other everyday objects around her to create her own inventions.Now a first-year Arts student, Makosinski is a well-known inventor and entrepreneu（r创业者）. She won the2015Sustainable Entrepreneurship Award of Excellence,21recognizes innovative business solutions to social problems—the same recognition given to Barack Obama in 2014. Her own inventions, the Hollow Flashlight and the e-Drink, have been causing excitementinternationally 22 their creation.At the age of 15, Makosinski created a prototype（原型）for a flashlight 23 （power） by the heat of one’s hand. This invention was the result of a ninth grade science project, but Makosinski’s goal was 24 （o ffer）a practical solution to people with unlimited access to power and electricity.“I’m half-Filipino and half-Polish, and one of my friends from the Philippines told me that she failed school 25 she couldn’t afford electricity. She had no light to study with at night, so that was kind of the inspiration,”Makosinski explained.“I’ve always been interested in doing science projects, so I thought, why don’t I find a way to provide her and a lot of other people with light?”The Hollow Flashlight is made from Peltier tiles（珀耳贴贴片）that produce energy when one side 26 （heat）and the other side remains cool. The flashlight can produce a steady beam of LED lightfor 20 minutes, 27 （use）only the warmth of the human hand.Her advice to other student innovators?“S tart now. There 28 be nothing holding you back. Some students at colleges or even in high school think‘Oh, I’m a student. I just need to study.’ 29 may think it important to make friends and be social. The truth is, you can do a lot of other things. You can do 30 you want. Just go ahead.”Section BDirections: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A. potentiallyB. filmedC. droppedD. commonlyE. treatsF. sympathyG. sensitive H. eyebrow I. domesticated J. selection K. confidentPuppy Dog Eyes Are for the Benefits of HumansDogs make puppy dog eyes for the benefit of humans and rarely use the pleasing facial expression when on their own, a new study has shown.It has long been assumed that animal facial expressions are involuntary and dependent on emotional state rather than a way to communicate.But scientists at the University’s Dog Cognition Centre at Portsmouth University have found that dogs mostly use facial expressions when humans are present, as a direct response to attention. Puppy dog eyes, in which the 31 is raised to make the eyes appear wider and sadder, was foundto be the most 32 used expression in the study. Researchers do not know whether the dogs are aware they look sadder, or have just learned that widening their eyes invites 33 a nd affection in humans.Dog cognition expert Dr Juliane Kaminski: “We can now be 34 that the production of facial expressions made by dogs are dependent on the attention state of their audience and are notjust a result of dogs being excited.”“In our study they produced far more expressions when someone was watching, but seeing food 35 did not have the same effect.”“The findings appear to support evidence dogs are 36 to humans’ attention and that expressions are 37 active attempts to communicate, not simple emotional displays.” The researchers studied 24 dogs of various breeds, aged one to 12. All were family pets. Each dog was tied by a lead a metre away from a person, and the dogs’ faces were 38 throughout a rangeof exchanges, from the person being oriented towards the dog, to being distracted and with her body turned away from the dog.facial They found that when a human was not watching the animal,they39 expressions.Dr Kaminski said it is possible that dogs’ expressions have evolved as they were 40 . “Domestic dogs have a unique history –they have lived alongside humans for 30,000 years and during that time selection pressures seem to have acted on dogs’ability to communicate with us, ”she said.Ⅲ. Reading comprehension（45 分）Section ADirections：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.When I was a child of seven years old, my friends, on a holiday, filled my pocket with coppers.I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children. Being 41 with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way, in the hands of another boy, I handed over all my money for one.I then came home, and went whistling all over the house, much pleased with my whistle, but 42 all the family. My brothers and sisters and cousins, when I told of the43 I had made, said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth. They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation( 烦恼). Thinking about the matter gave me more44 than the whistle gave me pleasure.45 , this was afterwards of use to me, for the impression continued on my mind, so that often, when I was 46 to buy something I did not need, I said to myself, “Don’t give too muchfor the whistle, ” and I saved my money. As I grew up, came into the world, and 47 the actionsof men, I thought I met with many, very many, who “gave too much for the whistle.”If I knew a miser（守财奴）who 48 every kind of comfortable living, all the pleasure of doing good to others, all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship,___49__gathering and keeping wealth--- “Poor man,” said I, “ you pay too dear for your whistle.”When I met a man of pleasure, who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but_____devoted himself to having a good time, perhaps neglecting his health, “ Mistaken man, you are providing51 for yourself, instead of pleasure; you are paying too dear for your whistle.” If I saw someone fond of 52 who has fine clothes, fine houses, fine furniture, fine earrings, all above his 53 , and for which he had run into debt, and ends his career in a prison. “Alas,” said I, “he has paid dear, very dear, for his whistle.” 