澳门科技大学西方文化通论课本目录检索及课后答案
西方文化概论_课后习题参考答案
P241、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。
希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。
这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
P602.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）
西方文化导论课后习题答案（优.选）(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad andthe Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval periodand opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developeda new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for thedevelopment of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideologicalemancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成word文本--------------------- 方便更改。
西方文明通论考试答案
西方文明通论考试答案2017年12月我的答案：√4西方古代宗教建筑体现了人与神的关系。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√5浪漫主义是高度崇尚感性，排斥理性的。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√6升华和宣泄是弗洛伊德常用的两个心理学术语。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√7成功的公共艺术是个性的共鸣反应。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√8作品《塞基洛斯的墓志铭》的旋律是单旋律。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√9现代民主的特征体现为是以民族国家为背景。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√10基督教对于宪政革命带来了全新的世俗权力结构。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√11不净观是五停心观之一。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√12政客与政治家不同，前者是个贬义词。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√13巴洛克时期的器乐和声乐并驾齐驱，分庭抗礼。
（）（1.0分）0.0分我的答案：×14美国对内部共同体施行的是契约主义。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√15洛克认为自由三要素分别是守法、法律未禁止则不受干预、法律由最高统治者制定。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×16古希腊时期西方的主流思想是以亚里士多德为主的理性主义。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×17同样一个制度面对不同人的时候发挥的效用不同。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√18据统计，最伟大的哲学家往往不会出现在德语地区。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×19基督教认为国家是对罪的惩罚和补救。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√20公共艺术是追求永恒的艺术。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√21在美国把印第安人成为First nation。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：×22西方文明是促使国家与文明走向现代化发展道路的第一冲击力。
（）（1.0分）1.0分我的答案：√23“德赛”两先生是在新文化运动时期来到中国的。
西方文化概论课后题部分答案
西方文化概论1。
、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间跨度?（24页）地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
时间跨度: 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪)2。
赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？（24页)第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观.从这方面看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生城观和自然观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
第二，它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想.这方面看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的锲机是神话的有一个特征。
3。
希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？(60页）第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视，这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神，希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神。
第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。
自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜，感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱。
第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉.4. 希腊悲剧“命运"的主题具有什么深刻寓意？（60页）首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定.其次,“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律,作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。
