APA格式原文参考
apa第七版格式英文范文举例
apa第七版格式英文范文举例Living in the digital age has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with one another. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have become integral parts of our daily lives, allowing us to connect with friends and family, share our thoughts and experiences, and stay up-to-date on the latest news and trends. However, the widespread use of social media has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our mental and physical health.Privacy has become a major issue in the digital age, as personal information shared on social media can easily be accessed by third parties without our knowledge or consent. Companies use our data to target us with personalized advertisements, while hackers can steal our information for malicious purposes. In response to these threats, many peoplehave become more cautious about what they share online, adjusting their privacy settings and using encryption tools to protect their data.Cyberbullying is another significant concern in the digital age, as people can hide behind the anonymity of the internet to harass, intimidate, or threaten others. Social media platforms have taken steps to combat cyberbullying, such as implementing reporting tools and algorithms to identify and remove harmful content. However, cyberbullying remains a pervasive issue, particularly among teenagers and young adults who are more likely to experience online harassment.Excessive screen time has also emerged as a health concern in the digital age, as many people spend hours each day staring at their devices. This sedentary lifestyle can lead to physical health problems such as obesity, eye strain, and poor posture. Additionally, constant exposure to screenshas been linked to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. To mitigate these risks, health experts recommend taking breaks from screens, limiting screen time before bedtime, and engaging in physicalactivities to maintain a healthy lifestyle.Despite these challenges, the digital age has brought about many positive changes, such as greater access to information, increased connectivity, and new opportunitiesfor creativity and expression. Social media platforms have allowed marginalized groups to amplify their voices, mobilize for social justice causes, and build supportive communities. Online education platforms have made learning more accessible and flexible, enabling people to acquire new skills and knowledge from the comfort of their own homes.In conclusion, the digital age has fundamentally transformed the way we live, work, and communicate. While it has brought about many benefits, such as increasedconnectivity and access to information, it has also raised concerns about privacy, cyberbullying, and the impact of excessive screen time on our health. As we navigate this new digital landscape, it is important to remain vigilant about our online behavior, prioritize our mental and physical well-being, and use technology responsibly to create a safer and more inclusive digital environment.。
APA正文格式样例
APA正文格式样例1. Introduction Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which has a long history is abundant in idioms. Many of the words often contain enough philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p. 8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap” can be translated into “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”, “To strike while the iron is hot” is translated as “趁热打铁”, “A long road tests a horse ’s strength and a long task proves a man ’s heart ” can be translated into “路遥知马力, 日久见人心”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific culture, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural elements in idioms.Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural factors in different languages have been attracting more and more attention of linguistic scholars. In order to make intercultural communication more successful, many scholars have become interested in the study of cultural similarities and differences encoded in different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance inintercultural communication as well as other disciplines such as linguistics, language acquisition, etc. This paper will expoundthe cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms. 2. T he c ultural b ackgrounds i n i diomsIdioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。
