人教版高中英语必修四 Unit1语法知识点——主谓一致讲解和同步练习 (有答案)
人教版新课标必修4 Unit 1全单元精讲讲义(附练习答案)
Unit 1 Women of achievementⅠ. 要点导读重点单词1. She has achieved everything she wanted to do… (P3)achieve v.“完成；达到”，指经过长期努力而达到某目标、地位或标准等。
achievement n.“成就；功绩”，a sense of achievement“成就感”。
eg: He had finally achieved success.Even a small success gives you a sense of achievement.2. She helped improve prison conditions and gave prisoners work and education. (P1)condition n. [C]“环境；境况；条件”，常用复数形式conditions；[U]“状态；状况”，be in good condition“处于良好的状态”，be out of condition“健康状况不佳”。
eg: We should pay more attention to the poor living under the bad conditions.The astronauts soon got used to the condition of weightlessness.My car is old but in good condition.He is overweight and out of condition.condition意为“条件”时，常用短语on condition that，表示“如果；在……条件下”；在美国英语中，也经常用under the condition that。
eg: I will come on condition that Peter is invited.They agreed under the condition that the matter be dealt with quickly.3. She devoted all her life to medical work for Chinese women and children. (P1)devote vt.“投入于；献身”，其宾语后常与介词to搭配，to后接名词、代词或动名词。
主谓一致-讲解++练习(全)
主谓一致的用法及专项练习题一、主谓一致三原则主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致，主谓一致必须遵循三原则:语法一致原则,意义一致原则，就近一致原则。
1、语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
Tom is a good student。
汤姆是个好学生。
They often play football on the playground. 他们经常在操场上踢足球。
2、意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义,这是谓语动词用单数形式。
My family are having lunch now。
我们一家人现在正吃午饭。
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book。
这本书20美元太贵了。
3、就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。
例如：Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。
There is a pen and some books on the desk。
课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书。
二、主谓一致常考题型1、单数名词(代词）/不可数名词作主语时,谓语用单数形式；复数名词(代词)作主语，谓语用复数形式。
The desk is Tom’s. 这张桌子是汤姆的。
Some water is in the bottle. 一些水在瓶子里。
The students are playing football on the playground。
这些学生正在操场上踢足球。
2、“a great/ good many+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
但“many a+名词”作主语，意义虽为“许多"，但谓语要用单数形式.Many a student has been to Shanghai. 许多学生到过上海。
人教版高中英语必修4 五个单元语法知识汇总
Unit1 主谓一致Subject—Verb Agreement概念引入：I am a teacherShe often does her homework in the morning.There is only one box on the table.There are 50 students in our class.语法讲解：【直接引语和间接引语 P1】什么是主谓一致？1）语法形式上要一致，即主语单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2）意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3）就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语。
一般来说，不可数名词与可数名词单数用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。
如何判定，则要看句子的意思。
多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。
下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。
比如: He are a teacher. I is a student.一、语法一致原则1、单数主语，不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数A student is studying English.Serving the people is my great happiness.When we deliver the goods hasn't been decided.When and where we will go hasn't been decided.但当what引导的句子做主语，若后面是“be +名词”的结构时，谓语随名词变化。
What you did is right. What you need are these dictionaries.2、复数名词/代词作主语，谓语动词一般用复数形式All the students _____clever. （are）They _____English very much. (like)3、用and或both…and 连接的单数名词、代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语及主语从句作主语谓语动词用复数形式。
最新必修4unit 1 语法讲解教学内容
Useful sபைடு நூலகம்ructures
语法详解：
所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间,即 主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应 的形式。xyh
主谓一致主要有以下几种情况： 一、语法一致原则
1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时 候, 谓语动词有以下两种情况：
• ajy
2. 如果主语是单个不定式, 动词ing形式或从句的时候,谓语动词一般用单数。
eg. When he is coming seems very important. 他什么时候要来看起来很重要 eg. Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。
3. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, rather than ,like, without, except, but, including 谓语动词的单复数看这些词前的主语 （就远原则）
这一类常见的集合is名词有 public, family, class, crowd, population, team,
group。 eg. His family
_a_r_e_going
out.