54 , the miseries of mankind are largely due to their puffing a(n) 55 value on things --- to giving “too much for their whistle.”41. A. faced B. charmed C. sympathized D. provided42. A. disturbing B. attracting C. entertaining D. confusing43. A. trouble B. attempt C. choice D. bargain44. A. satisfaction B. relief C. annoyance D. stress45. A. Moreover B. Therefore C. However D. Indeed46. A. tempted B. determined C. forced D. persuaded47. A. took B. observed C. admired D. followed48. A. turned against B. gave up C. cared about D. relied on49. A. in case of B. instead of C. for the sake of D. in terms of50. A. merely B. similarly C. strangely D. positively51. A. inconvenience B. burden C. frustration D. pain52. A. appearance B. wealth C. comforts D. necessities53. A. demand B. fortune C. standard D. value54. A. As a result B. By contrast C. On average D. In short55. A. unexpected B. great C. false D. extraSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）When you think about coffee alternatives, garlic is probably one of the last things that comes to mind, but that is exactly the ingredient that one Japanese inventor used to create a drink that looks and tastes like coffee.74-year-old Yokitomo Shimotai, a coffee shop owner in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, claims that his unique “garlic coffee” is the result of a cooking blunder he made over 30 years ago, when he burned a steak and garlic while waiting tables at the same time. Intrigued by the scorched garlic’s aroma, he mashed it up with a spoon and mixed it with hot water. The resulting drink looked and tasted a lot like coffee. Making a mental note of his discovery, Yokimoto carried on with his job, and only started researching garlic coffee again after he retired.Committed to turning his weird drink into a commercial product, Yokitomo Shimotai spent years optimizing the formula, and about five years ago, he finally achieved a result he was satisfied with. To make his dissolvable garlic grounds, he roasts the cloves in an electric oven, and, after they’ve cooled off, smashes them into fine particles and packs them in dripbags.“My drink is probably the world’s first of its kind,” the garlic coffee inventor told Kyodo News. “It contains no caffeine so it’s good for those who would like to drink coffee at night or pregnant women.”“The bitterness of burned garlic apparently helps create the coffee-like flavor,” Shimotai adds. He claims that, although his garlic coffee does give off an aroma of roasted garlic, it doesn’t cause bad breath, because the garlic is thoroughly cooked. And if you can get past the smell, the drink apparently does taste a lot like actual coffee.If decaf isn’t good enough for you, and you’re in the mood for something new, you can try Yokitomo Shimotai’s garlic coffee at his shop, in the city of Ninohc, Iwate Prefecture, or buy your own dripbags for just 324 yen（$2.8）.56. Which word is the closest in meaning to the underlined word “blunder ”in the second paragraph?A. mistakeB. showC. mixtureD. brand57. Who is not suitable to drink garlic coffee?A. A woman bearing a baby.B. A student having trouble with sleep.C. A cleaner working on a day shift.D. A young lady sick of garlic.58. Which of the following is not characteristic of garlic coffee?A. It is caffeine-free.B. Garlic powder dissolves in water.C.The burnt garlic creates bitterness.D. It is an improvement on a garlic dish.59. Which of the following can be used to describe Yokitomo Shimotai?A. venturous and greedyB. innovative and perseverantC. hardworking and cautiousD. observant and helpful（B）How an advertisement is put togetherWhen you read an advertisement there are many factors you should consider, including: target audiencebrand namessloganspictures and colourspecial offers/couponsemotive/persuasive vocabularyTarget audienceAdvertisers aim particular products at different groups of people according to age, sex, social class and interests. They will often make assumptions about people and label or stereotype them.Who do you think these products would be aimed at: nappies, diamonds, mint chocolates, sports cars?What kind of products would be aimed at these people: teenagers, 25-year-old single men, 40-year-old working mums?Brand namesBrand names are chosen carefully. They can suggest particular lifestyles, values or interests and are intended to appeal to the target audience.Nissan Primera: this suggests quality. Primera is similar to premium and premier.Ford Ka: the spelling of Ka suggests novelty and simplicity. It is modern and futuristic. It is also bound to stick in your mind when you are looking for a new car!SlogansA slogan has to be catchy and memorable. Slogans use a range of devices: alliteration, repetition, puns, questions, personal pronouns and humour.Have a break. Have a Kit Kat. RepetitionThe totally tropical taste. AlliterationPicture and colourAll pictures try to make you feel something and most are biased, even photographs. They create aview of what the world is like using different tricks such as lighting and colour.Different colours have different