西方文化概论课后题部分答案
西方文化概论1。
、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间跨度?（24页）地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
时间跨度: 古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段:A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化(公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪)B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪)2。
赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？（24页)第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观.从这方面看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生城观和自然观,神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
第二，它蕴含着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想.这方面看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的锲机是神话的有一个特征。
3。
希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？(60页）第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视，这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神，希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神。
第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征。
自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜，感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱。
第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉.4. 希腊悲剧“命运"的主题具有什么深刻寓意？（60页）首先，希腊悲剧不是善与恶这两种对立的自由意志，而是自由意志与潜藏在它背后的决定论；不是一个人对另一个人的否定，而是自己对自己的否定.其次,“命运”作为感性的现象世界背后的一种抽象的本质或规律,作为一种普遍性的东西，是建立在形象思维基础之上的希腊神话和悲剧所无法真正把握的，因而对于希腊人来说是一种不可理解也无法改变的宿命。
西方文化概论课后答案完整版、填空题、名词解释、论述题
第一章古希腊罗马文化第一节1、如何认识古希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义?从文化学角度来看，赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：第一，它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化观；第二，它蕴含着一种自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
从第一方面来看，希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
从第二方面来看，以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维持神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，而在背后决定着诸神的兴衰泰否的就是那个不出场的“命运”。
这种通过“命运”的“看不见之手”来实现神系更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
第二节1、希腊神话的“神人同形同性”特点反映了什么样的文化精神？第一,反映了对现实生活的珍视,这是希腊宗教和希腊文化的一个显著特点.希腊人的神是人性的神,希腊人的宗教是人性的宗教.使得希腊人带有很强烈的人文主义精神.第二,自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本的特征.自然崇拜主要表现对人的自然形体的崇拜,感觉主义则主要表现对美的事物和现实生活的热爱.第三,”神人同形同性”特点反映了希腊和谐之美的文化精神,这一精神成为西方人心中失落而难以复返的精神家园,滋润着被种种功利要求、上帝呼唤和道德命令折磨得疲惫不堪的灵魂的清纯之泉。
西方文化导论-课后习题答案(新)
(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, literature and science.Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture.Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism.The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”.Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public.In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere.(2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole? Give examples.Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture.Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e., human society and the natural world.Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.Chapter 21. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture.In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent Western culture in many fields. According to Greek culture and others’ culture; they created their own gods and myth, In poetry, ancient Rome made brilliant achievements,Livy was responsible for the great History of Rome in 142 volumes. His work has always been cited by later statesmen, writers or scholars,The architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the Greek style for its own purposes, but the Romans also developed a new kind.2. In what sense do you think Roman culture owed its accomplishments to the benefits obtained from Greek culture? Give examples.Roman culture learned and inherited a lot from Greek culture.,religion, philosophy and literature. In religion, Rome had its own system of beliefs which had been simple and could hardly compare with the plurality of Greek religion. The same is true of Roman philosophy where we could find examples ,In literature, Roman men of letters also borrowed a All in all, the two cultures are closely linkedgreat deal from Greek culture.Chapter 31. How was the Jewish civilization developed after a tortuous history of split and unification? The major explanation for the development of the Jewish civilization is its strong cohesiveness and vitality,they put into effect their Judaist beliefs and what they read of Judaist scriptures.From then on Jews have begun to become aware of the necessicity to liberate themselves from the restrictive laws and acquire new knowledge and modern ideas from the Europeans, Most of Jews thus received a good education, fully armed with cultural and scientific knowledge and did well in their own position they could quickly turn it into a well developed nation in spite of its small size and small population .2．Say something about Judaism and The Old Testament.The Old Testament is the Judaist Bible. It was written in Hebrew, including the three parts：Pentateuch, Prophets and Hagiographa and Apocrypha. After The Old Testament was translated into Greek by Jewish scholars，many westerners began to understand Judaism by reading this book. It is not only of religious value but also of literatry value.Chapter 41. What are the main components of Christianity and why could it be accepted as the official religion first by the Roman Empire and then by the following kingdoms or empires in Europe?(1)The main components of Christianity are ：1) The Bible as the only Christian scripture;Major Christian doctrines about Trinity and Redemption;3) Other doctrines or events of Christianity:(2 )Christianity is accepted and popular in Europe because of these factors:1).For the common people in the empire ,they needed something to fill up their spiritual vacuum. Christianity could play such a role.2). It could work together with any secular regimes to offer necessary assistance.3). The name and influence of Christiaity would be a symbol of sacredness and justification,4) Christianity is also a kind of culture, it could be tolerated because their life and propertycould thus be secured in the changed circumstances.2. What are the basic differences between Christianity and Judaism?In spite of the fact that the two religions derived from Jewish culture, there are some basic differences between them.First is the different image of God.Second is different view of God. Jehovah is viewed He is like fire or wind .God is kinder and more helpful, Third is the different position each religion is