《翻译理论与实践(笔译)》期末复习辅导_0
《翻译理论与实践(笔译)》复习辅导和考试要求-
《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》复习辅导和考试要求《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》这门课程主要讲授翻译理论知识和英汉翻译的方法和技巧。
文字教材为《英汉翻译教程》。
由张培基教授等编写的这本教材是一本高质量的教材，多年来在普通高校英语专业中广泛使用，尤其对翻译方法和技巧的论述仍具有权威性。
但由于该教材出版于80年代初，难免带有一些时代的局限性，对近20年来的翻译理论的进展不可能有相应的体现。
为此，在文字教材以外，省电大又专门增设了网上点播的《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》辅导讲座，共九讲十八节课，主要讲授翻译理论，以弥补文字教材的不足。
鉴于上述情况，要求同学们在复习时应该有所侧重，即：翻译理论方面主要依据辅导讲座，而翻译实践方面则主要依据文字教材。
为了便于大家复习，现将该课程的主要内容和复习要求简述如下：一、中国翻译史：要求了解中国古代、近代和现代的翻译界代表人物。
主要人物有：玄奘，徐光启（古代）；严复，林纾，马建忠（近代）；鲁迅，傅雷，朱生豪，梁实秋等（现代）。
二、翻译的标准：要求全面了解严复的翻译思想，同时熟悉鲁迅、傅雷、钱钟书等人的翻译见解。
对种种不合翻译标准的译文（特别是“误译”、“宁顺而不信”、“文体不对应”）要具备鉴别能力。
三、理解与表达：要求掌握“直译”与“意译”两种基本翻译方法，并能区别“直译”和“死译”，“意译”和“胡译”。
四、英汉语言对比：要求从“形合与意合”、“被动与主动”、“物称与人称”、“替代与重复”、“静态与动态”等几个方面了解英汉两种语言的相异之处。
五、文化与翻译：在从“历史文化”、“地域文化”、“习俗文化”和“宗教文化”四个方面了解中西文化差异的基础上，掌握如何在英汉翻译中处理这种文化差异的翻译方法。
六、文体与翻译：基本了解文体学中“varieties” 和“register”这两个重要概念。
一般了解英国语言学家M.A.K.Halliday提出的构成语境的“三要素”和美国语言学家Martin Joos提出的语言正规程度的五级分类法。
笔译期末复习资料
笔译期末复习资料Unit 4 conversion转换法1.I have no intension of wearying you with this matter. 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 3.The The two two two leaders leaders leaders had had had a a a serious serious serious and and and frank frank frank exchange exchange exchange of of of views views views on on on Sino-U.S. Sino-U.S. relations and world affairs. 4.The basilica is a conglomeration of contrary styles and periods. 5.In In the the the exchange exchange exchange of of of cultures cultures cultures throughout throughout throughout the the the world, world, world, the the the study study study of of of foreign foreign languages is a must. 6.The thought of him always fills me with strength. (adverbial clause of time) 7.Urgent business prevented me from calling on you. 8.A day’s exploration convinced him that this was not the spot.9.A wet day brings out colorful light mackintoshes. Unit 5 addition增补法1.It is a part, and a very important part, of the air defense of our country. 2.Since gaining our independence, we have made every effort to overcome the servitude of our past. 3.The frequency, wavelength, and speed of sound are closely related. 4.The chief effects of electric currents are the magnetic, heating and chemical effects. 5. This This report report report summed summed summed up up up the the the new new new achievements achievements achievements made made made in in in electron electron electron tubes, tubes, semiconductors and components. 6. The spirit of peaceful coexistence must embody the idea that states cannot be left to struggle on single-handed. 7. Theory is something, but practice is everything. 8. The whole square was alive with singing and rejoicing. 9. He has in his vision the totality of every world problem, political, economic, human human……10. I t’s a bit fishy that she should have given away a villa like that.Unit 6 Omission省略法 1. Water passes from a liquid to solid state when it freezes. 2. You should keep calm even when you are in danger. 