国际商务英语专有名词表
商务英语翻译专有名词
unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差bank portfolio 银行财产 housing mortgages 住宅按揭barter trade 易货贸易bills and forms 票据和表格fiscal year 财政年度cargo insurance 货物保险carrying vessel 装货船只clean payment credit 光票付款信誉证clearance sale 清仓减价销售accounting system会计制度comparative advantage 比较优势economic incentives 经济动机financial statements 财务报表 bills of exchange汇票captioned goods 上述商品floating policy 统保单International speciallzation 国际分工Straight B/L 记名提单under separate cover 另函irrevocable letter of credit 不行撤除信誉证付现提货CIF 到岸价FOB 离岸价Turnover 营业额foreign exchange 外汇barter 易货贸易capital goods 资本货物layoff 减员jobless rate 失业率profit margin 收益new growth industry 新兴行业marketing 营销estimated time of departure 估计走开时间estimated time of arrival 估计抵达时间bottom price 最廉价average 海损trial order 试订单canton fair 广交会discount for cash 贴现commission sale 代售CIF net 到岸净价actual price 实价beat the price down 压价decline an offer 拒绝发盘initial payment 首期付款accessory risk 附带险cargo in drum 桶装bale packaging 打包master package外包装shipping advice 装船通知over shipment 溢装partials shipment 分批装运demand bill 即期汇票aggregate amount 总金额advising bank 通知行amount in figures 小写金额circular credit 循环信誉证active demand 热销acceptance sampling 抽样认同advance sheet 样本bargain sale 大减价business report 商业报告clearance sale 清仓价销售commercial world 商界depressed market 冷清的市场end-product 成品direct sales 直接售credit man 信誉corner the market 断市consumer price index 消者物价指数custom of trade 易例 deal direct 直接交易develop new markets 拓展新市domestic price 国内价钱express airmail 特快急件Commercial L/C 商信誉absolute acceptance 承after sight 票付款authority to pay 授付款on blank check 空白支票document against acceptance 承交first of exchange 票正本 foreign currency 外foreign exchange rate 外率in one ’ s favour以⋯得益人Inland bill 国内票Freight payable at destination 运到付Short shipment 短装Line steamer 班轮Bill of lading 提单Clean bill of lading 洁净提单Business correspondence 公文Inside address 封内陆点Printed matter 印刷品Agency endorsement 代理背书Commission agent 佣金代理商Volume of sales 销售量Different specification 规格不符Incomplete packing 包装不全Counter-claim 反索赔Mala fide claim 骗赔Non-shipment 漏装Short-landing 短卸Negotiating bank 议付行Notifying bank 通知行今天は休みで町で接在体言后表”在”今天は休みで、勉強しませんから、出掛けます今天は休みで、午前から勉強しますMaster credit 主信誉证Confirming bank 保兑行Transit letter of credit 转口信誉证Tender guarantee 招标保证书Packing credit 打包信誉证Sight L/C 即期信誉证Adverse balance of trade 贸易逆差Articles of trade 商品Branded goods 名牌货Chinese export commodities fair 中国出口商品交易会Deal on credit 信誉交易Diversified enterprise 多样化经营的公司Spot investigation 现场检查Trade creation 贸易开辟Wholesale dealer 批发商Bottom price 最廉价Commodities leaflet 商品宣传单Lowest price limit 最低限价Potential demand 潜伏需求Apportioned charges 分摊花费Buying cost 购入成本Buying on margin 边沿购置Capital in trade 贸易本钱Customs clearing charges结关费CIF&W成本保险费运费加战争险Floating exchange rate 浮动汇率Sales confirmation 销售确认书Quotation 报价External debt 欠债Hard currency 硬通货Invisible trade 无形贸易Visible trade 有形贸易Port of shipment 装运港Port of discharge 卸货港Counter trade 对销贸易Macroeconomy 宏观经济Financial statement 财政报表Income tax 个人所得税Chartering agent 租船代理Shipping advice 装船通知Shipping documents 装船票据Documentary credit 跟单信誉证Debtor nations 债务国Instrument of pledge 抵押契据Instrument of ratification同意证书Straight bill of lading 记名提单Direct bill of lading 直抵提单Clean credit 光票信誉证Packing list 装箱单Inspection certification 查考证书Open policy 预定保单Force majeure 不行抗力Property rights 知识产权Royalty 提成费Trimming charges 平仓费Insurance policy 保险单Coverage 险别Premium 保险费Underwriter 保险人Establishment 开证Counter offer 还盘Counter suggestion 反还盘Bid 递盘Surcharges 附带费Proforma invoice 形式发票Terms of payment付款方式Documents against payment付款交单Weight memo 重量单Certificate of quality 质量证书Certificate of quantity 数目证书Cash on delivery 货到付款Gross weight 毛重Net weight 净重Certificate of origin 原产地证明Product life cycle 产品生命周期Security check 安检Liquid funds 流动资本Fixed assets 固定财产Registered assets 注册资本Export volume 出口量Sales figures 销售数字Operating profits 营运收益Work force 劳动力Bills 汇票Multinational corporation跨国公司GATT 关贸总协议Turnkey projects 交钥匙工程Direct investment 直接投资Portfolio investment 证券投资Lay days 装卸天数Loading capacity 载荷能力Port of destination 目的港Deposits 订金Issuing bank 开证行Paying bank 支付行Quota 配额Cover notes 暂保单Down payment 首付Earnest money 定金Balance sheet 财产欠债表Money market 金融市场Draw at sight 见票即付。
商务英语常用术语
寄售consignment
拍卖auction
招标invitation of tender
投标submission of tender
一般代理人agent
总代理人general agent
代理协议agency agreement
累计佣金accumulative commission
来料加工processing on giving materials
黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchange reserve
汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation
贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade
进口配额制import quotas
自由贸易区free trade zone
对外贸易值value of foreign trade
国际贸易值value of international trade
普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences缩略形式GSP
重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)
商品检验局commodity inspection bureau
8､数量条件
净重net weight
容积capacity
毛作净gross for net
体积volume
毛重gross weight
溢短装条款more or less clause
港口税port dues
回佣return commission .
折扣discount, allowance
商务英语常用术语
出口信贷export credit商品倾销dumping优惠关税special preferences 常用商务英语术语1. 出口方面的词汇出口津贴export subsidy外汇倾销exchange dumping保税仓库bonded warehouse贸易顺差favorable balance of trade 进口配额制import quotas对外贸易值value of foreign trade 普遍优惠制generalized system of preferences 缩略形式GSP运费freight总值total value关税customs duty净价net price港口税port dues折扣discount, allowance装运港port of shipment零售价retail price进口许口证import licence现货价格spot price国际市场价格world (International)Market price成本加运费价（离岸加运费价）C&F—cost and freight信用证letter of credit ( L/C)光票信用证clean credit不可撤销跟单信用证irrevocable documentary L/C不保兑信用证unconfirmed L/C远期信用证usance letter of credit 不可转让信用证non-transferable L/C 备用信用证standby letter of credit开证行the issuing bank保兑行confirming bank汇票bill of exchange原产地证书certificate of origin提单bill of lading贸易逆差unfavorable balance of trade自由贸易区free trade zone国际贸易值value of international trade最惠国待遇most-favored nation treatment缩略形式MFNT2. 价格术语码头费wharfage卸货费landing charges印花税stamp duty含佣价price including commission回佣return commission .目的港port of destination卸货港port of discharge现行价格（时价）current price/ prevailingprice出口许口证export licence期货价格forward price离岸价（船上交货价）FOB—free on board到岸价（成本加运费、保险费价）CIF—cost,insurance and freight跟单信用证documentary credit可撤销信用证revocable credit保兑信用证confirmed L/C即期信用证sight letter of credit可转让信用证transferable L/C循环信用证revolving credit开证申请人applicant for the credit通知行、转证行advising bank/ transmittingbank受益人beneficiary商业发票commercial invoice装箱单packing list保单insurance policy受益人证明书beneficiary ’s certificate 检验证书inspection certificate交货delivery装运、装船shipment交货时间time of delivery 装运期限time of shipment 3、交货条件轮船steamship( 缩写S.S)租船charter (the chartered ship)定程租船voyage charter定期租船time charter托运人（一般指出口商）shipper, consignor 班轮regular shipping liner油轮tanker报关clearance of goods提货to take delivery of goods选择港（任意港）optional port立即装运immediate shipments 收货人consignee驳船lighter舱位shipping space陆运收据cargo receipt空运提单airway bill选港费optional charges即期装运prompt shipments收到信用证后30 天内装运shipments within 30 days after receipt of L/C不允许分批装船partial shipment not allowed / partial shipment not permitted /partial shipment not u nacceptable选港费由买方负担optional charges to be borne by the Buyers 或optional charges for Buyers’ account一月份装船shipment during January 或January shipment一/二月份装船shipment during Jan./Feb. 或Jan./Feb. shipment在......( 时间)分两批装船shipment during. .. i n two lots在......( 时间)平均分两批装船shipment during. .. in two equal l ots分三个月装运in three monthly shipments分三个月，每月平均装运in t hree equal monthly shipments4、交易磋商、合同签订实盘firm (definite) offer发盘人offerer询盘inquiry递盘bid; bidding还盘counter offer习惯做法usual practice有效期限time of validity销售合同purchase contract购货确认书purchase confirmation 虚盘non-firm (indefinite) offer收盘人offeree报价quotation递实盘bid firm参考价reference price交易磋商business negotiation一般交易条件general terms and conditions 销售合同sales contract销售确认书sales confirmation需经卖方确认subject to seller’s confirmation寄售consignment招标invitation of tender一般代理人agent代理协议agency agreement来料加工processing on giving materials 独家经营/专营权exclusive right 需经我方最后确认subject to our final confirmation5、贸易方式拍卖auction投标submission of tender总代理人general agent累计佣金accumulative commission来料装配assembling on provided parts独家经营/包销/代理协议exclusivityagreement独家代理sole agency; sole agent; exclusive agency; exclusive agent6、品质条件品质quality规格specifications商品目录catalogue标准standard type宣传小册pamphlet货号article No.索赔claim罚金条款penalty不可抗力force Majeure产地证明书certificate of origin重量检验证书inspection certificate of weight (quantity)净重net weight以毛作净gross for net毛重gross weight外汇foreign exchange外币foreign currency汇率rate of exchange硬通货hard currency直接标价direct quotation金平价gold standard买入汇率buying rate固定汇率fixed rate国际货币基金international monetary fund原样original sample复样duplicate sample对等样品counter sample参考样品reference sample封样sealed sample代表性样品representative sample7、商检仲裁争议disputes仲裁arbitration仲裁庭arbitral tribunal品质检验证书inspection certificate ofquality商品检验局commodity inspection bureau8、数量条件容积capacity体积volume溢短装条款more or less clause9、外汇法定贬值devaluation法定升值revaluation浮动汇率floating rate软通货soft currency间接标价indirect quotation金本位制度gold standard卖出汇率selling rate纸币制度paper money system黄金外汇储备gold and foreign exchangereserve汇率波动的官定上下限official upper and lower limits of fluctuation。
商务英语专业术语表
商务英语专业术语1．询盘inquiry。
2．发盘offer。
3．还盘counter-offer。
4．接受acceptance。
5．商品品质quality of goods。
6．商品数量quantity of goods。
7．装运shipment。
8．装运日期date of shipment。
9．贸易术语trade terms。
10．付款方式terms of payment。
11．保险insurance。
12．索赔claims。
13．不可抗力force majeure。
14．仲裁arbitration。
15．合同合同contract。
16．销售代理sales agent。
17．购货协议purchase agreement。
18．贸易伙伴trading partner。
19．佣金commission。
20．海运提单maritime Bill of Lading。
21．供应链管理supply chain management。
22．跨国企业multinational corporation。
23．对外贸易foreign trade。
24．关税tariff。
25．贸易制裁trade sanctions。
26．贸易战trade war。
27．经济全球化economic globalization。
28．跨境电商cross-border e-commerce。
29．互联网金融internet finance。
30．一带一路Belt and Road Initiative。
31．贸易展览会trade fair。
32．商务洽谈business negotiation。
33．市场营销marketing。
34．品牌建设brand building。
35．企业文化corporate culture。
36．人力资源management personnel。
37．职位招聘job recruitment。
38．绩效评估performance appraisal。
国际商务英语专有名词表
