北京理工大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
《北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试》
《北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试》北京理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题一PART ⅠReading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the Machine-Scoring Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Many people believe the glare from snow causes snow blindness. Yet, dark glasses or not they find themselves suffering from headaches and watering eyes, and even snowblindness, when exposed to several hours of "snow light".The United States Army has now determined that the glare from snow does not cause snow-blindness in troops in a snow-covered country. Rather, a man's eyes frequently find nothing to focus on in a broad expanse of a snow-covered area So his gaze continually shifts and jumps back and forth over the entire landscape in search of something to look at. Finding nothing, hour after hour, the eyes never stop searching and the eyeballs become sore and the eye muscle aches. Nature balances this annoyance by producing more and more liquid which covers the eyeballs. The liquid covers the eyeballs in increasing quantity until vision blurs. And the result is total, even though temporary, snowblindness.Experiments led the Army to a simple method of overcoming this problem. Scouts ahead of a main body of troops are trained to shake snow from evergreen bushes, creating a dotted line asthey cross completely snow-covered landscape. Even the scouts themselves throw lightweight, dark-colored objects ahead on which they too can focus. The men following can then see something. Their gaze is arrested. Their eyes focus on a bush and having found something to see, stop searching through the snow-blanketed landscape. By focusing their attention on one object at a time, the man can cross the snow without becoming hopelessly snowblind or lost. In this way the problem of crossinga solid white area is overcome.1. The eyeballs become sore and the eye muscles ache because______.A. tears cover the eyeballsB. the eyes are annoyed by blinding sunlightC. the eyes are annoyed by blinding snowD. there is nothing to focus on2. When the eyes are sore, tears are produced to______.A. clear the visionB. remedy snowblindnessC. ease the annoyanceD. loosen the muscles3. Snow-blindness may be avoided by______.A. concentration on the solid white areaB. providing the eyes with something to focus onC. searching for something to look at in snow-covered areasD. covering the eyeballs with liquid4. The first paragraph is mainly concerned with______.A. snow glare and snow blindnessB. the whiteness from snowC. headaches, watering eyes and snowb lindnessD. the need for dark glasses5. A suitable title for this passage would be______.A. Snowblindness and How to Overcome ItB. Nature' s Cure for SnowblindnessC. Soldiers in the SnowD. Snow VisionQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:There are great careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. You find these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is an increasing demand for people who are able to take in a great area at a glance, people who perhaps know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people Who are capable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making generaljudgments. And these "generalists" are particularly needed for positions in administration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to plan for other people, to organize other people' s work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a "trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. The generalist-and especially the administrator-deals with people; his concern is with leadership, with planning, and with direction giving. He is an "educated" man; and the humanities are his strongest foundation.V ery rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarely is a good generalist also a good specialist in a particular field. Any organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to find out, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan your career accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you-but this is a pure accident. Certainly you should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to hold any job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily a training job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.6. There is an increasing demand for______.A. all-round people in their own fieldsB. people whose job is to organize other people' s workC. generalists whose educational background is either technical or professionalD. specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others7. The specialist is______.A. a man whose job is to train other peopleB. a man who has been trained in more than one fieldC. a man who can see the forest rather that the treesD. a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters8. The administrator is______.A. a "trained" man who is more a specialist than a generalistB. a man who sees the tress as well as the forestC. a man who is very strong in the humanitiesD. a man who is an "educated" specialist9. During your training period it is important______.A. to try to be a generalistB. to choose a profitable jobC. to find an organization which fits youD. to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist10. A man's first job______.A. is never the right job for himB. should not be regarded as his final jobC. should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any jobD. is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The world's population continues to grow. There now are about 4 billion of us on earth. That could reach 6 billion by the end of the century and 11 billion in another 75 years. Experts long have been concerned about such growth Where will we find the food, water, jobs, houses, schools and health care for all these people?A major new study shows that the situation may be changing.A large and rapid drop in the world's birth rate has taken place during the past 10 years. Families generally are smaller now than they were a few years ago. It is happening in both developing and industrial nations,Researchers said they found a number of reasons for this. More men and women are waiting longer to get married and are using birth control devices and methods to prevent or delay pregnancy. More women are going to school or working at jobs away from their homes instead of having children. And more governments, especially in developing nations, now support family planning programs to reduce population growth. China is one of the nations that has made great progress in reducing its population growth.China has already cut its rate of population growth by about one half since 1970. China now urges each family to have no more than one child. And it hopes to reach zero populationgrowth, the number of births equaling the number of deaths, by the year 2000.Several nations in Europe already have fewer births than deaths. Experts said that these nations could face a serious shortage of workers in the future. And the persons who are working could face much higher taxes to help support the growing number of retired people.11. In Paragraph one, the sentence "Experts Dong have been concerned about such growth", the phrase "concerned about" is similar in meaning to______.A. worried aboutB. related toC. engaged inD. made a study of12. "Family planning programs" means______.A. birth control policy in a countryB. economic policy in a familyC. TV programs designed for a familyD. economic policy in a country13. The world's birth rate has dropped because______.A. people marry at a much later timeB. more birth control devices and methods have been