3. She covered her face with her hands as if to protect her eyes. 4. Turning on his face, he rested his chin on his hands. 5. Never get on or off the bus before it comes to a standstill. 6. Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 7. As she turned the corner she had a new idea which made her stop dead. 8. It is ten to one that we will over-fulfil our production quota. 9. From 4℃ on down, water will decreasein density and increase in volume as it gets colder. 10. T here are a number of peculiarities about the surface features of the earth. 11. H e went out and shut the door gently behind him. unit 7 repetition 重复法2. 2. The The The use use use of of of atomic atomic atomic weapons weapons weapons is is is a a a clear clear clear violation violation violation of of of international international international law, law, in particular of the Geneva Convention; 3. Aerostatics is the study of how an object is supported in the air by buoyancy, that is, its ability to float in the air as a boat floats on water. 1. Despite his versatility of talent and shiftiness of purpose, this man has in his whole lifetime been wedded to the most fossilized routine. ; 2. 2. The The The solid solid solid friendship friendship friendship between between between our our our two two two countries countries countries took took took shape shape shape during during during our our protected struggles against colonialism, hegemonism, and outmoded relationships. 5. 5. Reading Reading Reading exerci exerci exercises ses ses one’s one’s one’s eyes; eyes; eyes; speaking, speaking, speaking, one’s one’s one’s tongue; tongue; tongue; while while while writing, writing, writing, one’s one’s mind.; 6. 6. Thales Thales Thales thought thought thought water water water was was was the the the beginning beginning beginning of of of everything; everything; everything; Anaximenes, Anaximenes, Anaximenes, air; air; Heraclitus, fire. 1. Radar is a newly developed technique by which people can see things beyond the visibility of them. ; 3. 3. W e W e have have have advocated advocated advocated the the the principle principle principle of of of peaceful peaceful peaceful co-existence, co-existence, co-existence, which which which is is is now now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 19. He walked down the line shaking hands with each other and mumbling a few words that were inaudible.; 21. Walking up and down the empty room, he stopped here and there to touch or look. unit 8 Inversion 倒置法12. S he had such a kindly, smiling, tender, gentle, generous heart of her own.; 13. S he was an intelligent, attractive and somewhat temperamental daughter of a well-to-do doctor in Haddington. 14. T hen one can see the oval face of a handsome young woman with deep darkeyes and l ong long heavy clinging tresses. tresses. 