第04章 特定要素与国际贸易(英文习题)
I_E_11e_Ch_04
CHAPTER 4—TARIFFSMULTIPLE CHOICE1. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight welfare losses for the home economy.These losses consist of the:a. Protective effect plus consumption effectb. Redistribution effect plus revenue effectc. Revenue effect plus protective effectd. Consumption effect plus redistribution effectANS: A PTS: 12. Suppose that the United States eliminates its tariff on steel imports, permitting foreign-producedsteel to enter the U.S. market. Steel prices to U.S. consumers would be expected to:a. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increaseb. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increasec. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decreased. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decreaseANS: B PTS: 13. A $100 specific tariff provides home producers more protection from foreign competition when:a. The home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive productsb. It is applied to a commodity with many grade variationsc. The home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changesd. It is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary productsANS: A PTS: 14. A lower tariff on imported aluminum would most likely benefit:a. Foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumersb. Domestic manufacturers of aluminumc. Domestic consumers of aluminumd. Workers in the domestic aluminum industryANS: C PTS: 15. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country dutyfree, its tariff policy generally results in a:a. Effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rateb. Nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff ratec. Rise in both nominal and effective tariff ratesd. Fall in both nominal and effective tariff ratesANS: B PTS: 16. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed the most significant economicjustification has been the:a. Infant industry argumentb. Cheap foreign labor argumentc. Balance of payments argumentd. Domestic living standard argumentANS: A PTS: 17. The redistribution effect of an import tariff is the transfer of income from the domestic:a. Producers to domestic buyers of the goodb. Buyers to domestic producers of the goodc. Buyers to the domestic governmentd. Government to the domestic buyersANS: B PTS: 18. Which of the following is true concerning a specific tariff?a. It is exclusively used by the U.S. in its tariff schedules.b. It refers to a flat percentage duty applied to a good's market value.c. It is plagued by problems associated with assessing import product values.d. It affords less protection to home producers during eras of rising prices.ANS: D PTS: 19. The principal benefit of tariff protection goes to:a. Domestic consumers of the good producedb. Domestic producers of the good producedc. Foreign producers of the good producedd. Foreign consumers of the good producedANS: B PTS: 110. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariffrate and applies a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity?a. Tariff quotab. Import tariffc. Specific tariffd. Ad valorem tariffANS: A PTS: 111. Assume the United States adopts a tariff quota on steel in which the quota is set at 2 million tons,the within-quota tariff rate equals 5 percent, and the over-quota tariff rate equals 10 percent.Suppose the U.S. imports 1 million tons of steel. The resulting revenue effect of the tariff quota would accrue to:a. The U.S. government onlyb. U.S. importing companies onlyc. Foreign exporting companies onlyd. The U.S. government and either U.S. importers or foreign exportersANS: A PTS: 112. When the production of a commodity does not utilize imported inputs, the effective tariff rate onthe commodity:a. Exceeds the nominal tariff rate on the commodityb. Equals the nominal tariff rate on the commodityc. Is less than the nominal tariff rate on the commodityd. None of the aboveANS: B PTS: 113. Developing nations often maintain that industrial countries permit raw materials to be importedat very low tariff rates while maintaining high tariff rates on manufactured imports. Which of the following refers to the above statement?a. Tariff-quota effectb. Nominal tariff effectc. Tariff escalation effectd. Protective tariff effectANS: C PTS: 114. Should the home country be "large" relative to the world, its imposition of a tariff on importswould lead to an increase in domestic welfare if the terms-of-trade effect exceeds the sum of the:a. Revenue effect plus redistribution effectb. Protective effect plus revenue effectc. Consumption effect plus redistribution effectd. Protective effect plus consumption effectANS: D PTS: 115. Should Canada impose a tariff on imports, one would expect Canada's:a. Terms of trade to improve and volume of trade to decreaseb. Terms of trade to worsen and volume of trade to decreasec. Terms of trade to improve and volume of trade to increased. Terms of trade to worsen and volume of trade to increaseANS: A PTS: 116. A beggar-thy-neighbor policy is the imposition of:a. Free trade to increase domestic productivityb. Trade barriers to increase domestic demand and employmentc. Import tariffs to curb domestic inflationd. Revenue tariffs to make products cheaper for domestic consumersANS: B PTS: 117. A problem encountered when implementing an "infant industry" tariff is that:a. Domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariffb. Political pressure may prevent the tariff's removal when the industry maturesc. Most industries require tariff protection when they are matured. Labor unions will capture the protective effect in higher wagesANS: B PTS: 118. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they:a. Improve the terms of trade of foreign nationsb. Protect jobs and reduce unemploymentc. Promote growth and development of young industriesd. Prevent overdependence of a country on only a few industriesANS: A PTS: 119. The deadweight loss of a tariff:a. Is a social loss since it promotes inefficient productionb. Is a social loss since it reduces the revenue for the governmentc. Is not a social loss because society as a whole doesn't pay for the lossd. Is not a social loss since only business firms suffer revenue lossesANS: A PTS: 120. