考博英语语法重点总结(7)
北京大学考博英语复习 many,old 和far语法运用
北京大学考博英语复习many,old和far语法运用一、the+最高级+比较范围1)The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示非常。
联系我们扣扣：四九三三七一六二六。
电话：四零零六六八六九七八。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2)下列词可修饰最高级，by far,far,much,mostly,almostThis hat is nearly/almost the biggest.注意：a.very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.This is much the best.b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。
Africa is the second largest continent.3)句型转换：Mike is the most intelligent in his class.Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4)否定词语+比较级，否定词语+so…as结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.二、many,old和far用法1)如果后接名词时，much more+不可数名词many more+可数名词复数2)old有两种比较级和最高级形式:older/oldest和elder/eldest。
考博英语语法
考博英语语法Here is an essay on the topic "Preparing for the Graduate School English Exam: Grammar" with more than 1000 words:Preparing for the graduate school English exam can be a daunting task especially when it comes to the grammar section which is often considered one of the most challenging components. Grammar is the foundation of any language and mastering it is crucial not only for acing the exam but also for effective communication in both academic and professional settings. In this essay we will delve into the key aspects of grammar that aspirants need to focus on and discuss effective strategies to strengthen their command over the English language.One of the primary areas that the graduate school English exam often tests is the understanding of parts of speech. Identifying nouns verbs adjectives adverbs prepositions conjunctions and pronouns and comprehending their role in sentence construction is vital. Aspirants need to be well-versed in distinguishing between the different parts of speech and understanding their functions. For instance being able to identify a noun as the subject of a sentence or a verb as the action performed is essential. Similarly knowing whento use a particular pronoun such as I me my mine we us our ours etc. can make a significant difference in the coherence and accuracy of one's writing.Another crucial aspect of grammar covered in the exam is sentence structure. Candidates are expected to demonstrate their ability to construct grammatically correct sentences with proper subject-verb agreement noun-pronoun agreement and parallel structure. Evaluating whether a sentence is simple compound complex or compound-complex and understanding the appropriate usage of each type is crucial. Identifying and correcting errors in sentence structure such as dangling modifiers run-on sentences and sentence fragments is also a common requirement.Tense and voice are two other critical components of grammar that are extensively tested. Aspirants need to have a firm grasp on verb tenses such as present past future perfect and progressive and be able to use them accurately in their writing. Understanding the active and passive voice and knowing when to use each is equally important. Mastering the appropriate usage of verb tenses and voice can elevate the sophistication and clarity of one's writing.Punctuation rules are another area that deserves attention. Knowing how to correctly use periods commas semicolons colons apostrophes and quotation marks can make a substantial differencein the flow and readability of a text. Improper punctuation can lead to ambiguity and disruption in the intended meaning. Hence aspirants must familiarize themselves with the standard punctuation conventions and practice applying them consistently in their writing.In addition to the above-mentioned grammar aspects the graduate school English exam may also test candidates' understanding of idiomatic expressions phrasal verbs and other nuances of the language. Being able to recognize and use these linguistic elements appropriately can showcase a deeper level of language proficiency.To prepare effectively for the grammar section of the graduate school English exam aspirants should adopt a multifaceted approach. First and foremost they need to thoroughly review the fundamental grammar rules and concepts. This can be achieved by studying grammar textbooks online resources and practice materials. It is also beneficial to take practice tests and quizzes to identify one's strengths weaknesses and areas that require more attention.Furthermore engaging in extensive reading of high-quality academic and literary works can significantly enhance one's familiarity with correct grammar usage. Observing how professional writers employ various grammatical structures and applying those learnings in one's own writing can be a powerful strategy. Regular writing practice is also crucial as it allows aspirants to put their grammar knowledgeinto action and receive feedback for improvement.Another effective technique is to participate in peer review activities where candidates can exchange their written work and provide constructive feedback to one another. This not only helps identify grammar-related errors but also fosters a deeper understanding of the subject through discussions and explanations.Additionally aspirants can consider seeking guidance from experienced tutors or joining grammar-focused study groups. These resources can provide personalized feedback targeted exercises and invaluable insights that may be difficult to obtain through self-study alone.In conclusion the grammar section of the graduate school English exam is a critical component that requires meticulous preparation. By developing a strong foundation in parts of speech sentence structure tenses voice and punctuation rules and consistently practicing the application of these concepts aspirants can enhance their chances of excelling in this pivotal exam. With a multifaceted approach that combines thorough review extensive reading targeted practice and collaborative learning the journey towards mastering English grammar can be a rewarding and enriching experience.。
中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识点汇总
中国地质大学考博英语必备语法知识点汇总1.状语从句省略(分词作状语)：从句的主语和状语从句的主语一致，状从省略采用分词作状语。
例句：(Because)being short of money,we can’t afford a TV set.=Because we are short of money,we can’t afford a TV set.Xu yao quan guo ge da yuan xiao kao bo ying yu zhen ti shi juan qing jia qq：qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi,huo er ba jiu ling ling liu si san wu yi.ye ke yi bo da quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba xiang shou kao bo fu dao ti yan.2.并列句：由and,or,but连接的两个句子成为并列句。
3省略句/倒装：so/系动词/助动词/情态动词+sb表示“前者情况适用于后者”。
例句：You are a student,so am I.4.定语从句who引导的限定性定从。