15. B ernard Shaw was a well-known English playwright, who wrote many plays .; 16. A ir is a mixture of gases, of which oxygen forms 21 percent by volume.17. J ohn, who was sick yesterday , did not come to class.; 18. I n n a a a dispute dispute dispute between between between two two two states states with which one is friendly , , try try try not not not to to to get get involved.; 19. W e e maintain that no peace situation is permanent maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country.20. S he was s o so worried that she could hardly eat her supper.; 21. N ow that I think of it , we were wrong in turning down her proposal. unit 9 Negation 反译法22. S he did not l eave the letter here on purpose for you to read.; leave the letter here on purpose for you to read.; 23. Y ou cannot politely turn down the invitation to the conference. 24. U nder no circumstances would we give up our principles. would we give up our principles. 25. H e was grown into quite another creature from what he was.; 26. O ur work is still a long way from perfection.; perfection.; 27. I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man. 28. A ll of the atoms of an element do not have exactly the same mass.; 29. E verything is not good, but equally everything is not bad. 30. I t is not to be denied that no sacrifice is too great to avert a catastrophe. to avert a catastrophe. 31. W hen I think of all the waste, words fail me. unit 10 Division拆译法 1. They relentlessly tear at the flowers they see. 2. I shall be glad of your company on the journey. 3. 3. The The The time time time could could could have have have been been been more more more profitably profitably profitably spent spent spent in in in making making making a a a detailed detailed investigation. (= if the time had been spent in making a detailed investigation, it could have been more profitable.) 4. They tried vainly to blame us for the break down in the truce talks. 5. Any comment on it should appropriately come from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 6. 6. Statistically Statistically Statistically significant significant significant correlation correlation correlation exists exists exists between between between vitamin vitamin vitamin deficiency deficiency deficiency and and disease. 7. 7. His His His article article article is is is a a a well-written well-written well-written composition composition composition with with with good good good organization organization organization and and and fine fine style. 8. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours. 9. The difficulty of attainment increases the value of the object. 10. 10. Electronic Electronic Electronic computers, computers, computers, which which which have have have many many many advantages, advantages, advantages, cannot cannot cannot do do do creative creative work and replace man. 11. Food which is kept too long decays because it is attacked by yeasts, moulds and bacteria. 12. There is an emergency exit in the roof of the car through which passengers can escape. unit 11 Condensation 缩译法1. 1. When When When we we we praise praise praise the the the Chinese Chinese Chinese leadership leadership leadership and and and the the the people, people, people, we we we are are are not not not merely merely being polite. 2. Before the night was far advanced, they began to move against the enemy. 