他们全家要外出。
His family ____all music lovers. 他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。
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2.表示时间重量长度价值等名词的复数做主语，谓语用单数 eg. 1.thirty years is not long in history
2. 5,000 kilometres is a long distance
3.某些名词如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其复 数形式, 但当它们被a pair of 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。
2020届高考英语(人教版)必修四课堂要点精析讲义Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar—主谓一致含答案
Section_ⅢGrammar—_主谓一致语法图解探究发现①Following Jane’s way of studying chimps, our group are all going to visit them in the forest.②Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.③Everybody sits and waits in the shade of the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off.④Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right.⑤Ten hours has passed since I came here.[我的发现](1)句①中group强调成员，故其后谓语动词用复数形式；句③中的family和句④中的group强调整体，故其后谓语动词用单数形式。
(2)句②中的主语为动名词短语，故其谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。
(3)表示时间、距离、金额、度量衡等名词作主语时，常表示一个整体概念，谓语动词用单数形式，如句⑤。
谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致，这叫主谓一致。
主谓一致的应用主要有以下几种情况：一、名词作主语主语谓语动词可数名词单数或不可数名词单数可数名词复数复数只表示复数意义的集体名词people, police, cattle等复数family, class, group, team类集体名词强调整体单数强调成员复数只作不可数名词用的集体名词clothing, equipment,furniture, jewellery等单数单复数同形的名词means, sheep, works, deer, fish等根据其表达的单复数意义而定The public was kept in the dark about the matter.关于这件事情公众被蒙在鼓里。
人教版高中英语必修四 Unit1语法知识点——主谓一致讲解和同步练习 (有答案)
高中英语语法基础——主谓一致知识点讲解与同步练习概念：主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要保持一致。
一．谓语动词用单数的情况1．动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。
如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job.T o understand the situation completely requires more thought.2．表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。
Two weeks was too long.T en yuan is enough.十元钱足够了。
3．一般用and连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：law and order法制soap and water肥皂水a cup and saucer茶杯碟子fork and knife刀叉the needle and thr ead针线trial and error反复尝试，不断摸索horse and carriage马车time and tide岁月b r e ad and butter奶油面包the ebb and flow盛衰，潮涨潮落Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man4.代词each和由every,some,no,any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each,every,谓语需用单数。
例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出问题了。
5.两个用and连接的单数可数名词作主语，且第二个名词前无冠词，表示“一体”或“一双”，谓语动词用单数。
高中英语语法：主谓一致-讲解与练习
主谓一致Ⅰ. 主谓一致原则含义：在英语句子中，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
分类：语法一致原则、逻辑意义一致原则、就近原则。
Ⅱ. 语法一致原则：谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.What he said is true.【注意】★由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。
What I bought were three English books.What I say and do has nothing to do with you.★ a pair of +表无生命的名词+单数谓语；a pair of +表人或动物的名词+单数/复数谓语：This pair of shoes is not mine.The happy pair is / are going to Hawaii for their honeymoon.2.―单数名词+ and + 单数名词‖作主语，谓语动词用复数：You and I are good friends.The boy and the girl were so surprised when they heard the news.【注意】★如果and 并列的主语指的是同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数：a/ the + 单数名词（人）+ and + 单数名词（人）+ 单数谓语a/ the + 单数名词（人）+ and + a/ the + 单数名词（人）+ 复数谓语The dancer and singer was greeted by a crowd of people.The dancer and the singer were greeted by a crowd of people.★由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式:Every man, woman, and child needs love.Each boy and girl was given a book.Every minute and every second is precious.★有些用and连接起来的单数名词，由于关系密切，已被看成一个整体，因而作主语时，谓语单词用单数。
人教版必修四unit1语法---主谓一致强化训练(含答案)
人教版必修四unit1语法---主谓一致强化训练一.选词填空1．Where ______ (is，are)that five dollars I lent you?2．The number of the students in that school ________ (has，have)greatly increased in recent years. 3．A number of students in our class ________ (has，have)seen the film.4．No news ________ (is，are)good news.5．Ten weeks ________ (has，have)passed since the new term began.6．Many a student ______ (enjoys，enjoy)pop music.7．Every man and every woman ________ (was，were)invited to the party.8．The rest of the lecture ________ (was，were)not interesting.9．After the exam there ________ (is，are)a lot of time for us to relax.10．Here ________ (comes，come)three naughty boys from next door.二.用be动词或所给动词的正确形式填空（1）1．The teacher and writer ________ respected by all the people.The teacher and the writer ________ respected by all the people.2．