Lecture 15-1 (William Golding) 威廉 戈尔丁
戈尔丁William Golding
Features of his works
• Rich in imagination • In many novels Golding has revealed the dark places of human heart. His work is characterized by exploration of the “darkness of man’s heart” ,deep spiritual and ethical questions. • He preached moral sermons by using fables, metaphors, symbolism, and citing the Bible and mythologies.
His early works are widely recognized as the most famous ones, and their settings are different from one anther.
Lord of the Flies
on a wild island
The Inheritors
.
· Quit this job 5 years later in 1940. · He joined the Royal Navy in command of a rocket
ship in the WWII, and took part in a number of battles during the next 5 years.
· In 1979 ,he won James Tait Black
Memorial Prize.
· In 1983,he won Nobel Prize. · In 1993,he died of heart failure.
William-Golding 威廉戈尔丁
British Literature
“The basic point my generation discovered about man was that there was more evil in him than could be accounted for simply by social pressure.”
William Golding 4
British Literature
但是，我们从二次大战中得到了一些启示。 这场战争不同于欧洲历史上所经历过的任 何其他战争，它给予我们的启迪不是关于 战争本身，或国家政治，或民族主义的弊 病，而是有关人的本性。”
British Literature
William Golding
British Literature
William Golding
13
The idea he got underlies all of his works that human beings constantly desert opportunities to make a good world, not because of the conscious intention in their mind but because of the weak qualities in their nature that overwhelm them.
5
Life Experience
Was born on Sep 19th, 1911 in Cornwall, on the south-western tip of England His father, Alec Golding, was a distinguished school master.
论戈尔丁《蝇王》中的反讽叙事
论戈尔丁《蝇王》中的反讽叙事作者：何朝辉来源：《文教资料》2010年第11期摘要: 当代英国作家威廉·戈尔丁《蝇王》中的叙事基调是反讽的,它的叙事中充满了“创造性的讽刺意识”。
在小说中作者将词语反讽、情景反讽(戏剧反讽)和结构反讽等叙事手法有机地结合起来,营造了一种巨大的反讽张力,旨在揭示这样的主题:人性的黑暗具有普遍性,人类的暴力与杀戮源于人类自身中的人性之“恶”。
关键词: 《蝇王》反讽叙事词语反讽结构反讽情景反讽当代英国著名作家威廉·戈尔丁(William Golding,1911—1993)的小说充满了丰富的象征与寓意,在类似于现代神话的叙事中,探讨人类的道德问题,揭示了人性的善与恶。
其小说的叙事范式体现了反讽的特征,正如瑞典学院院士拉尔斯·吉伦斯坦在诺贝尔文学奖颁奖辞中所说,戈尔丁的小说“揭示了最忧郁、最悲惨的主题,所反映的概念是原始的和多彩的,读者会感到一种叙事的乐趣和作者创造性的讽刺意识”。
[1]1288代表作《蝇王》(Lord of the Flies,1954)就是这样一部作品。
《蝇王》采用了传统的荒岛小说的形式,但它的整个基调是反讽的,这是戈尔丁的独创之处。
在小说中,他“创造性地构建起反讽式的情节结构,突破了传统的‘荒岛变乐园’的创造模式”,[2]444对人类非理性的一面尤其是人性的邪恶进行了揭露和批判。
这一点体现在小说中的词语反讽、情景反讽以及结构反讽等叙事范式之中。
本文拟从这三个方面来探讨小说中的反讽叙事。
一、人物塑造中的词语反讽词语反讽,又叫“字面反讽”,指的是说话者公开表达的意思不同于他暗含的意思。