例句：Do you remember the girl who taught us English?你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗?练习题：41.Science has brought________many changes in our lives.[A]for[B]to[C]in[D]with42.________born in Chicago,the author is most famous for his stories about New York City.[A]Although[B]Since[C]As[D]When43.Allen and I are in the same history class,but his assignment is different________mine.[A]with[B]from[C]against[D]to44.They have all got up,and________.[A]Jack has too[B]so has Jack[C]Jack hasn't[D]also has Jack45.I am sure that________you said is wrong.[A]which[B]all[C]this[D]what46.________four years since John left school.[A]They have been[B]It is[C]It was[D]Those are47.I have been to the doctor's about my headache.He says there is________.[A]something serious[B]anything serious[C]not serious[D] nothing serious48.This bicycle is his,not________.[A]their[B]hers[C]her[D]your49.A good writer is________who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A]that[B]he[C]one[D]this50.Those are very pleasant rooms.How much do you________them?[A]want[B]demand[C]ask for[D]ask51.His honesty is________:nobody can doubt it.[A]in question[B]out of the question[C]beside the question[D]without question52.It was the largest experiment we have ever had;it________ six hours.[A]ended[B]finished[C]was[D]lasted53.The gloves were really too small,and it was only by________ them that I managed to get them on.[A]spreading[B]squeezing[C]extending[D]stretching54.Although the false banknotes fooled many people,they did not ________close examination.[A]put up[B]keep up[C]stand up to[D]look up to55.Today,housework has been made much easier by electrical ________.[A]facilities[B]appliances[C]instruments[D]equipment56.Charles has not the least________of giving up his research.[A]intention[B]idea[C]play[D]desire57.That shop doesn't have brown sugar in________at the moment, but they expect to have some tomorrow.[A]storage[B]stock[C]sale[D]demand58.The country has a system of________,most of which date back to the nineteenth century.[A]watercourses[B]rivers[C]canals[D]channels59.The farmers had to wear heavy boots in the winter because the fields were so wet and________.[A]dusty[B]earthy[C]soiled[D]muddy60.My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very________ about the food he eats.[A]special[B]peculiar[C]particular[D]unusual。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷19
2022年考研考博-考博英语-黑龙江大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Many people who formerly backed him now have ___ about his ability to do the job.问题1选项A.presentationsB.issuesC.reservationsD.likelihoods【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. presentations 演讲B. issues 问题C. reservations 保留意见；疑惑D. likelihoods 可能性【考查点】名词辨析。
【解题思路】当back做动词时，表示支持的意思。
空格前who引导一个定语从句修饰many people，项工作的能力产生了怀疑。
C选项reservations保留意见；疑惑，表示对他的工作能力有所保留，可引申为此句所需的逻辑“产生怀疑”以满足上述条件。
【干扰项排除】A选项presentations “演讲”，不符合逻辑；B选项issues“问题”，指议题，通常比较正式，与政治方面有些关系，很官方；D选项likelihoods“可能性”，不符合逻辑。
【句意】许多以前支持他的人现在对他的工作能力持保留态度。
2.单选题At the heart of the debate over illegal immigration lies one key question: “Are immigrants good or bad for the economy?” The American public overwhelmingly thinks they’re bad. Yet the consensus among most economists is that immigration, both legal and illegal, provides a small net boost to the economy. Immigrants provide cheap labor, lower the prices of everything from farm produce to new homes, and leave consumers with a little more money in their pockets. So why is there such a discrepancy between the perception of immigrants’ impact on the economy and the reality?There are a number of familiar theories. Some argue that people are anxious and feel threatened by an inflow of new workers. Others highlight the stress that undocumented immigrants place on public services, like schools, hospitals, and jails. Still others emphasize the rol e of race, arguing that foreigners add to the nation’s fears and insecurities. There’s some truth to all these explanations, but they aren’t quite sufficient.To get a better understanding of what’s going on, consider the way immigration’s impact is felt. Though its overall effect may be positive, its costs and benefits are distributed unevenly. David Card, an economist at UC Berkeley, notes that the ones who profit most directly from immigrants' low-cost labor are businesses and employers—meatpacking plants in Nebraska, for instance, or agricultural businesses in California. Granted, these producers’ savings probably translate into lower prices at the grocery store, but how many consumers make that mental connection at the checkout counter? As for the drawbacks of illegal immigration, these, too, are concentrated. Native low-skilled workers suffer most from the competition of foreign labor. According to a study by George Borjas, a Harvard economist, immigration reduced the wages of American high-school dropouts by 9% from 1980 to 2000. Among high-skilled, better-educated employees, however, opposition was strongest in states with both high numbers of immigrants and relatively generous social services. What worried them most, in other words, was the fiscal burden of immigration. That conclusion was reinforced by another finding: that their opposition appeared to soften when that fiscal burden decreased, as occurred with welfare reform in the 1990s, which curbed immigrants’ access to certain benefits.The irony is that for all the overexcited debate, the net effect of immigration is minimal. Even for those most acutely affected—say, low-skilled workers, or California residents—the impact isn’t all that dramatic. “The unpleasant voices have tended to dominate ourends up being a net positive, but a small one.” Too bad most people don’t realize it.1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?2.In what way does the author think ordinary Americans benefit from immigration?3.Why do native low-skilled workers suffer most from illegal immigration?4.What is the chief concern of native high-skilled, better-educated employees about the inflow of immigrants?5.What is the irony about the debated over immigration?问题1选项A.Whether immigrants are good or bad for the economy has been puzzling economists.B.The American economy used to thrive on immigration but now it’s a different story.C.The consensus among economists is that immigration should not be encouraged.D.The general public thinks differently from most economists on the impact of immigration.问题2选项A.They can access all kinds of public services.B.They can get consumer goods at lower prices.C.They can mix with people of different cultures.D.They can avoid doing much of the manual labor.问题3选项A.They have greater difficulty getting welfare support.B.They are more likely to encounter interracial conflicts.C.They have a harder time getting a job with decent pay.D.They are no match for illegal immigrants in labor skills.A.It may change the existing social structure.B.It may pose a threat to their economic status.C.It may lead to social instability in the country.D.It may place a great strain on the state budge.问题5选项A.Even economists can’t reach a consensus about its impact.B.Those who are opposed to it turn out to benefit most from it.C.People are making too big a fuss about something of small impact.D.There is no essential difference between seemingly opposite opinions.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:D第5题:C【解析】1.推理判断题。
北京理工大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析
北京理工大学考博英语真题常见语法及其解析语法是复习考博英语的基础。
对于准备考博2015年考博英语的学生而言，基础阶段是全面、系统地学习语法的关键时期。
因为，如果能在这一时期打下坚实的基础，接下来的学习会非常顺利，后期的阅读、写作及翻译的技巧和方法更能融会贯通。
基础阶段，考生应该全面掌握考博语法要点。
需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。
无论英语语法知识是否扎实，建议2015届的广大考生们应该从头开始，将语法知识进行系统化的学习，因为大多数同学的语法知识只限于高中语法，对语法没有系统地掌握。
考生要针对个人情况，多下苦功突破薄弱环节，巩固并熟练掌握常考的重要语法点，并且要具有系统意识，对考博英语语法体系做到了如指掌。
完备的考博英语语法体系应该包含如下重要的语法知识点：三大从句(名词性从句，定语从句，状语从句)，三种非谓语动词(动名词、不定式和分词)，四种特殊结构(省略结构、比较结构、倒装结构、分割结构)。
对以上这个考博语法体系，备考考生从宏观层面要掌握各个知识点的联系和区别，从微观层面要各个突破，透彻了解，并且能熟练应用语法知识，正确输出符合英语语法的句子和文章。
另外，在学习态度和学习方法方面，语法学习贵在持之以恒。
多数考生感觉语法知识比较枯燥，不愿意学习。
但是，语法学习是能顺利通过研究生考试的因素之一。
万学海文建议，2015届的考生要静下心来，结合做题来学习，即先看语法书，然后做相应的题目巩固语法知识。
如果题目做得不理想，这会成为你学习的动力;如果题目做得不错，说明你对这部分语法知识掌握得不错。
学习的同时，要对基本的语法知识进行整理，形成一个体系，也要对一些特殊的语法现象进行归纳总之，学习语法切记不要进入学习误区。
语法复习重在语法现象本身，而不是记住那些枯燥无味的术语，那么，考博英语的语法掌握到什么程度就可以了呢?复习语法的目的是读懂文章、做对题目。
考博英语常见知识点总结