Unit Oneinternational business exports/importsexporter/importerpatentstrademarkscopyrightsinternational trade transportationtourismbankingadvertisingconstructionretailing/wholesaling insuranceeducationmass communication specializationabsolute advantage comparative advantageinput/outputopportunity cost opportunity cost ratios exchange rateoperating costsbank credit agreements clearing arrangementstrade in goodstrade in servicesvisible goods/invisible goods international investments balance of paymentsforeign direct investment (FDI)manufactured goodscultural conflicts negotiationmarketingbusiness administration business public relations businessman businesspeoplesubsidiary/subsidiariesjoint venturesaffiliated businessesgeneral manager executivesCEOcommercial riskfinancial riskspolitical risksregulatory riskstax risksantitrust lawsdouble taxationcommercial creditcommercial lendingpurchased merchandise onaccountadvances on salescommercial billa qualified lenderbank loanscurrent ratiocash assetsoutstanding indebtednesscollateralcredit historyfinancial profilethe commodity economyindustry capitalbusiness enterprisespersonal creditcreditorsliensinternational businessmanagementcreative consciousnessthe capacity of working onone’s ownglobal economic integrationinternationalizationWTOUruguay RoundGATTNegotiation forumDoha Development Agendatrade rulesside-effectswell-beingtrade disputesagriculturetextiles and clothingtelecommunicationsgovernment purchasesgovernment procurementindustrial standardsproduct safetyfood sanitation regulationsintellectual propertytrade without discriminationGATSTRIPs Agreementmost-favored-nation(MFN)customs duty ratecustoms dutiestariffsnational treatmenttransparencyTrade Policy ReviewMechanismannexpredictable and growingaccess to marketsfree-tradeimport bansquotaspredictabilitythe bound ratestransition economiesfair competitiondumpingsubsidieseconomic reformthe least-developed countriesUnit Twointernational tradeworld tradeoverseas tradeindustrializationadvanced transportationglobalizationtransnational corporationstrade restrictionsgovernmental quotasexport tariffs1trade barriersraw materialscapital-intensive products land-intensive productslabor-intensive commodities heavy construction equipment industrial machinery consumer goodslabor costsproduction facilitiesfarming technologymass productioneconomic benefitsdomestic marketnatural resources technology resources human resourcescost of productionpolitical strengthtastespreferencesconsumption patternsre-export/re-import favorable trade balance active trade balanceexport surplustrade surplusunfavorable trade balance adverse trade balanceimport surplustrade deficitexport trade, import trade and transit tradedirect trade, indirect trade and entrepot tradetangible trade and intangible tradebarter trade and free-liquidation tradedirect transit trade and indirect transit tradethe bonded warehousethe domestic transportation linewarehouse charges transshipment processorIncotermsCISGUCP600bargainingan intervening mediumcash tradeterms and conditionsbusiness correspondenceletters, telexes, cables, faxes,e-mails, etc.inquiry/enquiry, offer,counter-offer, acceptance andconclusion of a contractdocumentary creditshipment documentssettlementanalytical studycredit standingcapacityspecificationstrade termsFOB, FCA, FAS, CFR, CPT,CIF, CIP, EXW, DAF, DDU,DDP, DES, DEQ,L/Cshipping spacecharter a shipimport entryimport inspectionsmarket research, creditinquiry, making contactscontractual termsMOFTECChinese Embassyforeign trade corporationschambers of commerceinquiry agenciesbusiness connectionsinquirera bank referencetrader, dealertrade shows, direct sales,direct mail, manufacturer’srepresentatives, wholesalersand distributorsthe consulate officeICCannual sales volumebusiness culturebusiness negotiationbusiness talksinternational fairsthe China ExportCommodities Fairthe export sales contractforce majeuretile documentsthe total volume of tradepractitionersan essential conditionthe mandatory supervisionthe prerequisitecustoms formalitiesa certificate of qualitytraditions and practicesUNCTADairfreight, sea freightopen accountaccuracy, completeness,conciseness and promptnessgovernment controldocumentscommercial documentstransportation documentsinsurance documentsfinancial documentsgeneral useimport licenseforeign exchange licenseexport licensecertificate of origininspection certificateconsular invoicecustoms invoicethe licensing authoritiescentral bankscustoms clearanceeconomic sanctionsa notary publicthe country of destintionpreferred import status2the place of manufacturethe Import and Export Commodity Inspection BureauChina Council for Promotion of International Tradethe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)EUpreferential import duties Certificate of Origin of Textile ProductsExport Licenses of Textile ProductsShipment Certificate of Textile ProductssurveyorInspection Certificate of QualityInspection Certificate of WeightInspection Certificate of QuantityInspection Certificate of Health and Veterinary Inspection Certificate Inspection Certificate of QuarantineAQSIQthe importing countrythe exporting countrypro forma invoice commercial invoicequality certificateweight certificate preliminary invoicea quotationan irrevocable letter of credit consular documents Buyer’s referenceOrder number/indent number Invoice number and date Export or import license numberMethod of dispatch Shipment terms Names and addresses of theseller and the buyerCountry from which theshipment is madeDescription of the goodsRebate or similar incentivesSignature of the exporterapplication form forinternational money transferdrafts (bills of exchange)banker’s draftcommercial draftsight drafttime draft (usance draft)application for documentaryletter of credit and letter ofcreditcash in advanceremitterdrawer/draweepayor, payer/payeethe payment instrument30 days sight50 days after sight90 days after the date of thisdraft30 days after the bill of ladingMethod of adviceDate of expirybeneficiaryadvising/paying/confirmingbankpartial shipmentsport of shipmentairport/port of dischargeairport/port of loadinga payment undertakingshipping notepacking listbill of ladingrail/road consignment noteair waybill (AWB)parcel post receiptcombined transportdocumentsarrival notificationon board his vessela delivery or receipt notea Mate’s Receiptthe on-board bill of ladinga supplimentary documentinsurance claimsclaim settlementsconsignor/consigneeplace of deliveryshipping markscontainer numbercarriershipperbulk cargocubic measurementgross weightthe notified partyrail transportthe departure/destinationstationtransferable or negotiablean instruciton sheeta straight or non-negotiablebill of ladingright of disposalthe shipping brokerthe insurer (insurancecompany), underwriterthe insuredan indispensable adjunctinsurance policyinsurance certificateopen policyinsurance coveragePICCmutual consentlegal avoidancebreach of contractcargo readinesscustomary packagesseaworthy shipment packingCISGsole ownershipindustrial property rightL/Cfund shortage3market fluctuationpayment routelate shipmentthe amendment notification the shipping orderdelivery documentsworking fundsshipping operationtaking deliveryinspection reportUnit Threebusiness negotiationsocial interaction consultationbargainingmediationarbitrationlitigationwin-win principle/integrative bargaining/interest-based bargainingequality principlesincere cooperationkeep it flexible and fluid positional bargainingmutual success convergence of interests equality and mutual benefit law statusnegotiation strategies and tacticsthe negative effects preparation for negotiation the negotiating team gathering of informationthe negotiation briefan essential preconditionthe factual requirementinner depletionextra expensework-loadproduction organizaiton investment distributiona development project an engineering projectthe chief negotiatortechnologistfinancial expertlegal specialistbackup onespublic relationscontingency abilitiescapital guaranteethe power of the collectivethe optimal effectexplicit responsibilitiesthe cooperation of negotiatorsa clear job-divisionthe cooperation betweenon-stage people and out-stageonesrepresentatives and deputiesfavorable moral charactersnecessary psychologicalmakingsnecessary professionalknowledgefavorable language skillsfavorable polical makingsthe physical factors (thetempo, intensity, flexibility,stability and so on )sanguine peoplebilious peoplephlegmatical peopledepressed peoplethe factual needsgeneralistscommercial warsbilateral and multilateralcommunicationidentifying issuesissues and objectivesa competitive negotiationa noncompetitive negotiationa responsible sourcea contract priceinfrastructurelogistics systemsub-contractorsbusiness scopeannual sales volumespaybacka feasibility studypolitical and socialbackgroundsocial and economic analysisdetailed analysislocation and sitemain costsmanpowerschedul implementationfinancial and economicevaluaitonalternative approachesthe basic components andimplicationsplant capacitymarket demandoverhead costsadministrative overheadsa timeframefixed investmentsnet working capital estimatesnegotiating brief andnegotiating planmemoranduman invitation to offeran invitation to make a bidpromotional communicationsales literatureofferor/offereeselling offer/buying offeroffer with engagementoffer without engagementfirm offerirrevocable offercommon practicea usual practicequotation sheetsfinal confirmationa contractual relationshippurchase contractagency arrangementexclusive sales agreementabsence of feedback4satisfactionself-reinforcementtwo human biasesthe confirmation bias egocentrismmediocrityself-esteemseparate people from the problemfocus on interests not positionsbe well preparedbe patience and integrity legitimate concerns personal attacksblue-eyed weakness offensive and defensivea defensive-offensive stance a neutral stanceoutright acceptanceoutright rejectionqualified rejectiona nimble attackthe barrier of language cooperative language style competitive language stylea longstanding relationship one-off contractsan all-purpose excuse deceptive