usedC. women would rather go to study or work than have childrenD. all the above reasons are true14. By the year 2000, the number of births and the number of deaths in China will______.A. be greatly differentB. be equal to each otherC. drop a great dealD. become much larger15. Some time in the future, the people who are working in Europe would have to pay much higher taxes because______.A. more and more children will be bornB. fewer and fewer children will be bornC. they will be making a lot of moneyD. the number of retired people will become ever lingerQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:When I was walking down the street the other day, I happened to notice a small brown leather wallet lying on the sidewalk. I picked it up and opened it to see if I could find out the owner's name. There was nothing inside it except some change and an old photograph-a picture of a woman and a young gift about twelve years old, who looked like the woman's daughter. I put the photograph back and took the wallet to the police station, where I handed it to the desk sergeant. Before I left, the sergeant took down my name and address in case the owner might want to write and thank me.That evening I went to have dinner with my aunt and uncle. They had also invited a young woman so that there would be four people at the table. Her face was familiar. I was quite sure that we had not met before, but I couldn' t remember where I had seen her. In the course of conversation, however, the young woman happened to mention that she had lost her wallet that afternoon. All at once I realized where I had seen her. She was the young girl in the photograph, although she was now much older. She was very surprised, of course, when I was able to describe her wallet to her. Then I explained that I had recognized her from the photograph I had found in the wallet. My uncle insisted on going to the police station immediately to claim the wallet. As thepolice sergeant handed it over, he said that it was amazing that I had not only found the wallet, but also the person who had lost it.16. The wallet which the writer found______.A. was emptyB. had some money in itC. had a few coins and a photograph in itD. had an old photograph in it17. The writer opened the wallet because he wanted to ______ in it.A. find some moneyB. find some goldC. find the owner' s nameD. find the owner' s photograph18. The writer recognized the young woman because______.A. he had met her somewhere beforeB. she was the old woman in the photographC. she often had dinner with his aunt and uncleD. she looked like the young girl in the photograph19. The young woman told of her loss of the wallet______.A. at the beginning of the dinnerB. during the conversationC. as soon as she saw the writerD. after the dinner20. The story was amazing because______.A. the writer found both the wallet and its ownerB. the finder and the loser of the wallet were old friendsC. the finder and the loser of the wallet met at the police stationD. the woman knew the writer and his unclePART ⅡTranslationSection A: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese.21. Opinion polls are now beginning to show an unwilling general agreement that, whoever is to blame and whatever happens from now on, high unemployment is probably here to stay. This means we shall have to find ways of sharing the available employment widely.22. But we need to go further. We must ask some fundamental questions about the future work. Should we continue to treat employment as the norm? Should we not rather encourage many other ways for self respecting? Should we not create conditions in which many of us can work for ourselves, rather than for an employer? Should we not aim to revive the household and the neighborhood, as well as the factory and the office as centers of production and work?23. The industrial age has been the only period of human history in which most people's work has taken the form of jobs. The industrial age may now be coming to an end, and some of the changes in work patterns which it brought may have to be reversed. This seems a discouraging thought. But, in fact, it could offer the prospect of a better future for work. Universal employment, as its history shows has not meant economic freedom.24. Employment became widespread when the 17th and 18th centuries made many people dependent on paid work by depriving them of the use of the land, and thus of the means to provide a living for themselves. Then the factory system destroyed the cottage industries and removed work from people's homes. Later, as transport improved, first by rail andthen by road, people traveled longer distances to their places of employment until, eventually, many people's work lost all connection with their home lives and the places in which they lived.Section B :Translate the following paragraph into English.现在，成千上万的美国人沉湎于对身材苗条的追求之中。
北京理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
北京理工大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war isobsolete.(46)There may have been a time when war served as a negativegood by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force,but thedestructive power of modern weapons eliminates even the possibilitythat war may serve any good at all.In a day when vehicles hurtlethrough outer space and guided ballistic missiles carve highways ofdeath through the stratosphere,no nation can claim victory in war.A so-called limited war will leave little more than a calamitouslegacy of human suffering,political and spiritual disillusionment.A world war will leave only smoldering ashes as mute testimony of ahuman race whose folly led inexorably to ultimate death.(47)If modernman continues to toy unhesitatingly with war,he will transform hisearthly habitat into a hell such as even the mind of Dante(但丁)couldnot imagine.(48)Therefore I suggest that the philosophy and strategy ofnonviolence becomes immediately a subject for study and for seriousexperimentation in every field of human conflict,by no means Gengduo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lianxi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi excluding therelations between nations.It is,after all,nation states,which makewar,which have produced the weapons that threaten the survival ofmankind and which are both genocidal and suicidal in character.We have ancient habits to deal with,vast structures of power, indescribably complicated problems to solve.(49)But unless we resign our humanity altogether and yield to fear and impotence in the presence of the weapons we have ourselves created,it is as possible and as urgent to put an end to war and violence between nations as it is to put an end to poverty and racial injustice.I do not minimize the complexity of the problems that need to be faced.(50)But I am convinced that we shall not have the will,the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless in this field we are prepared to undergo a mental and spiritual re-evaluation,a change of focus which will enable us to see that the things that seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death.We need to make a supreme effort to generate the readiness,indeed the eagerness,to enter into the new world,which is now possible,“the city which hath foundation,whose Building and Maker is God”.答案46.也许曾经有一段时间，战争通过阻止邪恶势力的扩张和发展而成为负面的善举，但现代武器的巨大破坏力消除了战争成为善举的任何可能性。
北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
北京航空航天大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案及解析Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 121．【答案】D【解析】关于心理学家对思考过程的看法可以在文章第一段找到：Some psychologists maintain that mental acts such as thinking are not performed in the brain alone，but that one's muscles also participate．由此可知，精神活动包括思考，不仅仅表现为大脑的活动，肌肉也会参与。
A、B、C三项与题意不符。
本题正确答案为D。
