药物溶液的配制理论
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SOLUTE(溶质) – the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount)
SOLVENT（溶剂） – the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount)
14
摩尔浓度/物质的量浓度 由于溶液的体积随温度而变， 物质的量浓度也随温度而变。
15
1.0 L of water was
used to make 1.0 L of solution. Notice the water left
over.
16
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2•6 H2O in enough water to make 250 mL
solute that dissolves at that temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature
学习要求（learning objectives）
• Identify the concept of solution， saturated solution，
unsaturated solution， supersaturated solution (掌握溶液、饱和溶液、不饱和溶液、超饱和溶液的概念)
7
Supersaturated solutions are unstable. The supersaturation is only temporary, and usually accomplished in one of two ways:
1. Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the solution
The solutions _______________
They are called
ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are
strong electrolytes.
They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.
12
Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. They are called
nonelectrolytes.
Examples include: sugar ethanol
ethylene glycol(乙二醇) 13
One application of a supersaturated solution is the sodium acetate “heat pack.”
9
醋酸钠溶解和结晶的反应式为：
当醋酸钠过饱和溶液结晶时，反应向左边进 行，放出大量的热
结晶后的溶液可以重新加热使用，循环利用
10
IONIC COMPOUNDS
5
Definitions
solubility（溶解度）：在一定温度下， 在一定量溶剂中达饱和时溶解的最大药量。 是反映药物溶解性的重要指标。
《中国药典》关于溶解度的描述方法
溶解度术语
溶解限度
极易溶解 易溶 溶解 略溶 微溶 极微溶 几乎不溶或不溶
系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂不到1ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂1~不到10ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂10~不到30ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂30~不到100ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂100~不到1000ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂1000~不到10000ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）在溶剂10000ml中不能完全溶解
2. Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not solidify and come out of solution
过饱和溶液是不稳定的，当往溶液中 加入一小块溶质晶体，即能引起过 饱和溶液中溶质的结晶。
8
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Supersaturated Sodium Acetate(醋酸钠)
Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water — aqueous solutions.
11
Aqueous Solution
How do we know ions are present in aqueous solutions?
• 掌握药物溶解度与溶出速度的概念与表示方法，影响药
物溶解度与溶出速度的因素及增加药物溶解度与溶出速 度的方法。
• 熟悉药用溶剂的种类及性质；溶解度的测定方法；理解
药物在油水两相中分配的含义。
1
药物溶液的形成—基本理论知识
2
Some Definitions
3
Parts of a Solution
6
Definitions
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved 一定温度、压力下，当溶液 中溶质的浓度已超过该温度、 压力下的溶质的溶解度，而溶质仍不析出
的现象叫过饱和现象，此时的溶液称为 过饱和溶液
Solute + Solvent = Solution （溶液）
4
Definitions
Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated（不饱和的）.
A saturated solution contains
the maximum quantity of
SOLVENT（溶剂） – the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount)
14
摩尔浓度/物质的量浓度 由于溶液的体积随温度而变， 物质的量浓度也随温度而变。
15
1.0 L of water was
used to make 1.0 L of solution. Notice the water left
over.
16
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl2•6 H2O in enough water to make 250 mL
solute that dissolves at that temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature
学习要求（learning objectives）
• Identify the concept of solution， saturated solution，
unsaturated solution， supersaturated solution (掌握溶液、饱和溶液、不饱和溶液、超饱和溶液的概念)
7
Supersaturated solutions are unstable. The supersaturation is only temporary, and usually accomplished in one of two ways:
1. Warm the solvent so that it will dissolve more, then cool the solution
The solutions _______________
They are called
ELECTROLYTES
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are
strong electrolytes.
They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.
12
Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. They are called
nonelectrolytes.
Examples include: sugar ethanol
ethylene glycol(乙二醇) 13
One application of a supersaturated solution is the sodium acetate “heat pack.”
9
醋酸钠溶解和结晶的反应式为：
当醋酸钠过饱和溶液结晶时，反应向左边进 行，放出大量的热
结晶后的溶液可以重新加热使用，循环利用
10
IONIC COMPOUNDS
5
Definitions
solubility（溶解度）：在一定温度下， 在一定量溶剂中达饱和时溶解的最大药量。 是反映药物溶解性的重要指标。
《中国药典》关于溶解度的描述方法
溶解度术语
溶解限度
极易溶解 易溶 溶解 略溶 微溶 极微溶 几乎不溶或不溶
系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂不到1ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂1~不到10ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂10~不到30ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂30~不到100ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂100~不到1000ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）能在溶剂1000~不到10000ml中溶解 系指溶质1g（ml）在溶剂10000ml中不能完全溶解
2. Evaporate some of the solvent carefully so that the solute does not solidify and come out of solution
过饱和溶液是不稳定的，当往溶液中 加入一小块溶质晶体，即能引起过 饱和溶液中溶质的结晶。
8
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Supersaturated Sodium Acetate(醋酸钠)
Compounds in Aqueous Solution
Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water — aqueous solutions.
11
Aqueous Solution
How do we know ions are present in aqueous solutions?
• 掌握药物溶解度与溶出速度的概念与表示方法，影响药
物溶解度与溶出速度的因素及增加药物溶解度与溶出速 度的方法。
• 熟悉药用溶剂的种类及性质；溶解度的测定方法；理解
药物在油水两相中分配的含义。
1
药物溶液的形成—基本理论知识
2
Some Definitions
3
Parts of a Solution
6
Definitions
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved 一定温度、压力下，当溶液 中溶质的浓度已超过该温度、 压力下的溶质的溶解度，而溶质仍不析出
的现象叫过饱和现象，此时的溶液称为 过饱和溶液
Solute + Solvent = Solution （溶液）
4
Definitions
Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated（不饱和的）.
A saturated solution contains
the maximum quantity of