associations that can be linked to particular products.Yellow: freshness, sunlight, lemons. This colour would be good for advertising washing up liquid. Green: countryside, natural, healthy. What would you use this colour for ?What do you associate these colours with: red, black, orange, gold, blue?Special offers/couponsAdvertisers often appear to offer something for nothing’: if you buy one product you will receive another one free or half price. These offers are incentive to try a new product or to encourage loyalty to an existing one.Emotive/persuasive vocabularyIn advertising you will find lots of words and phrases that are intended to persuade you or appeal to your emotions.mouthwatering silky free chocolateromantic creamy luxurious like mum used to make60. What color is suitable for dishwashing liquid?A. Green.B. Red.C. Orange.D. Yellow.61. Which of the following slogans applies the device alliteration?A. Mosquito Bye Bye Bye.（RADAR）B. We do, we said.（HENNESSY）C. M&Ms melt in your mouth（M&Ms）D. Start ahead.（RLJOICE）62. According to the passage, to reta.n the regular customers, advertising companies tend to.A. impress them with colorful picturesB. use promotional strategiesC. change slogans frequentlyD. create eye-catching brand names（C）Dental health: Brush with confidenceChildren should be taught to brush their teeth regularly. But the suspicion remains among some people, dentists included, that even so, certain children are doomed to develop dental cavities. The hypothesis behind this fear is that some combinations of genes may give rise to the sorts of oral bacteria which are responsible for cavities. If true, that would be sad for the youngsters concerned. But a study just published in Cell Host and Microbe, by Andres Gomez and Karen Nelson of the J. Craig Venter Institute, in San Diego, suggests it isn’t true.The mouth is home to many species of microbes. Most are good. Some, though, are well known to secrete acidic waste products when fed sugar. This acidity weakens teeth, causing them to decay.To try to find out whether a child’s genes play any role in encouraging such acid-secreting bugs, Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson set up an experiment with twins.Their“volunteers”were 280 pairs of fraternal twins and 205 pairs of identical twins, all agedbetween five and 11, who had not taken antibiotics during the previous six months. The children were asked to stop brushing their teeth the evening and the morning before the crucial moment of data collection. This was when the researchers swabbed the children’s gingival sulci（the clefts betweenteeth and gums, in which bacteria collect）to find out what was there. The children also had their teethscored by dentists as belonging to one of three categories: having no signs of current or previous dental cavities: having signs of current or previous cavities affecting the enamel（a tooth’s hard, outer layer）; or having signs of cavities that penetrated the enamel and allected the underlying dentine as well.Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson found that, though identical twins shared many groups of bacteria which were not shared by fraternal twins, none of these was a type responsible for cavities. Moreover, similarities in bacterial flora were greatest among five-to seven-year-olds, weaker among seven- to nine-year-olds and weakest among nine-to 11-year-olds. This suggests that any role genes do play in regulating the mouth’s ecology fades with time.Far from supporting the idea that some children are fated to suffer from cavities no matter how well they brush their teeth, these results make it clear that the power to control the growth of the relevant bacteria is very much within reach of children and their parents. Brushing, however, may not be the only approach. Avoiding sugary foods is obviously de rigueur. It seems likely, though, that which other foods a child eats may help shape his oral ecosystem, too. This is an area of ongoing research. But, as in the intestines（肠道）, so in the mouth, scientific medicine is at last coming to grips with the fact that the mixture of microbes present is both important and capable of manipulation, to the benefit of the host.63. What doe s“hypothesis”refer to in paragraph 1?A. Children’s failure to brush their teeth properly leads to tooth decay.B. Some children are programmed to develop tooth decay.C. Youngsters are suspicious of the effectiveness of tooth-brushing.D. Some genes are more likely to lead to dental cavites.64. Dr Gomez and Dr Nelson conducted an experiment to find out .A. whether genes have anything to do with dental decayB. which group of twins are more likely to have decayed teethC. what kinds of foods tend to give rise to tooth decayD. why the ecosystem of the intestines is similar to that of the mouth65. Which of the following statements is UNTRUE according to the passage?A. Scientists are not yet sure how ecosystem of the mouth is formed.B. The role genes play in controlling ecosystem of the mouth weakens with the time.C. The children are classified into three groups according to the degrees of dental cavities.D.Identical twins are not as genetically close to each other as fraternal twins.66. What can we learn from the last paragraph?A. The existence of multiple microbes benefits children’s oral ecosystem.B. What a child eats enhances the healthfulness of a child’s oral ecosystem.C. Cutting down on sugar intake is the most likely