2017-2018学年浦东外国语高二下英语3月月考

2018年3月浦东外国语高二下月考卷II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.People in all parts of the world are observing "No Tobacco Day. " It is the day 21 the World Health Organization(WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. The WHO hopes 22 people stop smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco for one day, it will stop permanently. The day includes special observances and awards ceremonies in 166 countries. The target group for this year’s "No Tobacco Day" is women. Organizers want to make sure women know the dangers of smoking.Health experts have warned for years that smoking 23 lead to heart disease, cancer and other problems. The World Health Organization says diseases 24 (link) to smoking kill at least 2,500,000 persons each year. Still, many people find it difficult to stop smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. The effects of it are similar to the effects of cocaine and heroin."No Tobacco Day" is aimed at smokers and those 25 earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are asked not 26 (publish)advertisements for cigarettes.Two important developments 27 (observe) in recent years. In industrial countries, the number of smokers has been falling about one percent a year. But in 28 (rich) countries, the number has been rising two percent a year. This is the result of increased efforts 29 tobacco companies to sell their products in developing countries.The World Health Organization has approved plans to help reach its goal of a "smoke-free" world. One urges governments to offer tobacco farmers the chances to earn money by growing other crops.30 involves improved public information campaigns about the dangers of smoking.Section BDirections: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is onceword more than you need.At the turn of the twentieth century, Americans who wished to travel between cities either for work or for pleasure had limited options. The steam railroad offered the best, the most reliable and the fastest means of transport. Electric railways (trams and trolleys) provided 31.______ intra urban and short-distance intercity travel. They also offered some longer routes, but only in certain parts of the country. Horse-drawn coaches were neither a competitive nor a comfortable 32._____ given unacceptable slate(石板) of the nation’s highways; and though bicycles were popular in both town and country, they, too, were hampered by poor road 33. _______. It took the mass production andownership of cars, together with increased attention to road construction to bring the major 34.________ in travel in the 1920's. And alongside the rapid 35.______ of the popular and individualistic auto came the slower, but significant, growth of bus transport. Not only did buses largely 36._______trams and trolleys in urbun mass transit, they also opened up new avenues of intercity travel both to those Americans who could not afford cars and to those out owners who preferred to leave distance driving to others.No 37.______date marks the beginning of the American intercity bus industry because so many individuals were attracted to it at about the some time by the large profits 38._____ to them. These bus pioneers came from all walks of life. Few knew much about transport or about business, but they were willing to take a chance on a new venture that had 39.__ entry costs. People became aware of the new service by word of mouth or newspaper advertisements, bUt a regular commitment was not guaranteed. Bus drivers frequently did not start until they had a full load; and those who traveled on the early buses were 40.______ with reaching their destination rather than enjoying a fast or comfortable journey.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Cowboy or spaceman? A dilemma for a children’s party, perhaps. But also a question for economists, argued Kenneth Boulding, a British economist, in an essay published in 1966. We have run our ____41_____, he warned, like cowboys on the open grassland: taking and using the world’s resources, ___42_____ that more lies over the horizon. But the Earth is __43___a grassland than a spaceship—a closed system, alone in space, carrying limited supplies. We need, said Boulding, an economics that takes seriously the idea of environmental ___44_____. In the half century since his essay, a new movement has responded to his challenge. “Ecological economists”, as they call themselves, want to ___45___ its aims and assumptions. What do they say—and will their ideas achieve lift-off?To its___46_____, ecological economics is neither ecology nor economics, but a mix of both. Their starting point is to recognize that the human economy is part of the natural world. Our environment, they note, is both a source of resources and a sink for wastes. But it is__47____ in conventional textbooks, where neat diagrams trace the flows between firms, households and the government as though nature did not exist. That is a mistake, say ecological economists.There are two ways our economies can grow, ecological economists point out: through technological change, or through more intensive use of resources. Only the ___48_____, they say, is worth having. They are suspicious of GDP, a crude ___49______which does not take account of resource exhaustion, unpaid work, and countless