22．【答案】A【解析】根据文章第二段的“Few people can listen to music that is more or less familiar without moving their body or, more specifically, some part of their body”可知，正确答案为A。
23．【答案】C【解析】作者在第三段以“there is a very good reason for it”引出了“One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates，so to speak，in its performance”。
只有参与到表演中人们才能享受音乐。
因此正确答案是C。
24．【答案】C【解析】作者在最后一段指出肌肉的参与和精神思考的过程是同一种方式，“but this participati on is less obvious because it is less pronounced”以一个转折表明肌肉的参与并不明显。
北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)
北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionSecurity and commodity exchanges are trading posts where people meet who wish to buy and sell. The exchanges themselves do no trading,they merely provide a place where prospective buyers and sellers can meet and conduct their business. Wall Street,although the best known,is not home of exchanges in the United States. There are the cotton exchanges in New Orleans and Chicago; the Mercantile Exchange which deals in many farm products in Chicago; and grain exchanges in many of the large cities of the Midwest. Some exchanges,like Chicago Board of Trade,provide market services for several kinds of products. These trading posts where products may be brought or sold are called commodity exchanges. The security exchanges,on the other hand,are meeting places where stocks and bonds are traded. Like the commodity exchanges,they help serve the economic life of the country. But when their operations get out of hand,they may become very dangerous. In 1929,the security exchange,or stock market,contributed to a crash-a sudden sharp decline in the value of securities. Many people lost fortunes; many corporations were bankrupted; many workers lost their jobs. The crash of 1929 has been attributed to many causes,among them wild and unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices on the part of some business and of some members of the exchanges. Today,however,investing through security exchanges and trading on commodity exchanges has been made safer by regulations set up by the exchanges themselves and by regulations of the United States government. In 1922,the government instituted the Commodity Exchange Commission which operates through the Department of agriculture; and in 1934,the Securities Exchange Commission,to protect investors and the public against dishonest practices on the exchanges.1．Security and commodity exchanges are meeting places for buyers and sellers of_____.A．stocksB．securitiesC．productsD．all of the above正确答案：D解析：本题的四个选项中，只有D项为正确答案。
北京理工大学考博英语真题及其解析
北京理工大学考博英语真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) As former colonists of Great Britain,the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”,or law made by courts1a monarch or other central governmental2like a legislature.The jury,a3of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case,is an4part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a5feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.6the centuries,many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result7would be obtained using a judge8,as many countries do.9a jury decides cases after “10”，or discussions among a group of people,the jury’s decision is likely to have the11from many different people from different backgrounds,who must as a group decide what is right.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Juries are used in both civil cases,which decide12among13 citizens,and criminal cases,which decide cases brought by the government14that individuals have committed crimes.Juries areselected from the U.S.citizens and15.Jurors,consisting of16 numbers,are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge17to the case18the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states,19jurors are questioned by the judge;in others,they are questioned by the lawyers representing the20under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In[B]By[C]After[D]Over7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as8.[A]alike[B]alone[C]altogether[D]apart9.[A]Although[B]Because[C]If[D]While10.[A]deliberations[B]meditations[C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline[B]outcome[C]input[D]intake12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow[B]individual[C]personal[D]private14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[C]maintaining[D]testifying15.[A]summoned[B]evoked[C]rallied[D]assembled16.[A]set[B]exact[C]given[D]placed17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[C]appointed[D]assigned18.[A]administers[B]manages[C]oversees[D]presides19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies[B]parties[C]sides[D]unitsSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel,the less unhappiness you experience.It’s plain common sense,but it’s not true.Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion.They are two distinct feelings that,coexisting,rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness,the lower their level of happiness and vice versa.But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness,they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life.It suggests,for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable,but probably won’t make you any happier.Thatadvice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families.On the other hand,researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage.The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being.They have also begun to find out who’s happy,who isn’t and why.To date,the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life,but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment?When we are happy,we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad.This doesn’t mean,however,that some people are born to be sad and that’s that.Genes may predispose one to unhappiness,but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21.According to the text,it is true that[A]unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B]happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C]unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D]happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22.The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A]maintaining it at an average level.[B]escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C]pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D]realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23.The phrase“To date”(Para.4)can be best replaced by[A]As a result.[B]In addition.[C]At present.[D]Until now.24.What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A]One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B]They are independent but existing concurrently[C]One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D]They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25.The sentence“That’s that”(Para.5)probably means:Some people are born to be sad[A]and the situation cannot be altered.[B]and happiness remains inaccessible.[C]but they don’t think much about it.[D]but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator?Foremost,the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral,objective thirdparty who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict.The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame.While the central issue is justice,the outcome needs to be win-win,no losers.The abilities to listen impartially,suspend judgment,and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally,to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial,status,position),so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment.If one party refused to cooperate,he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community.If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties,the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a ually this is a job for the parents,and they in turn employ the services of a mediator.Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance.Since these services sometimes require reward,money must be saved.Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents.The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame byturning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes.Of course,the higher-ranked the mediator,the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents,which will likely generate conflict between the families.If the parties are not careful,the entire community can take sides.One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect.They might say,“She is sickly.”or“She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true,and probably everyone knows they aren’t,they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason.Everyone saves face,at least at the surface,and peace is preserved.26.The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A]unbiased judgment of arguments.[B]hard prudence in decision-making.[C]impartial treatment to a conflict.[D]remarkable insight into controversies.27.The author deems it important for a mediator[A]to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B]to be powerful to shame either party.[C]to justify the solution of a conflict.[D]to have high status to fear arguers.28.In some courtiers,young people’s marriage[A]is independent of their parents’will.[B]needs careful valuation in advance.[C]costs a small fortune of their family.[D]is usually facilitated by a mediator.29.The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A]they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B]they make their best choice at all risks.[C]the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D]the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30.It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A]the entire community to offer support.[B]a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C]the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D]a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet,like its network predecessors,has turned out to be far more social than television,and in this respect,the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication,however,does not imply thattheir social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships,or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain.Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact,deep feelings of affection and obligation,whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds,infrequent contact,and narrow focus.Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties,are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest,local groups.Nonetheless,strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes.People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact,and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally,strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity.The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties.Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do notdepend on the distance between parties.People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line.Most of these new relationships are weak.MUDs,newsgroups,and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups,but these on-line“mixers”are typically organized around specific topics,or activities,and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse.Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it.Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal,or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31.The text is mainly about[A]the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B]strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C]the difference between old and modern relationships.[D]an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32.It is implied in the text that[A]the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B]television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C]strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D]the Internet features every home and community.33.The word“buffer”(Para.2)can probably be replaced by[A]deviate.[B]alleviate.[C]shield.[D]distract.34.According to the author,the Internet can[A]eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B]weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C]provide people with close physical contacts.[D]enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35.From the text we can infer that[A]the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B]the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C]some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D]random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research,of course.For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made,whether a person who lacks charisma(capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm)can become a leader,and what makes leaders fail.Warren G.Bennis,possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading,has,together with his co-author,written two best-sellerson the topic.Generally,researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence,birth order,family wealth or stability,level of education,race,or sex.From one leader to the next,there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery:that every leader,regardless of age,had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a“crucible”(severe test).These events can either make you or break you.For emerging leaders,they do more making than breaking,providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader,there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one,according to the authors.They are:an“adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks,heartbreaks,and difficulties but also learn from them;an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision;a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing;and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace,until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums(formal statements of opinion)are.The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co.Chairman M.Douglas Ivester lasted just28months because“his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things,Ivesterdegraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a$200million class action brought by black employees.Procter&Gamble Co.ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking,too,that the authors found their geezers(whose formative period,as the authors define them,was1945to1954,and who were shaped by World War II)sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood.“Unlike those defeated by time and age,our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between1991and2000,and grew up“virtual,visual, and digital”)—open,willing to take risks,hungry for knowledge and experience,courageous,and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36.The text indicates that leadership research[A]has been a controversial study for years.[B]predicts how a leader comes to be.[C]defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D]probes the mysteries of leadership.37.According to Bennis,the trait shared by leaders consists of[A]top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B]remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C]striking qualities of going through serious trials andsufferings.