located in and hence would make different contribution. Fourth is Jehovah was important to Jews only in theory and affect them in spirit occasionally while Christianity moved into secular life for the Westerner as Pope and churches became very powerful .Chapter 61.Tell simply the background and development of the Renaissance.It was no accident that it first occurred in Florence and Italy where the early signs of capitalism had appeared at the same time as social chaos, political disputes and military clashes , more and more people began to suspect the justification for those who held the power,Painting and sculpture were the first area to reflect the change of subjects and tastes.(2) What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. Instances could be located in these areas, such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to centre on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and the limited subject matter, but also depicting stylistically facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from the medieval frozen models and linking classicalism with human nature as the centre of their representational work.。
西方文化概论-课后习题参考答案
P2851.文艺复兴产生的原因：（1.）城市的发展和繁荣是文艺复兴产生的条件之一（2.）新航路的开辟（3.）教会对人们精神的控制（4.）根本原因是新兴资本主义的壮大（5.）直接原因，导火线：黑死病的爆发（6.）文艺复兴另一个重要原因是1453年奥斯曼土耳其帝国攻陷君士坦丁堡，东罗马帝国灭亡。
大批受到东方文化影响，还保留古罗马帝国精神的人才逃往意大利，带回许多新鲜思想和艺术，在罗马开办教授希腊语的学校，促使了文艺复兴运动的形成。
文艺复兴产生的特点：感性的解放。
即以感性意义上的人性来反对抽象的神性，以生机盎然的现世生活来反对枯燥冷漠的天国理想，以正常情欲和感官享乐来反对中世纪的禁欲主义和变态虚伪。
2.“因信申义”思想实质凡相信“耶稣是基督”的就得救，没有任何外在条件或者人的行为可以改变这一点。
4.宗教宽容的历史意义宗教的宽容主张从实质上看,是与社会世俗道德精神相一致的, 是普世的道德, 不管有无宗教信仰,都可以接受。
因此, 不论对当今世界的和平稳定发展, 还是对扭转社会风气, 促进人际关系的和谐友爱,都有极大的现实意义和应用价值。
从世界范围看, 面对经济全球化、政治多极化、文化多元化, 南北贫富的悬殊, 生态环境的恶化, 恐怖活动的猖獗, 地区性的角逐, 乃至世界性的冲突等等, 如果人们能借用宗教的宽容精神, 从人类的共同福祉出发, 不带偏见和狭隘, 互相理解和沟通, 互相欣赏和宽容, 紧握仁慈和善良, 就能避免敌视和仇恨, 消除暴力与战争, 那么世界就会太平, 人类才有幸福。
在当前社会主义时期, 宗教的宽容主张在客观上也是与社会主义精神文明相适应的。
在现实生活中, 如果我们能平等对待他人, 多替他人着想, 多拿出一些真诚与友善、怜爱与同情给对方, 也就是在生活中处处表现出宽容、忍让、善待, 那么人与人之间的关系就会融洽多了, 社会风气也会好转起来。
当然, 我们在充分肯定宗教宽容主张的积极作用的同时, 还应该看到它的消极因素, 特别是对社会主义精神文明不利的一面。
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课本检索目录1.克里特文明（米诺斯文明）迈锡尼文明阿卡亚人奥林匹斯神库克罗比亚黑暗时代（英雄时代）多利亚人…………………………………………………………………………………………… 2—72.希腊神话………………………………………………………………………………………………8—123.《神谱》赫西俄德神谱的意义…………………………………………………………………12-184.荷马史诗（伊利亚特奥德修纪）系统叙述诗（塞浦路斯之歌埃提奥皮斯小利亚特特洛伊失陷记归来） (18)—245.希腊城邦制度希腊城邦政治制度…………………………………………………………………25—306.斯巴达吕库古改革……………………………………………………………………………… 30—337．斯巴达与雅典对比………………………………………………………………………………33—348.雅典梭伦改革伯里克利改革雅典民主制与现代民主制的差别……………………………35—389.城邦时代的希腊宗教奥林匹斯宗教奥林匹亚竞技会毕提竞技会奈美竞技会伊斯米竞技会雅典娜节酒神节………………………………………………………………………………………38—4410.希腊悲剧三大悲剧作家希腊悲剧与近代悲剧的区别希腊喜剧喜剧作家阿里斯多芬……45—5111.希腊哲学希腊哲学与神话的根本差别泰勒斯米利都学派阿那克西曼德阿那克西美尼赫拉克里特恩培多克勒阿那克萨哥拉奥尔弗斯毕达哥拉斯巴门尼德柏拉图苏格拉底…………51—5612.希腊的科学泰勒斯毕达哥拉斯阿那克萨哥拉阿那克西曼德留基波德谟克利特雕塑（米伦菲狄亚斯）建筑（帕特农神庙）医学（恩培多科勒四根说体液学说）亚里士多德在自然科学方面的影响……………………………………………………………………………………………… 56—6013.分离主义希波战争爆发的原因希波战争希腊胜利的原因希腊认识帝国主义提洛同盟伯罗奔尼撒战争（希腊雅典与斯巴达）雅典民主政治的取消与恢复寡头政治…………………… 61—6514.底比斯马其顿王国亚历山大对亚历山大的评价希腊文化中心转移希腊化亚历山大帝国分裂对希腊化的评价………………………………………………………………………………………66—78 15.罗马的起源罗马王政时期罗马共和国时期罗马帝国的建立（布匿战争马其顿战争叙利亚战争）图拉真时代罗马帝国迅速扩张的原因…………………………………………………………79—8516.罗马政治体制的演变（王政时期罗马共和国时期政治改革帝国时期）寡头政治《十二铜表法》前三头联盟后三头联盟屋大维（奥古斯都）罗马帝国衰亡的原因………………………86—9517．罗马英雄主义的盛衰（共和国时期和帝国时期）罗马文化与希腊文化的异同功利主义的演变与特点…………………………………………………………………………………………………96—10118.