strategiesjargonacronymscontractionstechnical termslanguage principles courtesy, conciseness, clarity, correctness, constructiveness and concessiontrade-offdeadlockmulti-nationsmulti-nationalitiescultural analysissub-cultural dynamics intercultural communication breakdown intergroupencode and decodecultural literacycultural implicationsgeneral guidelinesverbal/nonverbalfacial expressonseye contactgesturesbody movementsposturephysical appearancespacebody languageorientationmonochronic and polychronicdominant culture settingssocioeconomic classcultural conflictsbusiness normsa sophisticated protocolguest-host relationshipunwritten rulesa fallback positionlinear communicationUnit FourInternational trade termsa price/export quotationsincidental chargesa foreign trade merchantIncoterms2000the price of commoditythe unit pricea name of currency, a unitprice, a measuring unit, atrade term, and a name ofdestination or shipping placemiscellaneous expensesinternational rules andpractices on trade termsWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American ForeignTrade Definition 1941The American Chamber ofCommercethe National ImportersAssociationthe American Foreign TradeAssociationthe US Export Quotations andAbbreviations in 1919EX-point of originEx Factory, Ex Mill, Ex Minenamed inland carriernamed inland of departurenamed point of destinationnamed place of destinationnamed port of destinationnamed port of shipmentnamed point of exportationnamed point of importationnamed point/placenamed inland point in countryof importationFreight Prepaid ToFreight Allowed ToC&F, EX-DOCKthe ship’s railthe risk of loss or of damagesales contractthe mode of transportmulti-modal transportsea or inland waterwaytransport/transportationmarine insuranceobtain insurance only onminimum coverthe buyer’s/seller’sobligationsthe export/import permit andexport/import traxthe loading/unloading costthe insurance premiumthe sea freightthe seller’s/buyer’s premisescustomary packing/mannera contract of carriageMT(metric ton)subsequent carriersthe first carrier5at the disposal of the buyer basic/special packingthe loading berthib/IBa land frontierwarehouseterminaltransport stationcommon misconceptions property rightsvariants of Incotermsunder tackleliner termsFOB trimmed/towedentry feeUnit Fivepricingpricing principlesprice and unit pricethe accompanying services the pulse of the marketsthe price of commodity, the unit price: a nature of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a trade term and a name of destination or shipping placecost structurecosts of production, selling and delivery costs, and customs dutiesancillary costthe factory pricefixed costsvariable costs commissionssales trip expensespricing methodslong-term objectiveshort-term objective profitabilitymarket shareannual budgetssales volume cost-based pricingbreak-even pricingmarginal cost pricingmargin of profit, profit margintarget costingthe break-even point (BEP)FC, P, VCtotal fixed pricemortgage interest/paymentsreal estate taxesmarginal costthe direct coststhe variable overheadsmoney of accountmoney of paymenthard currencysoft currencyvehicle currencyforeign exchange ratesforeign exchange riskfloating exchange ratesexposurehedgeforward marketforward ratespot marketbrokerage housesforward contractintermediary servicequantity discountcash discountspecial discountnet pricepricing strategiesthe marketing mixfollowing-the-leader pricingpenetration pricingcost-oriented pricingdemand-oriented pricingretail pricingthe break-even pointmarketerscomponent partsutilitiessuppliersoperating expensesadvertising campaignsmanufacturersfranchise marketersthe U.S Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)government regulationsload weightsspeed limitsa unit price: currency unit,unit price figure,measurement unit anddelivery termsinitial priceUnit Sixinternational transportationocean transportrail transportationair transportationcontainer transportinternational multi-modaltransportationsea portscarrying capacityliner transportcharter transport / tramptransportthe four fixed: fixed sailingdate, fixed route and fixedports to call at, and relativelyfixed freight rateconsignor/consigneethe intermediate portsfreight: basic freight +surchargesthe basic freight ratethe tariff of freight rateW, M, W/M, Ad Val., W/M orAd Val.per metric tonweight tonper cubic metermeasurement tonfreight toncharge surcharges6transshipment surchargesfuel surchargesoverweight and overlength surchargesa charter party: the charterer and the ship ownerbulk cargocrude oilraw timbertime chartervoyage charterthe loading/unloading rate demurragedispatch moneyliner term, free out (FO), free in (FI), free in and out (FIO) scheduled airliners chartered planes consolidated consignments by freight forwardersFull Container Load (FCL) Less than Container Load (LCL)a door to door servicedesk-to-desk serviceport to port shipmentthe Container Freight Sation (CFS)the point of originthe place of destinationa multi-modal transport operatorthe general carrier conveyancesub-carriersmarine bills of lading seaway billsairway bills (AWB) or air consignment notes combined transport documentsinland transport way bills(road waybill or CMR consignment note and railway bill or cargo receipt)courier receipt or post parcel receiptsshippingthe bill of lading (B/L)a traded objecta contract of carriagea receipt of goodsa title documentin apparent good orderparties of a bill of lading: thecarrier and the shipper/theconsignor, the consignee, thenotify party and the transferee/the endorsee /holderdifferent ordersdemonstrative orderrestrictive orderbearer order“to order” and “to the order ofthe shipper”“to the order of the issuingbank”“to the order of the importer”“to bearer”under collectionnon-paymentnon-commercial transactionsbe left blank“to the named consignee(importer)”blank endorsementspecial endorsementthe shipping company (thecarrier)the charting vesselthe voyae numberthe port of receipt/the port ofloading/the port of shipmentthe port of destination/the portof discharge/the port ofdeliverythe premises of theimporter/exportermarks and numbersboxes/cartons/casesbe prepaid or collectedfreight prepaid/freight collectoriginal B/L, copiestypes of bill of ladingon board B/L (or shipped B/L)and a received for shipmentB/Lin one’s custodyclean (or unclaused) B/L andunclean (or foul) B/Lnegotiable B/L (order B/L andbearer B/L or open B/L) andstraight B/L (ornon-negotiable B/L or anamed consignee B/L)direct B/L and transshipmentB/Llong form B/L and short formB/Lliner B/L and chartered B/Lon deck B/Lstale B/Lante-dated B/L & advancedB/Lcontainer B/Lcontents leaking, packagingspoiled by contents,packaging broken / holed /torn / damaged, packagingcontaminated, goods damaged/ scratched, packaging badlydented, packaging damagedand contents exposed,insufficient packing, casesshort shipped, goodsunprotected / unboxed /partial protected, etc.Combined TransportDocument (CTD)Combined Transport Operator(CTO)the estimated date ofdeparture (ETD)the estimated time of arrival(ETA)forwarderNVD: no value declaredThe flight date7CMR, CIMadditional protocolEMS, DHL, UPS, FedExthe post officea courieran expedited delivery service expedite (a.) servicesperils and lossesperils of the sea, maritime losses , maritime expenses lightergeneral perils of the sea and extraneous risksnatural calamities (vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood, etc.)fortuitous accidentsgeneral extraneous risks and special extraneous risks theft, pilferage, contamination, leakage, breakage, sweating and/or heating, taint of odor, rusting, hook damage, fresh and/or rain water damage, short-delivery and non-delivery, shortage in weight, clashing, etc. political or military affairs or administrative ruleswar, strike, heightened duty, rejection, etc.total loss and partial loss actual total loss and constructive total loss general average (G. A.) and partial average (P. A. )sue and labor expenses salvage chargesmarine insurance clausesthe acope of cover, exclusions, commencement and termination of cover, duty of the insured, time of validity of a claim, etc.basic insurance and additional insurancebasic marine insurancecoverage: FPA (Free FromParticular Average), WPA andAll risksadditional risksgeneral risks and special risksCIC (China InsuranceClauses)warehouse to warehouseclause11 general additional risks:theft, pilferage andnon-delivery risk (TPND),fresh water and/or raindamage risk (FWRD), clashand breakage risks, leakagerisk, shortage risk,intermixture andcontamination risks, taint ofodor risk, sweat an heatingrisks, rust risk, breakage ofpacking risk, hook damagerisk8 special additional risks: warrisk, strike risk, failure todelivery risk, import duty risk,on deck risk, rejection risk,aflatoxin risk, fire riskextersion clause for storage ofcargo at destination in HongKong, including Kowloon, orMacao (FREC)import and export cargoinsurance practicesinsurance amount andpremiumclaim for lossesadvice of lossesshipping clause(transportation clause )time of shipmenttime of deliverythe port/place of shipment anddestinationpartial shipment / shipment byinstallmentstime policy, voyage policyand mixed policyinsurance policy, insurancecertificate, combinedcertificate and open policyunvalued policy and valuedpolicy8。
商务英语专有名词