Either you or I _______ wrong.Not only his friends，but also he himself ________ looking forward to the meeting.3．Ann with her son and her daughter ________ in New York in 2004.You，rather than your sister, ________ to be invited to the party.4．Playing basketball ________ good for your health.That our teacher is going to leave us ________(make)us disappointed.5．Someone ________ calling for you on the phone.Nothing ________ too difficult if you put your heart into it.6．Those who ________ against the plan can leave.Anyone who ________ interested in the plan can go with us.7．The police ________(keep) the city in good order.The cattle ________ eaten up all the grass here and ________ to move to another place.(have)8．The family ________ going to hold a party on Christmas Eve.The family ________(have) different opinions about their going abroad.9．Nearly 80% of the university students ________(have) part-time jobs.Two thirds of the work ________(have) not been finished yet.10.Three thousand kilometres ________ a long distance.Two months ________ long enough for us to solve the problem.（2）1．Neither his wife nor his parents ________(want) to go to Taiwan.2．Each citizen over 18 years old in our country ________(have) the right to vote.3．The man as well as his children ________(go) swimming every summer.4．Not only the students but also the teacher ________(be) looking forward to the holiday.5．The medical team ________(be) treating the injured at present in that hospital.6．What she is doing ________(be) none of your business.7．Two thirds of the teachers present ________(be) against the plan then.8．The factory used 65% of the raw materials，the rest of which ________(be) saved for other purposes. 9．Many a boy in our class ________(admire) the famous player.10．This kind of shoes ________(be) popular with young women.（3）1．A library with five thousand books ________ (have)been offered to the nation as a gift.2．Physics ________ (be)one of the hardest subjects for a middle school student.3．What we need ________ (be)good textbooks.4．People ________ (read) for pleasure during their spare time.5．Outside the school ________ (stand)crowds of students，too anxious to know the results of the exam.6．No bird and no beast ________ (be)seen on the lonely island.7．The New York Times ________ (be)first published in the early 1860s.8．Many people say 1,000 dollars ________ (be)a lot of money.9．I，who ________ (be)your teacher，will try my best to help you with your study.10．Some of the books about investment fund ________ (have) been published recently.四．完成句子1.Neither my parents nor I________________(在家)at that time，so nobody could answer the phone.(be)2.According to my father，movies，such as the one you talked about yesterday，________________(不值得一看)．(worth)3.Such poets as Shakespeare ________________(受到了广泛地阅读)，of whose works，however，some are difficult to understand.4.Dr.Smith，together with his wife and daughters ________________(去了)Wuhan.They won't return home till next month.(go)5.Jack is the only one of the few students who ________________(能够表达自己)in Chinese.(able)6.Either the ways or the time________________(没有决定下来)yet，but you may ask the headmaster for some information.(decide)7.The number of children who have lost parents to AIDS________________(预期)to rise to over 26 million in 2013.(expect)8．—Why does the lake smell so terrible?—Because large quantities of water ________(已经污染了)．(pollute)9.The rule says that nobody but doctors or nurses and those invited by Dr.Smith ______________(容许进入)the patient's room.(allow)10．It is the students，as well as the teacher ______________(希望参观)the History Museum during the National Day.(hope)11．________________________(我们需要的是) more time and more materials.12．More than one boy in our class ________________________(喜欢玩电脑游戏)．13．A number of students _____________________(处于极大的压力下) during the exams.14．Not only the children but also the mother _____________(对结果负责任) of the matter. 15．Doing some walking in the morning _____________________(对你的健康有好处)．五.单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1．A library with five thousand books are offered to the nation as a gift.2．Two fifths of the land in that district are covered with trees and grass.3．Many a boy and girl have made the same mistake since yesterday.4．The Olympic Games is held once every four years.5．Neither my gloves nor my hat go with the dress.答案解析一．1.is 2.has 3.have 4.is 5.has 6.enjoys7.was 8．e二.【1】1．is；are 2.am；is 3.was；are 4.is；makes 5.is；is 6．are；is7.keep；have；have8.is；have9.have；has 10．is；is【2】1.want 2.has 3.goes 4.is 5.are 6.is7.were 8.were9.admires10.is【3】1.has 2.is 3.are 4.read 5.stand 6.is7.was8.is9.am10.have三.1.was in/was at home 2.are not worth seeing 3.wide ly read 4.has gone to5.is able to express himself6.hasn't been decided7.is expected8.have been polluted9.is allowed to enter/go into 10.that hope to visit 11.What we need are12.likes playing computer games13.are under great pressure14.is responsible for the result15.is good for your health四．。