Whisper 小声细语Proclaim 大声宣告reclaim 纠正，收回acclaim 欢呼，喝彩claim 要求，声称Deteriorate 使土地变坏，恶化Criticize 批评object 反对不及物动词object to/against oppose 反对，及物动词，直接跟宾语反对某种观点或计划frown 皱眉frown on 不同意Renown 声誉名望prominence 卓越，显著的地位authority 权威，专家，当局Intensify 加剧enforce 迫使Feasible 可行的appropriate 合适的apt 有……倾向的，恰当的Countenance 面容，表情Hindrance阻碍Patriotisms 爱国主义Reproach 斥责beyond reproach 无可指责的reprehend 斥责Plague 瘟疫，灾害，折磨Avail 利用，效益，有利于avail oneself of sth 利用Indulge 沉溺于，放纵indulge inLaudatory 赞美的lascivious 好色的，淫荡的languish 憔悴的lethargic 昏睡的，无生气的Fill one’s prescription 给某人开处方To be blame for 主动结构表示被动意义，不能采用blame的被动形式Be charged with被控告denounce 公然抨击Identical 同一的，完全相同的superficial 表面的，肤浅的At best 最多al length 最后，详细的in bulk 大量的，详细的in effect 实际上Get by 过得去，过活get around 出行V oluntarily 自动的，以自由意识的compulsorily 强制的Eliminate 消除，淘汰dispose 处理，处置exclude 排除extinguish 熄灭，扑灭abolish 对法律习俗的废除Accommodate 提供住宿/房间，迎合，迁就furnish 提供生活或某种用途需要的东西Admit 说服，再三追问下承认confess 坦白，招认concede 勉强不得不承认Affiliate 加入，成为……的一部分Stretch 延展，延伸stretch one’s mind绞尽脑汁reinforce 加固，增援Bewilder 使困惑，茫然perplex 使疑虑不安Compel 强迫，迫使，使用权力/力量迫使Constrain 力劝，强迫更强调内心的情感的迫使Force 强迫（暴力威胁）常用被动语态Oblige （法律/习俗）强迫常用被动语态Confinement 限制，囚禁restraint 克制，抑制Credible 可信的，可靠的credulous 轻信的plausible 似乎可信Transcend 超出，超越（一般经验/常识）难以为大众理解Feasible 可行的practicable 可行的practical 实用的pragmatic 实用的，务实的Refrain 抑制，禁止不及物动词正式refrain fromRestrain 限制及物动词restrain sb from doing sthconstrain 限制，力劝及物动词subordinate 次要的，从属的，下级的acquire 经过努力逐渐获得的知识/才能/习惯等attain 经过努力获得不曾预料的结果，达到某一目标obtain 获得，买到，正式语体gain 通过较大努力获得某种利益或好处，或军事武力夺取adjust 微小的改变或技术调整amend 正式修改法律文件等alter 使事物在外观/性质/用途方面稍作改变strive for superiority over their peers 力争优于同龄人plight 困境polarization 极化，对立plague 折磨tentative 实验性的decisive 决定性的soar 飙升mutate 突变plummet 暴跌fluctuate 波动sophisticated 复杂的，世故的shrink 收缩inscribe 雕刻decorate 装饰maintain 保持BIM equals body mass divided by the square of height. 公式BIM=体重/身高的平方In essence 事实上in turn 依次Quality as 被认为Grounded in health concerns 基于对健康的关注Around the corner 在拐角处，迫在眉睫，即将到来Take over 接管Withdraw 有“提款，取款”的含义funds a re withdrawn from the issuer’s accounts. Cope with 处理，解决fight against 对抗，抵制Concern with 关心，挂念concern for 关心，对……的关心Control over 控制，支配Take to 喜欢take after 与……相像take on 承担take with 将……带上Be capable of 能够Down-trodden 被压迫的Explosive population growth 人口爆炸A torrent of migration 移民潮By the turns of the century 在世纪之交Miracle 奇迹miseries 痛苦，灾难Make life less than complete 使人生不完整因果关系thus表示结果for表示原因Utterly 十分，完全的arrogant 傲慢amusing episode 有趣的插曲drawn 疲惫的whimsical 异想天开，古怪edict 法令，告示Pass around by word of mouth 口头相传Improvise out of ……即兴而发Deduce 推断，演绎Time-honored 历史悠久的An inflated ego 膨胀的自我pant 喘气，气喘吁吁的讲pant toBrim 边缘full to the brim 满满当当sort out 整理For all that 尽管granted that 即使despite the fact that 不管（引导让步状语从句）Conform to 遵照，顺从Proponent 支持者，提倡者predecessor 前辈belittle 贬低Improvisation 即兴创作dogged 顽固的prodigious 惊人的jettison 抛弃Elaborate 精心制作的watershed 分水岭，流域astounding 令人震惊的Raucous 喧闹的Dogmatic explanation 教条的解释indignant denial 愤怒的拒绝Enthusiastic praise 热情的赞扬speculative study 思辨的研究Proposition 命题demographic 人口统计学Dropout 退出groundless 毫无根据，莫须有Spectacularly 壮观的Emit 排放green house gases 温室气体Protest 抗议politicking 政治活动Holistic 整体的Be fascinated with sth. 对……很是着迷In bad shape 一团糟pastime 消遣，娱乐Live off 住在……外，靠……生活A earn B’s living A 争钱养活B，B靠A养活Take in 接受，接待；吸收，理解；包括；轻信；注意到；欺骗On the side 兼职，另外Contend 竞争，主张，声明Bring in 引进，带来，生产Multifarious 五花八门Perception 感知，观念perspective 观点Miscellaneous 杂项miscellaneous domains 多项领域For its own sake 为了其自己的利益pursuit 追求knowledge pursuitOrient 东方的，标定方向，使……成为东方oriented 导向的，定向的Career oriented aspectDestination 目标working skill-oriented destinationPrevailing 盛行的，普遍的prevailing senseCradle 摇篮nurture 培育，滋养be taken as the cradle to nurture dreams Chase up 追求survive in the fierce competition 在激烈的竞争中生存下去broaden eyes 拓宽眼界satisfy the natural curiosity 满足好奇心cultivate a creative mindexplore the answers for the meaning of lifegive rise to lead toprevail over 战胜prevailing 流行prevail取胜，占优势，盛行prevail on/upon 劝说，诱使I’m not a believer in the agreement that ……practical need 实际需要offer satisfied answer to the practical need of each studenta case in point 一个例子let alone 更不用说not to mentionfind themselves in an awkward situation whereinvariably 不变的carry a duel role 扮演双层角色aroused by 激起，引起run into difficult 遇到困难tackle 解决to tackle this problemtake priority over 优先take the upper hand 占上风business prosperity 商业繁荣indispensable 不可或缺的mutual 相互的mutual relationship between A and B take severe measures 采取严厉的措施adept 熟练，内行，老手averse 不喜欢的，厌恶的affectation 假装，做作aptitude 才能，天资denounce 告发，斥责renounce 正式放弃pronounce 宣告，断言apprise 通知，告知appraise 评估，鉴定assent 同意dissent 不同意ascent 上升descent 下降retire 退休retreat 后退，撤退retract 收缩，收回retard 延迟，迟缓refrain 抑制，禁止optimal 最优，最佳oppressed 压迫的take priority over 优先于segregation 种族隔离，分离specification 说明书subscription 捐献，订阅dispense 发放dispose 处理disperse 分散，驱散dispatch 调度，派遣contaminate 污染culminate 达到高潮contract 合同incentive 激励fugitive 逃亡equality 平等equation 方程式equivalent 等价物equity 公平concise 简洁的decisive 决定性的，果断的decline 减少incline 俯身recline 躺下，靠reflect 反应inflect 曲折变化deflect 偏离inflexible 灵活的affluent 富足的fluent 流畅的fluctuate 波动，欺负affirm 坚定不移的肯定或声称assert 不管事实如何，主观自信的宣称或清楚有利的支持allege 无凭无据的情况下宣称断定claim 要求声称，断言，多指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张aggravate 加重（负担，罪行，病情等）reinforce 增援，一般用于军队或警察活动detach 拆开组合的物体，远离，疏远divide 将整体分为若干部分ambiguous 意义含糊，有歧义的指因字词句有歧义而使人感到模糊不清，难以理解和把握obscure 因光线不足而看不清，引申为语法文字记忆因复杂深奥模棱两可而使人难以理解vague 含混不清楚的，因逻辑不清言辞笼统而导致意义不清楚轮廓形状不清楚unclear 句意字迹不清楚blame 责怪，归咎于blame sb for ding sth condemn 谴责，用于正式严肃的场合reproach （书面语）责备，表不满scold 责骂，训斥brittle 易碎的，易损坏的指坚硬的东西fragile 必须小心使用才不会碎的东西，引申为体弱虚弱frail 体弱的虚弱的或东西易碎的invalid 不正确的，无效的boundary 边界，界线多指作为界线的标志物border 较宽的边缘两国分界附近边缘地带frontier 边界，边疆引申为未开发的领域学术前沿verge 道路花坛边缘，某事即将发生之际on the verge of warbrief 简明扼要简短的时间短暂，办事利索，态度明了虽短却不失体面concise 简要精炼保留主要部分curt 三言两语，简短的，草率的succinct 简明的，简洁的，简练的用词简练component 零部件（某事物）组成部分element 元素，组成部分，方面factor 因素，要素ingredient 原料，成分，要素abide by 遵守，同意adhere to 遵守conform to 遵守，符合comply with 遵守，服从（正式）comprise 包含，包括，组成compose 构成be composed of (被动语态) consist 构成consist of 主动语态constitute 构成conserve 保存保藏保护（节约）reserve 保留，储备订座位preserve 保护维持保养continual 连续不断频繁时有发生continuous 连续不断的中间不停顿constant 不断经常始终如一的经常出现incessant 不停的持续不断的令人厌烦的不断出现中间可能有停顿convert 转换，转变（观点）invert 使颠倒反向（位置方向）revert 归还，回复原状transform 改变转变（外观，性质）reproach 责备reprehend 斥责plague 瘟疫灾害折磨avail 有利于，利益avail sb of sth 利用deprive 剥夺indulge 放任，沉溺于at best 最多at length 最后，详细的in bulk 整批，大批get by 过得去，过活get away 逃脱，离开get around 出行get along 和睦相处get through 被理解向…讲清楚strive for 力争ascertain 查明plight 困境plague 瘟疫tentative 暂时的，实验性的soar 飙升mutate 突变plummet 骤跌fluctuate 波动negligent 懈怠的edible 食用的fabulous 难以置信的，惊人的，极好的disproportionate 不成比例的pass up 错过repeal 废止，撤销resent 怨恨clarity 透明的slack 使缓慢shrill 尖锐torrent 连续不断的tensile 拉长的textured 特征显著的wither 枯萎catastrophic 灾难性的by virtue of 由于，凭借for the sake of 为了……利益advent 到来，出现subsidize 资助cast a shadow over 给……罩上阴影soak to the skin 湿透chat away 闲谈in no mood 没心情in the course of 在……的过程中in line with 与……一致be a match for 配得上，可匹敌的agree by 受到认同resonate with 得到回应none the better for it 不会因为……变得更好，依然如故to the core 彻底的，完全的to the end 到底in custody (法庭审判前)被拘留监禁in jeopardy 处于危险中in suspicion 被怀疑in probation 被缓刑amount to 相当于contribute to 促使……发生dedicate to 将（时间精力）奉献给（工作事业）add to 增添recite prayers 诵经jointly-acquired property 共同获得的财产by account 相反的insidious 潜伏的，阴险的thrive 兴盛，茁壮成长humiliation 羞辱subtle 微妙的dozing off 打瞌睡self-reliant 独立的self-sufficiency 自给自足bleak 昏暗的，凄凉的depict 描绘trail 拖沓而行，跟在……后面flinch back 退缩desolate 荒凉的bustling 繁忙的thriving 兴旺的fraudulent happiness 虚假的幸福fraudulent 欺骗的deluding 欺骗euphoric 欣快的繁荣昌盛prosperity崎岖不平rough惊天动地earth-shaking典雅大方elegant and graceful轻柔松软soft and light立场坚定firm in stand(将四字词组译为介词/副词/不定式短语) 目光远大broad in vision 头脑敏捷swift in wit 业务熟练qualified in profession 才华出众outstanding in talent 风格高尚noble in character思想正确、办事公道correct in their thinking and fair挑拨离间foment dissension foment 煽动dissension纠纷兴风作浪stir up disorder纵目眺望as far as sight could reach农民工migrant workers guest workers奢侈无度extravagant 挥金如土spend money like water老黄牛hard-working men水深火热in deep water风驰电掣as quick as lighting捕风捉影to run after