这样的反讽叙事虽然常常清楚地表明说话者的一种态度或评价,但却另含一种非常不同、有时是相反的态度或评价。
换句话说,它指的是说话者或作者说出了与他的真实意图相反的话语。
《蝇王》中处处闪烁着词语反讽的艺术魅力。
例如,在人物塑造方面,戈尔丁就大量地运用词语反讽的艺术手法,以增强人物本身的反讽性。
WilliamGolding戈尔丁简介
William Golding戈尔丁简介1911- 长篇小说：Lord of the Flies蝇王;The Inheritors继承人;Pincher Martin平却·马丁;The Spire塔尖;The Pyramid金字塔in full Sir William Gerald Goldingborn Sept. 19, 1911, St. Columb Minor, near Newquay, Cornwall, Eng.died June 19, 1993, Perranarworthal, near Falmouth, CornwallWilliam Golding.English novelist who in 1983 won the Nobel Prize for Literature for his parables of the human condition. He attracted a cult of followers, especially among the youth of the post-World War II generation.Educated at Marlborough Grammar School, where his father taught, and at Brasenose College, Oxford, Golding graduated in 1935. After working in a settlement house and in small theatre companies, he became a schoolmaster at Bishop Wordsworth's School, Salisbury. He joined the Royal Navy in 1940, took part in the action that saw the sinking of the German battleship Bismarck,and commanded a rocket-launching craft during the invasion of France in 1944. After the war he resumed teaching at Bishop Wordsworth's until 1961.Golding's first published novel was Lord of the Flies (1954; film 1963 and 1990), the story of a group of schoolboys isolated on a coral island who revert to savagery. Its imaginative and brutal depiction of the rapid and inevitable dissolution of social mores aroused widespread interest. The Inheritors(1955), set in the last days of Neanderthal man, is anotherstory of the essential violence and depravity of human nature. The guilt-filled reflections of a naval officer, his ship torpedoed, who faces an agonizing death are the subject of Pincher Martin (1956). Two other novels, Free Fall(1959) and The Spire(1964), also demonstrate Golding's belief that “man produces evil as a bee produces honey.” Darkness Visible(1979) tells the story of a boy horribly burned in the London blitz during World War II. His later works include Rites of Passage(1980), which won the Booker McConnell Prize, and its sequels, Close Quarters (1987) and Fire Down Below (1989). Golding was knighted in 1988.Early lifeWilliam Golding was born in his grandmother's house, 47 Mountwise, St Columb Minor, Cornwall and he spent many childhood