商务英语专有名词商务英语阅读名词解释Chapter11．g lobal company : a company that integrates its international biz activities.2．Stable : the entire range of products a company has or produces3．Joint venture : a partnership that is formed by two or more parties cooperating in some special biz activities.4．Merger & acquisition : combining of two or more entities through the direct acquisition by the net assets of the other.5．Consumer market: an organized group of buyers and sellers of a particular product that are affected by its demand and supply.6．Distribution channel: all the organizations and people involved in the physical movement of goods and services from producer to consumer.7．Listed company : a company whose shares have been quoted by the Stock Exchange.8．Marketing savvy : understanding and knowledge of how goods and services are marketed.9．Industrial complex(工业生产基地) : a manufacturing area that consists of many different factories turning out different products.10. brand recognition : a product or products that has or have been recognized and appreciated by local consumers.11. specialty shop : an outlet that deals in or sells a particular line of products.12. household name : a brand, person, company, etc. that isknown to all or very popular in a place.13. loss-maker : a biz that continually makes no profit.14. home country : the country on which a multinational corporation’s HQs is based.15. quota : a restriction on the quantity of imports of a particular product that a country impose.16. organizational culture : the common values, behavior patterns, institutions, and so on among employees of a corporation.17. market economy : an economy in which the market is used to determine resource allocation, prices, and investments.Chapter 21.new economy : a different form of economy that is mainly supported by ITsector and characterized by knowledge-based economy instead of manufacturing./doc/f510019434.html,bor force : all of the people in a country or in a region that are employed or are likely to be employed in the future.3.bubble economy : an economy that primarily depends on banking, financialmarket and other transient operation.4.venture capital : funds that are invested in new plants or hi-tech startupsopen to large risk of loss./doc/f510019434.html, cycle : A period of time that a biz goes through consists of fourstages---boom繁荣, recession衰退, depression萧条, recover 复苏.6.stock market : a stock exchange that deals in stocks andshares.7.deregulation : the ending of the existing system of regulations, especially bythe government.8.public offering : a nonexclusive issue to the general public either bonds orstock by a firm in order to raise funds.9.bottleneck : difficulties or things that are more likely hinder normalproduction or prevent smooth economic development./doc/f510019434.html,rmation tech信息技术: all devices and knowledge that are required tomanage any kind of data.11.Treasury bill短期国债：A short-term obligation of the U.S. Treasury, havinga maturity period of one year or less and sold at a discount from face value.短期国库券：美国财政部发行的一种短期债券，一年或少于一年到期，以票面价值打折的形式出售.Treasury bond : 长期国债T-bonds ha ve maturity’s greater than 10 years.T-note : 中期国债has maturity ranging from 2 to 5 years./doc/f510019434.html, plan : future actions to be taken by a company, concerning products,production, market, investment, etc.13.capital stock : The total amount of stock authorized for issued by acorporation, including common and preferred stock. 股本(总额)：由一个公司授权发行的股票的总数额，包括普通股和优先股.14.product life cycle : a theory stating that certain kinds of products go througha cycle consisting of four stages, namely, introduction, growth, maturity anddecline.15.junk bonds : an interest-bearing certificate of debt that promises to give ahigh yield but is issued by a company with low credit rating 低信用等级.16．Seed money=seed capital启动资金: the initial equity capital used to start a new venture or biz.Chapter 31. liquidity : available cash or the capacity to obtain it on demand.2. exchange rate : the amount of one currency that can be bought with another.3. multinational company : a very large organization that owns companies in more than one country in order to obtain low-cost raw materials and make efficient use of a local workforce.4. benchmark : a standard by which something can be measured or judged.5. pricing policy : a plan or statement of prices set by an organization for its products and services.6. money market : the institutions and practices through with short-term funds are channeled to borrowers and entrepreneurs.7. capital market : a place where deals are made relating to long term investment needed by businesses and public authorities.8. collateral : property or an item of value acceptable assecurity for a loan orother obligation.担保物：被接受作为抵押或其他义务担保的财产9. counterparty : a term used to identify the “other” party in a two-party transaction.10. stock exchange: a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules, but at prices determined by supply & demand.11. retail : the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers.12. cheque : a printed form, used instead of money, to make payment from one’s bank account.13. economic integration : the integration of commercial & financial activities among countries through the abolishment/cancellation of economic discrimination.Chapter 41.Dow-Jones Industrial Average : an index of the share prices quoted on theNew York Stock Exchange for a group of 30 leading industrial companies.2.Blue chip : a stock that sells at high price because of public confidence in itslong record of steady earnings.3.Nasdaq : national association of securities dealers automated quotations4.social security社会保障: a government program that provides economicassistance to persons faced with unemployment, disability, or agedness, financed by assessment (税额) of employers and employees.5.tax deduction : an expense费用that a taxpayer is allowed to deduct fromtaxable income.6.reinsurance ：the purchase of insurance by an insurance company fromanother insurance (reinsurer) to provide it protection against large losses on cases it has already insured.7.policy :保单the printed legal document stating the terms of insurancecontract that is issued to the policyholder投保人by company.8.public relations : PR, the activity of keeping good relationships between anorganization and the people outside it.9.depression : a period of drastic decline in a national or international economy,characterized by decreasing biz activity, falling prices, and unemployment. 萧条，不景气：国家（或国际）经济不景气的一段时期，其特征是商业活动减少、价格下降、失业10.media ：a means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio,or television.11.recession: An extended decline in general business activity, typically threeconsecutive quarters of falling real gross national product.衰退：经济活动普遍而持续地衰败，尤指三个连续季度的社会总产品净值的下降Chapter 51．S anction : the penalty for noncompliance specified in a law or decree.2．Trade deficit : imports minus exports of goods andservices.3．Balance of trade 贸易支付差额the value of country’s exports mi nus the value of its imports.4．Downturn : a tendency downward, especially in biz or economic activity. 5．Speculation投机: engagements in risky biz transactions on the chances of quick or considerable profit.6．Value added tax : an indirect tax imposed on consumption that is reflective of the incremental increases on the value of goods through the chain of production, from the raw material phase to final consumption.增值税是向消费征收的间接税，它反映了商品从原材料到最终消费的整个生产过程中的增加值。
国际商务英语-名词解释
Lesson 1Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI( foreign direct investments) is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty.Franchising特许经营: a firm called the franchisee, isallowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing , contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion .International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build, O for operate and T for transfer. Fora BOT project , a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company .Lesson 2GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people.capability at/in cost for/of at reasonable costs levied on take into account without reference to (不针对) make efforts to engage inLesson 3Free trade area自由贸易区: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policyCustoms union关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policyCommon market共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Lesson 4Parent MNC headquarter跨国公司母公司，总部is the original investing multinational corporation . It is also the international headquarters of the MNE .MNC跨国公司=TNC: Multinational corporation, are made up of vast numbers of foreign subsidiaries, companies in which over 50 percent is owned by the parent company.MNE跨国企业:Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as a business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.Home county母国: The country where the headquarter of the investor is located.Host country东道国: The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.Lesson 5Absolute advantage绝对利益: It holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources (capital, land and labor)Comparative advantage比较利益: Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.International trade国际贸易: The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Primary commodities：those commodities not processed，or only slightly processed，usually farm produce or raw materials.Specialization专业化: To restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields.Lesson 6Import duties进口关税: Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties出口关税: Taxes levied on goods leaving an areaTariff关税: A tax levied on a commodity when it crossesthe boundary of a custom area.Quota配额: A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Drawback退税: Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment最惠国待遇: A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating countryContract proper：the main body of a contractLesson 7Incoterms国际贸易术语解释通则: It is a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade. Thus, the uncertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Trade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic marketand industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Multi-model transportation:Lesson 8Inquiry / enquiry询盘、询价: It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation报盘: Estimate of how much something will cost Counter offer还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererOfferee收盘人：A first enquiry首次询价: An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同: An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 一个实盘: Statement that you are willing to pay a certain amount of money to by something.Force majeure不可抗力: is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’ default, but of the uncontrollable