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product as it enters thecountry?a. Specific tariffb. Ad valorem tariffc. Nominal tariffd. Effective tariffANS: B PTS: 121. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported cheese would be an example of:a. Compound tariffb. Effective tariffc. Ad valorem tariffd. Specific tariffANS: D PTS: 122. A tax of 15 percent per imported item would be an example of:a. Ad valorem tariffb. Specific tariffc. Effective tariffd. Compound tariffANS: A PTS: 123. Which type of tariff is not used by the American government?a. Import tariffb. Export tariffc. Specific tariffd. Ad valorem tariffANS: B PTS: 124. Which trade policy results in the government levying a "two-tier" tariff on imported goods?a. Tariff quotab. Nominal tariffc. Effective tariffd. Revenue tariffANS: A PTS: 125. If we consider the impact on both consumers and producers, then protection of the steel industryis:a. In the interest of the United States as a whole, but not in the interest of the state ofPennsylvaniab. In the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of the state of Pennsylvaniac. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, but it might be in the interest of the stateof Pennsylvaniad. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, nor in the interest of the state ofPennsylvaniaANS: C PTS: 126. If I purchase a stereo from South Korea, I obtain the stereo and South Korea obtains the dollars.But if I purchase a stereo produced in the United States, I obtain the stereo and the dollars remain in America. This line of reasoning is:a. Valid for stereos, but not for most products imported by the United Statesb. Valid for most products imported by the United States, but not for stereosc. Deceptive since Koreans eventually spend the dollars on U.S. goodsd. Deceptive since the dollars spent on a stereo built in the United States eventually wind upoverseasANS: C PTS: 127. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by:a. Consumers lobbying for export tariffsb. Consumers lobbying for import tariffsc. Producers lobbying for export tariffsd. Producers lobbying for import tariffsANS: D PTS: 128. If we consider the interests of both consumers and producers, then a policy of tariff reduction inthe U.S. auto industry is:a. In the interest of the United States as a whole, but not in the interest of auto-producing statesb. In the interest of the United States as a whole, and in the interest of auto-producing statesc. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, nor in the interest of auto-producingstatesd. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, but is in the interest of auto-producingstatesANS: A PTS: 129. Free traders point out that:a. There is usually an efficiency gain from having tariffsb. There is usually an efficiency loss from having tariffsc. Producers lose from tariffs at the expense of consumersd. Producers lose from tariffs at the expense of the governmentANS: B PTS: 130. A decrease in the import tariff will result in:a. An increase in imports but a decrease in domestic productionb. A decrease in imports but an increase in domestic productionc. An increase in price but a decrease in quantity purchasedd. A decrease in price and a decrease in quantity purchasedANS: A PTS: 1Figure 4.1 illustrates the demand and supply schedules for pocket calculators in Mexico, a "small" nation that is unable to affect the world price.Figure 4.1. Import Tariff Levied by a "Small" Country31. Consider Figure 4.1. In the absence of trade, Mexico produces and consumes:a. 10 calculatorsb. 40 calculatorsc. 60 calculatorsd. 80 calculatorsANS: C PTS: 132. Consider Figure 4.1. In the absence of trade, Mexico's producer surplus and consumer surplusrespectively equal:a. $120, $240b. $180, $180c. $180, $320d. $240, $240ANS: B PTS: 133. Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, Mexico imports:a. 40 calculatorsb. 60 calculatorsc. 80 calculatorsd. 100 calculatorsANS: D PTS: 134. Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, the total value of Mexico's imports equal:a. $220b. $260c. $290d. $300ANS: D PTS: 135. Consider Figure 4.1. With free trade, Mexico's producer surplus and consumer surplusrespectively equal:a. $5, $605b. $25, $380c. $45, $250d. $85, $195ANS: A PTS: 136. Consider Figure 4.1. With a per-unit tariff of $3, the quantity of imports decreases to:a. 20 calculatorsb. 40 calculatorsc. 50 calculatorsd. 70 calculatorsANS: B PTS: 137. According to Figure 4.1, the loss in Mexican consumer surplus due to the tariff equals:a. $225b. $265c. $285d. $325ANS: C PTS: 138. According to Figure 4.1, the tariff results in the Mexican government collecting:a. $100b. $120c. $140d. $160ANS: B PTS: 139. According to Figure 4.1, Mexican manufacturers gain ____ because of the tariff.a. $75b. $85c. $95d. $105ANS: A PTS: 140. According to Figure 4.1, the deadweight cost of the tariff totals:a. $60b. $70c. $80d. $90ANS: D PTS: 141. Consider Figure 4.1. The tariff would be prohibitive (i.e., eliminate imports) if it equaled:a. $2b. $3c. $4d. $5ANS: D PTS: 1Assume the United States is a large consumer of steel that is able to influence the world price. Its demand and supply schedules are respectively denoted by D U.S. and S U.S. in Figure 4.2. Theoverall (United States plus world) supply schedule of steel is denoted by S U.S.