shadows人山人海a sea of people摇唇鼓舌to set tongues wagging敲门砖an open sesameHorizon 视野，眼界Publicize 宣传丰富知识、开阔视野enrich one’s knowledge, broaden one’s horizon留学生overseas students人才流失brain drain汉语热Chinese language craze据统计according to statistics高等学校institution of higher education开设汉语课程offer courses of Chinese language主要目的是for the main purpose of从事贸易活动engage in trade activities传达……信息convey a message that低碳生活low carbon life减少二氧化碳排放reduce the emission of carbon dioxideExpenditure 花费，开销Conduct 行为，举止；实施be conducted in …manner如今，这股风潮逐渐在中国一些大城市兴起，不知不觉中改变了人们的生活方式Nowadays, this fashion prevails in some big cities of China, altering people’s life before they realize it.Practice 实行节约用电save electricity 塑料袋plastic bags 一次性产品disposable products Disposable 一次性的，用后即弃的乘坐公共交通工具take public transport节能环保energy-efficient and environmental-friendly大大有利于contribute tremendously to …全球气候变换及环境恶化global warming and environment deterioration Inevitably 不可避免的Stick to traditional principles and beliefsTurn blind eye to keep pace withBe labeled as 被贴上……的标签mutual communication 互相沟通Narrow the generation gapPessimist 悲观者optimist 乐观者gloomy 阴郁的distressing 惨的，令人痛心的Pessimistic 悲观的optimistic 乐观的Judge the situation from opposite perspective 角度Bring into public view 引入公众视野Engage in employment 从事就业Misconception 误解hold the misconceptionSpoil their childrenEnrollment 注册，报名the expansion of university enrollment 大学扩招Flood into job-hunting marketTake measures to 采取措施Cultivate their children independenceTestify 证明Shoulder their obligation 承担他们的义务Real-estate 房地产Reconciled 调和，妥协consolidate 综合deteriorate 恶化Reconcile to 顺从于be reconciled with sb 于某人和解reconcile sth with sth Interrupt 打断某项正在进行的动作bother 打扰（语气较轻）interfere 未经允许/无权而妨碍，阻挠，干涉他人之事（语气较轻）intervene 介入，调停（语气重）Invocation 祈祷，符咒obsession 痴迷，困扰obsession withVulnerable 易患病的allergic 过敏的Obsolete 过时的obscene 猥亵oblique 斜的Provision 供应provisional 临时的sensational 轰动的sentimental 感情的，多愁善感的Integral 完整的instinctive 直觉的intangible 难以理解的触摸不到的无形的ingenious 巧妙地有独创性的Inside and out 彻底的Practitioner 从业者forerunner 先行者，先驱Come to light 曝光，泄露Turn in 缩小turn over 反过来turn up 找到，出现turn out 结果是Inertness 惰性光盘行动“Clear Your Plate” CampaignPropose 建议diner 用餐者食客leftover 残余的，剩菜take leftover home 将剩菜打包回家全国粮食总产量the national total grain output人为灾害man-made disasterRestraint 限制without restraint 无限制，大肆饥饿至死die of starvation资源短缺shortage of resourcesConfronted with 面对Implement 实施implement politics ofMeans doing sthRequire sb to do sth随着人们的生活水平和消费水平日益提高with the increasing development of people’ living standard and consumption levelTrash cans 垃圾桶处理成本disposing costEntertain 热情招待款待娱乐entertain friends at home去临近的景点游览take a trip to nearby tourist attractions家庭预算紧张tight family budget出游成本不断攀升rising travel cost节假日期间景区人山人海，高速公路（expressway）、城市道路拥堵（congestion），是促使他们家中度假的两大原因overcrowded tourist sites, congestion of expressways and city roads are the two major factors contributing to their staycation. Conspicuous 明显的，突出的Bottom line 底线reduce their bottom lineRob a child of his/her childhood 掠夺From my own perspective for my partCeremoniously 隆重地gather ceremoniously 隆重集会Obligations 义务，债务（可数名词）履行权利与义务perform the responsibilities and obligations建立社会主义制度establish a socialist systemCorruption 腐败，贪污root out a corruption 根除腐败root out 根除，肃清Vigor 生机vitality 活力展现生机与活力display vigor and vitality Comprehensive 综合的，广泛的，有理解力的comprehensive national strength 增强综合国力competitiveness 竞争力增强综合国力和国际竞争力enhance comprehensive national strength and international competitivenessEdge into 慢慢挤进，慢慢取得rank 等级，行列进入国际先进行列edge into advanced ranks in the world解决温饱问题solve the problem of food and clothing与日俱增increase every day实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes fulfill 履行（诺言），达到（目的）Forge 锻造，捏造forge a people’s army 锻造一支人民军队国防national defense build a strong national defense 建立巩固的国防进行和谈hold peace talks修改法律amend the laws遵循规则follow the principles principle 原则，准则把理论与实际结合起来integrate theory with practiceRally 召集，集合增强凝聚力enhance the rally powerResume 继续，重新开始，摘要，概略，建立结束暴力，开始和平谈判end the violence and resume peace talksStrategic 战略性的readjustment 调整进行战略性调整make strategic readjustmentBackwardness 落后摆脱贫穷与落后get rid of poverty and backwardnessBring about 实现实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity Infringement 侵犯，违反，违背保护妇女的权利不受侵犯guarantee women’s right against infringement把……看作社会公敌look upon…as a threat to society恐怖主义terrorismTap 开发，汲取，割，轻声走，阀门，塞子Favor 欢心，支持，照顾，促成开发/青睐中国市场tap/ favor the Chinese market有巨大潜力have huge potential for…阻碍handicap / hamperInvest 投资，调查，授予有望达到be expected to reach造成很大压力pose a big pressure onAccount for 说明原因，导致，引起（在数量/比例上）占，对……负责Occupy 占领，使用，从事占市场的10% occupy /take /account for 10 percent of the market加快经济发展和结构调整speed up economic development and restructuringAnti-monopoly 反垄断采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures to加速努力speed up efforts to建立分公司set up branches inPolicy 政策，策略把……列为基本国策list……as fundamental national policies 发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advanta ges开拓市场exploit market扩大消费市场expand consumption market扩大/缩小贫富差距expand /narrow the gap between the rich and the poor提供巨大商机present huge business opportunities赶超先进surpass the advanced遵循市场经济的规律follow the law of market economyOrientation 方向，定位，方针，任职培训gear 接上，调和，使适应根据市场做出调整gear oneself to the market orientation牟取暴利seek excessive profits excessive 过分的，极度的提高公务员工资raise the salaries of civil servants计算出准确的工资水平figure out an exact salary level从国外引进先进技术和管理经验introduce from abroad the advanced technology and management expertise优胜劣汰select the superior and eliminate the inferior下岗职工laid-off workers通货膨胀inflation损失惨重suffer great losses制造假象create smoke screens to do陷入困境land oneself in deep trouble被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribesDisclose 公开，揭露举报非法行为disclose illegal activities活跃市场enliven the market十分重视attach importance to大力发展strive to developDomestic 国内的刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand打破垄断break the monopoly调整产业结构adjust industrial structure开展对外文化交流conduct culture exchange with other countriesStrong point 长处，特长draw on 利用，借鉴博采各国文化之长draw on strong point of cultures of other countriesMass 大量的，集中的，群众的mass media 大众传媒mass production 大规模生产mass organization 社团开展群众性文化活动carry out mass activities on culture继承carry onCompetent 有能力的，能干的，称职的，胜任的，适合的competent people 人才Achievement of culture advancement 文化建设的成就加强文化基础设施建设build more culture establishment提倡文明的生活方式advocate civilized lifestyle推动人类文明进步push forward human civilization改进教学improve teaching and learning文化遗产culture heritage /relicsBrand-new 全新的，崭新的以全新的面貌进入新世纪enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look通过资格考试pass qualification examinationsCompulsory 义务的，必须做的普及九年义务教育make nine-year compulsory education universalPopularized 普及，使流行make…universalCompile 编制，编辑，收集编写教材compile the textbooks承担应有的义务undertake the due obligations促进相互了解promote mutual understanding相互促进help each other forward互派访问学者exchange visiting scholarsAccommodate 容纳，适应，提供住处，帮忙发挥聪明才智develop one’s o wn talent and wisdomIntellectuals 知识分子initiative 主动性n. 自发的，初步的adj.充分发挥知识分子的积极性与创造性give full play to the initiative and creativity of intellectuals开设课程offer courses重视实用性place stress on practicalityPirate 海盗船，盗版者，强盗n. 抢劫，剽窃，盗用v.pirated software 盗版软件有力地推动教育发展give a big push to the development of education承前启后，继往开来build on the past and prepare for the future / inherit the past and user in the future物质文明，精神文明一起抓pay equal attention on material progress and mental progress形成文明/健康/崇尚科学的社会风尚form civilized, healthy and science-upholding social practiceEcological environment 生态环境eco-environmentEco-construction 生态建设防治污染prevent and control pollution加强水土保持reinforce the conservation of water and soil加强城市绿化strengthen the greening of the city保护森林conservation of forest帮助减缓全球变暖的速度help slow down the pace of global warming Infrastructure 基础设施完善城市基础设施建设perfect the construction of urban infrastructure Sustainable 可持续的，可忍受的促进可持续性发展promote sustainable developmentSolar 太阳的，日光的，利用太阳能的solar energy 太阳能清洁能源clean energy resourcesFuel 燃料，食物，加油，激起使用清洁能源burn clean fuelImplement 实施，执行v. 