Blending构词法精品讲解
《语言学》构词法 Blend
[Expand]Support Wikipedia: a non-profit project —Donate NowBlendFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchFor other uses, see Blend (disambiguation)."Blending" redirects here. For alpha blending, see Alpha compositing.In linguistics, a blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes.Contents[hide]∙ 1 Linguisticso 1.1 Formation▪ 1.1.1 Blending of two roots▪ 1.1.2 Lexical Selection∙ 2 Use∙ 3 See also∙ 4 References[edit] LinguisticsBlends deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new word. However, the process of defining which words are true blends and which are not is more complicated. The difficulty comes in determine which parts of a new word are "recoverable" (its root can be distinguished).[1]There are many types of blends, based on how they are formed. Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three groups[2] :1.Phonemic Overlap: a syllable or part of a syllable is shared betweentwo words2.Clipping: the shortening of two words and then compounding them3.Phenomic Overlap and Clipping: shortening of two words to a sharedsyllable and then compoundingHowever, classification of types of blends is not standard among all linguists.[edit] FormationMost blends are formed by one of the following methods:1.The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other (seeportmanteau word. For example, brunch is a blend of br eakfast and l unch. One of the two may be a whole word if it is short. This is the most common method of blending. A monosyllabic word is divided into its onset and rime if necessary. A blend of this type typically has the same number of syllables as the second word.o brocco li (3) + cauli flower(4) → broccoflower (4)o br eakfast (2) + l unch(1) → brunch (1)o cam era (3) + re corder(3) → camcorder (3)o edu cation (4) + enter tainment(4) → edutainment (4)o info rmation (4) + com mercial(3) → infomercial (4,exception)o mo tor (2) + ho tel(2) → motel (2)o simul taneous (5) + broad cast(2) → simulcast(3, exception)o sm oke (1) + f og(1) → smog (1)o sp oon (1) + f ork(1) → spork (1)o stag nation (3) + in flation(3) → stagflation (3)2.The beginnings of two words are combined. For example, cyborg isa blend of cyb ernetic and org anism.3.Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. Forexample, the word Californication, from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of Californi a and forni cation.4.Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostlypreserving the sounds' order. Poet Lewis Carroll was well known for these kinds of blends. An example of this is the word slithy, a blend of lithe and sli m y. This method is difficult to achieve and isconsidered a sign of Carroll's verbal wit.When two words are combined in their entirety, the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. For example, bagpipe is a compound, not a blend, of bag and pipe.[edit] Blending of two rootsBlending can also apply to roots rather than words, for instance in Israeli Hebrew. "Israeliרופחדdakhpór‘bulldozer’ hybridizes (Mishnaic Hebrew>>)Israeliפחד√dħp ‘push’ and (Biblical Hebrew>>)Israeliרפח√ħpr ‘dig’[...] Israeliטוטלשshiltút‘zapping, surfing the channels, flipping through the channels’ derives from (i) (Hebrew>)Israeliטלשshalát‘remote control’, an ellipsis –like English remote(but using the noun instead) –of the (widely known) compound טלשקוחרshalát rakhók – cf. the Academy of the Hebrew Language’s טלשקחרshalát rákhak; and (ii) (Hebrew>)Israeliטוטשshitút‘wandering, vagrancy’. Israeliטוטלשshiltút was introduced by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in [...] 