other factors. ___50_____ they advocate more holistic(全面的) approaches, such as the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), a composite index(复合指标) that includes things like the cost of pollution, deforestation and car accidents. While GDP has kept growing, global GPI per person _____51____in 1978: by destroying our environment we are making ourselves poorer, not richer. The solution, says Herman Daly, aformer World Bank economist and eco-guru, is a “steady-state”economy, where the use of materials and energy is held ___52_____.Mainstream economists are ___53___. The GPI, they point out, is a subjective measure. And talk of limits to growth has had a bad press since the days of Thomas Malthus, a gloomy 18th century cleric who predicted, wrongly, that overpopulation would lead to famine. Human beings find solutions to some of the most annoying problems. But ecological economists ____54____self-satisfaction. In 2009 a paper in Nature, a scientific journal, argued that human activity is already ____55_____ safe planetary boundaries on issues such as biodiversity(生物多样性) and climate change. That suggests that ecological economists are at least asking some important questions, even if their answers turn out to be wrong.41.A.grassland B. nation C. economy D. spaceship42.A.ignorant B. confident C. astonished D. anxious43.A.less B. smaller C. more D. larger44.A.movements B. influences C. limits D. threat.45A.reject B. realize C. resemble D. revolutionize46.A. challengers B. learners C. advocates D. professors47.A. addressed B. ignored C. opposed D. reflected48.A. advanced B. former C. later D. scientific49. A. item B. product C. idea D. measure50. A.in addition B. for example C. in other words D.in its place51. A. peaked B. plunged C. persisted D. paused52.A.continual B. competitive C. constant D. comparable53. A. unimpressed B. involved C. concerned D. appointed54.A. call for B. contribute to C. warn against D. refer to55.A.setting B. overstepping C. extending D. redrawing.Section BDirections: Read the following four passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.AIn America, drivers' education is part of the regular high school curriculum. Every student in his or her second year of high school is required to take a class in driver's education. However, unlike other courses, it is not given during the regular school year. Instead it is a summer course.The course is divided into two parts: class time for learning laws and regulations and driving time to practice driving. Class time is not unlike any other class. The students have a text from which they study he basic laws they must know to pass the written driving test that is given to anyone wanting to get a driver’s license.Driving time is a chance for the students to get behind the wheel (steering wheel) and practicestarting, steering, backing up, parking, switching lanes, turning corners, and all the other skills required to drive a car. Each student is required to drive a total of six hours. The students and the instructor go out driving for two-hour blocks of time. Thus, each student get half an hour driving time per outing. The instructor and “driver” sit in the front seats and the other three students sit in the back.Drivers Ed cars are unlike other cars in which they have two sets of brakes, one on the driver’s side and one on the other side where the instructor sits. Thus, if the student driver should run into difficulties the instructor can take over. The car also has another special Feature. On the top of the car is a sign that reads: STUDENT DRIVER. That lets nearby drivers know that they should use extra caution because the student driver is a beginning driver, not very experienced and prone to driving slowly.After the student has passed the driver's education course and reached the appropriate age to drive(this age differs in every state but in most cases the person must be 16 years old), they can go to a designated state office to take their driver's test, which is made up of an eye examination, a written test, and a road test. The person must pass all the three tests in order to be given a driver's license. If the person did well in his or her driver's education class, he or she will pass the test with flying color and get a driver's license.56. In America, the driver's course mentioned above is_______.A. considered as part of the advanced educationB. given to anyone wanting to get a driver's licenseC. carried on at the same time as other coursesD. required of all the students of Grade 2 in high schools57. To prevent accidents, a driver's ED car_______.A. has a sign inside itB. has two sets of brakesC. is big enough to hold five personsD. can't run very fast58. We can infer that the students are required to_______ in their whole driving practice.A. go out driving for twelve timesB. spend at least six hours drivingC. drive for two-hour blocks of timeD. get half an hour driving59. In the last sentence, "with flying colors" means_.A. happilyB. successfullyC. colorfullyD. quickly(B)Many people think the search for cleaner energy leads only to renewable resources like sun, wind and water. But it also leads to a fossil fuel. Natural gas is considered the cleanest of the fossil fuels , the fuel created by plant and animal remains over millions of years. Burning it releases fewer pollutants than oil