工具器械，手段实行严格的排放标准implement strict vehicle emission standardsTackle 用具，装备，阻挡n. 着手处理，解决，应付v.治理沙地和水土流失问题tackle the problem of sand and soil erosion注重节约资源attach importance of saving resourcesExploitation 开发，剥削，利用，广告推销采用新的开采方法apply new exploitation methods削减污染物排放decrease the disposal of pollutionsCensus 人口普查，统计进行全国人口普查carry out national population census总人口为have a population ofPrivate life 私生活Transition 过渡，转变，变迁Bring about 实现，造成，引起，使船掉头实现向低出生，低死亡，低自然增长的现代人口再生产类型的转变bring about the transition of modern population reproduction pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growing rate过孤独的生活lead an isolated lifeUrban residents 城市居民Ideology 意识形态，思想思想和观念ideology and concepts对子女寄予厚望pin great hopes on their childrenUndermine 逐渐削弱，从根基处破坏，挖墙脚逐渐削减长辈的权威undermine the authority of the older generation倡导人力资源管理advocate the management of human resourcesMorality 道德，道德观，品德高尚的行为损害人类社会的道德观damage the morality of human society提高人口素质improve the population quality优化人口结构optimize the population structure优生优育bear and rear better children rear 养育尊重和保障人权respect and guarantee human rightsSubsistence 存活，生计Safeguard 维护，防护措施维护和促进人民的生存权和发展权safeguard and promote people’s rights to subsistence and development坚持计划生育的基本国策stick to the basic state policy for family planning取得世界杯决赛的资格qualify for the World Cup finals qualify for 有资格，晋级展现技能demonstrate their skillsTeam title 团体冠军win the team title急于获胜gain an eagerness to winRecognition 认可Wretched 恶劣的，不幸的，悲惨的打破恶性循环break the wretched cycleEngender 产生，造成，引起Spur 刺激，加速促使spur us on to doLay a solid foundation on 打下基础Make a first draft of 打草稿Bring our talent into full playGive full play to 充分发挥Conscientious 认真负责的，本着良心的，谨慎的be conscientious for Publicize 宣传Attach great importance to /take the matter seriously 重视Numerous 无数的，数不清的Indispensable 不可或缺的Migrant workers 农民工Urbanization 城市化Irreversible process 不可逆过程Unprecedented 前所未有的，史无前例的Insightful 富有洞察力的，有深刻见解的insightful perspective Conspicuously 显著的，明显的Dweller 居民city dwellersIn all walks of life 在各行各业Industriously 努力的，辛勤的labor industriously 辛勤劳动Despise 鄙视，看不起Once in a while 时不时，偶尔Deferring 推迟，拖延Penalty 处罚financial penalty 罚款Moral denouncement 道德谴责Incur 招致，引起be incurred toOffenders 犯罪者，犯规者，妨碍的人Painstaking 不辞辛劳地painstaking effortsRepression 压迫recession 萧条Have access to （抽象的）进入Have enough scope for 有足够的余地/机会Snatch 抽空做，抓紧机会做scratch 擦，刮scrap 扔弃，摔毁seize 抓住Exhaustible 用的尽的exhaustive 无遗漏的Plaudit 拍手喝彩称赞plenary 十足的完全的platitude 陈词滥调平凡Erosion 侵害侵蚀depletion 损耗violation 违背delusion 错觉Eclectic 折中的Sensation 感觉知觉激动轰动exaggeration 夸大Excessive 过多的exclusive 专有的独占的除外的distract from 分散注意力discern 辨别分清dissuade sb. From doing 劝阻facet 方面小平面format 构成设计formula 方案规则prevail 流行盛行获胜preside 主持perish 毁灭使麻木死persecute 迫害counterfeit 伪造假冒discourteous 失礼的无礼貌的prudent 节俭的谨慎的benevolent 善意的慈善的obstinate 倔强的顽固的be reconciled to sth. 甘于consolidate 巩固sanction 同意许可warrant 证明保护malignance 恶意有害shroud 覆盖遮蔽unveil 显露除去面纱decay 腐烂deprive 剥夺notorious 声名狼藉的superfluous 过剩的countenance 面容脸色concession 让步curse 诅咒echo 随声附和hail 欢呼欢迎sophisticated 尖端的复杂的先进的老练的scrupulous 小心谨慎的细心的clamorous 吵闹的大喊大叫的camouflaged 掩饰的伪装的edible 可食用的fabulous 传说的神话的disproportionate 不均衡的不相称的extravagance 奢侈铺张opulence 富裕asceticism 禁欲主义苦行by and large 一般来说大体上call on 看望拜访召唤break out 爆发突然发生break in 插嘴闯入训练break through 突破克服挣脱而出break off 突然停止中断脱落暂停for all 尽管虽然come to 苏醒达到总数为继承停止come around 再现恢复知觉回来改变看法come through 经历获得成功脱险传出捐助come into 进入继承…起来加入come across 来到偶遇come round 来过访绕道而来苏醒转变改主意笼络come by 从旁边过得到取得经过come about 发生产生转变方向come out in 以…方式出来live up to 不辜负make a fuse of 小题大做大惊小怪fall back to 求助于转而依靠at its core 从根本上be entitled to 授权给……权力给……定名be assigned to 指派go back on 违背诺言go in for 从事爱好参加考试go through with 经历仔细检查用完参加履行搜查go along with 支持赞同随行hand in 交上递交hand out 分发散发hand down 传递下去hand over 交出移交in honor of 为纪念……庆祝in accordance with 与…一致按照根据lay out 设计安排展示lay off 解雇休息lay down 放下拟定规定lay aside 放一旁收起积累make for 快速走向向前进促进make out 理解辨认出书写填写说明设法应付make up to 巴结讨好make up for 补偿in the light of 鉴于由于按照根据by virtue of 由于因为run over 匆匆看一眼浏览碾过run into 偶然碰到与相撞run through 浏览匆匆读完run down 耗尽撞到衰退减少说坏话贬低run across 撞见碰见run out 用完耗尽set out 动身出发开始陈述测定宣布移植set about 开始散步攻击着手set forth 阐明宣布提出陈列出发set aside 留出不顾取消驳回put out 熄灭关灯生产出出版precaution 预防警惕concession 让步transaction 办理处理学报交易事务处理事物give away 送掉分发放弃泄露出卖让步pass away 去世while away 消磨fade away 逐渐凋谢慢慢减弱induce 劝诱促使导致deduce 推论演绎出seduce 诱使Heartiness 诚实热心harshness 粗糙的事物严肃刺耳uprightness 正直的Be absorbed in 全神贯注于专心于Detach 分开分离分遣Conform to 符合遵照answer to 适应符合attribute to 归因于Collide with 冲突comply with 照做coincide with 符合cope with 竞争应付Perpetual 永久的pathetic 可怜的悲惨的Resolutely 毅然坚决的indecisively 优柔寡断的prematurely 过早的早熟地Fall out 争吵发生fall behind 落后fall in 排队到期fall through 未能实现Get off 下来出发被容忍逃脱惩罚get in 进入收回get on 骑上进展get on one’s nerves 令人不安get through 完成度过get across 越过通过被理解get over 克服爬过熬过恢复原谅get along 生活相处融洽进展有起色Go for 选择袭击适用于go by 从旁边走过依照顺便走访go up 上升增长go off 离开去世消失睡去爆炸发射进行变质Add up to 合计达stand up to 勇敢地抵抗Conclude 结束终止决定seclude 隔离exclude 排除include 包括Wear off 逐渐减少wear out 穿破磨损疲乏耗尽wipe out 消灭垮台Proficiency 熟练精通Bring out 使显示出版生产bring to 使恢复知觉bring into force 使生效实施bring in 生产挣得介绍引进V oid 空的无人的无效的无用地没有的void of 缺乏void of interestedOn the fly 在飞行中不工作闲混in the issue 结果on the sly 秘密地偷偷地Infect 感染传染inflict 造成afflict 使痛苦折磨Substitution 代替Respecting 关系到说到with respect to 关于至于as regards 关于至于Play around 玩耍come around 恢复知觉回来talk sb. around 说服Precede 领先于在…之前proceed 进行继续下去accede 同意继任recede 后退Aversion 厌恶adherence 忠诚坚持黏着incentive 刺激鼓励动机Fancy 想象设想认为爱好自负At a disadvantage 处于不利地位Leave over 留下leave out 省去遗漏不考虑leave behind 留下遗留超过leave off 停止不再穿Let go 放开释放发射let loose 释放放出放任let off 放出饶恕准许暂停工作let out 放掉泄露放大出租解雇释放let down 失望let alone 不打扰更别提let on 泄露假装See off 送行see to 负责注意Obedient 服从的孝顺的obstinate 顽固的倔强的elaborate 精心制作的详细阐述的精细Outlook 展望outbreak 战争爆发疾病发作outcome 结果output 出产Look up 向上看尊敬仰视查询拜访好转look up to 尊敬仰望look on 观看面向旁观看待look through 看穿审核浏览温习从中显露look into 调查观察Fragrance 芬芳香气flavor 风情风味香料sour 酸的In amount to 总计Aptitude 才能天资恰当智能altitude 高度高等attitude 姿势态度看法Substitute 替代substitute A for B 用A替代BTackle 固定应付处理解决抓住tickle 胳肢逗笑使高兴使发痒Exquisite 精致的extravagant 奢侈的exotic 异国情调的eccentric 古怪的Repel 拒绝抵制排斥逐退Curb 控制约束put /place a curb onParadox 矛盾paradise 天堂Impart 传授告知portray 描写Divert 转移转向Alert sb. to the fact that 提醒某人注意…的事实Manifest 明显的显然的体现显现Articulate 清楚地说（发音清楚的）明确地说anticipate 预期期望Alternate 轮流交换Conceive 设想以为怀有构思conceive ofEndeavour 努力endeavour to doSustainable 可持续的feasible 可行的eligible 合格的Subsidiary 附属的次要的Revenge 报仇revenge oneself on sb. 向某人报仇remedy 药补救治疗beyond remedy 不可救药reproach 责备revive 苏醒复活复兴Explicit 清晰的明确的obscure 模糊的baffle 难住使挫折阻碍mingle 混合mingle with /in provoke 煽动激怒驱使divert 转向改道eject 喷出射出incidence 发病率emergence 紧急情况rupture 破裂绝交impetus 推动力in search of 寻找in pursuit of 追求in view of 鉴于由于in light of 根据credit 信赖assure 确保certify 确认impose 征收强加impose taxes 收税twinkle/ glitter 因高兴而发光sparkle with tears 闪烁着泪光overtake 追上surpass 胜过nourish 滋养。
考博英语(翻译和写作常用短语)