1996. Synchronically, it might appear to result from reduplication of the final consonant of shalát‘remote control’. Another example of blending which has also been explained as mere reduplication is Israeliתילילחגgakhlilít ‘fire-fly, glow-fly, Lampyris’. This coinage by Hayyim Nahman Bialik blends (Hebrew>)Israeliתלחגgakhélet‘burning coal’ with (Hebrew>)Israeliהלילláyla‘night’. Compare this with the unblended תילילכחkhakhlilít‘(black) redstart, Phœnicurus’ (<<Biblical Hebrew לילכח‘dull red, reddish’). Synchronically speaking though, most native Israeli-speakers feel that gakhlilít includes a reduplication of the third radical of לחג√għl. This is incidentally how Ernest Klein[3] explains gakhlilít. Since he is attempting to provide etymology, his description might be misleading if one agrees that Hayyim Nahman Bialik had blending in mind."[4]"There are two possible etymological analyses for Israeli Hebrewרפסכkaspár‘bank clerk, teller’. The first is that it consists of (Hebrew>)Israeliףסכkésef‘money’ and the(International/Hebrew>)Israeli agentive suffixר- -ár. The second is that it is a quasi-portmanteau word which blends ףסכkésef‘money’ and (Hebrew>)Israeliרפס√spr ‘count’. Israeli Hebrewרפסכkaspár started as a brand name but soon entered the common language. Even if the second analysis is the correct one, the final syllable ר- -ár apparently facilitated nativization since it was regarded as the Hebrew suffixר- -år(probably of Persian pedigree), which usually refers to craftsmen and professionals, for instance as in Mendele Mocher Sforim’s coinage רטוטרמסsmartutár‘rag-dealer’."[5][edit] Lexical SelectionBlending may occur with an error in lexical selection, the process by which a speaker uses his semantic knowledge to choose words. Lewis Carroll's explanation, which gave rise to the use of 'portmanteau' for such combinations, was:Humpty Dumpty's theory, of two meanings packed into one word like a portmanteau, seems to me the right explanation for all. For instance, take the two words "fuming" and "furious." Make up your mind that you will say both words ... you will say "frumious."[6]The errors are based on similarity of meanings, rather than phonological similarities, and the morphemes or phonemes stay in the same position within the syllable[7].[edit] UseSome languages, like Japanese, encourage the shortening and merging of borrowed foreign words (as in gairaigo), because they are long or difficult to pronounce in the target language. For example, karaoke, a combination of the Japanese word kara(meaning empty) and the clipped form oke of the English loanword "orchestra" (J. ōkesutoraオーケストラ), is a Japanese blend that has entered the English language. (From the article gairaigo.)Many corporate brand names, trademarks, and initiatives, as well as names of corporations and organizations themselves, are blends. For example, Wiktionary, one of Wikipedia's sister projects, is a blend of wiki and dictionary. Also, Nabisco is a blend of the initial syllables of Na tional Bis cuit Co mpany.[edit] See alsoLook up Blend inWiktionary, the free dictionary.∙Amalgamation (names)∙Clipping (morphology)∙Compound (linguistics)∙Contraction (grammar)∙Phono-semantic matching∙Portmanteau wordo List of portmanteaus∙Syllabic abbreviation[edit] References1.^Blends2.^Blends3.^ See p. 97 in Klein, Ernest (1987), A Comprehensive EtymologicalDictionary of the Hebrew Language, Jerusalem: Carta.4.^ See p. 66 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and LexicalEnrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.5.^ See p. 67 in Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and LexicalEnrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.6.^ Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland.7.^ Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., and Hyams, N. (2007) An Introduction toLanguage, Eighth Edition. Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 1-4130-1773-8。