[D]strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38.The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A]proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B]accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C]shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D]draws important lessons for his/her followers.39.A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A]fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B]helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C]fails to attract people with common concerns.[D]lacks appealing and strength of character.40.The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A]Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B]Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C]Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D]Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]Physical Changes[B]Low Self-Esteem[C]Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D]Emotional Turbulence[E]Interest in the Opposite Sex[F]Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult.Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of9and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them.Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs.The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41)__________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them,that they’re not as good as other people,that they are failures, losers,ugly or unintelligent.(42)__________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great,it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed.In other cases,teens may act the opposite—loudand angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings ofself-consciousness and inferiority.As alarming as these bodily changes can be,adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their te maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43)__________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence.Fears become more frightening,pleasures become more exciting,irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable.Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence.Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often,the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior.Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help.They include repeated school absences,slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances,hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44)__________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers.This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles;it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45)__________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents.This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents,a normal part of the letting-go process.Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs.This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs.Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents,discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents,awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people,when and how to give tips,how to makepurchases,when to accept and when to refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.46)These cues,which may be words, gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.47)All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.48)No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props(支柱)have been knocked from under you,followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49)When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people,you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.Although not common,there are individuals who cannotlive in foreign countries.Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new.They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners.This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances.50)If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places,will be pampered and petted,and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress,goodwill,and international friendship.If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1)describe the drawing,2)deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing,and3)suggest counter-measures.You should write about160—200words neatly ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
北理工考博英语
北理工考博英语Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT) is renowned for its rigorous academic standards and competitive graduate programs. For those aspiring to pursue a doctorate at BIT, mastering English is often a critical component of the admissions process. The English examination for the doctoral program at BIT is designed to assess the candidate's proficiency in the language, which is essential for accessing scholarly materials, communicating with international peers, and participating in global academic discourse.The English exam at BIT typically includes severalsections that test different aspects of language skills:1. Reading Comprehension: This section measures the candidate's ability to understand academic texts, including abstract concepts and complex information. Passages may cover a range of subjects from the sciences to the humanities.2. Vocabulary and Grammar: A strong command of vocabulary and grammar is tested through multiple-choice questions. This section ensures that candidates can use English accuratelyand effectively in academic writing.3. Listening: The listening section simulates the kind of auditory input students might encounter in lectures, discussions, or presentations. It assesses the ability to comprehend spoken English in an academic context.4. Writing: This part of the exam requires candidates to produce written texts, often including an essay or summary based on provided materials. It evaluates the ability to construct coherent, well-organized, and persuasive argumentsin English.5. Speaking: While not always a part of the written exam, the speaking component may be included in the overall assessment process. It could involve an interview or a presentation to gauge the candidate's fluency and ability to communicate ideas orally.To prepare for the BIT doctoral English exam, candidates should:- Expand Vocabulary: Regularly learn and use new words, especially those relevant to their field of study.- Practice Reading: Engage with academic papers, journals, and books to improve comprehension skills.- Improve Listening Skills: Listen to English lectures, podcasts, and academic presentations to become familiar with different accents and speaking styles.- Write Regularly: Practice writing essays, summaries,and research papers to enhance writing skills.- Speak 英文版:The English language proficiency required for a doctorate at BIT reflects the institute's commitment to academic excellence and its role in fostering global scholars. Preparing thoroughly for the English exam is a key step in the journey towards earning a doctorate at this prestigious institution.。
北京理工大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析
北京理工大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析语法是复习考博英语的基础。
对于准备考博2015年考博英语的学生而言，基础阶段是全面、系统地学习语法的关键时期。
因为，如果能在这一时期打下坚实的基础，接下来的学习会非常顺利，后期的阅读、写作及翻译的技巧和方法更能融会贯通。
基础阶段，考生应该全面掌握考博语法要点。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
无论英语语法知识是否扎实，建议2015届的广大考生们应该从头开始，将语法知识进行系统化的学习，因为大多数同学的语法知识只限于高中语法，对语法没有系统地掌握。
考生要针对个人情况，多下苦功突破薄弱环节，巩固并熟练掌握常考的重要语法点，并且要具有系统意识，对考博英语语法体系做到了如指掌。
完备的考博英语语法体系应该包含如下重要的语法知识点：三大从句(名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句)，三种非谓语动词(动名词、不定式和分词)，四种特殊结构(省略结构、比较结构、倒装结构、分割结构)。
对以上这个考博语法体系，备考考生从宏观层面要掌握各个知识点的联系和区别，从微观层面要各个突破，透彻了解，并且能熟练应用语法知识，正确输出符合英语语法的句子和文章。
另外，在学习态度和学习方法方面，语法学习贵在持之以恒。
多数考生感觉语法知识比较枯燥，不愿意学习。
但是，语法学习是能顺利通过研究生考试的因素之一。
万学海文建议，2015届的考生要静下心来，结合做题来学习，即先看语法书，然后做相应的题目巩固语法知识。
如果题目做得不理想，这会成为你学习的动力;如果题目做得不错，说明你对这部分语法知识掌握得不错。
学习的同时，要对基本的语法知识进行整理，形成一个体系，也要对一些特殊的语法现象进行归纳总之，学习语法切记不要进入学习误区。