3. The chances are that the new machine will arrive tomorrow. 4. 4. The The The imitation, imitation, imitation, or or or make-believe, make-believe, make-believe, of of of life life life which which which poetry poetry poetry offers offers offers constitutes constitutes constitutes an an ordered whole. 5. One “Take this” is better than two “I’ll give you”.unit 12 Translation of Passive Voice 被动式译法1. Gases are frequently regarded as compressible, liquids as incompressible. 2. Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. unit 13 Translation of Long Sentences 长句译法1. From the standpoint of the developing countries, the next decade should see a a greatly greatly greatly accelerated accelerated accelerated program program program for for for scien fic scien fic scien fic and and and technological technological technological co-opera on, co-opera on, aimed at wide-spread dissemina on of technology for mee ng the basic needs of man, such as nutri on, shelter, communica ons, health and sanita on. 2. The tendency of a body to continue in motion is clear to one who observes that that an an an automobile automobile automobile or or or a a a train train train moves moves moves for for for some some some distance distance distance even even even when when when brakes brakes brakes are are used to check this motion. 3. 3. There There There is is is no no no more more more difference, difference, difference, but but but there there there is is is just just just the the the same same same kind kind kind of of of difference, difference, between between the the the mental mental mental operations operations operations of of of a a a man man man of of of science science science and and and those those those of of of an an an ordinary ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who who weighs weighs weighs out out out his his his goods goods goods in in in common common common scales scales scales and and and the the the operations operations operations of of of a a a chemist chemist who who performs performs performs a a a difficult difficult difficult and and and complex complex complex analysis analysis analysis by by by means means means of of of his his his balance balance balance and and finely graduated weights. 。
翻译理论与实践(笔译)课程理论辅导(第二章)
翻译理论与实践（笔译）课程理论辅导（第二章）1．翻译的定义：所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又自最然的对等语再现原语信息。
2．如何看待译语语言各有所长首先，译者必须认识到，每一种语言各有所长。
例如，每种语言都有独特的词法、语序、遣词造句方法、话语标记以及各种特殊的语言形式，如谚语和诗歌。
每种语言都有丰富的词汇以表达所属民族和文化的特征。
例如，苏丹以产牛著称，语言中就不乏“牛”的词汇；秘鲁的渔业很发达，语言中就有不少捕鱼词汇；西方各国科学技术发达，语言中就有丰富的科技词汇。
翻译必须尊重各自语言的特征应尊重语言的特征，尽可能地挖掘它的表达潜力。
例如，某种拉丁美语言没有动词被动式，有人便坚持要给该语言强加一个被动式。
当然，这种尝试是不会成功的。
有许多语言就没有被动式，在任何情况下都使用动词的主动式，并且照样能表达思想。
我们必须承认这个事实。
各种语言具有同等表达力有些翻译者不理解：人们如果没有见过雪，怎么能够理解诸如“白如雪”之类的语言表达法。
要回答这个问题，我们必须从多方面来看。
首先，许多人虽然没有亲眼见过雪，但他们却听说过下雪这种自然现象，因此语言中有“雪”这个词。
第二，有的地方的人虽然不知道什么是雪，但却有“霜”这个词，并用它来指霜和雪。
第三，许多语言具有与“白如雪”同义的比喻表达法，如“白如白鹭毛”、“白如蘑菇”。
第四，如果没有类似的表达法，人们则可以采用非比喻形式来表示“白如雪”的概念，比如可以说“白极了”。
要说明的问题是，在“白如雪”这个表达法中，雪作为一种物体对传达这个信息并不是关键所在。
必须指出，当某一信息的表达形式是该信息所含意思的实质性成分时，要把这种意思从一种语言译成另一种语言就很困难。