causes. Onetype of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause. Or social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting partyLesson 9Hyperinflation极度通货膨胀is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly. The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical. The normal economic activities are out of the order, and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.inflation :Rise in prices brought about by the excess demand, expansion of money supply, credit etcDevaluation贬值Barter易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易: The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.Lesson 10Remittance 汇付: This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each otherDocumentary draft跟单汇票: The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Payee收款人、领款人: The person receiving the payment.Sight draft即期汇票: The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft远期汇票Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Draft汇票:= Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer出票人: The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee受票人: The person to whom the draft is drawn.Clean draft光票: The draft without documentsLesson 11Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人: The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer) applicant of an L/C :The importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/COpening bank (Issuing bank, Establishing bank)开证行: The bank that issues the credit.Opening bank:the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank .Beneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent band往来行、关系行:The bank in the exp orter’s country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行: The bank in the exporter’s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank保兑行: The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C、L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank付款行: The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank议付行: The ba nk buys the exporter’s draft submitted to it under a credit.Recipient: A person or an organization etc. that receives somethingWorld company: A multinational company whose nationalidentity has been blurredMiddleman trader: Person through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumerLesson 12Clean credit光票信用证: credit only require clean draft, which isn’t accompanied with shipping documents.The documentary credit跟单信用证: The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.Revocable credit可撤消信用证: The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit不可撤消信用证: The credit that can not be amended or revoked without the consent of al the parties concerned.Confirmed credit保兑信用证: The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bankUnconfirmed credit不保兑信用：The credit isn’t confirmed by another bankSight credit即期信用证: The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draftUsance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date of after sight.Transferable credit可转让信用证: The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit不可转让信用证:The credit can not be transferred.Non-draft credit无汇票信用证: The credit that payment of to be made by presentation of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit循环信用证: The credit stipulated that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.Lesson 13Commercial invoice商业发票: The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and seal or signature of the exporter.Legal holder合法持有人is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawPacking list装箱单: The documents gives informationsuch as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单: It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Lesson 14Common carrier公共承运人: It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人: Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation运输和货物运输:In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Lesson 15Insured被保险人，保户: The person who transfer risk.Insurer承保人: The person or a company who assume risk (the insurance company, the underwriter).premium：the amount paid by all insured for coverage under the contractKnown premium已知的保险费is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods Cargo insurance货物保险: It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险: The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险: It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Lesson 16Indemnity赔偿原则: A contract of insurance restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he war in before the loss occurred.Subrogate: subrogation is of enormous importance in cargo insurance, the word “Subrogate” means “to take the place of another”.Insurable interest可保利益: It holds that no one mayinsure anything unless he has and interest in it. (Which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit form its preservation, but if it is any way damaged or lost the assured will be adversely affect.)Principle of utmost good faith最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution分摊原则: It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers. If two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.Proximate cause of the loss近因原则: It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate (closest) cause of the loss suffered. The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Lesson 17Exchange rate汇率、兑换率: It refers to the price at which one currency can be exchange for another currency.Direct quote / quotation（汇率）直接标价: A directexchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency. 1美元=6.8元外币为基准Indirect quote / quotation（汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价: It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价: It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.Medial rate中间价 It is the average of the buying rate and the selling rate.SDR特别提款权: Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.Lesson 19Greenfield strategy绿地战略:Building new enterprises on land bought or leased in a foreign countryAcquisition并购: Purchasing existing facilities is known as acquisition. It does not have to start from scratch and face the difficulties in the greenfield strategy. But it has to take responsibilities for all the liabilities of the purchased firm, and deal with existing problems in management, labor relations, environmental protection obligations etc.Joint venture: A joint venture is an independent business entity founded and owned by two or more partners called parents. The proportions of ownership between the partners may be equal or unequal depending on their respective investments that are mostly in the form of capital but may also be in land, equipment, or intellectual property.Lesson 21Most-favored nation treatment最惠国:A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences:Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.Anti-dumping反倾销: to restrict the export expansion of other countries。
《国际商务英语》词汇部分
国际商务英语——词汇部分11.Budget—预算an account of probable future income and expenditure during a stated,period,usu.a year used as a guide in making financial arrangements.2.Return—回报the gain from an investment,either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment.3.Portfolio—证券投资组合the entire collection of investments in the form of stocks,bonds,or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling4.Royalty—专利税money paid to the owner of a copyright for permission to publish copyright material and to the owner of a patent for permission to use a patented design,usu.at a greed percentage of the selling price of the product.5.Expertise—专门知识expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field;know-how.6.Licensor—认证颁发者a person or company granting a license.7.Patent—专利权a special right to an inventor to be the only person to make and sell,or to authorize others to make and sell a newly-invented machine or process.8.Non-tariff barrier—非贸易壁垒all forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs,including prohibitions and quotas,etc.9.Turnkey contract—one in which one of the parties agrees to supply,at the contract price,a complete product ready for use,such asa new home,factory,ship,etc.10.Franchise—经销权an arrangement by which a monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.21.Purchasing power—购买力of persons,the public,having the money to buy goods and services.2.Assess—估价to judge an amount or value.3.spur—to urge or encourage4.average—of an ordinary,common or usual kind in quality or amount5.Productive—producing in high efficiency or in large quantity6.tap—to take what is needed from,to exploit7.Infrastructure—large-scale public services,such as water and power supplies,road,rail and radio communications,etc.needed to support economic activity,esp.industry,trade and commerce.8.recipient—a person or an organization etc.that receives something9.consumerism—considerable desire to make purchase for consumption10.PPP—purchasing power parity31liberalization—of trade,the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports2integration—combining into the whole3tariff—tax levied by the customs4barriers to trade—any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.5mobility—capacity that can move or be moved easily and quickly from place to place.6detour—绕道route that avoids a blocked road;deviation7banknote—纸币printed paper money issued by a bank,usu.the country’s central bank.8erode—侵蚀wear away,eat into9envisage—picture(an event,action,etc)in the mind as a future possibility;imagine10veto—否决权right to reject or forbid something41affiliate—a subsidiary company controlled by another2assets—total resources of a business,as cash,accounts receivable,real estates etc.3world company—a multinational whose national identity has been blurred4facilities—something designed,built or installed to serve a specific function or perform a particular service 5revenue—收益the total annual income of state6decentralize—使分权distribute the administrative powers over a less concentrated area7nationalize—to bring under the control or ownership of a nation\8welfare—well-being9framework—organization