way to prevent tooth decay.D. Parents are in no position to help their children maintain healthy oral ecosystem.Section CDirections: Read the following passage and choose the most suitable statement from A-F for each Blank. There are two extra statements, which you do not need.A. Reality has begun to catch up with the imagination of the film’s writer.B. Nanotechnology is one of the most exciting fields of research in the world today.C.When this becomes possible, great changes will take place in numerous fields.D. Small as they are, large quantities of them can make a difference and work wonders.E.Nanotechnology is also responsible for tremendous advances in many other fields.F. They carry medicine with them as they travel though the body, seeking our cancer cells.Nanotechnology Grows FastThanks to advances in technology, the science fiction of the past has become the“science fact”o f today, like the 1966 sci-fi Fantastic V oyag（e《神奇旅程》）. In the film, a man with very important knowledge was dying. The only way to save him was by using experimental miniaturization technology. A number of scientists were shrunk to a tiny size and injected into the man’s body to locate the source of the problem and save him.67Over the past several decades, the science of nanotechnology has been developing rapidly, and, just as in the film, it involves working with objects of a very small size.Something very similar to the medial procedure seen in Fantastic Voyage is already being used to help save lives today. Tiny crystals known as“quanturn dots（量子点）”，whose diametersare one thousandth of a human hair, are injected into the body of a cancer patient. 68 Upon finding a tumor, these quantum dots release their medicine, and then light themselves up tso that doctors can see exactly where the cancer cells are.69 We may soon find our everyday lives being affected by it. Are you tired of having to charge the batteries in your mobile devices? Soon, you don’t need to. Scientists are working on solar-cell vests that will absorb energy from the sun as you walk around and provide power for your devices.Eric Drexler, an author and scientist, believes that nanotechnology will lead to a new kind of manufacturing, one in which products are assembled atom by atom. By rearranging atoms, you can turn one kind of molecule into another. For example, a wood molecule can be transformed into a metal molecule. If this is done many times according to a design, a large object such as an ax might eventually be created, just by rearranging atoms. 70 .Although we have already seen its first practical applications, even more dramatic advances will be made in the future.Ⅳ. Surmmary Writing（10 分）Directions：R ead the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.According to an official report on youth violence.“In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence.”Given that this is the case, why aren’t students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?First of all, students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable. It is reported that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult. For example, a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime. Laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults, which in turn can lead to violence.If the conflict occurs, students can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution: stay calm. Once the student feels calmer. Once the student feels calmer. He or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well. Rude words and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire while soft words can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.After that, they can use another key strategy for conflict resolution. Listening allows the two sides to understand each other. One person should describe his or her side: and the other person should listen without interrupting. Afterwards, the listener can ask non-threatening questions to clarify the speaker’s position. Then the two people should change roles.Finally, students need to consider what they are hearing. An argument doesn’t mean trying to figure out the fault of the other person but means understanding what the real issue is. As the issue becomes clearer, the conflict often simply becomes smaller.（280 words）第Ⅱ卷Ⅴ. Translation（15 分）Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.1. 为了安全起见，小孩不应该被单独留在家里。
上海市浦东新区2017-2018学年高一上学期期末英语试题及答案解析
上海市浦东新区2017-2018学年高一上学期期末考试英语试题注意事项：1．答题前填写好自己的姓名、班级、考号等信息2．请将答案正确填写在答题卡上第I卷（选择题）一、完形填空How many of you drink Cola? Nearly everybody. Did you know that cola started out not as a soft drink but as a cur e for headache back in the late 1800’s? John S. Pamberton, a druggist from Atlanta, had experimented for many months trying to find a 1 for the common headache. He worked in his backyard, mixing and heating different mixtures of oils and flavors （香料） 2 he found one that seemed to work well. Pamberton bottled the mixture and began selling it in drugstores as a concentrated（浓缩的）syrup（糖浆）that the customer had to 3 with water before drinking. The invention of Cola came about quite by accident. One day, a customer came into a drugstore complaining of a headache and 4 a bottle of cola syrup. He wanted to take it 5 . So he asked the clerk to mix the medicine while he waited. The clerk, 6 walking to the other end of the counter to get plain water, 7 mixing the syrup with soda water. The customer agreed, and after drinking it, 8 how good it tasted. The clerk continued offering the mixture and it grew in 9 . Today this kind of Cola is sold in most countries around the world. And although they no longer 10 the ingredients to kill headache, they are still very refreshing.1．