英语单词构词法
英语的构词法主要有：
一、加词缀法(affixation)
加词缀法分为屈折变化法(inflexion) 和派生法(derivation)。
屈折变化法是指词尾有表示名词复数、格、第三人称单数、动词时态的后缀以及有表示形容词和副词比较级和最高级的后缀。
派生法是给词根添加上前缀或后缀而构词。
二、复合法(compound)
复合词大部分由两个自由词素构成。
三、缩合法(blending)
用两个或两个以上自由词素各自的一部分构成新词。
四、转化法(conversion)
（
1. 名词转化为动词
2. 动词转化为名词
3. 形容词转化为动词
五、缩写法(abbreviation)
缩写法主要有下列六种：
1. 缩略(clipping)
2. 首字母缩略词(initialism)
3. 省略(omission)
4. 缩约(contraction)
5. 替换(substitution)
^
具体方法如下：。
英语单词构词法
英语的构词法主要有：
一、加词缀法(affixation)
加词缀法分为屈折变化法(inflexion) 和派生法 (derivation)。
屈折变化法是指词尾有表示名词复数、格、第三人称单数、动词时态的后缀以及有表示形容词和副词比较级和最高级的后缀。
派生法是给词根添加上前缀或后缀而构词。
二、复合法 (compound)
复合词大部分由两个自由词素构成。
三、缩合法(blending)
用两个或两个以上自由词素各自的一部分构成新词。
四、转化法 (conversion)
1. 名词转化为动词
2. 动词转化为名词
3. 形容词转化为动词
五、缩写法 (abbreviation)
缩写法主要有下列六种：
1. 缩略 (clipping)
2. 首字母缩略词(initialism)
3. 省略 (omission)
4. 缩约 (contraction)
5. 替换 (substitution)
具体方法如下：。
英语单词构词法
英语的构词法主要有：
一、加词缀法(affixation)
加词缀法分为屈折变化法(inflexion)和派生法(derivation) 0
屈折变化法是指词尾有表示名词复数、格、第三人称单数、动词时态的后缀以及有表示形容词和副词比较级和最高级的后缀。
派生法是给词根添加上前缀或后缀而构词。
二、复合法(compound)
复合词大部分由两个自由词素构成。
三、缩合法(blending)
用两个或两个以上自由词素各自的一部分构成新词。
四、转化法(conversion)
1.名词转化为动词
2.动词转化为名词
3.形容词转化为动词
五、缩写法(abbreviation)
缩写法主要有下列六种：
1.缩略(clipping)
2.首字母缩略词(initialism)
3.省略(omission)
4.缩约(contraction)
5.替换(substitution)
具体方法如下：。
史上最全的 构词法 用法详解
史上最全的构词法用法详解The total number of words in a language make up XXX。
vocabulary is not a random。
unrelated group of words。
but rather a tightly-knit system where words have us ns with each other。
The rules governing these ns in English are known as word XXX "constructing words"。
There are four main types of word XXX: compounding。
n。
n。
XXX word n is one of the most XXX.n One: CompoundingCompounding refers to words made up of two or more individual words。
There are two main types of compounding: "XXX" and "n"。
XXX.XXX of two or more words。
where the grammar of each part is XXX "blackboard" and "darkroom"。
formed from an adjective and a noun。
and "writing desk"。
formed from a verb。
a noun。
and a noun.n XXX of two or more words or roots by using an infix to connect them。
构词法(讲义版)---上海Anthony老师
构词法思维导图一、构词法引入1.主要构词法：(1)合成（Compounding）——由两个或更多词构成一个词：black黑的+board板--►blackboard黑板happy+go+lucky--►happy-go-lucky无忧无虑的(2)派生（Derivation）——通过加前缀或后缀构成另一个词：happy--►unhappy（加前缀）--►happiness（加后缀）(3)转化（Conversion）——不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类。
由于词类转化的结果，英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词，即同形异类词。
water水（名词）--►water浇水（动词）film电影（名词）--►film拍电影（动词）次要构词法：(1)截短法（Clipping）——把一个词的一部分去掉，构成一个新词：bicycle自行车--►cycle骑自行车(2)混合（Blending）——把两个词各取一部分，混合成一个新词：motor+hotel--►motel汽车旅馆(3)缩写（Abbreviation）——把几个词的首字母连在一起：World Trade Organization--►WTO世界贸易组织(4)反转构词法（Backformation）——把带词尾的名词去掉词尾构成动词：editor编辑（名词）--►edit编辑（动词）Eg:二、构词法具体呈现2.2转化2.2.1动词转化为名词：She sighed a deep sigh of relief.她深深地舒了一口气。
He laughed a hearty laugh.他由衷地笑了。
2.2.2名词转化为动词①人体部位词--►back,ear,elbow,eye,face,finger,foot,hand,head,leg,nose,shoulder,stomach,thumb等She tiptoed to the bedside o£the sleeping child.她踞起脚尖走到酣睡的孩子床前。
轻松学会六大构词法
轻松学会六大构词法英语单词的来源大致上分为五种：1）基本词(base)、2）合成词(combining words)、3）缩略词(shortening words)、4）拼缀词(blending words)、5）转类词(shifting words)。
其中的基本词是那些在今天看来已经不可再分的词。