+W.Figure 4.2. Import Tariff Levied by a "Large" Country42. Consider Figure 4.2. With free trade, the United States achieves market equilibrium at a price of$____. At this price, ____ tons of steel are produced by U.S. firms, ____ tons are bought by U.S.buyers, and ____ tons are imported.a. $450, 5 tons, 60 tons, 55 tonsb. $475, 10 tons, 50 tons, 40 tonsc. $525, 5 tons, 60 tons, 55 tonsd. $630, 30 tons, 30 tons, 0 tonsANS: B PTS: 143. Consider Figure 4.2. Suppose the United States imposes a tariff of $100 on each ton of steelimported. With the tariff, the price of steel rises to $____ and imports fall to ____ tons.a. $550, 20 tonsb. $550, 30 tonsc. $575, 20 tonsd. $575, 30 tonsANS: A PTS: 144. Consider Figure 4.2. Of the $100 tariff, $____ is passed on to the U.S. consumer via a higherprice, while $____ is borne by the foreign exporter; the U.S. terms of trade:a. $25, $75, improveb. $25, $75, worsenc. $75, $25, improved. $75, $25, worsenANS: C PTS: 145. Referring to Figure 4.2, the tariff's deadweight welfare loss to the United States totals:a. $450b. $550c. $650d. $750ANS: D PTS: 146. According to Figure 4.2, the tariff's terms-of-trade effect equals:a. $300b. $400c. $500d. $600ANS: C PTS: 147. According to Figure 4.2, the tariff leads to the overall welfare of the United States:a. Rising by $250b. Rising by $500c. Falling by $250d. Falling by $500ANS: C PTS: 148. Suppose that the production of $500,000 worth of steel in the United States requires $100,000worth of iron ore. The U.S. nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 15 percent for steel and 5 percent for iron ore. Given this information, the effective rate of protection for the U.S.steel industry is approximately:a. 6 percentb. 12 percentc. 18 percentd. 24 percentANS: C PTS: 149. Suppose that the production of a $30,000 automobile in Canada requires $10,000 worth of steel.The Canadian nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 25 percent for automobiles and10 percent for steel. Given this information, the effective rate of protection for the Canadianautomobile industry is approximately:a. 15 percentb. 32 percentc. 48 percentd. 67 percentANS: B PTS: 1Exhibit 4.1Assume that the United States imports automobiles from South Korea at a price of $20,000 per vehicle and that these vehicles are subject to an import tariff of 20 percent. Also assume that U.S.components are used in the vehicles assembled by South Korea and that these components have a value of $10,000.50. Refer to Exhibit 4.1. In the absence of the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, theprice of an imported vehicle to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is:a. $22,000b. $23,000c. $24,000d. $25,000ANS: C PTS: 151. Refer to Exhibit 4.1. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, the price of animported vehicle to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is:a. $22,000b. $23,000c. $24,000d. $25,000ANS: A PTS: 152. Suppose an importer of steel is required to pay a tariff of $20 per ton plus 5 percent of the valueof steel. This is an example of a (an):a. Specific tariffb. Ad valorem tariffc. Compound tariffd. Tariff quotaANS: C PTS: 153. A compound tariff is a combination of a (an):a. Tariff quota and a two-tier tariffb. Revenue tariff and a protective tariffc. Import tariff and an export tariffd. Specific tariff and an ad valorem tariffANS: D PTS: 1Table 4.1. Production Costs and Prices of Imported and Domestic VCRsImported VCRs Domestic VCRs Component parts $150 Imported component parts $150 Assembly cost/profit 50 Assembly cost 50 Nominal tariff 25 Profit 25 Import price Domestic priceafter tariff 225 after tariff 22554. Consider Table 4.1. Prior to the tariff, the total price of domestically-produced VCRs is:a. $150b. $200c. $225d. $250ANS: B PTS: 155. Consider Table 4.1. Prior to the tariff, the total price of imported VCRs is:a. $150b. $200c. $225d. $235ANS: B PTS: 156. Consider Table 4.1. The nominal tariff rate on imported VCRs equals:a. 11.1 percentb. 12.5 percentc. 16.7 percentd. 50.0 percentANS: B PTS: 157. Consider Table 4.1. Prior to the tariff, domestic value added equals:a. $25b. $50c. $75d. $100ANS: B PTS: 158. Consider Table 4.1. After the tariff, domestic value added equals:a. $25b. $50c. $75d. $100ANS: C PTS: 159. Consider Table 4.1. The effective tariff rate equals:a. 11.1 percentb. 16.7 percentc. 50.0 percentd. 100.0 percentANS: C PTS: 160. If the domestic value added before an import tariff for a product is $500 and the domestic valueadded after the tariff is $550, the effective rate of protection is:a. 5 percentb. 8 percentc. 10 percentd. 15 percentANS: C PTS: 161. When a tariff on imported inputs exceeds that on the finished good,a. The nominal tariff rate on the finished product would tend to overstate its protective effectb. The nominal tariff rate would tend to understate it's protective effectc. It is impossible to determine the protective effect of a tariffd. Tariff escalation occursANS: A PTS: 162. The offshore assembly provision in the U.S.a. Provides favorable treatment to U.S. trading partnersb. Discriminates against primary product importersc. Provides favorable treatment to products assembled abroad from U.S. manufacturedcomponentsd. Hurts the U.S. consumerANS: C PTS: 163. Arguments for U.S. trade restrictions include all of the following excepta. Job protectionb. Infant industry supportc. Maintenance of domestic living standardd. Improving incomes for developing countriesANS: D PTS: 164. For the United States, a foreign trade zone (FTZ) isa. A site within the United Statesb. A site outside the United Statesc. Always located in poorer developing countriesd. Is used to discourage tradeANS: A PTS: 1TRUE/FALSE1. To protect domestic producers from foreign competition, the U.S. government levies both importtariffs and export tariffs.ANS: F PTS: 12. With a compound tariff, a domestic importer of an automobile might be required to pay a duty of$200 plus 4 percent of the value of the automobile.ANS: T PTS: 13. With a specific tariff, the degree of protection afforded domestic producers varies directly withchanges in import prices.ANS: F PTS: 14. During a business recession, when cheaper products are purchased, a specific tariff providesdomestic producers a greater amount of protection against import-competing goods.ANS: T PTS: 15. A ad valorem tariff provides domestic producers a declining degree of protection againstimport-competing goods during periods of changing prices.ANS: F PTS: 16. With a compound duty, its "specific" portion neutralizes the cost disadvantage of domesticmanufacturers that results from tariff protection granted to domestic suppliers of raw materials, and the "ad valorem" portion of the duty grants protection to the finished-goods industry.ANS: T PTS: 17. The nominal tariff rate signifies the total increase in domestic productive activities compared towhat would occur under free-trade conditions.ANS: F PTS: 18. When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product isprotected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high rate of protection for domestic producers of the final product.ANS: T PTS: 19. According to the tariff escalation effect, industrial countries apply low tariffs to imports offinished goods and high tariffs to imports of raw materials.ANS: F PTS: 110. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, U.S. import duties apply only to thevalue added in the foreign assembly process, provided that U.S.-made components are used by overseas companies in their assembly operations.ANS: T PTS: 111. Bonded warehouses and foreign trade zones have the effect of allowing domestic importers topostpone and prorate over time their import duty obligations.ANS: T PTS: 112. A nation whose imports constitute a very small portion of the world market supply is a price taker,facing a constant world price for its import commodity.ANS: T PTS: 113. Graphically, consumer surplus is represented by the area above the demand curve and below theproduct's market price.ANS: F PTS: 114. Producer surplus is the revenue producers receive over and above the minimum necessary forproduction.ANS: T PTS: 115. For a "small" country, a tariff raises the domestic price of an imported product by the full amountof the duty.ANS: T PTS: 116. Although an import tariff provides the domestic government additional tax revenue, it benefitsdomestic consumers at the expense of domestic producers.ANS: F PTS: 117. An import tariff reduces the welfare of a "small" country by an amount equal to the redistributioneffect plus the revenue effect.ANS: F PTS: 118. The deadweight losses of an import tariff consist of the protection effect plus the consumptioneffect.ANS: T PTS: 119. The redistribution effect is the transfer of producer surplus to domestic consumers of theimport-competing product.ANS: F PTS: 120. As long as it is assumed that a nation accounts for a negligible portion of international trade, itslevying an import tariff necessarily increases its overall welfare.ANS: F PTS: 121. Changes in a "large" country's economic conditions or trade policies can affect the terms atwhich it trades with other countries.ANS: T PTS: 122. A "large" country, that levies a tariff on imports, cannot improve the terms at which it trades withother countries.ANS: F PTS: 123. For a "large" country, a tariff on an imported product may be partially absorbed by the domesticconsumer via a higher purchase price and partially absorbed by the foreign producer via a lower export price.ANS: T PTS: 124. If a "large" country levies a tariff on an imported good, its overall welfare increases if themonetary value of the tariff's consumption effect plus protective effect exceeds the monetary value of the terms-of-trade effect.ANS: F PTS: 125. If a "small" country levies a tariff on an imported good, its overall welfare increases if themonetary value of the tariff's consumption effect plus protective effect is less than the monetary value of the terms-of-trade effect.ANS: F PTS: 126. A tariff on steel imports tends to improve the competitiveness of domestic automobilecompanies.ANS: F PTS: 127. If a tariff reduces the quantity of Japanese autos imported by the United States, over time itreduces the ability of Japan to import goods from the United States.ANS: T PTS: 128. A compound tariff permits a specified amount of goods to be imported at one tariff rate while anyimports above this amount are subjected to a higher tariff rate.ANS: F PTS: 129. A tariff can be thought of as a tax on imported goods.ANS: T PTS: 130. Although tariffs on imported steel may lead to job gains for domestic steel workers, they can leadto job losses for domestic auto workers.ANS: T PTS: 131. Relatively low wages in Mexico make it impossible for U.S. manufacturers of labor-intensivegoods to compete against Mexican manufacturers.ANS: F PTS: 132. According to the infant-industry argument, temporary tariff protection granted to an infantindustry will help it become competitive in the world market; when internationalcompetitiveness is achieved, the tariff should be removed.ANS: T PTS: 1Exhibit 4.2In the absence of international trade, assume that the equilibrium price and quantity of motorcycles in Canada is $14,000 and 10 units respectively. Assuming that Canada is a small country that is unable to affect the world price of motorcycles, suppose its market is opened to international trade. As a result, the price of motorcycles falls to $12,000 and the total quantity demanded rises to 14 units; out of this total, 6 units are produced in Canada while 8 units are imported. Now assume that the Canadian government levies an import tariff of $1,000 on motorcycles.33. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. As a result of the tariff, the price of imported motorcycles equals $13,000and imports total 4 cycles.ANS: T PTS: 134. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff leads to an increase in Canadian consumer surplus totaling$11,000.ANS: F PTS: 135. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff's redistribution effect equals $7,000.ANS: T PTS: 136. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff's revenue effect equals $6,000.ANS: F PTS: 137. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. All of the import tariff is shifted to the Canadian consumer via a higher priceof motorcycles.ANS: T PTS: 138. Refer to Exhibit 4.2. The tariff leads to a deadweight welfare loss for Canada totaling $1,000.ANS: F PTS: 139. Unlike a specific tariff, an ad valorem tariff differentiates between commodities with differentvalues.ANS: T PTS: 140. A limitation of a specific tariff is that it provides a constant level of protection for domesticcommodities regardless of fluctuations in their prices over time.ANS: F PTS: 141. A tariff quota is a combination of a specific tariff and an ad valorem tariff.ANS: F PTS: 142. A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed percentage of the total value of an imported product.ANS: F PTS: 143. The protective effect of a tariff occurs to the extent that less efficient domestic production issubstituted for more efficient foreign production.ANS: T PTS: 144. A tariff can increase the welfare of a "large" levying country if the favorable terms-of-tradeeffect more than offsets the unfavorable protective effect and consumption effect.ANS: T PTS: 145. If the world price of steel is $600 per ton, a specific tariff of $120 per ton is equivalent to an advalorem tariff of 25 percent.ANS: F PTS: 146. An import tariff will worsen the terms of trade for a "small" country but improve the terms oftrade for a "large" country.ANS: F PTS: 147. Suppose that the tariff on imported steel is 40 percent, the tariff on imported iron ore is 20 percent,and 30 percent of the cost of producing a ton of steel consists of the iron ore it contains. The effective rate of protection of steel is approximately 49 percent.ANS: T PTS: 1。
国际贸易英文习题（含答案）
国际贸易英⽂习题（含答案）国际经济学模拟习题（3）⼀、True or F al se （10*1’=10’）1. Trad e i s a zero-su m activi t y; i f one country gain s, the oth er must lose.2. A nation maxi mi zes satisfaction b y reachin g th e highest possibl e indi fference curve, and inthe absence o f t rad e will p roduce where it s productio n possibili ties sch edule is tangent to an indifference curve.3. Th e factor endo wment s mod el predict s th at int ernational trad e will t end to equali ze theprices o f trade-abl e good s amon g nations, but to in crease the wage gap b et weencapit al-abundant and labo r-abundant nations.4. A tax o f 10 percent on i mport s o f sho es would be an exampl e o f a sp eci fi c tari ff.5. An i mport quot a wi ll not rai se the do mesti c pri ce o f the produ ct as would a t ari ff, becau seit is not a t ax on i mport s.6. In bal anc e-o f-payment s account, a t ran saction resultin g in receipt o f a p ayment is recordedas a credit, wh ereas a tran saction resul ting in a p ayment to other n ations is recorded as adebit.7. Becau se they do not in clude an exchan ge o f goods or servi ces, unil at er al transfers do notappear on a n ation's b al ance o f payment s account.8. David Hu me was one of th e fi rst econo mi sts to provide an al yti cal support fo r mercan tili sttrad e polici es.9. A nat ion would be mo st li kel y to find it s trad e balan ce i mp rovin g aft er a curren cydepreci ation i f th at nation’s d emand fo r i mport s and forei gn d emand fo r i ts expo rts was ver y inelasti c.10. A nation with n eith er a bal ance o f p ayment s surplus nor a bal ance o f p ayments defici t i s saidto be in int ernal bal ance.⼆、choi ces（15*3’=45’）1. The law o f co mp arati ve advant agea). was rati fied b y th e Wo rld Trad e Organizationb). explains ho w all countries can ben efit when each specializes in producin g it ems in wh ich i t hasthe great est relati ve effi ci encyc). explain s ho w onl y the mo st effi ci ent nations can benefi t fro m traded). is used to evalu at e a country’s mi lit ary stren gth2. The theory o f absolut e advant age was developed b ya. the Mercantili stsb. David Hu mec. Ad am S mithd. David Ricardo3. David Ricardo developed the pr inciple o f co mparative advantage sho win g th ata. a nation must b e th e least-cost produ cer o f a good in order to export th at it emb. no nation could have an absolut e ad vantage in all goodsc. in a t wo-country exampl e, onl y one nation can have a co mp arati v e ad vantaged. even a nat ion that has lower producti vit y in all goo ds can ben efi t b y export ing the it em in which it is rel ati vel y l ess inefficient4. An indi fferen ce curvea. sho ws th at most p eople reall y are indifferent abou t intern ational tradeb. sho ws th e demand preferences o f con su mersc. refl ects th e rel ati ve co sts o f product ion within a n ationd. indicat es ho w mu ch l ab or a country h as5. To maxi mize it s sati sfaction, a nation will ensure that it s t erms-o f-trad e lin ea. is tan gent to its produ ct ion possibiliti es fronti er at one point (production po int) and also to th e highest att ainabl e indi fference cu rve at another poin t (consu mption point)b. is t angent to it s product ion possibilit ies fronti er and intersects an indi fferen ce curvec. int ersects its p roduction possibili ties frontier and is t angent to an indi fferen ce curved. intersect s it s productio n possibilit ies fronti er at one point and an indi fference curve at another point6. Facto r-p rice equali zatio n predicts th at with int ern ational trad ea. the price o f a n ation’s abundant factor will rise an d that o f it s scarce factor will fallb. the pri ce o f a n ation’s abundant factor will fall an d that o f it s scarce factor will risec. the prices o f a nation’s abundant and scarce factors both will rised. the pri ces o f a nat ion’s abundant and scarce factors both will fall7. The effecti ve rat e o f p rotect iona. distingui shes bet ween t ari ffs th at are effecti ve an d those th at are ineffecti veb. is the mini mu m level at which a t ari ff b eco mes effecti v e in li mitin g i mportsc. sho ws th e increase in value-added for do mestic production that a parti cular tari ff st ructure makes po ssibl e, in p ercent age t ermsd. sho ws ho w effecti ve a t ari ff is in rai sin g revenu e8. The institut ional frame wo rk developed in 1947 to pro mote trade lib erali zati on is kno wn asa. the GATTb. the WTOc. the IMFd. The World Ban k9. Developing n ationsa. have very li mited invol vement in int ern ational tradeb. trad e mo stl y with each otherc. rel y heavil y on export s of pri mary pr oducts to ind ustri al nationsd. rel y h eavil y on exports of manu factured product s10. A custo ms union i s uni que in that ita. has no tari ffs on trade among memb er n ationsb. has no t ari ffs on trade among memb er n ations and a co mmon set o f t ari ffs on i mpo rt s fro mnon-membersc. has no tari ffs on trade among memb er n ations, a co mmon set o f tari ffs on