structure10input—something that is put in business operation51service—something done to help or benefit others2abundant—plentiful,more than enough3specialization—to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fields4primary commodities—those commodities not processed,or only slightly processed,usually farm produce or raw materials 5incentive—that which incites,rouses or encourages a person6alternative—that may be had,used etc.in place of sth.else7intuitive—relating to the power of the immediate understanding of something without reasoning or study8efficient—producing a desired or satisfactory result;able to perform duties well9endowment—a natural gift or ability10exploit—to develop the use of,make the best use of61drawback—退税duties paid on imported goods that are refunded when re-exported2highlight—to make prominent;to draw special attention3bulky—taking a lot of space,and often of a shape difficult to handle4perishable—easily to go bad5tariff—duties imposed on goods imported and exported6specific duties—duties levied on the basis of quantity,weight,size etc.of the goods7ad valorem duties—duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods8unilaterally—单方面地done by one side or party only9maritime—connected with the sea or navigation10remittance—汇款money sent by post71law suit—legal prosecution2dispute—argument or controversy3remedy—method of putting right something that is wrong4amendment—修正changes made to something5Incoterms—a set of international rules for the interpretation of trade terms6present—submit7premise—a tract of land including its buildings8heading—category9classification—the arrangement of things by groups10carriage—the price or cost of transportation81business line—goods dealt in by a company2voluntary offer—an offer made on the initiative of the offerer3contract—an agreement setting forth the binding obligations of the relevant parties 4indispensable—absolutely necessary5contract proper—the main body of a contract6contracting parties—signatories of an agreement7force majeure—[不可抗力]social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party8purchase contract—a contract made by the buyer9firm offer—an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offer10offeree—受要约人the party to whom an offer is made91.popular—liked and admired2.hyperinflation—恶性通货膨胀soaring of prices beyond control3.inflation—通货膨胀rise in prices brought about by the excess demand,expansion of money supply,credit etc.4.protectionism—贸易保护主义the theory of the system of developing home countries through duties and other means imposed oncompetitive imports5.bilateral—双边的of two sides6.bundling—捆绑式销售the exchange of goods or services are tied together7.expertise—expert skill or knowledge8.creditors—a person to whom one owns money9.transferable—possible to be handed over10.verified data—authentic materials101.debtor—a person who owes money2.default—fail to carry out an obligation3.dubious—doubtful,uncertain,questionable4.draft—an unconditional order to someone to pay a sum of money5.remittance—the sending of money or the money sent6.fluctuation—irregular movement of(prices,exchange rates etc.)7.drawer—the person who issues a draft,usually the exporter8.sound—financially satisfactory9.ban—prohibit,forbid10.drawee—付款人the person to whom a draft is drawn111.credit-worthiness—being believed or accepted by others as reliable in making payment2.substantial—large,great,considerable3.constitute—make up;amount to;form4.applicant of an L/C—the importer that goes to a bank for the establishment of an L/C5.beneficiary—受益人the company that can make use of an L/C to get paid for its export6.discrepancy—difference;absence of agreement7.confirming bank—the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C8.bill of exchange—written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment9.underlying—forming the basis of10.reimburse—退款pay back to somebody for the expenses he has spent121.clean credit—a credit that does not require shipping documents for payment2.cancel—not to do something that has been arranged or decided upon3.leading bank—major bank,most important bank4.impeccable—faultless5.insolvent—无力偿还的unable to pay debts6.sight credit—a credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft7.maturity—becoming due8.after sight—after presentation of draft9.middleman—中间商trader through whom goods pass between the producer and the consumer10.sustain—suffer131.documentation—the presentation and use of shipping documents2.consignee—the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped3.shipping marks—what is printed on the outer packing of goods as symbol for identification in the course of transportation4.discrepancy—absence of agreement5.liability—what one is responsible for according to law6.apparent—according to appearance;seeming7.insurance policy—a document used for covering possible risks8.discount—amount of money that may be taken off the full amount9.title—right to the possession of a position or property10.invoice—a document for the general description of the goods and the price141alternative—a choice from two or more possibilities.2modes—different forms of transportation3fundamental—very important4ownership—legal right of possession5intermediate products—semi-manufactures6commercial intercourse—business dealings between individuals or firms7unload—getting goods off a carrier8package—combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit 9distribution—the marketing,transporting,merchandising,and selling of any item10destination—the terminal to which goods are sent151insured—a person covered by an insurance policy2premium—the amount paid by an insured for coverage under the contract3potential loss—loss which is possible to incur4viability—ability to succeed in operation5claim—a payment demanded in accordance with an insurance policy6margin—amount above what is estimated as necessary7underwriter—a person who carries on insurance as a business8consumption—the using up of goods and services having an exchangeable advantage 9compensation—something given or received as an equivalent for loss10pooling—a combination of funds formed for common advantage161field—a sphere of activity2incidence—occurrence3multi-modal transportation—transport that combines road,rail,sea and air4diminish—the right to collect from an endorser a payment of loss5indemnity—compensation for loss6subrogate—to substitute a claim against one person for a claim against another person 7legal action—an action taken against someone in accordance with the law8leader—an insurer who is well-known in a particular class of business9deposit—money paid as part payment that is owned10compulsory—that must be done171peg—to keep fixed or unchanged2redeem—to repay or pay off,esp.loan stock,debentures and preference shares or stock3settlement—the act of paying a bill,debt,charge,etc4exchange rate—the price at which one currency can be exchanged for another currency5fluctuations—upward and downward movements in the economic system6gold reserves—the stock of gold coin and bullion held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard.7money circulation—money in the hands of the public and being used to pay for goods and services8devaluation—the act of a government in reducing by law the exchange value of its currency in units of gold or as compared with other currencies9offset—to set one value against another or as equal to another10par—equal in value,on the same level181affiliate—a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in part by another concern2institutions—an organization or establishment devoted to the promotion of a particular object3productivity—power of being productive4loans—something lent on condition of being returned,especially a sum of money lent at interest5prerequisite—required as a condition for something else6cyclical—recurring in cycles7maturity—the time when a note or bill of exchange or a loan becomes due8reserve—money held aside to meet future demand9investment—the act of putting money to use in something offering profitable returns10stringent—strict,that must be obeyed191quota—a limit placed by a government on the amount of imports or commodity2VER—an agreement by a country’s exporters or government to limit their exports or government to limit their exports to another country3acquisition—company expansion through the phrase of other business4synergy—benefits from combining different business,normally claimed by the promoters of mergers5rebate—reduce6intellectual property—certain non-tangible assets held,principally covering the areas of patent protection,registered trade marks and designs,and copy-right7tax holiday—a period of time during which tax is not levied8return—the gain from an investment,either as income or yield or as profit on the sale of the investment9access—a way by which a place,esp.property,can be reached or entered or used10joint venture—a business where the provision of risk capital is shared between two or more firms201market place—a place in which securities are sold and bought2securities—stocks and bonds3gilts—stocks issued by government4information—knowledge communicated or received concerning a particular fact or circumstance5qualifications—competence6membership—the state of being a member of a certain organization7practitioner—a person engaged in the practice of a profession or occupation8cost-effective—producing optimum results for the expenditure9shortfall—deficiency10equities—company stocks211ratify—make an arrangement or a treaty officially valid by signing it.2controversy—public argument about sth.which many people disagree with3biennial—happening every alternate year4clout—influence5anti-dumping—one form of action which may be taken by a government to protect industries from unfair competition by which goods are sold at a price lower than in the country where they are manufactured6mandate—authority given to perform a duty7stillborn—(of a child)dead at birth;(of an idea or a plan)not developing further8contracting party—a country or firm that signs a legal agreement9akin to—similar,related to10optimal—best or most favorable221terms of trade—the relation of export and import prices2preference—a practical advantage given to one over others3export earnings—money earned on the sales of goods to other countries4provisions—a formal or explicit statement of conditions demanded5tariffs—customs duties imposed by a government on imports or exports6invisible—trade in services7board—an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activities of a firm 8permanent—lasting9counterpart—a person or thing that closely resembles another in position or function 10forum—an outlet for discussion of matters of interest to a given group。