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高中英语语法基础——主谓一致知识点讲解与同步练习概念：主谓一致是指主语与谓语在数上要保持一致。
1．动名词短语、不定式短语、名词性从句做主语，谓语用单数。
如：Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job.To understand the situation completely requires more thought.2．表示时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积等度量的名词短语做主语时，谓语用单数。
Two weeks was too long. Ten yuan is enough.十元钱足够了。
3．一般用and 连接的两个单词或短语做主语时候，谓语用复数，但是下面用and 连接的主语表示一个概念，谓语用单数：law and order 法制soap and water 肥皂水a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子fork and knife 刀叉the needle and thread 针线trial and error 反复尝试，不断摸索horse and carriage 马车time and tide 岁月bread and butter 奶油面包the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮涨潮落Bread and butter is our daily food Time and tide waits for no man4. 代词each 和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder.我们每个人都有一台录音机。
There is something wrong with my watch.我的表出问题了。
5. 两个用and 连接的单数可数名词作主语，且第二个名词前无冠词，表示“一体”或“一双”，谓语动词用单数。
例如：The watch and chain is made of gold.注意：若第二个单数名词前有冠词，谓语动词需用复数。
例如：A peot and a writer have come to speak to us.6. 当不定代词someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, evryone, evrybody, something, anything, nothing, no one, nobody, each, the other, all 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例如：Someone is waiting for you outside.7. 两个用and 连接而被each, every或no 修饰的单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例如：No book and (no) magazine is allowed to be taken away.Each teacher and (each)student wants to see the film.8 .当主语为“many a +单数可数名词”时，谓语动词用单数。
（许多…）例如：Many a student has to spend their weekends studying in the classroom.9. 当主语为“one and a half +可数名词复数”时，谓语动词用单数。
例如：One and a half bananas is left on the table.10. 当主语为“more than one+单数可数名词”时，谓语动词用单数。
例如：More than one example is necessary to make the students understand the rule clearly.11. 形式是复数，意义是单数的词：news, works(工厂)=factory, means, plastics(塑料) ，politics,maths=mathematics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例如：The news is very exciting. Politics is a very important subject to us.注意：works 有两层含义：works(著作；作品)=books; a work=a book; works(工厂)=factory 前者作主语，谓语动词用复数；后者作主语，谓语动词用单数。
例如：It is said that Chairman Mao’s works have been published.That works we visited yesterday is very large.12. 主语是一些只用复数形式的名词，如clothes, trousers,shoes,gloves 等，谓语动词用复数，但当这些词前用a piece of 修饰时，其谓语动词用单数。
例如：There is a piece of shoes in the box.13. 四则运算中，谓语动词通常用单数。
例如：Ten and two is twelve. Ten added to two is twelve.14. 国名、人名、书名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
例如：En gles is Marx’s best friend.1. 当主语为“the+姓的复数形式”时，表示“一家人”或“一对夫妇”，谓语动词用复数。
例如：The Smith are our friends.2. 集体名词如：army, class, enemy, family, government, group, public, company, committee,team, audience(观众) 作主语时，谓语动词视情况而定。
若将其作为一个整体，谓语动词用单数；若指其中的成员或个体，谓语则用复数。
例如：His family isn't very large. 他家不是一个大家庭。
His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音乐爱好者。
3. 名词people, police, cattle, milita(民兵) ，mass(群众) 等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
例如：Cattle feed on grass. 4．由and, both …and, 连接的并列主语，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修饰语后面，谓语动词通常用复数形式。
Few people know he and I were classmates when we were at college.5．某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人，做主语时候，谓语动词用复数The rich are not always selfish6．不可数名词作主语，其前有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数Three million tons of coal were exported that year7. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数例如：Reading and writing are very important. 读和写都是非常重要的。
1. 由连词ei ther…or…; neither…nor…; whether… or…; not only…but (also) ; or 等连接的并列主语，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
例如：Either you or she is to go.要么是你走，要么是她走。
Neither I nor he is to blame.我和他都不应该受责备。