i mports fro mnon-members, and free mo bilit y o f factors o f product ion such as labor and capit al amon g membersd. allo ws unrest ricted l abo r i mmi gration fro m non-memb er n ations11. A n ation's b al ance o f p ayments st at ementa. is a record o f th at n atio n's assets abro ad and it s li abiliti es to those fro m oth er nationsb. is an accounting adjust ment pro cess en surin g that a nation's exports will be equal to its i mpor tsc. does not includ e transactions o f forei gn citi zen s o r co mp ani es l iving o r operatin g wi thin thatnation d. i s a record of th e econo mic t ran sactio ns bet ween resid ents o f th at nation and the rest o f th e world, usual l y for a p eriod o f one year.12. Since b alan ce-o f-p ayments accountin g is a doubl e-entry accounting syst em, an export o f U.S.wh eat to M exico p aid for b y a d eposit to the U.S. exporters account in a M exican ban k would b e recorded on the U.S. b al ance o f payment s asa. a credit fo r merch andi se exports and a credit to sh ort-term finan ci al flo wsb. a credit for merch andise export s and a deb it to sh ort-term finan ci al flo ws.c. a credit fo r merch andise exports and a d ebit to uni lat eral transfersd. a credit for merch andise export s and a deb it to o ffi ci al set tlements13. The fo rei gn-exchan ge marketa. is locat ed in New Yorkb. is a market in Chi cago for the int ern ational trading o f co mmoditi es such as wh eat or copper.c. is a mechani sm fo r individual s and insti tutions to exch ange one nation al or regional cu rren cy o rdebt inst ru ment for those of oth er n ations or region s.d. is open fro m 9:00 a.m. t o 3:00 p.m. New Yo rk ti me, Monday throu gh Frid ay.14. Market fund ament als t hat mi ght be exp ected to i nflu ence exchan ge rat e mo vements in clude all o fthe follo wing factors excepta. di fferences in real in co me gro wth rat es b et ween countriesb. differences in real interest rates bet ween countriesc. sp ecul ati ve opinion abo ut futu re exch ange rat esd. chan ges in p ercei ved profit abili t y o f econo mi c in ve st ment s b et ween t wo countries15. If in fl ation is high er i n Mexico th an in the Unit ed States, th e law o f on e price would predict thata. t rad e bet ween M exi co and th e Unit ed States would declin eb. the dollar pri ce o f au tos purchased in Mexi co would be hi gher th an the dollar pri ce ofco mp arable autos purchased in the Unit ed Statesc. the p eso would appreci ate relati ve to th e dollar b y an amount equal in p ercen tage t erms to thedifference bet ween th e t wo infl ation rat esd. the peso would depreci ate rel at ive to the dollar b y an amount equal in percen tage t erms to thedifference bet ween th e t wo infl ation rat es三、Questi ons（45’, answer these questi ons i n Chi nese）1. Assu me that l abor i s th e onl y factor used in production, and that the cost s o f producing b utt er and cloth are gi ven b y the t abl e belo w.(8’)Cost in labor-hours to produce Home Foreign1 unit of butter 1/8 11 unit of cloth 1/4 1/2(1) Express the pri ce o f bu tter rel ati ve to th e pri ce o f cloth in t erms o f l abor content for Ho me and Forei gn in the ab sen ce o f t rade.(2) Wh at do these relati ve prices reveal about each country’s co mparati ve advantage?(3) Wh at do these rel ati ve prices su ggest about the wo rld pri ce o f butt er rel at ive to cloth th at wi ll exist on ce these countri es trad e wi th each oth er?(4) If the world price st abilizes at 1 wi th trad e, what are the gain s b y the Ho me country achieved through trade with th e Forei gn country?2. Expl ain th e i mmi seri zi ng gro wth and li st the case for i mmiserizin g gro wth to be occur. (8’)3. Expl ain the ex chan ge rate o vershootin g theory (8’)4. Suppose that the no min al interest rate on 3-month Treasury bill s is 8 percent in the United Stat esand 6 percent in th e Unit ed Kingdo m, and the rat e o f infl ation i s 10 percent in the Unit ed Stat es and 4 percent in th e Unit ed Kingdo m.(9’)(1) Wh at i s the real interest rat e in each nation?(2) In whi ch direction wou ld intern ational invest men t flo w in response to these real int erest rates?(3) Wh at i mpact would these in vest ment flo ws h ave on the dollar’s exch ange value?5. Wh at effects do es labor mi gration have on th e country o f i mmi gration? Th e country o f emi gration?Th e world as a whole?(12’)国际经济学模拟习题（3）参考答案⼀、判断题（每题1分，共10分）╳√ ╳╳╳√ ╳╳╳╳⼆、选择题（每题3分，共45分）bcdba acacb dbccd三、简答题（共45分）1、(1) 封闭条件下，本国可以⽤⼀半的⽣产⼀单位布的劳动时间⽣产⼀单位黄油。
国际经济学习题与答案2。。2011.1.8
国际经济学习题第二章古典贸易理论习题(一) 选择题本国生产ABCD四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为1、2、4、15，外国生产这四种产品的单位劳动投入分别为12、18、24、30,根据李嘉图模型，本国在哪种产品上拥有最大比较优势？在哪种产品上拥有最大比较劣势？（）（a）D 、A(b) C 、B (c) A、D (d) B ,、C(二) 简答题1.亚当.斯密对国际贸易理论的主要贡献有哪些？2.比较优势和比较成本的区别是什么？3.绝对优势理论和比较优势理论的区别是什么？4.假定在短期内每个国家的劳动力不能在产业间流动，因此每个国家一定是在封闭条件下的生产点生产，在这种情形下允许进行国际贸易仍然有利可图吗？为什么？你的答案与交换利益和专业化生产利益有怎样的联系？5.请评价下面的说法：“李嘉图模型假设每个国家固定的劳动禀赋在封闭条件下或者在自有条件下都是充分就业的。
该模型还假设技术水平（劳动生产率）不会改变。
因此，世界经济通过贸易不会生产出比自给自足更多的产品。
”(三) 计算题1. 假定A国和B国的劳动禀赋均为400。
A国生产1个单位的X商品需要5个单位的劳动，而生产1个单位的Y商品需要4个单位的劳动。
B国生产1个单位的X商品需要4个单位的劳动，而生产1个单位的Y商品需要8个单位的劳动（1）画出两个国家的生产可能性边界。
（2）哪个国家在哪种商品上有绝对优势？为什么？绝对优势理论表明了怎样的贸易方向？为什么？（3）根据绝对优势，如果允许自由贸易，专业化生产在多大程度上发生？为什么？每种商品各自生产多少？（4）不使用绝对优势定理而用相对优势定理回答（2）和（3）的问题。
2．假设A国和B国的劳动禀赋为：La=2000, Lb=2000; 两个国家生产X和Y两种产品的单位劳动使用量分别为：A lx=10; A ly=20; B lx=20;B ly=10(1)画出每个国家的生产可能性边界。
（2）哪个国家在哪种商品上有比较优势？为什么？国家A和B之间的贸易会使双方都受益吗？为什么或者为什么不？（3）现在假设A国只使用原来每种商品所使用劳动的一半来生产商品X和Y的方法，即Alx=5;Aly=10.画出新的生产可能性边界。
国际经济学第4章-特定要素与国际贸易Specific-Factors-and-International-Trade
四、收入分配和贸易所得
• 收入分配
# 日本： PM / PF ↑ 资本所有者↑ 土地所有者↓
工人→
# 美国： PM / PF ↓ 资本所有者↓ 土地所有者↑
工人→
四、收入分配和贸易所得
• 收入分配：
Trade benefits the factor that is specific to the export sector of each country but hurts the factor specific to the import-competing sectors, with ambiguous effects on mobile factors. 贸易使出口部门特定要素的所有者受益，使进 口产品竞争部门特定要素的所有者受损，贸易 对流动要素所有者的影响不确定。
一、特定要素模型
• 价格变化对模型均衡的影响
# 总体价格水平变化（价格同比率变化） # 相对价格的变化
一、特定要素模型
• 价格变化对模型均衡的影响
# Changes in the overall price level have no real effects, that is, do not change any physical quantities in the economy.