语法复习重在语法现象本身，而不是记住那些枯燥无味的术语，那么，考博英语的语法掌握到什么程度就可以了呢?复习语法的目的是读懂文章、做对题目。
北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)
北京理工大学考博英语模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Two of the children have to sleep in one bed, but the other three have______ones.A．similarB．singularC．differentD．separate正确答案：D解析：separate表示“分开的，个别的”，符合句意要求，如：They have gone to separate places．(他们去了各不相同的地方。
)因此答案为D。
知识模块：词汇2．The newspaper did not mention the______of the damage caused by the fire.A．rangeB．levelC．extentD．quantity正确答案：C解析：C项表示“程度，合适”，符合句意。
A项表示“范围”；B项表示“水平”；D项表示“数量”。
知识模块：词汇3．She ______ his invitation to dinner as she was on a diet.A．inclinedB．declinedC．deniedD．disinclined正确答案：B解析：inclined倾向；declined拒绝；denied否认；disinclined使讨厌，使不感兴趣。
4．The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its ______ life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A．significance inB．imagination atC．resemblance toD．predominance over正确答案：C5．Our modern civilization must not be thought of as____overnight.A．being createdB．having createdC．to be createdD．to have been created正确答案：A解析：think of…as“以为，认为是”，as后面可跟名词、动名词短语或形容词(即省略了being)。
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北京理工大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (40 points)Directions：In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter with a pencil on the MA CHINE-SCORING ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Passage OneI was introduced to the concept of literacy animator in Oladumi Arigbede's (1994) article on high illiteracy rates among women and school dropout rates among girls. According to Arigbede, literacy animators view their role as assisting in the self-liberating development of people in the world who are struggling for a more meaningful life. Animators are a family of deeply concerned and committed people whose gut-level rejection of mass human pauperization compels them to intervene on the side of the marginalized. Their motivation is not derived from a love of literacy as merely another technical life skill, and they accept that literacy is never culturally or ideologically neutral.Arigbede writes from her experiences as an animator working with women and men in Nigeria. She believes that literacy animators have to make a clear choice about whose culture and whose ideology will be fostered among those with whom they work. Do literacy educators in the United States consider whether the instruction they pursue conflicts with their students' traditional cultures or community, or fosters illiteracies in learners' first or home languages or dialects and in their orality?Some approaches to literacy instruction represent an ideology of individualism, control, and competition. Consider, for example, the difference in values conveyed and re presented when students engage in choral reading versus the practice of having one student read out loud to the group. To identify as a literacy animator is to choose the ideology of “sharing, solidarity, love, equity, co-operation with and respect of both nature and other human beings.” Liter acy pedagogy that matches the animator ideology works on maintaining the languages and cultures of millions of minority children who at present are being forced to accept the language and culture of the dominant group. It might lead to assessment that examines the performance outcomes of a community of literacy learners and the social significance of their uses of literacy, as opposed to measuring what an individual can do as a reader and writer on a standardized test. Shor (1993) describes literacy animators as problem-posing, community-based, dialogic educators. Do our teacher-education text books on reading and language arts promote the idea that teachers should explore problems from a community-based dialogic perspective?1．A literacy animator is one who ______.A．struggles for a more meaningful lifeB．frees people from poverty and illiteracyC．is committed to marginalize the illiterateD．is concerned with what is behind illiteracy2．The author suggests that literacy educators in the US in a way ______.A．promote students' home languagesB．force students to accept their cultureC．teach nothing but reading and writingD．consider literacy as of non-neutral nature3．Arigbede worked with Nigerians probably to ______.A．teach American customs and ideologyB．make a choice of culture to be fosteredC．reject the values of the dominant classD．help maintain Nigerian language and culture4．According to the author, “choral reading” may represent ______.A．individualism B．collectivismC．competition D．immersion5．Animator ideology emphasizes more on ______.A．the social function of literacyB．students' performance in testsC．the dominant group’s languageD．the attainment of life skillsPassage TwoAccording to one survey of 12,000 people, about 30 percent of those making New Year's resolutions say they don't even keep them into February. And only about 1 in 5actually stays on track for six months or more, reports ediets．com, a consumer diet and fitness Web site.But don't let those odds make you reach for the nearest bag of potato chips. Experts say you can keep those resolutions long term, even if you're struggling now.“The motivation comes from within, and so when you find that you're declining in your healthy eating program, and then just ask yourself, ‘Is this going to get me the results that I want?',” says Leslie Stewart, a registered dietitian and licensed nutritionist．“And if you're doing something every day to eat healthy, then that's going to pay off in the long run.”Stewart advises to use what she calls the 90-10 eating rule.“If you're eating healthy 90 percent of the time, then 10 percent of the time, you can cu t yourself some slack and eat pleasurably.”She says she believes that “healthy eating is evolution instead of resolution.”The same principle can be applied to a lagging exercise resolution, too.Staying motivated is key to long-term success, and reviewing original goals can help strengthen a weakening workout program.Adding variety to a fitness regime also can prevent you from hanging up those exercise shoes. After a few weeks of well-intentioned workouts, boredom may be creeping you're your routine.Set ting goals too high is another common mistake. “If you're not running a marathon at the end of the month, don't worry,” say Mayo Clinic experts. A too intense workout—and the resulting pain and stiffness—is discouraging and may force most to abandon a pro gram. Starting slowly is key.But if your goals already have fallen by the wayside，Uria says to start up again immediately.“A little setback is OK; get back on the horse and ride...drive toward that goal,” he says.6．According to the author, only about 20% people keeping their resolutions does notnecessarily mean that ______.A．the figure is rather depressing and unexpected as wellB．those who have made their resolution should give up their effortC．whoever keep their resolutions should start eating potato chipsD．long-term resolutions are not important for those facing troubles7．What is the idea behind the 90-10 eating rule according to the passage?A．You should keep eating healthy 90% of the time.B．You should feel free to eat 10％of the time.C．You should learn to eat healthy gradually.D．Sudden change will be more efficient and effective.8．Which of the following you should avoid to keep yourself interested in exercise?A．Hanging up your exercise shoes if you feel tired.B．Keeping boredom away from your daily activity.C．Making a schedule with too high goals in it.D．Running a marathon at the beginning of the month.9．How many suggestions at least have been introduced concerning the exercise resolution?A．Four. B．Five. C．Six. D．Seven.10．What is critically important in making long-term resolutions successful?A．