2. 在倒装结构中，谓语动词与后面的第一个主语一致There stands a tree on the top of the mountain.Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.3. 当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与邻近的主语保持一致。
例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..桌上有笔、小刀和几本书。
4．当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与最前面的主语一致。
例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.老师和一些学生在参观工厂。
He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我都想去划船。
5. “one of +复数名词+定语从句”，从句中的谓语动词用复数，当one 前加the only时，从句谓语动词则用单数。
例如：Tom is one of th eboys who come to school early.Jack is the only one of the boys who comes on time.6. 特例：A (large)quantity/mass/variety of+可数或不可数名词+谓语动词的单数形式；(large)quantities/masses/varities of+可数或不可数名词+谓语动词的复数形式。
7. all of, most of, some of, the rest of, half of 及分数和百分数跟名词作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由所跟名词的单复数而定。
例如：The rest of the computers are on sale today.The rest of lecture is not intresting.8. a number of 和the number of后接复数名词作主语，前者的谓语动词用复数，后者则用单数。
例如：A number of girls are still I the classroom.The number of people invited was more than eighty.9．某些固定结构中主语与谓语的数：第一组：a great many + 可数名词复数谓语用复数a number of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数the majority of + 可数名词复数谓语用复数第二组：the number of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数neither/either of + 可数名词复数谓语用单数one and a half + 可数名词复数谓语用单数第三组：more than one + 可数名词单数谓语用单数many a + 可数名词单数谓语用单数( )1. Either Jane or Steven _____ watching TV now.A. wereB. isC. wasD. are( )2. Two days _______enough for me to finish the work. I need a third day.A. isn’tB. isC. are’tD. are( )3. —How many lessons do you usually haver a day?—Six lessons a day. And each of them _____45 minutes.A. lastB. lastsC. haveD. are( )4. Neither Liping nor I _______a basketball player.A. amB. isC. beD. are( )5. There ______ many new words in lesson one. It is very easy.A. isB. aren’tC. isn’tD. are( )6. The number of the students in our school ____1200.A. isB. areC. hasD. have( )7. Maths _______ my favourite subject.A. beB. isC. amD. are( )8. The boy with the two dogs _____ when the earthquake rocked the city.A. were sleepingB. is sleepingC. was sleepingD. are asle( )9. Every one except Tom and John _____there when the meeting began.A. areB. isC. wereD. was( )10. That place is not interesting at all. ____of us wants to go there.A. NeitherB. BothC. AllD. Some( )11. Nobody but Jane _____ the secret.A. knowB. knowsC. have knowD. is( )12. —What’s on the plate? some eggs and cakes on it?—There _____some eggs and cakes on it.A. isB. areC. wasD. were( )13. This pair of glasses ______mine.A. areB. beC. isD. will be( )14. Both Lily and Lucy ______ to the party yesterday.A. invitedB. was invitedC. had invitedD. were invirted( )15. —Two months ______quite a long time.—Yes, I’m afraid that he will miss lots of his lessons.A. isB. areC. wasD. were( )16. In the city the old _______.A. take good care ofB. are taken good care ofC. is taken good care ofD. are been taken good care of( )17. His family _____all very kind and friendly, His family ______a happy one.A. are,isB. is,isC. are,areD. is,are( )18. The singer and the dancer _____come to Beijing.A. hasB. haveC. areD. is( )19. The children in this class each _____new school bag.A. haveB. hasC. has gotD. are having( )20. All but one _____ here just now.A. isB. wasC. has beenD. were( )21. You as well as your wife blame(责备) for the accident （交通事故）.A. areB. isC. haveD. has( )22. Neither my wife nor I able to teach my daughter to sing English songs.A. has beenB. isC. areD. am( )23. Tom’s teacher and friend ___ Mr. Smith.A. hasB. are beingC. isD. are( )24. Many a student ___ that mistake before.A. had madeB. has been madeC. have madeD. has made( )25. Between the two buildings ___ a monument.A. is standingB. standingC. standsD. stand( )26. Laying eggs ___ the ant queen’s full-time job.A. haveB. hasC. areD. is( )27. The whole class ___ greatly moved at his words yesterday.A. isB. hadC. wereD. was( )28. Deer ___ faster than dogs.A. will runB. are runningC. runsD. run( )29. The police ___ a prisoner.A. are searched forB. is searchingC. are searching forD. is searching for( )30. More than one answer ___ to the question so far.A. had givenB. were givenC. has been givenD. have been given参考答案：(1).B (2). A (3). B (4). A (5).B (6).A (7).B (8). C(9). D (10). A (11).B (12).B (13).C (14). D (15).A(16).B (17).A (18).B (19).A (20) D (21). A (22). D(23).C (24).D (25).C (26).D (27) D (28). C (29). C (30). D。