参考文献APA格式写法
参考文献APA撰写格式范例一、书籍类张春兴、林清山（1981）。
教育心理学。
台北市：东华书局。
曾文星（1988）。
从人格发展看中国人性格。
载于李亦园、杨国枢编：中国人的性格（235-267页）。
台北市：桂冠图书公司。
Berenson, M. L., Levine, D. M., & Goldstein, M. (1983). Intermediate statistical methods and application: A computer approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Marteniuk, R. G. (1976). Cognitive information processes in motor short-term memory and movement production. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Motor control: Issues and trends (pp.175-185). New York: Academic Press.Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (1981). Family therapy outcome research: Knows and unknowns. In A. S. Gurman and D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (pp.105-128). New York: Brunner.二、期刊或杂志类杨志显（2004）。
我国大专院校体育教师专业进修需求、动机与阻碍因素之研究。
大专体育学刊，6卷3期，21-32页。
黄国彦、吴静吉、李新乡（1994）。
教师专业承诺量表编制初步报告。
测验年刊，41辑，143-156页。
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.Main, M., Tomasini, L., & Tolan, W. (1979). Differences among mothers of infants judged to differ in security. Developmental Psychology, 15, 472-473.三、翻译书籍Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2002). 竞技与健身运动心理学（简曜辉、季力康、卓俊伶、洪聪敏、黄英哲、黄崇儒、廖主民、卢俊宏）。
参考文献apa格式
参考文献apa格式APA参考文献：曹勇, (2019). 居家养老的发展与保障模式研究. 财经论坛, (2), 110-115. 《全国老龄发展年报》(2020). 北京: 中国人民大学出版社.王华德, (2017). 老龄化社会的社会福利准则研究. 中国国家社会科学, (6), 121-128.参考文献中涉及到的内容。
一、居家养老的发展与保障模式研究随着社会老龄化的加剧，居家养老越来越受到人们的关注。
在曹勇（2019）的研究中发现，居家养老可以有效改善老年人的生活水平，提高老年人居室状态，并增强老年人的社会活动能力。
同时，居家养老也有助于改善老年人的健康状况。
因此，政府应该加大对居家养老的支持力度，保障其顺利进行。
二、全国老龄发展的情况根据《全国老龄发展年报》（2020）的相关数据，2018年，中国老年人口超过2.4亿，占总人口的17.3％，并超过50岁的人口占总人口的14.2％，老年人的人口结构也发生了显著变化，85岁以上的人口占所有老年人口的2.2％，其他老年人口的占比比例也有所增加。
随着人口老龄化的加速，基本养老保障不断加大，全国各地积极落实居家护理服务，促进社会老龄体系建设，强化对老年人口的健康保障。
三、老龄化社会的社会福利准则研究王华德（2017）在他的研究中提出，老龄化社会要实现社会福利的共同发展，就需要建立健全的社会福利准则体系，支持老年人参与经济社会发展，改善其社会福利权益。
通过建设多样化社会福利模式、加强社会帮扶支持，构建共享保障体系，支撑老龄化社会可持续发展，不仅能够满足老年人的基本生活需求，而且能够建立具有文化情怀的老年体系。
参考文献：曹勇 (2019). 居家养老的发展与保障模式研究. 财经论坛, (2), 110-115.《全国老龄发展年报》 (2020). 北京: 中国人民大学出版社.王华德 (2017). 老龄化社会的社会福利准则研究. 中国国家社会科学, (6), 121-128.。
apa格式英文引用范文举例
apa格式英文引用范文举例APA Format Example in English Citation.APA (American Psychological Association) format is a widely used citation style in academic writing,particularly in the fields of social science and humanities. It emphasizes the author-date method of citation, which means that the author's last name and the year ofpublication are included in the text, followed by a full reference list at the end of the paper.Here is an example of how to cite a source in APAformat within the text of an English paper:In their recent study, Smith and Johnson (2023) argue that the impact of technology on education has been significant. They found that students who use digital tools in their learning demonstrate higher levels of engagement and achievement. This finding is consistent with previous research conducted by Anderson (2021), who noted a positivecorrelation between technology use and academic performance.The full reference list for the above citations would appear at the end of the paper and would include the following information:Smith, J., & Johnson, T. (2023). The impact of technology on student engagement and achievement. Journalof Educational Technology, 15(2), 89-102.Anderson, M. (2021). Technology use and academic performance: A review of the literature. Educational Psychology Review, 33(1), 1-20.Note that in the reference list, the authors' names are inverted (last name first, followed by the first initial of their first name). The title of the article, the journal name, volume number, issue number, and pagination are also included. The publication year is placed at the end of the entry.It is important to follow the specific guidelines forAPA format, as they can vary depending on the version of the style manual being used (e.g., 6th edition, 7th edition). Always consult the latest edition of the APA manual or an online resource like the Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) for accurate and updated information on citation formats.。
※APA 格式请参考以下范例：
※APA格式請參考以下範例：在內文中使用格式：姓氏(出版或發表年代)…或…(姓氏，出版或發表年代，頁碼)同作者在同一段中重複被引用時，第一次須寫出日期，第二次以後則日期可省略。
在正文中引用多位作者時，以and連接，但正文之引用若為圓括弧形式，則使用＆（3人以上在＆前要加，）符號連接。