You should be struggling with yourself all the time.B．You should constantly evaluate the results you want.C．You should try to keep yourself motivated.D．You should try your best to diversify your fitness practice.Passage ThreeOur present generation of cultural critics, arriving after the assault of postmodernism and the increasingly widespread commercialization of culture, has been cast adrift, with out any firm basis for judgments. Publications and institutions to support serious criticism, in this view, either no longer exist or are few in number.Critics today, it is also claimed, are too cozy behind the ivied walls of academe, con tent to employ a prose style that is decipherable only to a handful of the cognoscenti. The deadly dive of university critics into the shallow depths of popular culture, moreover, reveals the unwillingness of these critics to uphold standards. Even if the reasons offered are contradictory, these Jeremiahs huddle around their sad conclusion that serious cultural criticism has fallen into a morass of petty bickering and bloated reputations.Such narratives of declension, a staple of American intellectual life since the time of the Puritans, are misplaced, self-serving, and historically inaccurate and difficult to prove. Has the level of criticism declined in the last 50 years? Of course the logic of such an opinion depends on the figures that are being contrasted with one another. Any number of cultural critics thriving today could be invoked to demonstrate that cultural criticism is alive and well.But many new and thriving venues for criticism and debate exist today, and they are not limited solely to the discussion of literary works. Actually, they became so encrusted with their own certitude and political judgments that they became largely irrelevant. Today the complaint is that literary culture lacks civility. We live in an age of commercialism and spectacle. Writers seek the limelight, and one way to bask in it is to publish reviews that scorch the landscape, with Dale Peck as the fatuous, but not a typical, case in point. Heidi Julavits, in an essay in The Believer,lamented the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing. She surveyed a literary culture that had embraced “snark”, her term for hostile, self-serving reviews.The snark review, according to Julavits, eschews a serious engagement with literature in favor of a sound-bite approach, an attempt to turn the review into a form of entertainment akin to film reviews or restaurant critiques. A critic found cultural criticis m to be in “critical condition.” For him, the postmodern turn to, theory, in its questioning of objectivity, cut the critical, independent ground out from under reviewers. The rise of chain bookstores and blockbuster best sellers demeaned literary culture, making it prey to the commercial values of the market and entertainment.The criticism does not seem discontinuous. Nor should we forget that civility rarely reigned in the circles of New York intellectuals. The art critic Clement Greenberg physically pummeled the theater critic Lionel Abel after Abel rejected the view that Jean Wahl, the French philosopher, was anti-Semitic. Though Robert Peck has the reputation of a literary hatchet man, so far as I know his blows thus far have all been confined to the printed page.Cultural criticism has certainly changed over the years. The old days of the critic who wielded unchallenged authority have happily passed. Ours is a more pluralistic age, one not beholden to a narrow literary culture. The democratization of criticism—as in the Amazon system of readers' evaluating books—is a messy affair, as democracy must be. But the solution to the problems of criticism in the present is best not discovered in the musty basements of nostalgia and sentiment for the cultural criticism of a half-century gone. Rather the solution is to recognize, as John Dewey did almost a century ago, that the problems of democracy demand more democracy, less nostalgia for a golden age that never was, and a spirit of openness to what is new and invigorating in our culture.11．What is the possible connection between cultural critics and publications and institutions?A．Cultural critics attack postmodernism and commercialization cherished by publications and institutions.B．Postmodernism and commercialization are attacked by the serious publications and institutions.C．Cultural criticism is short of judgments and will not exist without the support of publications and institutions.D．Publications and institutions show almost no interest in serious cultural criticism.12．How do the university critics like the serious cultural criticism?A．Cultural criticism is not serious enough when the articles are written in the cozy prose style.B．Popular culture is so prevailing that serious critics are not willing to keep to the shallow standards.C．Serious cultural criticism is full of insignificant quarrels and the public do not real ly trust it.D．Cultural critics have become so serious as to tell the stories imbued with American intellectual Puritanism.13．What is the author's opinion of the current complaint about the literary expansion into the other fields?A．When literary critics discuss issues with political judgments, their views are likely to be meaningless.B．It is reasonable for writers to seek limelight since we are living in the age of com mercialism.C．Critics should be encouraged to write and publish poignant articles which would scorch the landscape.D．It is the critics' responsibility to lament the downfall of serious fiction and reviewing.14．What does “the snark review” refer to according to Heidi Julavits?A．Cultural reviews which are unfriendly and selfish.B．Literary reviews avoiding serious criticism.C．Entertainment reviews in the film industry.D．Postmodern reviews independent of objectivity.15．In order to find a way out the current dilemma for the cultural criticism, the author suggests that ______.A．we should return to the old days when the critics passed their judgments without challengesB．pluralism should be held back, reinforcing the unchallenged authority in the literary criticismC．democratic criticism should not be adopted because it is rather messy as proved in the Amazon systemD．we should encourage more democracy, dismiss nostalgia and cultivate an open attitudePassage FourIn July, almost unnoticed by the national press, a deadly bird virus arrived on a pheasant farm in Surrey. Experts from the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) identified Newcastle disease, a virus usually mortal to turkeys and geese but not humans, in a flock of 9,000 pheasant chicks imported from France ahead of the shooting season.Within hours of the diagnosis, veterinary experts had swung into action, throwing up a 3 km exclusion zone around the farm near Cobham and culling 10,000 birds. The carcasses were burned and premises cleaned to stop the virus escaping. It was four weeks before Defra's Veterinary Exotic Diseases Division felt it was safe for poultry movements in the area to resume．