or coal. The gas is mainly methane. It produces half the carbon dioxide of other fossil fuels. So it may help cut the production of carbon gases linked to climate change.Russia is first in what are called "proved reserves" of natural gas. The United States is sixth. Over the years, big oil and gas companies recovered much of the easily reached supplies of gas in America. They drilled straight down into formations where gas collects. As these supplies were usedup, big drillers looked for similar formations in other countries.But now the industry is taking" a new look. Companies are developing gas supplies in shale(页岩) rock two to three thousand meters underground. They drill down to the shale,then go sideways and inject high-pressure water ,sand or other material into the rock.This causes the rock to fracture ,releasing the gas. Huge fields of gas shale are believed to lie under the Appalachian Mountain, Michigan and the south-central states . gas shale exploration is being done mainly by small to medium sized companies. Eric Potter, a program director, says more than half the gas in the United States is now coming from these new reserves.But hydraulic(液压的）fracturing can also produce debate and anger over the risk of groundwater pollution.This method of drilling is not federally supervised under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Some in Congress want to end that exemption from the law.Natural gas provides Americans with about one fourth of their energy. And, unlike oil. most of it is produced in America. Gas producers invested heavily in reaching new supplies when prices were high. But prices are down sharply now because the depression cut demand for energy. So energy- expert Eric Potter says it is too early to know how the changing market prices will affect the market for gas shale exploration.60.We can learn from the first paragraph that ____.A.natural gas releases methane and carbon dioxideB.natural gas is considered as the cleanest energyC. natural gas is more environmentally friendly than other fossil fuelsD. natural gas is a renewable source of energy61. Gas shale exploration may cause disagreement because___.A. it may cause water pollutionB. It brings too high profits.C. it breaks the JawD. it ls out of states’ control62.According to Eric Potter, the new gas shale exploration___.A. Will provide America with about one fourth of their energyB. Will increase demand for energyC. ill make gas producers invest a big sum of moneyD. may be Influenced by the changing market prices(C)The question of how to deal with the growing number of retired people has recently been seen as chiefly a financial puzzle: how to pay for the leisure of those ageing layabouts. When Bismarck first introduced state pensions in the 1880s, they kicked in at the age of 70, about 20 years more than the typical life span. Nowadays state and company pension schemes kick in at or before 65, almost 20 years less. But the issue is more than just a financial one: it raises social as well as economic questions, and its resolution will involve governments, employers and people.There are several ways of dealing with a falling supply of labour: work might be shifted offshore, to take advantage of abundant cheaper workers in poorer countries; laxer immigration rules might allow in more skilled labour from abroad; new equipment could enhance the productivity of a better-educated workforce. But one of the readiest sources of skilled labour iscloser to hand.If staying on at work were up to older employees alone, many would jump at the chance. That is partly because they will no longer be able to retire in the style that they have been led to expect. Corporate pension schemes and health benefits are becoming ever less generous. Last week General Motors joined the line of revisionists with an announcement that it will cap health-care spending by its retired workers. That will not be the last cut.Baby-boomers say they want to stay in the workforce for more than money. Many also want to carry on working beyond the standard retirement age for the mental stimulation (try that on the next bored-looking 20-year-old you meet in the lift). Their productivity may decline as they get older—although people gain in experience, their capacity for sharp thinking falls off—but the traditional pattern of retirement, in which one day an employee is in a bustling office busy as a bee and the next he is good only for the potting shed and the fireside chair does not make sense for the economy, for companies or for people.Lastly, older workers need to adapt. In many cultures, age is related to seniority, and therefore to pay. The older the worker, the more expensive he is. Boomers will find work only if they accept that their wages will be based on what they are worth to the company—rather than their salary at the top of their career. Although a shortage of skills might well push up wages for all workers, older ones may nevertheless have to accept a relative decline in salary and status.Baby-boomers have been changing the world since the 1960s. They're about to do it again by turning the world of work upside down.63. According to the passage, some companies are already concerned about ______.A. the proper way of giving out retirement souvenirsB. the growing number of employees quitting their jobsC. the impact of aging