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国际商务英语专有名词表Unit Oneinternational business exports/importsexporter/importerpatentstrademarkscopyrightsinternational trade transportationtourismbankingadvertisingconstructionretailing/wholesaling insuranceeducationmass communication specializationabsolute advantage comparative advantage input/outputopportunity cost opportunity cost ratios exchange rateoperating costsbank credit agreements clearing arrangements trade in goodstrade in servicesvisible goods/invisible goods international investments balance of payments foreign direct investment (FDI)manufactured goods cultural conflicts negotiationmarketingbusiness administration business public relations businessman businesspeoplesubsidiary/subsidiariesjoint venturesaffiliated businesses general manager executivesCEOcommercial riskfinancial riskspolitical risksregulatory riskstax risksantitrust lawsdouble taxationcommercial creditcommercial lendingpurchased merchandise onaccountadvances on salescommercial billa qualified lenderbank loanscurrent ratiocash assetsoutstanding indebtednesscollateralcredit historyfinancial profilethe commodity economyindustry capitalbusiness enterprisespersonal creditcreditorsliensinternational businessmanagementcreative consciousnessthe capacity of working onone’s ownglobal economic integrationinternationalizationWTOUruguay RoundGATTNegotiation forumDoha Development Agendatrade rulesside-effectswell-beingtrade disputesagriculturetextiles and clothingtelecommunicationsgovernment purchasesgovernment procurementindustrial standardsproduct safetyfood sanitationregulationsintellectual propertytrade withoutdiscriminationGATSTRIPs Agreementmost-favored-nation(MFN)customs duty ratecustoms dutiestariffsnational treatmenttransparencyTrade Policy ReviewMechanismannexpredictable and growingaccess to marketsfree-tradeimport bansquotaspredictabilitythe bound ratestransition economiesfair competitiondumpingsubsidieseconomic reformthe least-developedcountriesUnit Twointernational tradeworld tradeoverseas tradeindustrializationadvanced transportationglobalizationtransnational corporations2trade restrictions governmental quotas export tariffstrade barriersraw materialscapital-intensive products land-intensive products labor-intensive commodities heavy construction equipmentindustrial machinery consumer goodslabor costsproduction facilities farming technologymass production economic benefits domestic marketnatural resources technology resources human resourcescost of productionpolitical strengthtastespreferencesconsumption patternsre-export/re-import favorable trade balance active trade balanceexport surplustrade surplusunfavorable trade balance adverse trade balance import surplustrade deficitexport trade, import trade and transit tradedirect trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade tangible trade and intangible tradebarter trade and free-liquidation trade direct transit trade and indirect transit tradethe bonded warehouse the domestic transportationlinewarehouse chargestransshipmentprocessorIncotermsCISGUCP600bargainingan intervening mediumcash tradeterms and conditionsbusiness correspondenceletters, telexes, cables, faxes,e-mails, etc.inquiry/enquiry, offer,counter-offer, acceptanceand conclusion of a contractdocumentary creditshipment documentssettlementanalytical studycredit standingcapacityspecificationstrade termsFOB, FCA, FAS, CFR, CPT,CIF, CIP, EXW, DAF, DDU,DDP, DES, DEQ,L/Cshipping spacecharter a shipimport entryimport inspectionsmarket research, creditinquiry, making contactscontractual termsMOFTECChinese Embassyforeign trade corporationschambers of commerceinquiry agenciesbusiness connectionsinquirera bank referencetrader, dealertrade shows, direct sales,direct mail,manufacturer’srepresentatives, wholesalersand distributorsthe consulate officeICCannual sales volumebusiness culturebusiness negotiationbusiness talksinternational fairsthe China ExportCommodities Fairthe export sales contractforce majeuretile documentsthe total volume of tradepractitionersan essential conditionthe mandatory supervisionthe prerequisitecustoms formalitiesa certificate of qualitytraditions and practicesUNCTADairfreight, sea freightopen accountaccuracy, completeness,conciseness and promptnessgovernment controldocumentscommercial documentstransportation documentsinsurance documentsfinancial documentsgeneral useimport licenseforeign exchange licenseexport licensecertificate of origininspection certificateconsular invoicecustoms invoicethe licensing authoritiescentral banks3customs clearance economic sanctionsa notary publicthe country of destintion preferred import statusthe place of manufacture the Import and Export Commodity Inspection BureauChina Council for Promotion of International Tradethe Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)EUpreferential import duties Certificate of Origin of Textile ProductsExport Licenses of Textile ProductsShipment Certificate of Textile ProductssurveyorInspection Certificate of QualityInspection Certificate of WeightInspection Certificate of QuantityInspection Certificate of Health and Veterinary Inspection Certificate Inspection Certificate of QuarantineAQSIQthe importing countrythe exporting countrypro forma invoice commercial invoicequality certificateweight certificate preliminary invoicea quotationan irrevocable letter of creditconsular documents Buyer’s referenceOrder number/indentnumberInvoice number and dateExport or import licensenumberMethod of dispatchShipment termsNames and addresses of theseller and the buyerCountry from which theshipment is madeDescription of the goodsRebate or similar incentivesSignature of the exporterapplication form forinternational moneytransferdrafts (bills of exchange)banker’s draftcommercial draftsight drafttime draft (usance draft)application for documentaryletter of credit and letter ofcreditcash in advanceremitterdrawer/draweepayor, payer/payeethe payment instrument30 days sight50 days after sight90 days after the date of thisdraft30 days after the bill ofladingMethod of adviceDate of expirybeneficiaryadvising/paying/confirmingbankpartial shipmentsport of shipmentairport/port of dischargeairport/port of loadinga payment undertakingshipping notepacking listbill of ladingrail/road consignment noteair waybill (AWB)parcel post receiptcombined transportdocumentsarrival notificationon board his vessela delivery or receipt notea Mate’s Receiptthe on-board bill of ladinga supplimentary documentinsurance claimsclaim settlementsconsignor/consigneeplace of deliveryshipping markscontainer numbercarriershipperbulk cargocubic measurementgross weightthe notified partyrail transportthe departure/destinationstationtransferable or negotiablean instruciton sheeta straight or non-negotiablebill of ladingright of disposalthe shipping brokerthe insurer (insurancecompany), underwriterthe insuredan indispensable adjunctinsurance policyinsurance certificateopen policyinsurance coveragePICCmutual consent4legal avoidancebreach of contractcargo readiness customary packages seaworthy shipment packingCISGsole ownershipindustrial property rightL/Cfund shortagemarket fluctuation payment routelate shipmentthe amendment notification the shipping orderdelivery documents working fundsshipping operationtaking deliveryinspection reportUnit Threebusiness negotiationsocial interaction consultationbargainingmediationarbitrationlitigationwin-winprinciple/integrative bargaining/interest-based bargainingequality principlesincere cooperationkeep it flexible and fluid positional bargaining mutual success convergence of interests equality and mutual benefit law statusnegotiation strategies and tacticsthe negative effects preparation for negotiationthe negotiating teamgathering of informationthe negotiation briefan essential preconditionthe factual requirementinner depletionextra expensework-loadproduction organizaitoninvestment distributiona development projectan engineering projectthe chief negotiatortechnologistfinancial expertlegal specialistbackup onespublic relationscontingency abilitiescapital guaranteethe power of the collectivethe optimal effectexplicit responsibilitiesthe cooperation ofnegotiatorsa clear job-divisionthe cooperation betweenon-stage people andout-stage onesrepresentatives and deputiesfavorable moral charactersnecessary psychologicalmakingsnecessary professionalknowledgefavorable language skillsfavorable polical makingsthe physical factors (thetempo, intensity, flexibility,stability and so on )sanguine peoplebilious peoplephlegmatical peopledepressed peoplethe factual needsgeneralistscommercial warsbilateral and multilateralcommunicationidentifying issuesissues and objectivesa competitive negotiationa noncompetitivenegotiationa responsible sourcea contract priceinfrastructurelogistics systemsub-contractorsbusiness scopeannual sales volumespaybacka feasibility studypolitical and socialbackgroundsocial and economic analysisdetailed analysislocation and sitemain costsmanpowerschedul implementationfinancial and economicevaluaitonalternative approachesthe basic components andimplicationsplant capacitymarket demandoverhead costsadministrative overheadsa timeframefixed investmentsnet working capitalestimatesnegotiating brief andnegotiating planmemoranduman invitation to offeran invitation to make a bidpromotional communicationsales literature5offeror/offereeselling offer/buying