保存原作内容，必须改变形式语言之所以互不相同，主要是因为他们具有互不相同的形式，因此翻译中如果保存原作的内容，就必须改变表现形式。
为了保存内容而改变形式，其变动程度的大小，必须视不同语言之间在语言和文化上的距离大小而定。
《翻译理论与实践》期末考试试卷附答案B卷
《翻译理论与实践》期末考试试卷附答案B卷一、单词翻译（共10题，每题2分，共20分）1、neutral2、meter3、sodium hydroxide4、external5、in the absence of6、间歇的；断断续续的7、复杂的8、依靠；由于9、限于10、粗粒子二、句子翻译（共5题，每题4分，共20分）1、Acid-base indicators (also known as pH indicators) are substances which change color with pH.2、I am bored with the dull office work.3、It’s my pleasure to offer some help to you.4、从大连到沈阳的直达特快火车什么时候离开？5、在周末，我们可以去游泳或去钓鱼。
三、段落翻译（共3题，每题20分，共60分）1、In metals, thermal conduction results from the motion of free electrons, and there is close correspondence between thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. In solids that are poor conductors of electricity and in most liquids, thermal conduction results from momentum transfer between adjacent vibrating molecules or atoms. In gases, conduction occurs by the random motion of molecules, so that heat is “diffused” from hotter regions to colder ones.2、黄河是亚洲第三、世界第六长的河流。
英汉翻译理论与实践期末重点题
语内翻译intralingual语际翻译interlingual符际翻译intersemiotic鸠摩罗什贡献：主张意译；改正音译的弱点；提倡译者署名玄奘贡献：翻译标准“既须求真，又须喻俗”；第一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人翻译三大家：鸠摩罗什、真谛、玄奘翻译佛经的代表人物：安世高、“三支”、竺法护英汉语言对比1、主语与主题2、形合hypotaxis与意合parataxis3、树状与竹状4、静态与动态英汉思维对比1、思维方式2、正述反说3、褒贬不一4、直率含蓄：西方人喜外露，中国人喜含蓄；英语经常表态在前，叙事在后，汉语经常相反拆译、词类转换、精简与增补、实译与虚译、正反翻译A.TytlerThe translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.译文应完全复写出原作的思想The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同The translation should have all the ease of the original composition.译文应和原作同样流畅E.NidaTranslating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.所谓翻译，是在译语中用最贴近的自然的对等语再现源语的信息，首先就意义而言，其次就文体而言严复：信、达、雅鲁迅：凡是翻译，必须兼顾两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保持原作的风姿傅雷：以效果而论，翻译应当像临画一样，所求得不在形似而在神似钱钟书：文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。
翻译理论与实践(汉译英)习题及参考答案
翻译理论与实践（汉译英）习题第一周词的选择复习思考题：翻译下列句子，注意选词：我的表不准，每天快十多分钟。
时间过得真快！情人节快到了。
这把刀很快。
参考译文：My watch doesn’t keep good time. It gains more than ten minutes a day.How time does fly!Valentine’s Day is near. Or:Valentine’s Day is at hand. Or:Valentine’s Day is drawing near.The knife is really sharp. (*The knife is swift.)第二周词语翻译技巧（词义引申）复习思考题练习：根据本节所讲进行选词1.人民现在为什么拥护我们？就是这十几年有发展。
2.由于全球气候变暖，海平面在一点点地上升。
3.改革开放也使民族精神获得了解放。
4.我们的企业应着重提高国际竞争力。
5.中国的现代化建设离不开与世界各国的经济合作与贸易往来。
6.世界科技进步和产业结构的调整，亚太地区经济的迅速增长，给我国经济发展提供了有利条件。
在我国中长期发展中，也有不可制约的因素，突出的是：……7.在1993年亚太经合组织第一次领导人非正式会议上，我曾说过，把一个什么样的世界带到二十一世纪，是我们这一代领导人必须认真思考和解决的重大问题。
环顾新世纪初的世界和亚太地区形势，可以说是有喜有忧。
8.为了进行认真细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。
9.专家普遍认为积极的财政政策对于最近几年的经济快速增长势头起了很大作用，2003年，这一政策的实施除了应向社会保障，农村教育及基础设施倾斜以外，还应从政府投资转向民间投资。
10.这些价值观和孔子宣扬的一些思想有很多相同之处，孔子的思想强调的是中庸适度。
《翻译理论与实践(笔译)》期末复习辅导 - 萧山电大
浙江广播电视大学英语专业(开放专科)《英语翻译基础》期末复习一、考试题型和模拟题1. 选择题：10题，每题2分，共20分。
范围主要包括翻译标准，直译与意译问题，翻译的定义，文化与翻译的问题。
2. 问答题：1题，共10分。
范围主要包括直译与意译问题，翻译的标准，以及翻译与文化的关系等等。
3．改译句子：10题，共30分。
3. 段落翻译（英译汉）：2段，共40分。
一、选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：1. 明朝末年的翻译家徐光启主要从事--- ---的翻译。
A. 佛教经典B. 文学作品C. 科技著作D. 哲学著作2. 《马氏文通》的作者马建忠提出了“--- ---”的翻译观点。
A. 善译B. 化境C. 神似D. 信、达、雅3. 出版后即风靡海内的《巴黎茶花女遗事》是-- ----的译作。