A．reason B．mixture C．source D．remedy 2．A．as B．until C．after D．since 3．A．fill B．mix C．eat D．milk 4．A．left for B．accounted for C．applied for D．asked for 5．A．right away B．for nothing C．sooner or later D．back home 6．A．in addition to B．instead of C．except for D．as well as 7．A．admitted B．preferred C．suggested D．enjoyed8．A．told B．proved C．remarked D．wondered 9．A．surprise B．popularity C．confusion D．history 10．A．support B．provide C．ensure D．contain二、阅读理解Another person’s enthusiasm（热情）was what set me moving toward the success I have achieved. That person was my stepmother.I was nine years old when she entered our home in the countryside of Virginia. My father introduced me to her with these words: “I would like you to meet the fellow who is well known for being the worst boy in this county and will probably start throwing rocks at you no later than tomorrow morning.”My stepmother walked over to me, raised my head slightly upward, and looked at me right in the eye. Then she looked at my father and replied, “You are wrong. This is not the worst boy at all, but the smartest one who hasn’t yet found a way to give out his enthusiasm.”That statement began a friendship between us. No one had ever called me smart, My family and neighbors had built me up in my mind as a bad boy. My stepmother changed all that.She changed many things. She persuaded my father to go to a dental school, from which he gra duated with honors. She moved our family into the county seat, where my father’s career could be more successful and my brother and I could be better educated.When I turned fourteen, she bought me a secondhand typewriter and told me that she believed that I could become a writer. I knew her enthusiasm, and I saw how it had already improved our lives. I accepted her belief and began to write for local newspapers and finally reached the goal she set for me. I wasn’t the only beneficiary. My father became the wealthiest man in town. My brother and stepbrothers became a physician, a dentist, a lawyer, and a college president.11．What does the author mean by “I wasn’t the only beneficiary”?A．His stepmother bought typewriters for other family members, too.B．Not only he but also his family gained from his stepmother’s enthusiasm.C．Other family members’ enthusiasm has great effe cts on his stepmother.D．There were other boys who behaved as badly as he did.12．According to the author, ______ before his stepmother came into his life.A．his father had been away from home for a long timeB．people had noticed his intelligenceC．he knew how to release his enthusiasm properlyD．he was considered a rude boy with wild behaviors13．The author’s stepmother did all the following EXCEPT ______.A．giving some writing lessons to him at homeB．moving the family into the centre of the countyC．planning the future for each family memberD．praising him from the bottom of her heart14．Which of the following best serves as the title of the passage?A．Enthusiasm, a Source of AuthorityB．Enthusiasm, a Gift from my FatherC．Enthusiasm, a Trend in FamiliesD．Enthusiasm, a Power for SuccessFamily fights are never pleasant. Whether you are dealing with a loud sister or a stubborn mom or dad, the situation can be bad. At least that’s what we have learned to expect.What if it could be different? What if family fights and conflicts could be turned into opportunities to become closer? What if problems could be solved with everyone walking away feeling more deeply cared for and loved?Family fighting is, on one level, about power. Someone is telling someone else what to do. In a short moment, emotions can be brought out and the fight is on. You can go down that old road or you can try something different.In any fight, you have a need to be listened to and understood. People raise their voices and shout at each ot her because they’re not being listened to. It’s totally unconscious. You want your mom or dad to listen and understand. But you always seems to forget the person you’re fighting with has the same need to be listened to. So if you can put aside your need for a few minutes, the situation will change quickly. Give the other person some time to express his or her feelings, and you will earn your turn to be listened to.And while you are listening, you have to listen for the right information. The best way to do this in emotional situations is to forget most of the words because many people can’t express what they are feeling with words alone, especially when they are upset.But if the situation starts to get out of hand, it would be wise to just calm down and leave the problem until later because many fights happen at the wrong time. The situation will die down quickly, usually in less than 30 seconds. You can either move on to problem solving or reach an agreement to work on it at a better time.This way, everyone will feel respected and listened to, even when there is conflict. Emotions will be understood and respected, and it will bring your family closer together. 15．From the first 3 paragraphs, we can conclude that ______.A．people had better avoid family fights.B．family members fight to control each otherC．family fights can be changed into something positiveD．