小结
3．在特定要素模型中，每个国家出口部 门特定要素的拥有者从贸易中获利，而 与进口产品竞争部门的特定要素的拥有 者受损。流动要素的拥有者可能受益也 可能受损。
小结
4．当贸易获益者补偿受损者的损失后， 获益者仍然有所剩余时，可以认为贸易 从整体上带来了收益。
小结
5．大部分经济学家认为不应该把素模型中的国际贸易
• 两个国家：日本、美国 需求：日本 = 美国 劳动拥有量：日本 = 美国 资本拥有量：日本 ＞ 美国 土地拥有量：日本 ＜ 美国
第四章 特定要素与国际贸易(201209)
由以上假设可得到：生产函数：
Y Fy (K y ,L y )
X F (K x ,L ) x x
充分就业：
LL L x y
二、模型的均衡解
完全竞争条件下，两部门的要素报酬分别为：
wX=VMPLX=PX*MPLX rX=VMPKX=PX*MPKX wY=VMPLY=PY*MPLY rY=VMPKY=PY*MPKY
第 四 章
特定要素与国际贸易
本章结构
第一节 短期中的生产要素 第二节 特定要素模型
基本假设 模型的均衡解 商品价格与要素价格 短期与长期的比较 利益集团与贸易政策
第三节 国际贸易与收பைடு நூலகம்分配
第四章
共同点：
特定要素与国际贸易
本章与第三章的关系：
都是从要素禀赋差异的角度来解释国际贸易
土地也是特定要素。
3、边际产出与边际产品价值
如果以实物来表示某要素的边际生产力，则称 为该要素的边际生产实物量或边际物质产品（MPP）， 简称边际产品或边际产出（MP）。 如果考虑边际产品的价格因素，用货币单位来 表示边际产品，就是边际产品价值（VMP），其数学 表达式为VMP＝ P•MP，其中P为产品的价格。 根据边际收益递减规律，当其他要素不变时， 一种要素连续增加所增加的收益是递减的，因此， 各种要素的边际生产力是递减的。
衡，两部门的生产也随之确定。在图中即劳动需求曲线的交点。
第三节
国际贸易与收入分配
一、商品价格与要素价格
假设 A国为资本相对丰裕的国家，X产品为资本密集型产品， 则A国的比较优势产品是X产品，因此开放条件下，该国生 产并且出口X产品，进口Y产品。这样，X 产品的国际相对 价格会上升。
国际商务11版 英文习题TBChap004
国际商务11版英文习题TBChap004概述本文档是对《国际商务11版》英文习题TBChap004的解答和分析。
该习题集主要涉及国际贸易的相关知识，包括货币汇率、国际收支平衡、国际金融市场等。
1. 货币汇率货币汇率是指一国货币兑换另一国货币的比率。
它反映了两国货币的相对价值。
货币汇率的变动对国际贸易有着重要影响，可以通过调整汇率来调节贸易差额。
货币汇率的决定因素包括经济基本面、利率差异、政府干预等。
根据题目要求，我们需要解答以下问题：1.1 什么是汇率？汇率是指一国货币兑换另一国货币的比率。
它反映了两国货币的相对价值。
汇率可以分为直接汇率和间接汇率两种形式。
1.2 汇率的决定因素有哪些？货币汇率的决定因素有：•经济基本面：包括经济增长率、通胀率、消费者信心等。
•利率差异：不同国家的利率水平差异会导致资本流动，进而影响汇率。
•政府干预：政府可以通过干预购买或出售外汇市场上的货币来影响汇率。
1.3 货币汇率的变动对国际贸易有什么影响？货币汇率的变动对国际贸易有着重要影响。
当一国货币贬值时，其商品在国际市场上的价格下降，有助于提高出口竞争力；相反，当一国货币升值时，其商品在国际市场上的价格上升，有助于增加进口竞争力。
因此，货币汇率的变动可以通过调节贸易差额来影响国际贸易。
此外，货币汇率的变动还会影响国际投资、国内通胀等。
2. 国际收支平衡国际收支平衡是指一国在一定时期内与其他国家进行的经济往来中，外汇收入与外汇支出之间的平衡状态。
国际收支平衡是衡量一个国家经济状况的重要指标。
针对题目要求，以下是对相关问题的解答：2.1 什么是国际收支平衡？国际收支平衡是指一个国家在一定时期内与其他国家进行的经济往来中，外汇收入与外汇支出之间的平衡状态。
外汇收入包括出口收入、外商直接投资、国际援助等；外汇支出包括进口支付、对外援助等。
国际收支平衡可以分为三种情况：顺差、逆差和平衡。
2.2 国际收支平衡对一个国家有什么影响？国际收支平衡对一个国家有着重要影响。
(免费)国际经济学--第4章 特定要素与国际贸易
只有劳动是可变要素，在商品价格已知的条件下，只要知道劳动在 两个部门间如何分配（进而知道劳动的边际产出），就可确定要素 市场的均衡和要素价格
二 模型均衡解
（封闭条件下）劳动的分配和劳动价格的确定
VMPLX代表X部门对劳动的需求曲线， VMPLY代表Y部门对 劳动的需求曲线 当两部门的劳动报酬相同时，劳动在两部门的分配就达到均衡
X部门资本实际报酬的变化
相对于X产品，X部门的实际报酬可表示为
rX MPKX PX
X部门劳动投入增加，则其特定要素资本的边际产出增加
rX MPKX PX
观察：X部门资本的名义报酬rX如何变化？
X部门资本的名义报酬rX也是上升的
一 商品价格与要素价格
X部门资本实际报酬的变化
相对于Y产品，X部门的实际报酬可表示为
w MPLX PX
贸易后，Y部门的劳动投入减少，则MPLY上升，则该国以Y商 品价格衡量的劳动实际收入上升
w MPLY PY
一 商品价格与要素价格
X部门资本实际报酬的变化
当X部门由于商品价格上升导致劳动流入时，其特定要素—— 资本的边际产出（MPKX）将上升
一 商品价格与要素价格
wX
VMPLX′
VMPLY
wY
贸易后均衡点为E‘，X部门劳 动使用量为OXL’，Y部门劳动 使用量OYL‘ 总结：贸易后X部门的劳动投 入增加，Y部门的劳动投入下 降，该国工资水平w上升
VMPLX
E′
W’ W
E
OX
L
L′
OY
L
一 商品价格与要素价格
劳动实际报酬的变化
贸易后X部门的劳动投入增加，则MPLX下降，则该国以X商 品价格衡量的劳动实际收入下降
国贸英语试题及答案
国贸英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the most common mode of payment in international trade?A. Cash on deliveryB. Letter of CreditC. ConsignmentD. Open account2. The term "FOB" in international trade stands for:A. Free on BoardB. Freight on BoardC. Free of ChargeD. Full Container Load3. Which of the following is not a type of international trade agreement?A. Bilateral agreementB. Multilateral agreementC. Unilateral agreementD. All of the above are types of agreements4. What does the abbreviation "CIF" represent in trade terms?A. Cost, Insurance, FreightB. Cost, Insurance, and FreightC. Cost, Insurance, FreeD. Cost, Insurance, and Free5. The process of negotiating the terms of a trade deal is known as:A. Trade negotiationB. Trade arbitrationC. Trade mediationD. Trade settlement6. Which of the following is a risk associated with international trade?A. Currency fluctuationB. Market saturationC. Product obsolescenceD. All of the above7. The term "Tariff" refers to:A. A tax on imported or exported goodsB. A list of goods for tradeC. A method of paymentD. A trade agreement8. What is the primary purpose of a Letter of Credit (L/C)?A. To guarantee payment to the sellerB. To provide insurance for the goodsC. To facilitate the shipment of goodsD. To negotiate trade terms9. The "Incoterms" are a set of international commercial terms that:A. Define the responsibilities of exporters and importersB. Determine the value of goodsC. Set the prices of goodsD. Regulate the quality of goods10. Which of the following is not a form of international trade finance?A. FactoringB. ForfaitingC. HedgingD. All of the above are forms of trade finance答案：1. B2. A3. C4. A5. A6. A7. A8. A9. A 10. C二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The term "EXW" in international trade means the buyer takes over the goods at the seller's ________.2. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) is responsible for publishing the ________.3. When a country imposes a high tariff on imported goods, it is known as a ________.4. The payment term "D/P" stands for "Documents against________."5. A "countertrade" involves a transaction where goods are exchanged for other goods or services, rather than for________.6. The risk of non-payment by the buyer is typically covered by ________.7. The "CPT" term in Incoterms means "Carriage Paid To," where the seller pays for the transport of goods up to the________.8. The "DDP" term in Incoterms stands for "Delivered Duty Paid," which means the seller is responsible for all costsand risks until the goods are delivered to the ________.9. The "FCA" term in Incoterms stands for "Free Carrier," where the risk is transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the ________.10. A "forward contract" is a financial instrument used to hedge against the risk of ________.答案：1. premises2. Incoterms3. protectionism4. Payment5. cash6. credit insurance7. destination8. buyer's premises9. carrier 10. currency fluctuation三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between "CIF" and "CIP" in international trade terms.2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using aLetter of Credit in international trade?3. Describe the process of a typical international trade transaction from the seller's perspective.4. What is meant by "trade finance" and why is it importantin international trade?答案：1. CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) is a term where the seller covers the cost of the goods, insurance, and freight to the port of destination. CIP (Carriage and Insurance Paid to) is similar but only requires the seller to pay for the carriage and insurance to the destination, not the full freight cost.2. Advantages of using a。
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第4章特定要素与国际贸易英文习题
CHOICE QUESTIONS
（）1. Which trade theory is tantamount（adj. 相似的）to a short-run version（n. 观点）of the factor price equalization theory （要素价格均等化理论）?
a. Specific factors theory （特定要素理论）
b. Product life cycle theory
c. Economies of scale theory
d. Overlapping demand theory
（）2.According to the specific factors trade theory（特定要素理论）:
a. Owners of factors specific to export industries suffer from （因…而受罚，因...而更糟，受...之苦）trade, while
owners of factors specific to import-competing industries gain
b. Owners of factors specific to export industries gain from （从…获得利益）trade, while owners of factors
specific to import-competing industries suffer
c. Both owners of factors specific to export industries and owners of factors specific to
import-competing industries gain from trade
d. Both owners of factors specific to export industries and owners of factors specific to
import-competing industries suffer from trade
TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS
（）1. The specific-factors theory analyzes the income distribution（收入分配）effects of trade in the short run（在短期内）when resources are immobile（adj. 不能移动的）among industries.
（）2. Owners of resources specific（adj. 特定的，具体的）to export industries tend to lose from international trade, while owners of factors specific to import-competing industries（进口竞争产业）tend to gain. （）3. Although such factor mobility among industries may occur in the long run, many factors are immobile in the short run
（）4. The specific-factors theory analyzes the income distribution effects of trade in the long run when resources are immobile among industries. This is in contrast to the factor-endowment theory and its
Stolper-Samuelson theorem（斯托尔珀---萨缪尔森定理）which apply to the short-run mobility of
resources.
（）5. The specific-factors theory concludes that resources that are specific to import-competing industries tend to lose as a result of trade, while resources specific to export industries tend to gain as a result
of trade.
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