holidays there. He grew up at his family home in Marlborough, Wiltshire, where his father (Alec Golding) was a science master at Marlborough Grammar School (1905 to retirement). Alec Golding was a socialist with a strong commitment to scientific rationalism, and the young Golding and his elder brother Joseph attended the school where his father taught. His mother, Mildred, kept house at 29, The Green, Marlborough, and supported the moderate campaigners for female suffrage. In 1930 Golding went to Oxford University as an undergraduate at Brasenose College, where he read Natural Sciences for two years before transferring to English Literature.Golding's biographer John Carey claimed in 2009 that Golding admits in a diary to attempted rape while he was an undergraduate。
《蝇王》：人性的善恶之辩
蝇王：人性的善恶之辩引言《蝇王》是英国作家威廉·戈尔丁（William Golding）于1954年出版的一部小说。
这部作品通过一个群体被困在无人岛上的故事，探讨了人性中存在的善恶两面以及社会秩序的崩溃与重建。
本文将就《蝇王》所描绘的人性善恶之辩进行详细分析和探讨。
1. 善良与纯洁在《蝇王》中，作者通过对少年们形象化的描写，展现了他们天真、纯洁且充满善意的一面。
最初，他们尝试建立一个有秩序、公正和民主的地方，并相互合作共同生存。
例如，拉尔夫（Ralph）代表着理智和领导力，拥有引导集体行动的能力；西蒙（Simon）则象征着善良与温情。
这些角色在小岛上扮演了一种积极、正面和有益于整个群体的责任。
2. 暴力与野蛮然而，《蝇王》也展示了人性中那些以野蛮和暴力为主导的一面。
随着时间推移，少年们逐渐迷失在无序和混乱之中。
他们遵从恶魔般的自我利益和本能驱使，暴虐地对待彼此。
描绘了杰克（Jack）这个角色，他代表了这种蹂躏周围人取得权力的过程，并表明人性中存在着对权力和控制的渴望。
3. 蝇王的象征意义蝇王作为整部小说的核心象征物体，有力地塑造了人性善恶之间的斗争。
蝇王象征者人类内心黑暗、邪恶、破坏性的一面。
它不仅代表了集体意识中隐含的邪恶冲动，也成为了小岛上权力斗争和道德堕落的源头。
4. 社会秩序与崩溃《蝇王》通过描写群体在无人岛上逐渐失去社会秩序与纪律来展示人性善良与邪恶之间激烈较量的结果。
最初建立起来的多数规则被日益忽视，无序和混乱逐渐蔓延。
这种崩溃背后是人性被自身的暴力与野蛮支配的阴影。
5. 重建与希望尽管《蝇王》纠结于人性黑暗一面，但小说也表达了重建和希望的主题。
通过拉尔夫对理智、秩序和民主的不懈追求以及未被堕落的少数同伴们的努力，最终有限度地恢复了那些善意而正直的价值观。
结论《蝇王》以其深刻而残酷地揭示了人类本质中善恶两面之间永恒斗争的主题引起广泛关注。
通过具体而生动地描绘角色和情节，读者可更好地理解人性的复杂性。
戈尔丁蝇王·金字塔主要内容每章概括人物介绍获奖理由颁奖词
戈尔丁蝇王主要内容获奖理由：具有清晰的现实主义叙述技巧以及虚构故事的多样性与普遍性，阐述了今日世界人类的状况。
《蝇王》是英国现代作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者威廉·戈尔丁创作的长篇小说，也是其代表作。
故事发生于未来第三次世界大战中的一场核战争中，一群六岁至十二岁的儿童在撤退途中因飞机失事被困在一座荒岛上，起先尚能和睦相处，后来由于恶的本性的膨胀起来，便互相残杀，发生悲剧性的结果。
作者将抽象的哲理命题具体化，让读者通过阅读引人入胜的故事和激动人心的争斗场面来加以体悟，人物、场景、故事、意象等都深具象征意义。
《蝇王》是一本重要的哲理小说，借小孩的天真来探讨人性的恶这一严肃主题。
英国小说家戈尔丁(1911— )的第一部长篇寓言体小说。
故事发生在未来的原子大战年代，一架英国飞机遭到袭击，一群男孩空降到人迹罕至的荒岛上。
孩子们只得按文明的习惯自己组织起来谋生，等待营救。
经民主选举产生的领袖拉尔夫在足智多谋的毕吉帮助下，召开会议，通过决议，组织岛上的生活与工作。
孩子们最怕岛上的野兽。
不久杰克对毕吉产生本能的仇恨而另立山头，孩子们分成两派。
两股势力斗争的结果，杰克占了上风;拉尔夫成了孤家寡人，最后逃进森林。
杰克放火烧山，穷追不舍。
熊熊烈火引起了过路军舰的注意，一位军官登上孤岛，发现孩子们变成了一群野人。
拉夫尔见到军官失声大哭。
小说旨在探索人性恶，强调人心中存在着一种黑暗，这反映了作者对世界文明衰颓的忧思。