when family members fight, it’s worse as they know each other’s weakness16．In the author’s opinion, the key to dealing with family fights is to ______.A．satisfy the need to be listened to firstB．make sure that you’re the first to be listened toC．pay no attention to what others say in emotional situationsD．stop quarrelling when you feel you are giving orders17．When the situation gets out of contro l, it’s best to ______.A．wait for a suitable moment to speakB．let the other person express their feelingsC．work on a written agreement firstD．move on to problem solving18．The main purpose of this article is to ______.A．tell readers that family fights are not that badB．teach reader how to listen in family fightsC．remind readers to show respect in family fightsD．give advice on dealing with family fights第II卷（非选择题）三、语法填空Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Steel, concrete（混凝土）and glass are common materials in any skyscrapers. But more high buildings are now using wood. In the last four years, Australia, Norway, England and Canada 19．(build) wooden skyscrapers. The latest one is in Sweden, 20．new, 19-storey wooden hotel called “Sida vid Sida” (side by side).Why are wooden skyscrapers chosen ahead of concrete 21．?Wood 22．(use) in many Chinese buildings for thousands of years, but is it strong enough for skyscrapers?“There are a whole bunch of new materials made out of wood 23．are structurally able to build big buildings,” material expert Dr. Michael Ramage told CNN.Architects（建筑师）use woven（编制的）wood to make sure it is. They put layers of wood across one another coated with special glue 24．(create) a very strong material.Wood also lasts a long ti me and doesn’t rot（腐烂的）25．it is well looked after. Many examples can be found, one of 26．is the rooftops of Beijing’s Forbidden City.Ramage also said bamboo 27．be cut in special ways to make it far 28．(strong).四、选用适当的单词或短语补全短文Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.It is not unusual for us to gather with our nearest and dearest on the weekends. But do you know that holid ays, much like relationships, can be “made, 29．and broken” through conversations? Deborag Tannen, a Georgetown University linguistics（语言学）professor,believes so. She offers suggestions to improve communication at the holiday table and beyond. Let’s take a look.A round dining table is best for 30．a lively conversation because everyone faces one another.Avoid 31．grandparents at the ends of a rectangular table, even though it is the traditional place of honor. Elderly people may feel lonely there because they will be 32．to hear or keep up with a conversation.Women prefer to face each other and make eye contact when they talk. Men might look around at other things. “Guys may be more relaxed keeping staring on the TV,” says Tannen. “They’ll still be 33．, though.”Be 34．that people have different ways of talking. Each person has a different sense of tone, rhythm, timing and how long of a pause is normal in a conversation. Pay attention to people who seem left out. If you feel you are doing all the talking, hold back to give others a chance to join in. If you feel you aren’t getting a chance to speak, try pushing yourself to start talking before it seems natural or 35．.Some families find that gatherings go more 36．if they participate in an outdoor activity. Going to a park for a walk may be more 37．than sitting around chatting.五、六选四Directions: Choose from the sentences A-F to complete the passage. There are two extra sentences which you do not need to use.It should be easy for you to recognize faces of your family and friends. But can you remember faces that you’ve only seen once? You might think it is very difficult.38．. They are the so-called “super recognizers”, who can remember at least 80 percent of the faces they’ve seen.39．. But studies shows that at least one person in every 50 is a super recognizer, reported the Daily Mail.Bournemouth University in the UK recently carried out research trying to find whether super recognizers have a different way to process faces. They have found that when these people look at faces, they spend more time looking at the person’s nose. 40．. Their super ability is limited to only to recognizing faces.Another important finding is that there are subtypes（子类型）of super recognition. Some super recognizers never forget faces. But for some, if you present a pair of faces to them at the same time, they can quickly decide whether the faces are of the same person or two different people.These subtypes of super recognition could be applied to many areas of life. 41．. Super recognizers could help match faces in CCTV footage（闭路电视镜头）. They could also help police spot bad guys or even missing people in crowds.A．However, studies have found a small number of people have amazing face recognition skills.B．Researchers have tried to find how certain people are so good at recognizing faces.C．It is also found that these people are not particularly smarter than others.D．It is unknown how many people truly have these skills.E．For instance, the skills could be very useful at a passport control checkpoint.F．Many super recognizers say they are good at spotting faces in a crowd.六、汉译英Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.42．经常锻炼，你会受益匪浅的。
上海市2017-2018学年高一上学期期末语文试卷及答案3套
梅山高级中学高一上学期语文期末试卷2018/1/16（一）阅读下文，完成1—5题。
（12分）①有的人读的书也不算少，如鲁迅所说，他们“从周朝人的文章，一直读到明朝人的文章，非常驳杂，脑子给古今各种马队践踏了一通之后，弄得乱七八糟，但蹄迹当然是有些存留的”，这就是所谓“有所得”。
还有一些“潦倒而至于昏聩的人，凡是好的，他总归得不到”。