一、政治类：把…捐给慈善机构 donate …to charities把…看成社会公敌 look upon … as a threat to society把…列为基本国策 list…..as fundamental national policies把…作为指导 take… as the guide把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice …把握大局 grasp the overall situation摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness保护妇女权利不受侵犯 guarantee (protect) women’s rights against infringement 采取各种措施 adopt various measures参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength打破僵局 break the deadlock打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army对…具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on对…做出重要(巨大)贡献 make important (great, major )contributions to反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner给…带来机遇和挑战 present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to根除 (防止,消除)*** root out (prevent, eliminate) corruption观察当今世界 observe the present-day world缓和紧张状况 ease the tension回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in publicopinion坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy坚持统一，反对分裂，增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解，化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden解放思想 emancipate our minds解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing解决新问题 resolve new problems进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world进入新时期 enter a new period进行和谈 hold peace talks进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment就…接受妥协 accept a compromise on开发西部 remake the west开始生效go into effect (enter into force)开拓前进open up new ways forward科教兴国rejuvenate our country through science and education理顺关系rationalize the relationship履行权利和义务perform the responsibilities and obligations迈出重要的一步make an important step热爱和平love peace深化改革deepen the reform审时度势size up the situation实现发展繁荣bring about development and prosperity实现民族独立realize national independence实现夙愿fulfill the long-cherished wishes实现小康目标achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation实行新政策practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide缩小差别bridge (narrow) the gap完成中华民族的振兴大业implement the revitalization of our nation维护世界和平maintain world peace吸收各国文明的先进成果absorb what is advanced in other civilizations下放权力给delegate the management of ... (to ...)响应号召respond to the call修改法律amend the laws宣布…召开announce the opening of徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends依法治国govern the country according to law引起全国的关注arouse the concern of the whole nation引起全世界广泛关注attract extensive attention worldwide赢得一个又一个胜利win one victory after another在…中起(至关)重要作用play a major (crucial, an important ) role in增强凝聚力enhance the rally power增强综合国力和国际竞争enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程look into the great journey展现生机和活力display one’s vigor and vitality战胜无数的困难overcome numerous difficulties振兴西部revive the west振兴中华民族rejuvenate (revitalize) our nation政企不分mix up the functions of the government and enterprises政企分开separate government functions from enterprise management政务公开make government affairs public主张各国政府采取行动urge governments of all countries to take action抓住机遇seize the opportunity转变政府职能transform (shift) the government functions追求进步pursue progress追求真理seek the truth走进新时代march (stride) into the new era.遵纪守法、廉洁奉公observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties遵循规则follow the principles二、经济类爱岗敬业cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly to work保持国民经济发展的良好势头maintain a good momentum of growth in the national economy保持国有股keep the State-held shares保证下岗职工的基本生活guarantee the basic needs of laid-off workers被指控接受贿赂be accused of accepting bribes采取不同的办法adopt various methods采取反垄断措施take anti-monopoly measures承担风险bear (take) risk筹集足够的资金raise enough funds (capital, proceeds)创收外汇earn foreign exchange (currency)刺激国内经济需求spur domestic demand刺激国内需求stimulate domestic demand从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy从国外引进先进技术和管理introduce from abroad the advanced technology and经验management expertise促进地区间的合作promote regional cooperation促进改革promote reform促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy打黑crack down on speculation and profiteering打假take strong measures against fake and shoddy products (crack down on counterfeit goods)打破垄断break the monopoly对…提出控告(投诉) lodge complaints against…对…造成(构成)威胁form (pose) a threat to…夺回失去的市场take back lost market发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advantages防范和化解金融风险take precautions against and reduce financial risks改善投资环境improve the environment for investment赶超先进surpass the advanced给…带来积极影响bring a more pos itive impact on…根据市场作出调整gear ourselves to the market orientation公证财产notarize the properties和…达成(签订)协议reach (sign) an agreement with和…进一步合作further cooperation with和…有合作关系have cooperative ties with活跃市场enliven the market集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development。
考博英语词汇语法复习
考博英语词汇语法习题及参考答案Section A (指出划线部分的同义词或近义词)1.Nothing is less sensible than the advice of the Duke of Cambridge who is to be reported to have said: “Any change, at anytime, for any reason is to be deplored.”A．emulated B．ridiculed C．complicated D．lamented2.To carry out his economic programs, Roosevelt had to contend with a Supreme Court that was deeply opposed to those programs.A. travel B surrender C struggle d. join3.Being unable to write clearly is a liability in a business career. In business, one must often express opinions and ideas in writing.A. drawback B surprise C necessity D penalty4.The idea that off-track betting will work in Alaska because it works in New York isa questionable analogy. New York and Alaska may not be alike when it comes to off-track betting.A comparisonB purposeC contrastD requirement5.Indigenous life forms—the cactus and the camel in the desert, the polar bear and the seal in the Arctic, and so on—are suited to their environment in very specific ways.A nativeB dangerousC extinctD recent6.There is an optimum way to approach each kind of exam question. For a multiple-choice item, for example, first eliminate any clearly wrong answers. For an essay question, jot down an outline first.A inconvenientB bestC annoyingD time-consuming7.Studies indicate that a predisposition to schizophrenia is inherited. People who are schizophrenic are more likely than others to have schizophrenic children.A tendencyB understandingC fearD avoidance8.By giving military aid to dictatorships in Latin America, the United States has seemed to sanction their cruel policies.A criticizeB approveC rememberD create9.A provocative question can be an effective way to open an essay. Students have begun essays with such interesting questions as, "What do you think your name means?" and "How long do you think it would take you to count to one billion?"A funnyB arousing interestC unanswerableD very brief10.Manic depression is an emotional disorder in which the patient alternates between feeling delightfully euphoric and being plunged into deep gloom.A overjoyedB boredC exhaustedD curious11.What makes up a true work of art? Although no single criterion seems adequate, the novelist James Joyce suggested three standards: "wholeness, harmony and radiance."A. novel B question C artist D standardSection B （根据句子的意思选择恰当的单词）12.Please don’t ______ too much on the painful memories. Everything will be allright.A hesitateB lingerC retainD dwell13.Participants in the Shanghai Co-operation Forum ______ regional teamwork to promote investment and economic development.A．cursed B．echoed C．bounced D．hailed14.The international situation has been growing _____difficult for the last few years.A invariablyB presumablyC increasinglyD dominantlyThe boy seemed more ______ to their poverty after seeing how his grandparents lived.A．reconciled B．consolidated C．deteriorated D．attributed15.Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, there are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A．intriguing B．exasperating C．demonstrative D．unprovoked 16.Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight.A．mercurial B．gallant C．ardent D．frugal17.The party has always had a cautious and______attitude to Europe.A. obedientB. overwhelmingC. skepticalD. subsidiary18.People's confidence in Blair was greatly ______ by his wife's misbehavior.A．sapped B．cherished C．sabotaged D．