A．严复 B. 林纾C. 林语堂D. 梁实秋4.“意译”是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于-- ----的形式。
A. 词句B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段5. 翻译是一种（）的交际活动。
A．跨语言，跨文化，跨社会 B. 跨语言C．跨语言，跨社会 D. 跨语言，跨社会6. 翻译的理想单位是：__________。
（）A．篇章 B. 句子 C.词语 D. 单词7．下列四个语言特点中，---- --不是广告英语的特点。
A. 多祈使句B. 多后置定语C. 多新词汇D. 多常用词汇8. 鲁迅曾提出过“------- --------”的翻译观点。
A. 宁顺而不信B. 宁信而不顺C. 与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信D. 忠实、通顺、得体9．“Do you see any green in my eye?”可以翻译为：__ _____。
A. 你从我的眼睛里看到绿颜色吗？B. 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？C. 你从我的眼睛里看到嫉妒的感觉吗？D. 你以为我在嫉妒你吗？10. “Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.” 意思为( )。
《翻译理论与实践(笔译)》期末复习辅导 - 萧山电大讲解
浙江广播电视大学英语专业(开放专科)《英语翻译基础》期末复习一、考试题型和模拟题1. 选择题：10题，每题2分，共20分。
范围主要包括翻译标准，直译与意译问题，翻译的定义，文化与翻译的问题。
2. 问答题：1题，共10分。
范围主要包括直译与意译问题，翻译的标准，以及翻译与文化的关系等等。
3．改译句子：10题，共30分。
3. 段落翻译（英译汉）：2段，共40分。
一、选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：1. 明朝末年的翻译家徐光启主要从事--- ---的翻译。
A. 佛教经典B. 文学作品C. 科技著作D. 哲学著作2. 《马氏文通》的作者马建忠提出了“--- ---”的翻译观点。
A. 善译B. 化境C. 神似D. 信、达、雅3. 出版后即风靡海内的《巴黎茶花女遗事》是-- ----的译作。
A．严复 B. 林纾C. 林语堂D. 梁实秋4.“意译”是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不必拘泥于-- ----的形式。
A. 词句B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段5. 翻译是一种（）的交际活动。
A．跨语言，跨文化，跨社会 B. 跨语言C．跨语言，跨社会 D. 跨语言，跨社会6. 翻译的理想单位是：__________。
（）A．篇章 B. 句子 C.词语 D. 单词7．下列四个语言特点中，---- --不是广告英语的特点。
A. 多祈使句B. 多后置定语C. 多新词汇D. 多常用词汇8. 鲁迅曾提出过“------- --------”的翻译观点。
A. 宁顺而不信B. 宁信而不顺C. 与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信D. 忠实、通顺、得体9．“Do you see any green in my eye?”可以翻译为：__ _____。
A. 你从我的眼睛里看到绿颜色吗？B. 你以为我是好欺骗的吗？C. 你从我的眼睛里看到嫉妒的感觉吗？D. 你以为我在嫉妒你吗？10. “Last night I heard him driving his pigs to market.” 意思为( )。
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---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 《翻译理论与实践(笔译)》期末复习辅导《翻译理论与实践（笔译）》期末复习辅导2007 年 1 月一、考试题型和模拟题 1. 选择题：10 题，每题 2 分，共 20 分。
范围主要包括翻译标准，直译与意译问题，翻译的定义，文化与翻译的问题。
2. 问答题：2 题，每题 15 分，共 30 分。
范围主要包括直译与意译问题，翻译的标准，比如玄奘对翻译事业的贡献等等。
3. 段落翻译（英译汉）：1 段，共 50 分。
这部分在课外。
选择题（在四个选项中选择一个正确答案）：1. 明朝末年的翻译家徐光启主要从事---C---的翻译。
A. 佛教经典B. 文学作品C. 科技著作D. 哲学著作 2. 《马氏文通》的作者马建忠提出了---A--- 的翻译观点。
A. 善译B. 化境C. 神似D. 信、达、雅 3. 出版后即风靡海内的《巴黎茶花女遗事》是--B----的译作。
A．严复 B. 林纾 C. 林语堂 D. 梁实秋 4.意译是指译文从意义出发，要求将原文的意义正确表达出来，不1/ 11必拘泥于--D----的形式。
A. 词句B. 词句和比喻C. 各种修辞手段D. 词、句、以及各种修辞手段 5. 翻译是一种（ A ）的交际活动。
A．跨语言，跨文化，跨社会 B. 跨语言 C．跨语言，跨社会 D. 跨语言，跨社会 6. 翻译的理想单位是：__________。
（） A．篇章 B. 句子 C.词语 D. 单词 7. 下列四个语言特点中， ----B--不是广告英语的特点。
A. 多祈使句B. 多后置定语C. 多新词汇D. 多常用词汇 8. 鲁迅曾提出过-------B-------- 的翻译观点。
A. 宁顺而不信B. 宁信而不顺C. 与其信而不顺，不如顺而不信D. 忠实、通顺、得体 9. 在下列四组特点中， ---D---组符合英语语言的实际情况。
A. 重意合，多主动结构，多动态词，多重复，多生物词作主语B.重形合，多主动结构，多动态词，多替代，多物称词作主语C.重意合，多被动结构，多静态词，多重复，多生物词作主语D.重形合，多被动结构，多静态词，多替代，多物称词作主语 10. 下列四种语言特点， ----B----不符合英语语言的实际情况。
A. 重形合B. 多动态词语C. 多替代D.多物称词作主语 11. Last night I heard him driving his pigs---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ to market. 意思为( )。
A．昨夜我听见他把他的猪赶到市场。
B．昨夜我听见鼾声如雷。
C．昨夜我听见他开车把猪送到市场。
D．昨夜我听见他开车去了市场。
12. 名词化 (nominalization)倾向是---C---的一个比较明显的语法特点。