一、【派生法】（derivation words）英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。
1.前缀(prefix)除少数英语前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。
例如：agree同意→disagree不同意fair公平的→unfair不公平的possible可能的→impossible不可能的understand理解→misunderstand误解(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。
例如：co-worker 同事，帮手enlarge 使变大cooperate 合作rewrite 重写subway 地铁2.后缀(surfix)给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种重要方法。
后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
下面仅作简单介绍。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。
史上最全的-构词法-用法详解
史上最全的构词法用法详解语言中词的总和构成词汇，但是词汇并不是一堆杂乱无章、互不相关的群体，而是一个严密体系，在这个结构的体系中，词与词之间有着各种各样的联系。
英语中的这些联系的规律总结起来就是构词。
英语中构词的方法就是构词法。
构词法主要有合成法、转化法、派生法和缩略法四种。
掌握构词法是迅速扩大词汇量的重要方法之一。
第一节合成法合成法就是指由两个或两个以上的单词合成的词叫合成词。
这种构词方式主要有两种：复合法、结合法。
合成法主要是构成合成名词和合成形容词。
复合法构成的复合词，它们各个结合的部分相互间的语法关系是紧密相关的。
如blackboard和darkroom都是形容词和名词形成的结构，wr it ing desk是动词名词和名词形式的结构。
结合法形成的词是形态合成词，它的结合是用一个起来连接作用的中缀来把两个或两上以上的词根词素紧紧的连缀在一起。
如，用辅音字母－s－来缀全两个词根词素构成的词有：salesman, towns people等。
合成的方式常见的有如下几种：一、合成名词1、名词／代词＋名词：woman-doctor, women-doctors, workshop, spaceship, he-goat, coal fire, motorcycle, gas cooker, oil well, power plant, silk worm, gold mine, bottleneck, piano keys, teleph one receiver, television screen, chairman, fireman, motorman, police-officer, postman, pine tree, girl friend, boy friend, goldfish, raindrop, birdcage, breakfast time, flowerbed, tearoom,;2、动词＋名词：blowpipe, flashlight, watchdog, call-girl, searchlight3、形容词＋名词：blacksmith, blackboard, supermarket, superman, darkroom, blackbird, highchair, hothouse, greenhouse, madman4、动名词＋名词：reading-room, sitting-room, classroom, schoolroom, dining room, building materials, dancing girl, cleaning women, flying machine, washing machine, working conditions, boilding point, drinking water, swimming pool, drinking cup, typing paper, writing desk, sewing machine, walking stick,5、名词＋动名词：machine-building, shoe-making, paper-correcting, book-keeping, dressmaking, letter-writing, story-telling, town-planning, handwriting, sun-bathing, horse riding, churchgoing, daydreaming6、动词＋副词：stand-by, take-off, cut-off, breakdown7、副词＋名词：downfall, rainfall, outhouse8、现在分词＋名词：！running dog, running water, flying fish, rising sun, burning stick,9、名词＋介词＋名词：man-of-war, editor-in-chief,10、名词＋连词字母＋名词：handiwork, nowadays11、介词／副词＋名词：afternoon, inland, overbalance二、合成形容词1、形容词＋名词＋ed：five-storeyed, one-eyed, double-faced, blue-eyed,2、名词＋名词＋ed：honey-mouthed,3、名词／代词＋分词：man-made, heart-broken, self-educated, snow-covered, man-eating,peace-loving, paper-making, ocean-going, heartfelt, handmade, home-made, sunburnt, weather-beaten4、名词／代词＋形容词：《color-blind, ice-cool, seasick, airsick, tax-free, grass-green, snow-white, rock-hard, sea-green5、形容词／数词＋名词：full-time, high-grade, second-hand,6、形容词／数词＋分词：ready-made, sleepy-looking, good-looking,7、副词＋分词：far-reaching, so-called, hard-working, far-reaching, well-meaning,newly-laid, well-meant, wide-spread8、副词＋形容词：ever-green, under-ripe,9、形容词＋形容词：dark-blue, red-hot, grey-green10、介词＋名词：downhill, overnight三、合成副词—1、形容词＋名词：sometimes, meanwhile2、副词＋名词：oftentimes, indoors, outdoors, overhead3、介词＋名词：alongside, beforehand4、名词＋形容词：skyhigh, stonestill,5、副词＋介词：nearby, upalong,四、合成动词1、名词＋动词：overhear, underline2、形容词＋动词：moonwalk3、副词＋动词：white-wash, safeguard五、其它合成词|1、合成代词：everybody, everyone, everything, anyone, anybody, anything2、合成介词：outside, inside, throughout第二节转化法不用借助构词词缀，把一个单词从一种词类转化成另一种词类的方法就是转化法。
构词法——精选推荐
构词法刘⽂勇2012-04-27 18:48在上期的⽂章中，我们介绍了英语构词法中的两⼤主要构词法--合成法和派⽣法。
这期我们将介绍其他的⼏种构词法，也很重要。
⾸先我们来做⼀个⼩⼩的回顾。
1、合成法将两个或两个以上的单词合成在⼀起⽽构成的新词，叫做合成词（compound）。