前者缺乏独立思考能力，读书处于一种完全被动的全盘接受状态；后者则存在着“有色眼镜”的偏见，他只能接受那些与他的利益和偏见一致的东西。
这样的态度．．．．．最多只能做书籍的“俘虏”，是无法从中真正得到益处的。
②鲁迅强调“自己思索”，不能把自己变成“书橱”；如果“只能看别人的思想艺术”，就无异于“脑子里给别人跑马”，就会导致思想的“硬化”，使读书的效果走向反面。
思索并不是一种苦思冥想的内心反省活功，它以社会现实为根据，还必须同时“自己观察”，“用自己的眼睛去读世间这一部活书”；这也就是联系实际，因此他强调“必须和现实社会接触，使所读的书活起来”。
这其实就是鲁迅自己读书的态度和方法，他从不盲从书本，而是把书的内容同社会实际联系起来，加以观察和思索。
因此他常常能取精用宏，从常见的书籍中得出人们没有看出的精辟的新意。
譬如对于《二十四史》他□不像传统学者那样把这些所谓正史视为信史，□不是如五四时期某些人把它看成“相斫书”，“独夫的家谱”，□是在同野史和杂说的比较中，在同现实中“古已有之”的许多现象的观察中，经过认真的思考，认为只要善于清除历来史官那种“装腔作势”的涂饰，这些史书是写出了“中国的灵魂”的。
他说：“只因为涂饰太厚，废话太多，所以很不容易察出底细来。
正如通过密叶投射在莓苔上面的月光，只看见点点的碎影。
”所以要从书中获得真正的教益和可靠的知识，就必须能够拨开遮掩月光的密叶，使“碎影”成为普照的清辉。
对文学作品也是这样，他既充分地肯定了如《儒林外史》的“秉持公心，指摘时弊”，如《红楼梦》的“正因写实，转成新鲜”的杰出成就，也尖锐地指出了许多旧小说的掩盖矛盾、粉饰现实的“瞒”和“骗”的实质。
2017-2018学年上海市浦东新区高一(上)期末数学试卷
2017-2018学年上海市浦东新区高一（上）期末数学试卷一、填空题（共12小题，每小题3分，满分36分）1．（3.00分）设A={﹣2，﹣1，0，1，2}，B={x|x2+x=0}，则集合A∩B=．2．（3.00分）不等式|x﹣1|＜2的解集为．3．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=2x+m，其反函数y=f﹣1（x）图象经过点（3，1），则实数m的值为．4．（3.00分）命题“若A∩B=B，则B⊆A”是（真或假）命题．5．（3.00分）已知x＞1，则y=x+的最小值为．6．（3.00分）已知log32=a，则log324=（结果用a表示）7．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=，则f[f（）]=．8．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=，g（x）=x﹣1，若F（x）=f（x）•g（x），则F（x）的值域是．9．（3.00分）已知函数，且f（2）＜f（3），则实数k取值范围是．10．（3.00分）已知偶函数y=f（x）在区间[0，+∞）上的解析式为f（x）=x2﹣2x，则y=f（x）在区间（﹣∞，0）上的解析式f（x）=．11．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=|x2﹣2|﹣a有4个零点，则实数a的取值范围是．12．（3.00分）若函数y=f（x）的图象是折线段ABC，其中A（0，0），B（1，1），C（2，0），则函数y=x•f（x）（0≤x≤2）的图象与x轴围成的图形的面积为．二、选择题（共4小题，每小题3分，满分12分）13．（3.00分）已知实数a、b，且a＞b，下列结论中一定成立的是（）A．a2＞b2B．＜1C．2a＞2b D．14．（3.00分）函数的图象是（）A．B．C．D．15．（3.00分）函数f（x）=x2+2（a﹣1）x+2在（﹣∞，4]上是减函数，则实数a的取值范围是（）A．a=5B．a≥5C．a=﹣3D．a≤﹣316．（3.00分）根据有关资料，围棋状态空间复杂度的上限M约为3361，而可观测宇宙中普通物质的原子总数N为1080，则下列各数中与最接近的是（）A．1033B．1053C．1073D．1093三、解答题（共5小题，满分52分）17．（8.00分）已知a＞0，试比较与的值的大小．18．（10.00分）已知集合A={x|+1≤0}，B={x|（）a•2x=4}，若A∪B=A，求实数a的取值范围．19．（10.00分）判断并证明函数f（x）=在区间（﹣1，0）上的单调性．20．（10.00分）如图，在半径为40cm的半圆（O为圆心）形铁皮上截取一块矩形材料ABCD，其中A，B在直径上，C，D在圆周上．（1）设AD=x，将矩形ABCD的面积y表示为x的函数，并写出定义域（2）应怎样截取，才能使矩形ABCD的面积最大？最大面积是多少？21．（14.00分）已知函数f（x）=log a x+b（a＞0，a≠1）的图象经过点（8，2）和（1，﹣1）（1）求f（x）的解析式（2）若[f（x）]2=3f（x），求实数x的值（3）令y=g（x）=2f（x+1）﹣f（x），求y=g（x）的最小值，及取最小值时x的值．2017-2018学年上海市浦东新区高一（上）期末数学试卷参考答案与试题解析一、填空题（共12小题，每小题3分，满分36分）1．（3.00分）设A={﹣2，﹣1，0，1，2}，B={x|x2+x=0}，则集合A∩B={﹣1，0}．【分析】解不等式得出集合B，再求A∩B．【解答】解：A={﹣2，﹣1，0，1，2}，B={x|x2+x=0}={x|x=0或x=﹣1}={﹣1，0}，则集合A∩B={﹣1，0}．故答案为：{﹣1，0}．【点评】本题考查了集合的化简与运算问题，是基础题．2．（3.00分）不等式|x﹣1|＜2的解集为（﹣1，3）．【分析】由不等式|x﹣1|＜2，可得﹣2＜x﹣1＜2，解得﹣1＜x＜3．【解答】解：由不等式|x﹣1|＜2可得﹣2＜x﹣1＜2，∴﹣1＜x＜3，故不等式|x﹣1|＜2的解集为（﹣1，3），故答案为：（﹣1，3）．【点评】本题考查查绝对值不等式的解法，关键是去掉绝对值，化为与之等价的不等式来解．3．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=2x+m，其反函数y=f﹣1（x）图象经过点（3，1），则实数m的值为1．【分析】由题意得，函数f（x）=2x+m经过点（1，3），从而得出关于m的方程，解此方程即可得答案．【解答】解：∵其反函数y=f﹣1（x）的图象经过点（3，1），∴函数f（x）=2x+m经过点（1，3），∴2+m=3∴m=1，故答案为：1．【点评】反函数是函数知识中重要的一部分内容．对函数的反函数的研究，我们应从函数的角度去理解反函数的概念，从中发现反函数的本质，并能顺利地应用函数与其反函数间的关系去解决相关问题．4．（3.00分）命题“若A∩B=B，则B⊆A”是真（真或假）命题．【分析】由A∩B=B，得B⊆A．【解答】解：∵A∩B=B，∴B⊆A，∴命题“若A∩B=B，则B⊆A”是真命题．故答案为：真．【点评】本题考查命题的真假判断，考查交集、子集等基础知识，考查运算求解能力，考查函数与方程思想，是基础题．5．（3.00分）已知x＞1，则y=x+的最小值为3．【分析】变形利用基本不等式的性质即可得出．【解答】解：∵x＞1，∴x﹣1＞0，∴y=x+=（x﹣1）++1+1=3，当且仅当x=2时取等号．则y=x+的最小值为3．故答案为：3．【点评】本题考查了变形利用基本不等式的性质，属于基础题．6．（3.00分）已知log32=a，则log324=1+3a（结果用a表示）【分析】利用对数运算性质即可得出．【解答】解：log32=a，则log324==1+3log32=1+3a．故答案为：1+3a．【点评】本题考查了对数运算性质，考查了推理能力与计算能力，属于基础题．7．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=，则f[f（）]=﹣7．【分析】根据分段函数的表达式，利用代入法进行求解即可．【解答】解：由分段函数的表达式得f（）=log3=﹣2，则f（﹣2）=（﹣2）3+1=﹣8+1=﹣7，故答案为：﹣7【点评】本题主要考查函数值的计算，根据分段函数的表达式利用代入法是解决本题的关键．8．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=，g（x）=x﹣1，若F（x）=f（x）•g（x），则F（x）的值域是[0，）∪（，+∞）．【分析】求出函数的定义域并化简，然后求出x+2的范围，开方得答案．【解答】解：F（x）=f（x）•g（x）=（x﹣1）=（x≠1），由，解得x≥﹣2且x≠1．∴F（x）的定义域为{x|x≥﹣2且x≠1}，则x+2≥0且x+2≠3，∴F（x）的值域是[0，）∪（，+∞）．故答案为：[0，）∪（，+∞）．【点评】本题考查函数值域的求法，解答此题的关键是明确函数定义域，是基础题．9．（3.00分）已知函数，且f（2）＜f（3），则实数k取值范围是（﹣1，2）．【分析】由于给出的函数是幂函数，且f（2）＜f（3），所以其在（0，+∞）上是增函数，其指数为正，求解一元二次方程得k取值范围．【解答】解：因为函数是幂函数，且f（2）＜f（3），所以其在（0，+∞）上是增函数，所以根据幂函数的性质，有﹣k2+k+2＞0，即k2﹣k﹣2＜0，所以﹣1＜k＜2．故答案为（﹣1，2）．【点评】本题考查了幂函数的概念，解答的关键是熟记幂函数的定义及性质，此题是基础题．10．（3.00分）已知偶函数y=f（x）在区间[0，+∞）上的解析式为f（x）=x2﹣2x，则y=f（x）在区间（﹣∞，0）上的解析式f（x）=．【分析】通过设x＜0，利用﹣x＞0及已知在区间[0，+∞）上偶函数y=f（x）的解析式可得结论．【解答】解：设x＜0，则﹣x＞0，因为y=f（x）在区间[0，+∞）上的解析式为f（x）=x2﹣2x，所以f（﹣x）=（﹣x）2﹣2（﹣x）=x2+2x，又因为y=f（x）为偶函数，所以f（x）=f（﹣x）=x2+2x，综上所述，f（x）=，故答案为：．【点评】本题考查函数解析式的求解及常用方法，涉及函数的奇偶性，考查分类讨论的思想，注意解题方法的积累，属于中档题．11．（3.00分）已知函数f（x）=|x2﹣2|﹣a有4个零点，则实数a的取值范围是（0，2）．【分析】作出y=|x2﹣2|的函数图象，令y=a与函数图象有4个交点得出a的范围．【解答】解：令f（x）=0得|x2﹣2|=a，作出y=|x2﹣2|的函数图象如图所示：∵f（x）=|x2﹣2|﹣a有4个零点，∴直线y=a与y=|x2﹣2|的图象有4个交点，∴0＜a＜2．故答案为：（0，2）．【点评】本题考查了函数零点与函数图象的关系，考查数形结合的应用，属于基础题．12．（3.00分）若函数y=f（x）的图象是折线段ABC，其中A（0，0），B（1，1），C（2，0），则函数y=x•f（x）（0≤x≤2）的图象与x轴围成的图形的面积为1．【分析】先求出函数的解析式y=x•f（x）=，再利用定积分可求得函数y=xf（x）（0≤x≤2）的图象与x轴围成的图形的面积．【解答】解：当函数y=f（x）的图象是折线段ABC，其中A（0，0），B（1，1），C（2，0），当经过点A，B时，即为f（x）=x，0≤x＜1，当经过点B，C时，即为f（x）=﹣x+2，1≤x＜2，∴y=x•f（x）=，设函数y=xf（x）（0≤x≤2）的图象与x轴围成的图形的面积为S，∴S=x2dx+（﹣x2+2x）dx=x3|+（﹣x3+x2）|=+（﹣+4）﹣（﹣+1）=1，故答案为：1【点评】本题考查函数的图象，着重考查分段函数的解析式的求法与定积分的应用，考查分析运算能力，属于中档题．二、选择题（共4小题，每小题3分，满分12分）13．（3.00分）已知实数a、b，且a＞b，下列结论中一定成立的是（）A．a2＞b2B．＜1C．2a＞2b D．【分析】利用函数y=2x在R上单调性即可得出．【解答】解：∵函数y=2x在R上单调递增，又a＞b，∴2a＞2b．故选：C．【点评】熟练掌握指数函数的单调性是解题的关键．14．（3.00分）函数的图象是（）A．B．C．D．【分析】先利用函数图象过点（0，1），排除选项CD，再利用当x=1时，函数值小于1的特点，排除A，从而选B【解答】解：令x=0，则=1，即图象过（0，1）点，排除C、D；令x=1，则=＜1，故排除A故选：B．【点评】本题主要考查了指数函数的图象和性质，利用特殊性质、特殊值，通过排除法解图象选择题的方法和技巧，属基础题15．（3.00分）函数f（x）=x2+2（a﹣1）x+2在（﹣∞，4]上是减函数，则实数a的取值范围是（）A．a=5B．a≥5C．a=﹣3D．a≤﹣3【分析】判断函数的对称轴在（﹣∞，4]的右侧，推出1﹣a≥4，解不等式求得实数a的取值范围．【解答】解：由题意可得函数的对称轴x=1﹣a在（﹣∞，4]的右侧，1﹣a≥4，解得a≤3．