A. 广告英语B. 新闻英语C. 科技英语D. 文学英语 13． to laugh off ones head 被译为笑掉大牙，这是运用了什么翻译方法？ C A．直译法 B. 意译法C. 汉语同义习语的套用法 D. 归化法 14．严复的雅是指： ___A____。
A．指脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。
B．指保存原作的风格。
C．指保持原作的形式。
D．以上的答案都不正确 15．意义相符，功能相似是指哪三种意义相符。
（） A．指称意义，言内意义，语用意义 B．表达意义，社交意义，祈使意义 C．指称意义，联想意义，语用意义 D．语法意义，音系意义，语用意义 16．列车的慢车应该翻译为( ).。
3/ 11A． slow train B. local train C. fast train D. tardy train 17．文化差异在给翻译带来了困难，在词汇层面上主要表现为（）。
A．词汇空缺，词义冲突，语义联想，语用含义 B．词汇空缺，语用含义 C．语义联想，语用含义 D．词义冲突，语用含义问答题：1. 如何理解直译和意译之间的关系。
1． 1）所谓直译，就是在不违背译语文化传统的前提下，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式（特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等），即尽量完全保留词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
2）意译法是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求译文与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能相似的方法。
意译不是任意乱译。
意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥于原文的形式。
3）直译与意译应该互相兼容，而不应互相排斥。
翻译实践中，在能确切地表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译法显然有可取之处。
因为直译有助于保存原著的格调，亦即鲁迅所说的保持异国情调和洋气；同时，直译有助于不断从外国引起一些新鲜、生动---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 的词语、句法结构和表达方法，使汉语变得丰富。
4）翻译时必须采取不同的手段，或意译或直译，要灵活处理。
直译和意译的最终目的都是为了忠实表达原作的思想内容和文体风格，互不排斥，互不矛盾。
译者必须善于把两者结合起来。
其实，真正主张直译的人其实并不排斥意译，而是反对胡译、乱译；而主张意译的人也不是排斥直译，而是反对死译、硬译。
直译容易出现翻译症，即追求机械对等；意译容易脱离原文本意，即随意乱译。
2．如何理解严复的信，达，雅翻译标准？应包含以下三层意思：1）作为翻译标准，信、达、雅的提法简明扼要，又有层次，主次突出。
三者之中，信和达更为重要，而信与达两者之中，信尤为重要。
2）有一定的时代局限性。
3）雅可以作不同的解释。
严复认为的雅，是指脱离原文而片面追求译文本身的古雅。
这样就有人认为严复用一个雅字打消了信和达，但从积极的一面来看，严复重视译文文字润饰这一点却值得我们注意的。
3．请分析英汉在心理文化方面的异同。
5/ 11从性质上分，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科学文化。
具体表现为：1 ）中国人重直觉与具体形象，而西方人重理性与逻辑。
即汉语体现的是形象性，而英语注重功能性。
如 A) 人(sun) 子酷像分腿站立，顶天立地的人的形象；雨（rain）字的四点表示雨滴；连衣裙 (形容上衣连着裙子； overall skirt)。
因此汉语形象鲜明生动；而相应的英译文绝大多数只说明功能，极少具备原文的形象性。
B）汉语爱以具体比喻抽象。
如蚕食（to nibble）比喻逐步侵占像蚕吃桑叶一样。
如日中天（like the sun at high noon; at the apex of ones power, career, etc.） ; 手忙脚乱（in a frantic rush）形容做事慌张而没有条理。
因此，对于这类词的理解，不能浮于字面，而应了解其喻义。
翻译时，可用直译再现原文的形象，让译文读者凭借共享的文化知识理解其喻义；也可用意译直接表达喻义。
C) 汉语丰富的量词也是汉语形象化的体现。
2）中国人重整体，西方人重个体。
具体表现为：a) 汉语词义一般较笼统，英语词义一般较具体。
如：---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ 车来了！中的车可指公共汽车(bus)也可指面包车(minibus),还可指卡车(lorry), 甚至出租车(taxi),英语中却需分门别类十分明确地表达。
又如中国人问你吃了饭没有？，我们往往无需细说，因为从问话的时间就明白问话人的所指。
但如译成英语，则需将早餐(breakfast)、午餐(lunch)和晚餐(supper)分得清楚。
b) 汉语表意较模糊，英语表意较准确。
如我妈是个好人。
（My mom is a good woman.）我饿死了。
是指我饿的很厉害。
又如那年闹饥荒，我弟弟活活地饿死了。
中的饿死才是died of hunger的意思。
3）汉语重意念，英语重形式。
如：学院请来一位洋教师，长得挺怪，红脸，金发。
分析：长的挺怪的逻辑主语应是洋教师，红脸指洋教师的脸是红的，他的头发是金色的。
翻译时不仅要断句，而且要增添主语。
所以，可以翻译成：7/ 11Our institute employed an English teacher. He looked very strange----red-faced and golden-haired. 段落翻译：（1） First impressions are often lasting ones. Indeed, if you play your cards right, you can enjoy the benefits of what sociologists call the halo effect. This means that if you’re viewed positively within the critical first few minutes, the person you’ve met will likely assume everything you do is positive. How you move and gesture will greatly influence an interviewer’s first impression of you. In a landmark study of communications, psychologists discovered that seven percent of any message about our feelings and attitudes comes from the words we use, 38 percent from our voice, and a startling 55 percent from our facial expressions. （2） Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability. While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to woman. Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success. （3） Science finds order and meaning in our experience, and sets about this in quite a different way. It sets about it as Newton did in the story which he himself told in his old age, and of which the schoolbooks give only a caricature. In the year 1665, when Newton was twenty-two, the plague broke out in southern England, and the University of Cambridge was closed. Newton therefore spent the next eighteen months at home, removed from traditional learning, at a time when he was impatient for knowledge and, in his own phrase, I was in the prime of my age for invention. In this eager, boyish mood, sitting one day in the garden of his widowed mother, he saw an apple fall. What struck the young Newton at the sight was not the thought that the apple must be drawn to the earth by gravity; that conception was older than Newton. What struck him was the conjecture that the same force of gravity, which reaches to the top of the tree, might go on reaching out beyond the earth and its air, endlessly into space. （4） If an occupation census had been taken in the eleventh century it would probably have revealed that quite 90 percent of the people were country inhabitants who drew their livelihood from farming,9/ 11herding, fishing or the forest. An air photograph taken at thattime would have revealed spotted villages, linked together by unsurfaced roads and separated by expanses of forest or swamp.There were some towns, but few of them housed more than 10,000 persons. A second picture, taken in the mid-fourteenth centurywould show that the villages had grown more numerous and alsomore widespread, for Europeans had pushed their frontier outward by settling new areas. There would be more people onthe roads, rivers and seas, carrying food or raw materials totowns which had increased in number, size and importance. Buta photograph taken about 1450 would reveal that little further expansion had taken place during the preceding hundred years.(5) One of my favourite moments of the day is among the last-- the last conscious one, anyway. After several attempts at keeping my eyelids from fluttering closed and the book from collapsing onto my chest, I know it really is time to go to sleep.I affectionately place the book on the bed beside me. We sleep together, me and my book, me and those characters, me and mymixed-up dreams. Reading in bed seems to run in families.The last time my mother babysat for me, I got home to find thehouse dark except for two small lights. One came from my son’s room, where I discovered the eight-year-old holed up under the---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ covers with Goosebumps and a flashlight. At the other end of the house, my mother had already dozed off with her book.11/ 11。