範例：1位作者→Porter(2001)…或…(Porter,2001)/吳清山（民90）…或…（吳清山，民90）2位作者→作者為兩人時，兩人的姓氏(名)全列Wassertein and Rosen(1994)…或…（Wassertein&Rosen,1994)/吳清山與林天祐（民90）…或…（吳清山、林天祐，民90）3-5位作者→作者為三至五人時，第一次所有作者均列出，第二次以後僅寫出第一位作者並加et al.(等人)[第一次出現]Warstein,Zappula,Rosen,Gerstman,and Rock(1994)found…或(Wasserstein,Zappula,Rosen,Gerstman,&Rock,1994)…[第二次出現]Wasserstein et al.(1994)…或…(Warstein et al.,1994)6位作者以上→作者為六人以上時﹐每次僅列第一位作者並加et al.(等人)﹐但在參考文獻中要列出所有作者姓名。
(Rubin et al.,1989)作者為組織、團體、或單位時，易生混淆之單位﹐每次均用全名。
簡單且廣為人知的單位，第一次加註其縮寫方式，第二次以後可用縮寫，但在參考文獻中一律要寫出全名。
[第一次出現]National Institute of Mental Health[NIMH](1999)或(National Institute of Mental Health[NIMH],1999)。
[第二次以後]NIMH(1999)…或(NIMH,1999)…。
APA格式参考文献示例
APA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1. 一位作者写的文章Hu, L. X. [胡莲香]. (2014). 走向大数据知识服务: 大数据时代图书馆服务模式创新. 农业图书情报学刊(2): 173-177.Olsher, D. (2014). Semantically-based priors and nuanced knowledge core for Big Data, Social AI, and language understanding. Neural Networks, 58, 131-147.2. 两位作者写的文章Li, J. Z., & Liu, X. M. [李建中, 刘显敏]. (2013). 大数据的一个重要方面: 数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展(6): 1147-1162.Mendel, J. M., & Korjani, M. M. (2014). On establishing nonlinear combinations of variables from small to big data for use in later processing. Information Sciences, 280, 98-110.3. 三位及以上的作者写的文章Weichselbraun, A. et al. (2014). Enriching semantic knowledge bases for opinion mining in big data applications. Knowledge-Based Systems, 69, 78-85.Zhang, P. et al. [张鹏等]. (2013). 云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展(3): 636-647.专著1. 一位作者写的书籍Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Wang, B. B. [王彬彬]. (2002).文坛三户：金庸·王朔·余秋雨——当代三大文学论争辨析. 郑州: 大象出版社.2. 两位作者写的书籍Plant, R., & Hoover, K. (2014). Conservative capitalism in Britain and theUnited States: A critical appraisal. London: Routledge.Yin, D., & Shang, H. [隐地, 尚海]. (2001).到绿光咖啡屋听巴赫读余秋雨.上海: 上海世界图书出版公司.3. 三位作者写的书籍Chen, W. Z. et al. [陈维政等]. (2006).人力资源管理. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社.Hall, S. et al. (1991). Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79 (Cultural studies Birmingham ). London: Routledge. 4. 新版书Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children(3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.编著1. 一位主编编撰的书籍Loshin, D. (Ed.). (2013a). Big data analytics. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann. Zhong, L. F. [钟兰凤] (编). (2014). 英文科技学术话语研究. 镇江: 江苏大学出版社.2. 两位主编编撰的书籍Hyland, K., & Diani, G. (Eds.). (2009). Academic evaluation: Review genres in university settings. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Zhang, D. L., & Zhang, G. [张德禄, 张国] (编). (2011). 英语文体学教程. 北京: 高等教育出版社.3. 三位及以上主编编撰的书籍Zhang, K. D. et al. [张克定等] (编). (2007). 系统评价功能. 北京: 高等教育出版社.Campbell, C. M. et al. (Eds.). (2003). Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford: Volume 2. New York: Cambridge University Press.4. 书中的文章De la Rosa Algarín, A., & Demurjian, S. A. (2014). An approach to facilitatesecurity assurance for information sharing and exchange in big-data applications. In B. Akhgar & H. R. Arabnia (Eds.), Emerging trends in ICT security (pp. 65-83). Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.He, J. M., & Yu, J. P. [何建敏, 于建平]. (2007). 学术论文引言部分的经验功能分析. 张克定等. (编). 系统功能评价 (pp. 93-101). 北京: 高等教育出版社.翻译的书籍Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays (C. Emerson & M. Holquist, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Le, D. L. [勒代雷]. (2001).释意学派口笔译理论 (刘和平译). 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司.Kontra, M. et al. (2014).语言: 权利和资源 (李君, 满文静译). 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.Wang, R. D., & Yu, Q. Y. [王仁定, 余秋雨]. (2001).吴越之间——余秋雨眼里的中国文化（彩图本）(梁实秋, 董乐天译). 上海: 上海文化出版社.硕博士论文Huan, C. P. (2015). Journalistic stance in Chinese and Australian hard news.Unpublished doctorial dissertation, Macquarie University, Sydney. Wang, X. Z. [王璇子]. (2014). 功能对等视角下的英语长句翻译.南京大学硕士学位论文.注：1. APA格式参考文献中的文章标题、书籍名称，冒号后第一个单词，括号里第一个单词和专有名词的首字母大写，其余单词首字母均小写。
引用及参考书目格式(APA)
引用及参考书目格式（APA）１．文中引用直接引文的摆放：插入正文或单独排列（Quotations run into the text or set off from the text）。
引用的是散文而又不超过40字，那么应该放入正文中，并用引号引起来；引用的是诗歌而又不超过两行，也应当放入正文中。
诗行之间用“/”，符号两边留空；保留原诗中的大写。
Curtius’s term “the Latin Middle Ages” covers a range of Roman legacies, including “the share of Rome, of the Roman idea of the state, of the Roman church, and of Roman culture.”In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty”, Shelley personifies the immaterial spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats through unseen amongst us.”当然，为了强调也可以将篇幅短的诗歌或散文断开，以获得强调的效果。