故选：D．【点评】本题主要考查二次函数的性质的应用，得到a﹣1≥4是解题的关键，属于基础题．16．（3.00分）根据有关资料，围棋状态空间复杂度的上限M约为3361，而可观测宇宙中普通物质的原子总数N为1080，则下列各数中与最接近的是（）A．1033B．1053C．1073D．1093【分析】根据对数的性质得：3=10lg3≈100.48，将M化为以10为底的指数形式，计算即可．【解答】解：由题意：M≈3361，N≈1080，根据对数性质有：3=10lg3≈100.48，∴M≈3361≈（100.48）361≈10173，∴≈=1093．故选：D．【点评】本题考查了指数形式与对数形式的互化问题，是基础题．三、解答题（共5小题，满分52分）17．（8.00分）已知a＞0，试比较与的值的大小．【分析】运用作差法，再对a讨论，a＞1，0＜a＜1，判断差的符号，即可得到所求大小关系．【解答】解：﹣==，当a＞1时，﹣2a＜0，a2﹣1＞0，则＜0，即＜；当0＜a＜1时，﹣2a＜0，a2﹣1＜0，则＞0，即＞．综上可得a＞1时，＜；0＜a＜1时，＞．【点评】本题考查两式的大小比较，注意运用作差法，考查分类讨论思想方法，以及运算能力，属于基础题．18．（10.00分）已知集合A={x|+1≤0}，B={x|（）a•2x=4}，若A∪B=A，求实数a的取值范围．【分析】由分式不等式的解法和指数方程化简集合A，B，再由集合的包含关系，可得a的范围．【解答】解：集合A={x|+1≤0}={x|≤0}={x|1≤x＜2}，B={x|（）a•2x=4}={x|2x﹣a=4}={x|x=a+2}，由A∪B=A，可得B⊆A，即有1≤a+2＜2，解得﹣1≤a＜0．则a的取值范围是[﹣1，0）．【点评】本题考查集合的化简和运算，注意运用分式不等式的解法和指数方程的解法，考查集合并集的性质，以及运算能力，属于中档题．19．（10.00分）判断并证明函数f（x）=在区间（﹣1，0）上的单调性．【分析】根据题意，设﹣1＜x1＜x2＜0，作差分析可得f（x1）﹣f（x2）=，结合﹣1＜x1＜x2＜0，分析可得f（x1）﹣f（x2）＜0，由函数单调性的定义，分析可得答案．【解答】解：根据题意，函数f（x）=在区间（﹣1，0）上单调递增，证明如下：设﹣1＜x1＜x2＜0，则f（x1）﹣f（x2）=﹣=，又由﹣1＜x1＜x2＜0，则x2﹣x1＞0，x2+x1＜0，x12﹣1＜0，x22﹣1＜0，则有f（x1）﹣f（x2）＜0，则函数f（x）=在区间（﹣1，0）上单调递增．【点评】本题考查函数单调性的判断，关键是掌握定义法证明函数单调性的步骤．20．（10.00分）如图，在半径为40cm的半圆（O为圆心）形铁皮上截取一块矩形材料ABCD，其中A，B在直径上，C，D在圆周上．（1）设AD=x，将矩形ABCD的面积y表示为x的函数，并写出定义域（2）应怎样截取，才能使矩形ABCD的面积最大？最大面积是多少？【分析】（1）AB=2OA=2，可得y=f（x）的解析式．（2）平方利用基本不等式的性质即可得出．【解答】解：（1）AB=2OA=2=2，∴y=f（x）=2x，x∈（0，40）．（2）y2=4x2（1600﹣x2）≤4×（）2=16002，即y≤1600，当且仅当x=20时取等号．∴截取AD=20时，才能使矩形材料ABCD的面积最大，最大面积为1600cm2．【点评】本题考查了函数的性质、矩形的面积计算公式、基本不等式的性质，考查了推理能力与计算能力，属于中档题．21．（14.00分）已知函数f（x）=log a x+b（a＞0，a≠1）的图象经过点（8，2）和（1，﹣1）（1）求f（x）的解析式（2）若[f（x）]2=3f（x），求实数x的值（3）令y=g（x）=2f（x+1）﹣f（x），求y=g（x）的最小值，及取最小值时x的值．【分析】（1）联立f（8）=log a8+b=2与f（1）=log a1+b=﹣1，从而可求出参数a、b的值；（2）利用f（x）=0或f（x）=3，结合f（x）的解析式即可求出实数x的值；（3）化简y=g（x）的解析式，结合基本不等式可得结论．【解答】解：（1）由题可知：f（8）=log a8+b=2，f（1）=log a1+b=﹣1，解得：a=2，b=﹣1，所以f（x）=log2x﹣1，x＞0；（2）由[f（x）]2=3f（x）可知f（x）=0或f（x）=3，又由（1）可知log2x﹣1=0或log2x﹣1=3，解得：x=2或x=16；（3）由（1）可知y=g（x）=2f（x+1）﹣f（x）=2[log2（x+1）﹣1]﹣（log2x﹣1）=﹣1≥log2（2+2）﹣1=1，当且仅当即x=1时取等号，所以，当x=1时g（x）取得最小值1．【点评】本题考查考查了的对数的运算及对数函数的应用，同时还考查了基本不等式的应用，注意解题方法的积累，属于中档题．。
【全国区级联考】上海市浦东新区2017-2018学年高一上学期期末考试语文试题(解析版)
浦东新区2017学年度第一学期期末教学质量检测高一语文试卷积累应用1. 按要求填空。
（1）怅寥廓，_______，谁主沉浮。
（毛泽东《沁园春•长沙》）（2）_____________，长河落日圆。
（王维《使至塞上》）（3）陶渊明《饮酒》中与“可意会，不可言传”意思相同的诗句是：_______，________。
【答案】(1). 问苍茫大地(2). 大漠孤烟直(3). 此中有真意(4). 欲辨已忘言【解析】试题分析：本题考查名句名篇默写能力，采用的是句子式默写和情景式默写相结合的题型，解答时既要注意所给句子的出处及作者，还要注意题干中给出的提示，准确书写出答案。
本题要注意下列字的正确写法：苍茫、漠、孤、辨。
按要求选择。
2. 下列句子中，加点的传统礼貌用语表述正确的一句是A. 你的文稿，我已看了，对其中不妥当的几处，我斗胆加以斧正．．。
B. 探望朋友，可以说，“特意来看您”，也可以说“特意光临寒舍．．．．”。
C. 我们家家教很严，令尊．．常常告诫我们，到社会上要清清白白做人D. 令郎．．不愧是丹青世家子弟，他画的马无不惟妙惟肖、栩栩如生。
【答案】D【解析】试题分析：A项，斧正：敬辞，请人修改自己的文章，这里用于自己修改别人的文章，不得体。
B 项，光临寒舍：“寒舍”，谦称自己的家；“光临寒舍”，用于主人欢迎别人到自己家来。
这里用于自己到别人家去，不得体。
C项，令尊：敬词，尊称对方的父亲。
这里用来称自己的父亲，不得体。
点睛：本题考查语言表达得体的能力，这类题目命题往往着眼于：①依据语境，用语准确句式恰当；②看准对象，用语讲究分寸；③适应场合，巧妙用语；④把握语体，既要注意区分书面语和口语，还要注意区分各类文章的语体要求，如书信、公文、广播稿等等。
因此学生在平时学习和复习中要注意积累并能够正确使用生活中常见的谦敬词语，解答时一定要考虑交际场合、对象和目的。
现代文阅读阅读下文，完成下面小题。
①任何一种艺术样式都以其特定的审美范式与民族心理契合。
2017-2018学年第一学期统考语文高一期末试卷与解析
南京市2017—2018学年第一学期期末学情调研测试卷高一语文2018.01一、（20分）1.下面是某位同学苏教版高中语文必修二的学习感悟，请按要求完成题目。
（6分）①学习语文，要善于将阅读和写作融汇贯通。
②“珍爱生命”讴歌向死而生的精神，“和平的祁祷”关注战争中底层人物的命运，“历史的回声”深刻反思历史。
③认真研读这些专题，能够丰富我们的思想，深化我们的认识。
④美国作家的小说“意料之外情理之中”的结尾，《荷塘月色》细腻的情景交融的描写，《》中入木三分的祥林嫂肖像刻画，异彩纷呈。
⑤这些，又都值得我们好好汲取、揣摩、运用。
（1）请找出并改正上面文段中的两个错别字。
(2分)第一处:“”改为“”;第二处:“”改为“”【参考答案】“汇”改为“会”；“祁”改为“祈”（2）文段中有一个病句，请找出并修改。
(2分)第句，改为:【参考答案】第⑤句，改为：这些，又都值得我们好好揣摩、汲取、运用。
（3）请根据课文内容，将文段中空缺的文学知识补全。
(2分)第一处:第二处:【参考答案】第一处：欧·亨利；第二处：《祝福》2.请仿照给出的句子，另写一句话，要求语意连贯。
（4分）我多么想成为一棵树，身体里有生命中的每一束阳光，每一场雨雪；我多么想成为一座终生休眠的火山，内心火热，静默地在大地上沉睡。
【参考答案】我多么想成为一只鸟，身体里有生命中的每一片绿叶，每一方蓝天；我多么想成为一朵飘渺无尽的白云，内心纯洁，安静地在天空中游荡。
【解析】其实仿写句子有一定的综合性，它往往涉及语法结构、表达方式、语意连贯、修辞运用、风格基调等许多方面，也间接地考查考生的知识范围及文化修养，反映出理解、表达运用等多层级的能力要求。
这是考查语言表达能力的重要题型。
3.阅读华君武漫画《科学分工》，回答问题。
（4分）（1）简要说明．．漫画的主要内容。
（2分）【参考答案】漫画中，吹奏笛子的人只用嘴吹，出调的是另一个人在按笛子的发音孔。
【解析】描述画面，具体说就是用描述性的语言介绍画面的内容。
上海市浦东新区2017-2018学年高一上学期期末考试数学试卷 扫描版 含答案
则f（x1）﹣f（x2）= ﹣ = ，
又由﹣1＜x1＜x2＜0，
则x2﹣x1＞0，x2+x1＜0，x12﹣1＜0，x22﹣1＜0，
则有f（x1）﹣f（x2）＜0，
则函数f（x）= 在区间（﹣1，0）上单调递增．
20．解：（1）AB=2OA=2 =2 ，
∴y=f（x）=2x ，x∈（0，40）．
二、选择题（共4小题，每小题3分，满分12分）
13．C．14．B15．D．16．D．
三、解答题（共5小题，满分52分）
17．解： ﹣ =
= ，
当a＞1时，﹣2a＜0，a2﹣1＞0，
则 ＜0，即 ＜ ；
当0＜a＜1时，﹣2a＜0，a2﹣1＜0，
则 ＞ ．
当且仅当 即x=1时取等号，
所以，当x=1时g（x）取得最小值1．
所以f（x）=log2x﹣1，x＞0；
（2）由[f（x）]2=3f（x）可知f（x）=0或f（x）=3，
又由（1）可知log2x﹣1=0或log2x﹣1=3，
解得：x=2或x=16；
（3）由（1）可知y=g（x）=2f（x+1）﹣f（x）
=2[log2（x+1）﹣1]﹣（log2x﹣1）
= ﹣1≥log2（2+2）﹣1=1，
18．解：集合A={x| +1≤0}={x| ≤0}={x|1≤x＜2}，
B={x|（ ）a•2x=4}={x|2x﹣a=4}={x|x=a+2}，
由A∪B=A，可得B⊆A，
即有1≤a+2＜2，
解得﹣1≤a＜0．
则a的取值范围是[﹣1，0）．
19．解：根据题意，函数f（x）= 在区间（﹣1，0）上单调递增，
2017-2018学年度人教版高一第一学期期末质量检测语文试题含答案
2017-2018学年度人教版高一第一学期期末质量检测语文试题含答案2017-2018学年高一第一学期期末质量检测语文科试卷考试时间：150分钟；满分：150分；共23小题友情提示：请将答案填涂在答题卡的相应位置上，答在本试卷上一律无效一、现代文阅读（每小题3分，共9分）读下面文字，完成1-3题。
很多人说：什么是意境？意境就是“情”“景”交融。
其实这种解释应该是从近代开始的。
XXX在《人间词话》中所使用的“意境”或“境界”，他的解释就是情景交融。
但是在中国传统美学中，情景交融所规定的是“意象”，而不是“意境”。
中国传统美学认为艺术的本体就是意象，任何艺术作品都要创造意象，都应该情景交融，而意境则不是任何艺术作品都具有的。
意境除了有意象的一般规定性之外，还有自己的特殊规定性，意境的内涵大于意象，意境的外延小于意象。
那么意境的特殊规定性是什么呢？唐代XXX有句话：“境生于象外。
”“境”是对于在时间和空间上有限的“象”的突破，只有这种象外之“境”才能体现作为宇宙的本体和生命的“道”。
从审美活动的角度看，所谓“意境”，就是超越具体的有限的物象、事件、场景，进入无限的时间和空间，从而对整个人生、历史、宇宙获得一种哲理性的感受和领悟。
西方古代艺术家，他们给自己提出的任务是要再现一个具体的物象，所以他们，比如古希腊雕塑家追求“美”，就把人体刻画得非常逼真、非常完美。
而中国艺术家不是局限于刻画单个的人体或物体，把这个有限的对象刻画得很逼真、很完美。
相反，他们追求一种“象外之象”、“景外之景”。
中国园林艺术在审美上的最大特点也是有意境。
中国古典园林中的楼、台、亭、阁，它们的审美价值主要不在于这些建筑本身，而是如同XXX《兰亭集序》所说，在于可使人“仰观宇宙之大，俯察品类之盛。
我们生活的世界是一个成心味的世界。
XXX有两句诗说得好：“此中有真意，欲辩已忘言。
”艺术就是要去寻找、发现、体验生活中的这种意味。
成心境的作品和普通的艺术作品在这一点的区别，就在于它不但揭示了生活中某一个具体事物或具体事件的意味，并且超出了具体的事物和事件，从一个角度揭示了整个人生的意味。