罗马宗教罗马人最崇拜的神（朱庇特玛尔斯奎里努斯）罗马神话与希腊神话罗马宗教与希腊宗教对比罗马哲学罗马文学罗马建筑罗马科学罗马医学…………………………………102—10819.罗马法《十二铜表法》《民法大全》罗马法的意义罗马世风的腐化…………………109—12120.基督教的早期发展基督教与希伯来文化和希腊文化（两希文化）犹太教十条诫命（摩西十诫）弥赛亚彼得与保罗对基督教的传播基督教与犹太教的区别…………………………………124—13421.基督教与希腊哲学奥尔佛宗教斐洛斯多噶主义基督教在罗马帝国的发展历程罗马帝国为何镇压基督教的发展基督教被罗马帝国所接受《米兰赦令》君士坦丁大帝修道运动的兴起安东尼本尼狄克与他的教规日耳曼人侵入罗马帝国罗马帝国灭亡日耳曼人信奉基督教法兰克王国北非教会问题…………………………………………………………………………………………… 135—16822.西欧封建社会经济状况封建制宗主领主封臣封邑与庄园什一税西欧封建时期的修道院经济……………………………………………………………………………………………………169—17523.西欧封建社会生活状况（饥饿疾病居住条件差）中世纪西欧的腐败与希腊罗马的对比西欧封建社会政治状况查理曼帝国德意志神圣罗马帝国伪造《艾西多尔文献》君士坦丁赠礼《教皇赦令》《沃尔姆斯宗教合约》王权来自教皇法兰西王国阿维农之囚………………176—18824.十字军东征东西教会大分裂塞尔柱突厥人占领耶路撒冷………………………………189—19525.西欧封建社会精神生活加洛林王朝的文艺复兴为何中世纪西欧人不追求物质生活教会与大学经院哲学中世纪的哲学（基督教哲学）教父哲学托马斯阿奎骑士文学哥特式建筑哥特式建筑与罗马建筑的对比……………………………………………………………………………………196—220 26.基督教信仰的松懈原因宗教裁判所基督教与现实世界的矛盾…………………………221—23827.文艺复兴奥斯曼土耳其人攻陷君士坦丁堡个人主义彼特拉克伊拉斯谟宗教改革与人文主义特点对比宗教改革…………………………………………………………………………… 242-26228.英国宗教改革三大新教加尔文宗教改革空想主义罗马天主教会的反宗教改革运动《奥格斯堡和约》三十年战争《威斯特伐利亚和约》宗教宽容宗教改革的意义……………………262-28529.地理大发现海外扩张与殖民主义王朝国家（西班牙）民族国家（法国）英国法国欧洲国家势力均衡西班牙衰败的原因荷兰奥斯曼帝国（土耳其）俄罗斯帝国………………………286-31530.理性主义怀疑精神启蒙运动牛顿自然神论古典主义巴洛克建筑人性的觉醒社会契约卢梭宗教信仰与科学理性想协调（伏尔泰梅叶马克思康德斯莱尔马赫）…………………316-34431.圈地运动第一次工业革命（蒸汽时代）垄断资本主义第一次世界大战 1929年经济大危机第二次工业革命（电气时代）罗斯福新政第三次工业革命（电气时代）…………………………345-35232.西方政治改革社会契约天赋人权主权在民自然法学派卢梭洛克神圣同盟第一次世界大战第二次世界大战国家格局变迁民族解放运动浪漫主义现实主义自然科学三大发现进化论生物学科学技术发展的利与弊…………………………………………………………………………352-379P241、如何认识古代希腊文明的时间跨度和空间范围？（1）、地域范围：古代希腊的概念是一个大希腊的概念，包括希腊本土、小亚细亚和西亚沿海地区、南意大利地区，甚至伊比利亚半岛和北非。
（2）、时间跨度：古代希腊文化包括三个发展阶段：A、克里特－迈锡尼时代的文化（公元前26－前12世纪）黑暗时代（公元前12－前8世纪）B、希腊城邦时代的文化（公元前8－前4世纪）C、希腊化时代的文化（公元前4－前2世纪）2、赫西俄德的《神谱》具有什么文化学意义？赫西俄德的《神谱》具有两方面的重要意义：它通过神系的生殖原则反映了一种朴素的宇宙起源论和自然演化论。
希腊神话的神谱不仅仅是神的家族史，同时也反映了希腊人的宇宙生成观和自然观，神的衍生和交替也就是自然过程的发生和演进。
这种通过神系的生殖原则来说明宇宙起源和自然演化过程的神话思维图景，构成了哲学和科学产生之前人们唯一的世界观。
它蕴涵着一种以自我否定为动力的社会进化思想。
以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机是希腊神话的又一个基本特征。
这种维系神系更新和发展的自我否定机制使希腊神话表现出一种新陈代谢的社会进化思想，神权的替代和神系的更迭揭示了一种深刻的命运观。
这种通过“命运”来实现的神系神系的更迭和自然进化的思想，构成了希腊神话中最深刻的思想，同时也成为整个西方文化在漫长的历史过程中不断实现自我否定和自我超越的形而上的动力。
P602.希腊神话的“神人同形同性的特点”反映了什么样的文化精神？A、神人同形－－希腊人的自然崇拜和感觉主义，崇尚完美的形体。
B、神人同性－－神与人一样具有七情六欲、喜怒哀乐，像人一样会犯错误，经常到人间来滋生是非、拈花惹草。
由此导致了希腊神话和整个希腊文化的和谐之美的基本特点。
在希腊宗教和希腊文化中，自然崇拜和感觉主义构成了最基本特征。
肉体与精神的原始和谐，使整个希腊文化呈现出一种田园诗般纯净悠扬的意境。
4.希腊自然哲学与形而上学是如何产生和发展的？A、自然哲学－发展从泰勒斯到原子论者－强调质料或具象性的元素当希腊“哲学之父”泰勒斯宣称万物都是从水中产生时，他用一种新的形式——哲学形式表述了神话中的内容。
在以后的希腊哲学中，米利都学派的“水”、“气”等自然形态的物质概念进一步发展为赫拉克利特的“火”，恩培多克勒的“四根”（火、气、水、土）和阿那克萨哥拉的“种子”，最终以还原的形式表现为留基波和德谟克利特的超越了现象性的物质概念“原子”。
在希腊自然哲学的这个发展过程中，我们可以看到神话的影响呈逐渐减弱之势，而抽象的理性思维能力则不断提高。
B、形而上学－发展从毕达哥拉斯到柏拉图－强调形式或抽象性的本质、实体。
构成了希腊哲学乃至整个西方哲学的主流希腊第一个具有形而上学倾向的哲学家是克罗顿城邦的毕达哥拉斯，他是奥尔弗斯宗教的一个改革者。
毕达哥拉斯把万物的本原说成是一种超自然形态的东西——“数”。
“数”，与奥林匹斯宗教的“命运”、“定数”以及奥尔弗斯神秘祭所强调的“亚男克”（Ananke，即“必然”或“强制”）有着一定的内在联系。
毕达哥拉斯的“数”在赫拉克利特那里就被表述为一个更加哲学化和抽象化的概念——“逻各斯”（logos）。
奥尔弗斯宗教的灵魂与肉体的直观对立到巴门尼德那里演化为“存在”与“非存在”的抽象对立，后来又进一步发展为柏拉图的“理念世界”与“感觉世界”的对立。
至于希腊最重要的思想家苏格拉底和柏拉图，其哲学思想中已经明显地表现出一种与希腊的感性直观宗教截然相反的形而上学特点，并且把奥尔弗斯宗教中的唯灵主义倾向和灵肉对立思想推向了极端，从而成为希腊多神教向基督教转化的重要理论中介。
到亚里斯多德那里，一个充满了理性色彩的形而上学体系和自然物质世界成为人们所面对的唯一真实的思想背景和生活世界。
P782.如何理解希腊化时期东西方之间的交流?所谓希腊化是指亚历山大大帝东征(公元前334-前323年)后的三个世纪里，古希腊文明和小亚细亚、叙利亚、美索不达米亚、埃及以及印度的古老文明相融合的一种进程。
时间范围通常认为开始于公元前323年亚历山大去世到公元前30年罗马吞并最后一个希腊化国家托勒密王朝为止。
其重要性是成为西方文化的基础。
公元前334年，亚历山大以希腊—马其顿联军统帅的身份开始了对波斯帝国的征服。
十年征战，亚历山大不仅将原来波斯帝国的版图据为己有，而且有所扩大。
从地中海到印度河，从黑海、里海、咸海到阿拉伯海、波斯湾、红海，几乎被囊括在亚历山大的帝国之下。