confirmed19.It is the central government that has ______ the coastal economies preferential policies.A．delivered B．granted C．submitted D．given20.Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space, but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are ______ off.A．avoided B．excluded C．screened D．separated21.The secretary wants to ______ all the file clerks to make preparations for the company Christmas party.A．enlighten B．enlist C．enable D．enclose22.To be a successful criminal, one must be ______.A．empirical B．emigrant C．elegant D．elusive23.The 1982 Oil and Gas Act gives power to permit the disposal of assets held by the Corporation, and ______ the Corporation's statutory monopoly in the supply of gas for fuel purposes so as to permit private companies to compete in this supply.A．defers B．curtails C．triggers D．sparks24.I reject any religious doctrine that does not ______to reason and is in conflict with morality.A．apply B．appeal C．attract D．attend25.Even though he was guilty, the __ judge did not send him to prison.A mercifulB impartialC conscientiousD conspicuous26.Before the disastrous earthquake there was ______ chaos.A．massive B．ominous C．suspending D．imminent27.The appearance of the used car is ______ , it's much newer than it really is.A．descriptive B．indicative C．deceptive D．impressive28.At dusk, Mr. Hightower would sit in his old armchair in the backyard and wistfully lose in reminiscence of his youth romances.A．hopefully B．reflectively C．sympathetically D．irresistibly29.He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.A．plight B．polarization C．plague D．pigment30.He said it would not be all that difficult to reach a peaceful conclusion to the_____.A. paradoxB. dilemmaC. prejudiceD. conflict31.You must insist that students give a truthful answer __with the reality of their world.A relevantB simultaneousC consistentD practical32.There was no positive evidence that any birth_____had arisen as a result of Vitamin A intake.A. defectsB. woundsC.signsD. scars33.The crowd ______ into the hall and some had to stand outside.A．outgrew B．overthrew C．overpassed D．overflew34.It was clear that the storm ______ his arrival by two hours.A．retarded B．retired C．refrained D．retreated35.The Prime Minister was followed by five or six _______ when he got off the plane.A laymenB servantsC directorsD attendants36.The human voice often sounds__ on the telephone.A twistedB irregularC distortedD deformed37.The professor found himself constantly ____ the question: “How could anyone do these things?"A presidingB poringC ponderingD presuming38.Weeks ____ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery.A terminatedB elapsedC overlappedD expired39.In order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal, expansion joints are fitted which ____ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely.A relieveB reconcileC reclaimD rectify40.Outside my office window there is a fire ____ on the right.A. escapeB. ladderC. stepsD. stairs41.It is ______ understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of in his hearing will remain forever unspoken.A．uncommunicatively B．acceptably C．tacitly D．taciturnly42.The slogan "What goes up must come down" was so universally accepted by economists that it was considered a(n)______A. conjectureB. axiomC. fadD. testimonial43.After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A deterioratedB dispersedC dissipatedD drained44.Each of the area managers enjoys considerable in the running of his own area.A. autonomyB. dignityC. monopolyD. stability45.There is an unquestionable link between job losses and services.A. descendingB. decliningC. deterioratingD. depressing46.The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A provokedB irritatedC inspiredD hoisted47.There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to＿＿.A. identifyB. AuthorizeC. JustifyD. Rationalize48.The director gave me his ________ that he would double my pay if I did my jobwell.A warrantB obligationC assuranceD certainty49.In spite of the ______economic forecasts, manufacturing output has risen slightly.A gloomyB miserableC shadowyD obscure50.Hotel rooms must be _____ by noon, but luggage maybe left with the porter.A. departedB. abandonedC. vacatedD. displaced51.Nothing in the essay is______every sentence contributes in an essential way to the overall meaning.A. superfluousB.querulousC.paramountD.mandatory52.Sally,thoroughly convinced of her own importance, often acts without______:she feels no guilt, for example, about appropriating her brother's possessions.punctionB.gratificationC.aplombD.indignation53.The respect accorded choreographer Martha Graham by her students and colleagues alike was so great that it amounted to ______A.exasperationmiserationC. venerationD.reconciliation54.As advocates of free speech confront those who would regulate entertainment strictly,the debate over shocking content in movies will likely______A abate B.concur C.mediate D. escalate55.Some psychologists argue that a______of choices can be paralyzing,since too many options can impede meaningful selection.A.prohibitionB.manifestationC.misapplicationD. plethora56.Celia Tomlinson personifies______:she overcame poverty,language barriers,and discrimination to found,own,and operate her own engineering company.A.tenacityB.nonchalanceC. .munificenceD.expediency57.The speaker announced that her primary focus would be on broad global concerns rather than______issues.A.contemporaryB.substantiveC. parochialD.pervasive58.Cito Gaston,one of the least______baseball managers,surprised reporters by weeping openly after his team won the play-offs.A.somberB.demonstrativeC. wistfulD.bountiful59.The beared dragon lizard is a voracious eater, so______that it will consume as many insects as possible.A.abstemiousB..unpalatableC.slovenlyD.insatiable60.Favoring economy of expression in writing, the professor urged students toward a ______ rather than an______prose style.A.spare...ornateB.terse...opinionatedC.personal...academicD.baroque...emellished61.The professor's presentation was both______and______:though brief,it was instructive.A.verbose...mundaneB.concise...elaborateprehensive...edifyingD.succinct...enlightening62.The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to ______ students′enthusiasm in learning English.A．hold back B．hold off C．hold down D．adopt 63.There are three bodies of writing that come to ＿＿＿this question and we will consider each in turn.A．bear on B．sort out C．figure out D．put on 64.Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ______ the extent of the cruel acts committed by their soldiers.A．live up to B．mark down C．size up D．play down65.Despite all the evidence to the contrary ,the witness ______ that his story was true.A. stuck outB. stood outC. kept downD. held up66.All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.A. had been canceledB. have been canceledC. were canceledD. having been canceled67.They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.A. installB. to installC. to be installedD. installed68.The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the companyA. have toldB. be toldC. being toldD. having told69.Body paint or face paint is used mostly by men in preliterate societies in order to attract good health or to _______ disease.A set asideB ward offC shrug offD give away70.I ____with the Browns during my stay in New York City.A put in B. put down C. put on D. put up71.You should know better than____ your little sister at home by herself.A to leave B. leaving C. to have left D. left72. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain73.Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happened74.Although a teenager, Fred could resist _____ what to do and what not to do.A. to be toldB. having been toldC. being toldD. to have been told75.Barry had an advantage over his mother ______ he could speak French.A. since thatB. in thatC. at thatD. so that76.There is______what will happen to them.A. no tellingB. not tellingC. not to tellD. not to be told77.The commander said to his troops that under no circumstances______to step across the border.A. the enemy should be allowedB. should the enemy be allowedC. should allow the enemyD. the enemy should allow78.To be frank, I’d sooner you______a good review yesterday for the coming test.A. h adn’t doneB. d idn’t doC. cou ldn’t have doneD. w ouldn’t do79.We have made great achievements, but it does not ______ that there are no shortcomings.A result inB lead toC followD cause80.The goods are sold at reduced prices, ______ .A. the defects are pointed out to the customersB. the defects pointed out to the customersC. the defects have been pointed out to the customersD. the defects being pointed out to the customers81.The ship cut her way __ the waves.A downB throughC offD up82.Any possible solution to the Irish question can only come____through dialogue.A. aboutB. acrossC. aroundD. at83.This does not mean not ___ what we wanted to do.A to be doingB to have doneC doingD having done84.At three thousand feet, wide plains begin to appear, and there is never a moment when some distant mountain is not__.A on viewB at a glanceC on the sceneD in sight85.According to the law which he later produced, everything in the universe attracts everything else towards .A. itB. everythingC. itselfD. each86.Our country had made great efforts to promote the family-planning policy, but___the birth rate is getting higher and higher.A. as it wereB. as it isC. as it wasD. as is it87.Water is to fish____atmosphere is to men.A. thatB. soC. whatD. so does88.Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is__ loud continuous noise.A subjected toB filled withC associated withD attached to89.________ I would like to stay, I really must go home.A.Much asB. In spite ofC. DespiteD. As90.Attendances at basketball matches have____since the coming of television.A dropped inB dropped downC dropped offD dropped out91. Telecommunication developments enable the sending of messages ________television, radio and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with many messages.[ A ] via [ B] amid [ C ] past [ D ] across92. A man has to make __ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.[ A ] supply [ B ] assurance [ C ] provision [ D ] adjustment93. The government agency responsible for the________ of such standards was the FCC.[ A ] approval [ B ] proposition [ C ] consent [ D ] agreement94. When travelling, you are advised to take the travelers' checks, which providea secure________ carrying your money in cash.[ A ] substitute [ B ] selection [ C ] preference [ D ] alternative95. My students found the book: it provided them with an abundance of ________information on the subject.[ A] enlightening [ B ] confusing [ C ] distracting [ D ] amusing96. The doctor was asked to go back to the hospital because of______ case.[ A ] an operation [ B ] an emergency [C ] a treatment [ D ] an incident97. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or __ for language learning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.[ A ] adapted [ B ] acknowledged [ C ] assembled [ D ] appointed98. The problem has simply______ because you didn't follow my instructions.[ A ] raised [ B ] aroused [ C ] risen [ D ] arisen99. To my surprise, the house which looked rather shabby outside was luxuriously and ___ furnished inside.[ A ] artificially [ B ] arbitrarily [ C ] arrogantly [ D ] artistically100. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ___free medical care.[ A ] entitled to [ B ] involved in [ C ] associated with [ D ] assigned to参考答案1—5 DCAAA6—10 BABBA11—15 DDDCD16—20 CCABC21—25 BDBBA26—30 BCAAD31—35 CADAD36—40 CCBAA41—45 CBDAD 46—50 AACAC 51—55 AACDD 56—60 ACBDA 61—65 DCADA 66—70 DADBD 71—75 ACBCB 76—80 ABACB 81—85 BACDC 86—90 BCAAC 91—95 ACADA 96—100 BADDA。
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考博辅导：考博英语语法重点总结（7）虚拟语气归纳和练习虚拟语气的重点是：1．一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。
2．虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。
3．主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。
4．含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。
上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。
下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。
一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气A．用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。
B．用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。
C．wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。
The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.---“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”---“That’s all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”I wish that he weren’t so lazy.(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。
His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。
例如：I’d rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。
I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。
I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。
（4）It’s (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。
It’s time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。
（5）as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christia n, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite sm oothly.（6）由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(7) if it were not for…与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeede d.(8) 虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish 宾语从句的形式相同。
例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly a s if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。
They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。
She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。
(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.二、特殊形式的虚拟语气虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。
A、用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求advise建议arrange安排beg请求command命令decide决定demand要求desire渴望determine决定insist坚持intend打算maintain坚持主张move建议，动员propose提议object反对order命令prefer建议require 需要request要求resolve下决心recommend推荐suggest建议stipulate约定，规定urge强调，促进vote公认，提议decree颁布（法令）pray请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语）She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照anxious焦急的imperative迫切的 important重要的desirable合意的better较好的，更好insistent坚持的desired想要asked请求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的natural自然的insisted坚持necessary必要的suggested建议urgent紧迫的ordered命令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的possible可能的strange 奇怪的preferable （好一点） proposed提议requested要求的required要求的recommended推荐resolved决定的probable（可能的）pity可惜，憾事shame遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for…to do…来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。
It is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is essential for him to be prepared for this.C．用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：advice忠告decision决定demand要求desire要求、愿望insistence坚持motion提议necessity必要性order命令preference偏爱proposal提议pray恳求recommendation推荐request要求requirement要求resolution决心suggestion劝告、忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their s chool life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。
The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。