在流落孤岛的这群孩子中，拉尔夫是人类文明的代表，而以杰克为首的“猎人”则代表着无政府的势力;故事就以这两股势力为中心而展开。
荒岛是一个与世隔绝，脱离了文明的环境。
在这种环境中，他们刚开始还保持着成人世界那种文明的习惯，以民主的形式召开会议，选举首领，通过决议，组织生活自救。
但由于人心内的黑暗渐渐吞噬了文明的外壳，并在岛上蔓延开来，文明的习惯便开始消失，人的野性便也滋长起来。
强悍的杰克处处表现出这种野性：他认为要生存就最需要肉食，因而成了嗜血的猎人;他杀死一头猪，把猪血涂在身上，歇斯底里地把西蒙活活咬死。
《蝇王》中人物的分析
2015.10在没有大人的情况下，孩子们开始了在岛上的冒险生活，这看似平静的开局没有延续。
在故事的开头，每个小孩可以和平相处，拉夫尔作为年龄最大的孩子被选作头领，他就很负责得开始像一个大人一样指挥，然而作为同样很有权威性和主见的杰克和他则刚好相反。
拉尔夫最关心的怎么获救，坚持着要生起一堆火，坚信只有火才能让他们被看见和才能获救，他还讲究文明，讲究卫生，理智。
而杰克则是嗜血，只想着要打猎，要有肉吃，而他却没有意识到火的重要性。
猪崽子和罗杰是分别跟在拉尔夫和杰克身边的，他们也构成了两个极端。
猪崽子出身于下层，有气喘病，身胖体弱，但是他却思想成熟，十分善良，是新型科学技术的代表。
罗杰始终是忠实于杰克的，他帮着杰克完成他的种种雄心。
其中这本书中给我印象最深也是最喜欢的是西蒙。
他虽然很腼腆但是聪明和善良，他可以看到人本身的邪恶。
但是孩子们却把他叫做“疯子”。
当西蒙发现实情时不管自己在发病就爬下山想去告诉他们，而孩子们却把他当做野兽活活打死。
还有那些被称为小家伙的六岁上下的孩子们，帕西佛尔就是一个典型的例子，在这座岛上，他还牢记着自己的姓名家庭地址电话号码，但是这一切只是在文明的世界中存在，在这个没有法律和警察保护的孤岛上是完全没有作用的。
小说的最后，帕西佛尔堕落为一个连自己的名字的记不起的野蛮人。
岛上的孩子中最突出的是十二岁的英国海军司令的儿子———拉夫尔，有着一头耀眼金发的他，举止优雅、自信乐观。
初至荒岛，半长大的他为脱离了大人的管制获得自由而欣喜若狂，与此同时面对大批比自己小的孩子，他吹响了海螺，成为了这群孩子的领袖。
延续着文明社会的秩序，孩子们以自己对于民主的理解，建立起一系列的规则秩序，开始了短暂的和平相处。
拉夫尔手中的海螺成为西方民主的象征。
海螺能将所有的人汇集到一起，作为一种文明的象征，出于对吹响海螺人的崇拜，拉尔夫被选为领头人物，并制定了一个规则，只有持海螺的人才能发言。
规则在短时间内能够得以执行，不过是因为刚从文明世界出来的孩子，惩罚的恐惧还在迫使他们遵守。
William-Golding 威廉戈尔丁
British Literature
Quit this job 5 years later in 1940 Joined the Royal Navy in command of a rocket ship in the WWII Took part in a number of battles during the next 5 years and fought fiercely because he was bitterly opposed to the Nazi philosophy that advocated the German superiority over all the other races
William Golding 18
British Literature
One thing interesting to note about these is their settings. The stories are set usually in a place far from “the old world”: either on a wild island (like Lord of the Flies [1954]), or on a rock in the Atlantic (as in Pincher Martin [1956]), or in a primitive world (as is The Inheritors [1955]), or a medieval town (as is The Spire [1964]).
William Golding 12
British Literature
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• From this view of human nature Golding draws deep implications for society. He believes that because of the fundamental potential in every person to commit evil acts there will always be criminals and wrong doers in society no matter how well intentioned a society‟s ideologies. Therefore a society without laws and law enforcement will inevitably fail.