employees leaving the labour forceD. the revision of retirement age and pension plans64. Old employees might agree to stay on at work beyond the retirement age partly because ______.A. they can still expect a handsome salary at the top of their career.B. they are concerned that production will decline as they retire.C. An upper limit will be set of pension and other retirement benefitsD. they still need physical and mental stimulation to sharpen their thinking65. The passage predicts that they baby-boomers are about to change the world again in that ______.A. a brand-new performance-based wage system will inevitably be introducedB. social productivity will remain high as it has always doneC. there will be a complete change in training the younger workforceD. the current compulsory retirement system will probably cease to exist66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Potentially Productive Ageing WorkforceB. Social Concern over Pension PlansC. Resolution of the Financial PuzzleD. Baby-boomers and their Retirement lifeDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.Outdoor air pollution leads to more than 3 million premature deaths each year, and more than two thirds of them occur in China and India, according to new research. The authors estimate that without government intervention, the total number of deaths could double by 2050.______67______. Particulate matter, a substance formed as a combination of different materials released into the air, is thought to be harmful to human health once it exceeds 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Researchers also identified ozone as a contributor to dangerous air quality. The causes of air pollution vary dramatically from place to place. In India and China, the study says, emissions from residential heating and cooking drive air pollution by creating unhealthy quantities of smoke. Overall, residential heating emissions cause one third of air pollution-related deaths worldwide._____68_____. Fertilizer used in agriculture releases ammonia into the atmosphere, a process that creates harmful particulate matter. Globally, air pollution from agriculture kills more than 600,000 people annually, the study finds.The findings are consistent with a 2014 report from the World Health Organization that suggested that 7 million deaths occur annually due to both indoor and outdoor air pollution.The study’s conclusions give a sense of urgency to efforts to reduce air pollution but present challenges because of difficulty regulating heating activity i n people’s homes, according to study author Jos Lelieveld._____69_____..“It’s important to reduce emissions from residential energy use,” Lelieveld said on a conference call for journalists. “You can’t ask people to stop eating and cooking, but you can pr ovide better technologies.”_____70_____. Another study published this week in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives reached similar conclusions showing the devastating (毁灭性的) effects of pollution on individual health. Researchers found that chronic exposure to particulate matter increases the chance of early death by 3%. That risk is especially high for heart disease; the chance a person will die of heart disease increases by around 10% with chronic exposure to particulate matter.Iv. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Online ProfilesSocial networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace and Orkut are now estimated to have more than 700 million users worldwide. As users can create any profile of themselves they choose, you might expect them to portray themselves in the best possible way. When putting up a profile, it would be reasonable for them to present positive images, choose sophisticated interests, and carefully express their thoughts so as to appear more intelligent than in real life. But according to recent research, this is not the case. Far from presenting themselves in a flattering way, most users’ profiles reflect their true personalities, and reveal both psycholopical and natural physical weakness.Research was carried out on 250 Facebook users who filled in a personality questionnaire. Results were compared with the same people's Facebook profiles. The survey set out to assess not only the participants' actual personality, but their "ideal" personality — in other words, what kind of person they would be if they actually possessed all their ideal characteristics. These results were then compared with the participants' Facebook profiles. What emerged was astonishing: far from being idealized versions of themselves, people's online profiles roughly resemble what they were really like. Their profiles accurately reflected how agreeable, outgoing, hardworking, and sociable they were in real life.It's not entirely clear why online profiles display user’s personalities so accurately. It could be that users want to portray themselves as they really are, or it could be that people attempt to present an ideal image of themselves but in fact fail to do so. One thing seems clear: social networking sites can in no way be considered a false online world that is idealized and removed from reality; rather, they are simply another way in which people choose to interact with each other.第II卷（共40分）I. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72.医生强烈建议大家每年都要做一次体检。