offer offer with engagementoffer without engagement firm offerirrevocable offercommon practicea usual practicequotation sheetsfinal confirmationa contractual relationship purchase contractagency arrangement exclusive sales agreement absence of feedback satisfactionself-reinforcementtwo human biasesthe confirmation bias egocentrismmediocrityself-esteemseparate people from the problemfocus on interests not positionsbe well preparedbe patience and integrity legitimate concerns personal attacksblue-eyed weakness offensive and defensivea defensive-offensive stance a neutral stanceoutright acceptance outright rejectionqualified rejectiona nimble attackthe barrier of language cooperative language style competitive language style a longstanding relationship one-off contractsan all-purpose excuse deceptive strategiesjargon acronymscontractionstechnical termslanguage principlescourtesy, conciseness, clarity,correctness,constructiveness andconcessiontrade-offdeadlockmulti-nationsmulti-nationalitiescultural analysissub-cultural dynamicsinterculturalcommunicationbreakdownintergroupencode and decodecultural literacycultural implicationsgeneral guidelinesverbal/nonverbalfacial expressonseye contactgesturesbody movementsposturephysical appearancespacebody languageorientationmonochronic andpolychronicdominant culture settingssocioeconomic classcultural conflictsbusiness normsa sophisticated protocolguest-host relationshipunwritten rulesa fallback positionlinear communicationUnit FourInternational trade termsa price/export quotationsincidental chargesa foreign trade merchantIncoterms2000the price of commoditythe unit pricea name of currency, a unitprice, a measuring unit, atrade term, and a name ofdestination or shippingplacemiscellaneous expensesinternational rules andpractices on trade termsWarsaw-Oxford Rules 1932Revised American ForeignTrade Definition 1941The American Chamber ofCommercethe National ImportersAssociationthe American Foreign TradeAssociationthe US Export Quotationsand Abbreviations in 1919EX-point of originEx Factory, Ex Mill, ExMinenamed inland carriernamed inland of departurenamed point of destinationnamed place of destinationnamed port of destinationnamed port of shipmentnamed point of exportationnamed point of importationnamed point/placenamed inland point incountry of importationFreight Prepaid ToFreight Allowed ToC&F, EX-DOCKthe ship’s railthe risk of loss or of damagesales contract6the mode of transportmulti-modal transportsea or inland waterway transport/transportation marine insuranceobtain insurance only on minimum coverthe buyer’s/seller’s obligationsthe export/import permit and export/import traxthe loading/unloading cost the insurance premiumthe sea freightthe seller’s/buyer’s premises customary packing/manner a contract of carriageMT(metric ton) subsequent carriersthe first carrierat the disposal of the buyer basic/special packingthe loading berthib/IBa land frontierwarehouseterminaltransport stationcommon misconceptions property rightsvariants of Incoterms under tackleliner termsFOB trimmed/towedentry feeUnit Fivepricingpricing principlesprice and unit pricethe accompanying services the pulse of the marketsthe price of commodity, the unit price: a nature of currency, a unit price, a measuring unit, a tradeterm and a name ofdestination or shippingplacecost structurecosts of production, sellingand delivery costs, andcustoms dutiesancillary costthe factory pricefixed costsvariable costscommissionssales trip expensespricing methodslong-term objectiveshort-term objectiveprofitabilitymarket shareannual budgetssales volumecost-based pricingbreak-even pricingmarginal cost pricingmargin of profit, profitmargintarget costingthe break-even point (BEP)FC, P, VCtotal fixed pricemortgage interest/paymentsreal estate taxesmarginal costthe direct coststhe variable overheadsmoney of accountmoney of paymenthard currencysoft currencyvehicle currencyforeign exchange ratesforeign exchange riskfloating exchange ratesexposurehedgeforward marketforward ratespot marketbrokerage housesforward contractintermediary servicequantity discountcash discountspecial discountnet pricepricing strategiesthe marketing mixfollowing-the-leader pricingpenetration pricingcost-oriented pricingdemand-oriented pricingretail pricingthe break-even pointmarketerscomponent partsutilitiessuppliersoperating expensesadvertising campaignsmanufacturersfranchise marketersthe U.S Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)government regulationsload weightsspeed limitsa unit price: currency unit,unit price figure,measurement unit anddelivery termsinitial priceUnit Sixinternational transportationocean transportrail transportationair transportationcontainer transportinternational multi-modaltransportationsea ports7carrying capacityliner transportcharter transport / tramp transportthe four fixed: fixed sailing date, fixed route and fixed ports to call at, and relatively fixed freight rate consignor/consigneethe intermediate ports freight: basic freight + surchargesthe basic freight ratethe tariff of freight rate W, M, W/M, Ad Val., W/M or Ad Val.per metric tonweight tonper cubic meter measurement tonfreight toncharge surcharges transshipment surcharges fuel surcharges overweight and overlength surchargesa charter party: the charterer and the ship ownerbulk cargocrude oilraw timbertime chartervoyage charterthe loading/unloading rate demurragedispatch moneyliner term, free out (FO), free in (FI), free in and out (FIO)scheduled airliners chartered planes consolidated consignments by freight forwardersFull Container Load (FCL) Less than Container Load (LCL)a door to door servicedesk-to-desk serviceport to port shipmentthe Container FreightSation (CFS)the point of originthe place of destinationa multi-modal transportoperatorthe general carrierconveyancesub-carriersmarine bills of ladingseaway billsairway bills (AWB) or airconsignment notescombined transportdocumentsinland transport waybills(road waybill or CMRconsignment note andrailway bill or cargo receipt)courier receipt or postparcel receiptsshippingthe bill of lading (B/L)a traded objecta contract of carriagea receipt of goodsa title documentin apparent good orderparties of a bill of lading:the carrier and theshipper/the consignor, theconsignee, the notify partyand the transferee /theendorsee /holderdifferent ordersdemonstrative orderrestrictive orderbearer order“to order” and “to the orderof the shipper”“to the order of the issuingbank”“to the order of theimporter”“to bearer”under collectionnon-paymentnon-commercialtransactionsbe left blank“to the named consignee(importer)”blank endorsementspecial endorsementthe shipping company (thecarrier)the charting vesselthe voyae numberthe port of receipt/the portof loading/the port ofshipmentthe port of destination/theport of discharge/the port ofdeliverythe premises of theimporter/exportermarks and numbersboxes/cartons/casesbe prepaid or collectedfreight prepaid/freightcollectoriginal B/L, copiestypes of bill of ladingon board B/L (or shippedB/L) and a received forshipment B/Lin one’s custodyclean (or unclaused) B/Land unclean (or foul) B/Lnegotiable B/L (order B/Land bearer B/L or open B/L)and straight B/L (ornon-negotiable B/L or anamed consignee B/L)direct B/L andtransshipment B/Llong form B/L and shortform B/L8liner B/L and chartered B/L on deck B/Lstale B/Lante-dated B/L & advanced B/Lcontainer B/Lcontents leaking, packaging spoiled by contents, packaging broken / holed / torn / damaged, packaging contaminated, goods damaged / scratched, packaging badly dented, packaging damaged and contents exposed, insufficient packing, cases short shipped, goods unprotected / unboxed / partial protected, etc. Combined Transport Document (CTD) Combined Transport Operator (CTO)the estimated date of departure (ETD)the estimated time of arrival (ETA)forwarderNVD: no value declared The flight dateCMR, CIMadditional protocolEMS, DHL, UPS, FedEx the post officea courieran expedited delivery serviceexpedite (a.) servicesperils and lossesperils of the sea, maritime losses , maritime expenses lightergeneral perils of the sea and extraneous risksnatural calamities (vile weather, thunder, lightning, tsunami, earthquake, flood,etc.)fortuitous accidentsgeneral extraneous risksand special extraneous riskstheft, pilferage,contamination, leakage,breakage, sweating and/orheating, taint of odor,rusting, hook damage, freshand/or rain water damage,short-delivery andnon-delivery, shortage inweight, clashing, etc.political or military affairsor administrative ruleswar, strike, heightened duty,rejection, etc.total loss and partial lossactual total loss andconstructive total lossgeneral average (G. A.) andpartial average (P. A. )sue and labor expensessalvage chargesmarine insurance clausesthe acope of cover,exclusions, commencementand termination of cover,duty of the insured, time ofvalidity of a claim, etc.basic insurance andadditional insurancebasic marine insurancecoverage: FPA (Free FromParticular Average), WPAand All risksadditional risksgeneral risks and specialrisksCIC (China InsuranceClauses)warehouse to warehouseclause11 general additional risks:theft, pilferage andnon-delivery risk (TPND),fresh water and/or raindamage risk (FWRD), clashand breakage risks, leakagerisk, shortage risk,intermixture andcontamination risks, taint ofodor risk, sweat an heatingrisks, rust risk, breakage ofpacking risk, hook damagerisk8 special additional risks:war risk, strike risk, failureto delivery risk, import dutyrisk, on deck risk, rejectionrisk, aflatoxin risk, fire riskextersion clause for storageof cargo at destination inHong Kong, includingKowloon, or Macao (FREC)import and export cargoinsurance practicesinsurance amount andpremiumclaim for lossesadvice of lossesshipping clause(transportation clause )time of shipmenttime of deliverythe port/place of shipmentand destinationpartial shipment / shipmentby installmentstime policy, voyage policyand mixed policyinsurance policy, insurancecertificate, combinedcertificate and open policyunvalued policy and valuedpolicy9。