William Golding (1911—1993) What man is, whatever man is under the eye of heaven, that I burn to know and that-I do not say this lightly-I would endure knowing. —William Golding
The Lord of the Flies
• 蝇王来源于希伯来语，原词为 “Beë lzebub or Baalzebub”(又有 说此词出自阿拉伯语)。在 英语中，“蝇王”则是粪便与丑恶之王（或 污物之王），在《圣经》中，“Baal”被当作 “万恶之首”。在小说里，蝇王不只是象征 着丑恶的悬挂着的猪头，更代表的是人性最 深层的黑暗面，是无法避免的劣根性。
Plot
Ralph（拉尔夫 Piggy（猪崽子) Simon(西蒙) Jack （杰克)
Ralph Piggy Simon
vs.
Jack …
Several deaths
Piggy Simon
Plot- main characters • Ralph(拉尔夫 ) he is the most civilized character throughout the novel, calm and rational, with sound judgment and a strong moral sensibility. With his strong commitment to justice and equality, Ralph represents the political tradition of liberal democracy.
4. The charred sticks:烧焦的枝条。Char: partially burn (an object) so as to blacken its surface. 5. The densest on the island…before them:他们的左 面是岛上丛林最密的部分，黑色的、绿色的， 弯曲盘缠的根茎长满一地，简直无法穿越；他 们面前摇曳着的是高高的野草。(这种自然景色 描写烘托了孩子们的紧张心情）
• Jack Merridew (杰克 ) cruel and sadistic (施虐狂的), preoccupied with hunting and killing pigs. Jack exemplifies militarism as it borders on authoritarianism. Jack represents anarchy. His rejection of Ralph‟s imposed order and the bloody results of this act indicate the danger inherent in an anarchic system based only on self-interest.
• Piggy（猪崽子) the intellectual on the island. Intellectual, sensitive, and conscientious, Piggy represents culture within the democratic system embodied by Ralph. Piggy‟s nickname symbolically connects him to the pigs on the island, who quickly become the targets of Jack‟s and his hunters‟ bloodlust--an association that foreshadows his murder.
7. He stepped through the screen of grass on to the little open space that led to the narrow neck. 他穿过象屏幕似的野草，走到了通向狭长地 带的小空地上。 8. Piggy peered anxiously into the luminous veil that hung between him and the world:猪崽子不 安地向前看着，有一道发光的帷幕似乎在他 面前，把他和世界隔开。
The theme
• William Golding: "the theme (of the book) is an attempt to trace back the defects of society to the defects of human nature...The moral is that the shape of society must depend on the ethical nature of the individual and not on any political system." • It is a commentary on the darkness that exists in all mankind. The evil in every soul that seeps (渗出，渗漏) through when humans are unsupervised, uncivilized and driven to madness.
Main works: Lord of the Flies, (1st novel,1954) The Inheritors (1955) Pincher Martin(1956) Free Fall (1959), The Spire (1964), Brass Butterfly (1958),ect
6. Here was the crushed grass where they had all lain when he had gone to prospect. There was the neck of land, the ledge skirting the rock, up there were the red pinnacles:这儿有被压得乱糟糟的野草， 那一次拉尔夫前去探查时，他们全都躺在这儿。 那儿有一块狭长的地带，岩石周围有些突出的 部分，上方则是一个个红色的尖石块。Prospect: skirt: go round or past the edge of; be situated along or around of the edge of.
• Simon（西蒙） : enlightened, spiritual, prophet
Symbolism:
• Characters • conch-power • Ralph also found a conch(海螺) earlier and the boys view it as a symbol of authority. Whenever the conch is blown, the boys meet together and only the boy holding the conch may talk while all others must listen and wait for their turn when the conch is passed to them
Features of Golding’s works 1.rich in imagination 2.In many novels Golding has revealed the dark places of human heart, when isolated individuals or small groups are pushed into extreme situations. His work is characterized by exploration of the “darkness of man‟s heart”, deep spiritual and ethical questions. 3.He preached moral sermons by using fables, metaphors, symbolism, and citing the Bible and mythologies