This weekend, with the news that H5N1, a far more deadly bird virus, has reached Turkey, similar emergency plans are being readied by officials from Defra and other agencies. The scenario they are preparing for is that the H5N1 virus, which so far has led to the culling of billions of chickens in south-east Asia and 60 human deaths, will soon arrive on these shores.What happens next depends on where the outbreak occurs, whether it can be contained and—most important of all—whether it mutates to become infectious between people. So far, only poultry workers or those directly exposed to chicken faeces or blood are thought to be at risk, though direct human-to-human transmission cannot be ruled out. “Every time a new person gets infected with the virus there is a small chance that person will trigger a pandemic,” said Neil Ferguson, a scientist at Imperial College, who has been running simulations on what might happen were H5N1 to reach Britain. “It's a very small chance, probably 1 in a 1,000, 1 in 10,000 or less. ”Should diseased birds reach Britain, the first step for veterinary officials would be to contain the outbreak as they did with Newcastle disease. An amber alert would be sounded and samples sent to the Veterinary Laboratory Agency (VLA) in Weybridge, Surrey. If Ian Brown, the head of avian virology there, confirms the cause of death as H5N1, the alert level will be raised to red and a whole series of emergency procedures, from quarantine, restriction of poultry movements toculling, will swing into action. Other agencies, such as the Department of Health, the Health Protection Agency and the Ministry of De fence, would be brought into the loop. In the event that the outbreak cannot be contained, Defra may have to consider mass culling programmes and the possibility of vaccination.At this point, with the risk of the virus spreading to human populations, the Department of Health would appoint a UK national influenza pandemic committee to coordinate the response of hospital trusts and local authorities. The Civil Contingency Secretariat (CCS) of the Cabinet will also be alerted and Cobra, the emergency committee which coordinates Whitehall's response to terrorism, readied for a possible breakdown in civil order.The Department of Health's pandemic preparedness plan published in March envisages as many as 54,000 Britons dying in the first few months of a flu pandemic. But in June, CCS officials warned that that could be an underestimate. The more likely figure, they said, was 700,000—projection the Department of Health is expected to take on board when it updates its pandemic preparedness plan later this month.In the most serious case, officials estimate there would be as many deaths in the 12weeks of an epidemic as there usually are in a year. At the peak of the pandemic, 19,000people would requite hospital beds, prompting councils to requisition schools to accommodate the sick.To treat the dying, the government would begin drawing down its stockpiles of Tamiflu (药名), an anti-viral drug that treats flu. But with only 14 courses, enough for a quarter of the population, likely to be available, sooner or later rationing would have to be imposed, with health professionals and essential civil servants the first in line. The government would also come under pressure to release stores of its precious flu vaccine. At present there are contingency plans for just two to three million doses. But there is no guarantee that vaccines which protect against annual human flu strains will also work against H5N1．The consequences hardly bear thinking about. Earlier this year, in a dress rehearsal in the East Midlands codenamed, Operation Arctic Circle, officials quickly concluded that mass mortuaries would be needed to bury the dead. But no one knows whether, in the event of a pandemic, any of these measures will prove effective. John Avizienius, senior scientific officer at the RSPCA and a member of Defra's avian influenza stakeholder group,said: “All you can do is plan for the wo rst case scenario.”The fear is that wild geese moving from western China to Siberia may have spread the virus to several species of ducks and gulls that briefly visit British shores on their annual migration north. These ducks, many of which may not show signs of illness, may be passing on the virus to poultry on British farms.In the hope that they are not, Defra and the Wildfowl and Wetland announced last week that they would be conducting tests on 11,000 wild birds—three times the normal level. “The ris k of avian influenza spreading from eastern Russia to the UK via migrating birds is still low,” said Defra's chief vet, Debby Reynolds. “However, we have said all along that we must remain on the look out.”16．What does the “scenario” in Paragraph 2 mean to Turkey?A．Turkey will be exposed to the nationwide aggression of the deadly virus as the most severely attacked country on these shores.B．Turkey must kill billions of chicken and other kinds of poultry.C．Turkey has to be responsible for the arrival of H5N1 on these shores.D．All the veterinary experts in Turkey will soon swing into action.17．What is, according to Neil Ferguson, the possible risk of bird flu if one gets infected?A．Anyone's infection will trigger pandemic though it is probably one in ten thousand.B．Each time a person gets infected with the virus will cause an enormous pandemic bird flu.C．The person infected with the virus will do great harm to people around him. D．It is impossible that the virus infection of a certain persons will cause a national bird virus spreading.18．The change of alert colors from amber to red implies that__.A．all poultry workers must leave their working places as soon as possibleB．the officials in the Department of Health must call for much more of international assistanceC．the most serious situation of bird flu has appearedD．the change of the color functions greatly as the weather reports do19．What are the steps taken by the Department of Health of UK with the risk of the virus spreading to human population?A．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to publish documents for the pandemic preparedness.B．The Department of Health required the UK national committee to co-work with hospital trusts and local authorities.C．The Department of Health required Civil Contingency Secretariat to make a pandemic plan as soon as possible.D．The Department of Health requires every hospital to store Tamiflu, the precious flu vaccine.20．British government's fear of the wild geese from western China to Siberia is due to ______.A．the domestic ducks and gulls infected by the imported geese to BritainB．the poultry on British farms has been infected by the immigrated wild geeseC．the migration of the wild geese every winterD．British shores infected by the geese virusPart ⅡTranslation (40 points)Section A Directions: Translate the following short paragraphs into Chinese. (20 points) 21．Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about.Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block our path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we believe we have been, how low we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.22．We expend so much energy trying to fix who we are, we rarely get to know our selves. If we realized how precious the gift of life is, we would not waste a moment trying to improve it. If wereally understood how precious we are to the gift of life, we would not waste time trying to fix ourselves.23．We cannot draw to us more than we believe we are worth. Everything that happens to us and every choice we make is a reflection of what we believe about who we are. Our inspiration comes from our self-acceptance. Our motivation comes from our self-reliance. When we accept ourselves and rely on ourselves, we feel good about ourselves. When you feel good about something, you believe in it. When you believe in it, it will work for you !24．It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yourself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignore you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has very little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your “self”. Self-esteem begins and ends with you, the self. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.Part ⅢWriting (20 points)Directions：You are to write a composition of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Your composition should be based on the following topic：What Should Human Do to Preserve the Nature?。