⽐如：两个单词拼在⼀起可以合成形容词，⽐如man-made，kind-hearted；可以合成名词，例如weekend，blackboard；可以合成动词，⽐如broadcast，sleepwalk；可以合成副词，如someday，beforehand；亦可以合成新的介词，例如inside；合成代词，如nobody.2、派⽣法所谓派⽣，即在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另⼀个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词。
前缀通常只改变词义不改变词性，例如legal illegal，加上否定前缀il-后还是形容词性。
后缀常改变词性（easy easily，加上后缀-ly后，由形容词变成副词），少数后缀在改变词性的同时也会改变词义（hard 硬的hardly ⼏乎不，由形容词变成副词，同时意思发⽣改变）。
好啦，这是对上期内容的⼀个简单回顾，下⾯我们将继续揭秘英语其余的⼏种构词法：3、转化法英语单词的词性⾮常活跃，名词⽤作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词⽤作动词等现象⾮常普遍，这种把⼀种词性⽤作另⼀种词性的⽅式就叫做词性的转化。
转换法也叫零派⽣，也就是不加词缀就直接改变词性或词义。
阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句⼦成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。
下⾯就将⼀些常见的变化列举如下：（1）动词转化为名词A.有⼤量动词可以转化为名词，有时意思没变化。
Let me have a try.让我试⼀试。
We stopped there for aswim.我们在那停下来游了⼀会⼉泳。
B.有时意思有⼀定的变化。
He was about the samebuild as his brother.他的体形和他哥哥差不多。
Blending构词法精品讲解
班级：113班 姓名：王少茹（1150401319） 王晓婷（1150401320）
What is it?
• A blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words.
It deal with the action of abridging and then combining various lexemes to form a new ward.
Thanks
•
Formation Ⅰ
Based on how they are formed, Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three groups:
Phonemic Overlap: a syllable or part of a syllable is shared between two words
Notes
•When two words are combined in their entirety , the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend. •Eg. Bagpipe is a compound, not a blend ,of bag and pipe.
Example
Californication
motel
California
fornication
motor hotel
4.Multiple sounds from two component words are blends, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order.
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autocide
automobile suicide
Medicare
medical care
breathalyse breath analyse
newscast news broadcast
Phonemic Overlap and Clipping: shortening of two words to a shared syllable and then compounding
Phonemic Overlap: a syllable or part of a syllable is shared between two words
பைடு நூலகம்
goat sheep
geep
ceramic metal cermet
Clipping: the shortening of two words
end of the other.
smoke
fog
smog
spoon
fork
spork
smart
sassy
smassy
slum
suburb
slurb
2.The beginning of two words are combined.
Example
cybernetic organism
cyborg
motor hotel
4.Multiple sounds from two component words are blends, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order.
Example
slithy lithe
slimy
Notes
• A blended word may undergo further modification in form or meaning over time, and the meaning of its parts can become obsolete.
abridging and then combining
various lexemes to form a new
ward.
Formation Ⅰ
Based on how they are formed, Algeo, a linguist, proposed dividing blends into three groups:
Interpol biopic heliport
• international • police
• biographical • picture
• helicopter • airport
Formation Ⅱ
1.The beginning of one word is added to the
• Eg. Malinger may have developed from a blend in old French malade(ill), maigre(meager) and haingre(haggard).
Notes
•When two words are combined in their entirety , the result is considered a compound word rather than a blend.
advertising mass
admass
teleprinter exchange
telex
3.Two words are blend around a common sequence of sounds.
Example
Californication
motel
California fornication
•Eg. Bagpipe is a compound, not a blend ,of bag and pipe.
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知识回顾 Knowledge Review
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Blending
班级：113班 姓名：王少茹（1150401319）
王晓婷（1150401320）
What is it?
• A blend is a word formed from parts of two or more other words.
•
It deal with the action of