直接引用应该保持原貌，包括原始资料中的各种标点和符号。
断开的引文的格式为：另起一行，无需缩进，并和正文之间空一行，如果原文为1.5倍行距，引文就改为单倍行距，以示区别，达到醒目的效果。
如：…Wolfson argues:[W]here secretaries did use first name for women while reserving title and last name for male faculty, this usage appeared to be a manifestation of a combination of female solidarity with a sense that female professors were in lower status positions than their male colleagues, even where age and rank were similar. (p. 168)We prefer to point out the ways that …注意，中括号为作者自己加上去的，表示对原文中字母w作了改动。
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APA Citation Styleas Leiter and Maslach (1998) demonstratedWhen a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs.Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler (1991) foundIn all subsequent citations per paragraph, include only the surname of the first author followed by "et al." (Latin for "and others") and the year of publication.Kahneman et al. (1991) foundWorks by associations, corporations, government agencies, etc.The names of groups that serve as authors (corporate authors) are usually written out each time they appear in a text reference.(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2007)When appropriate, the names of some corporate authors are spelled out in the first reference and abbreviated in all subsequent citations. The general rule for abbreviating in this manner is to supply enough information in the text citation for a reader to locate its source in the Reference List without difficulty.(NIMH, 2007)Works with no authorWhen a work has no author, use the first two or three words of the work's title (omitting any initial articles) as your text reference, capitalizing each word. Place the title in quotation marks if it refers to an article, chapter of a book, or Web page. Italicize the title if it refers to a book, periodical, brochure, or report.on climate change ("Climate and Weather," 1997)Guide to Agricultural Meteorological Practices (1981)Anonymous authors should be listed as such followed by a comma and the date.on climate change (Anonymous, 2008)Specific parts of a sourceTo cite a specific part of a source (always necessary for quotations), include the page, chapter, etc. (with appropriate abbreviations) in the in-text citation.(Stigter & Das, 1981, p. 96)De Waal (1996) overstated the case when he asserted that "we seem•Order: Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names.Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. •Authors: Write out the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work.e.g. Smith, J. D., & Jones, M.•Titles: Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title.•Pagination: Use the abbreviation p. or pp. to designate page numbers of articles from periodicals that do not use volume numbers, especially newspapers. Theseabbreviations are also used to designate pages in encyclopedia articles and chapters from edited books.•Indentation*: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent".•Underlining vs. Italics*: It is appropriate to use italics instead of underlining for titles of books and journals.Two additional pieces of information should be included for works accessed online.•Internet Address**: A stable Internet address should be included and should direct the reader as close as possible to the actual work. If the work has a digital object identifier (DOI), use this. If there is no DOI or similar handle, use a stable URL. If the URL is not stable, as is often the case with online newspapers and some subscription-baseddatabases, use the home page of the site you retrieved the work from.•Date: If the work is a finalized version published and dated, as in the case of a journal article, the date within the main body of the citation is enough. However, if the work is not dated and/or is subject to change, as in the case of an online encyclopedia article, include the date that you retrieved the information.* The APA has special formatting standards for the use of indentation and italics inmanuscripts or papers that will be typeset or submitted for official publication. For more detailed information on these publication standards, refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, or consult with your instructors or editors to determine their style preferences.** See the APA Style Guide to Electronic References for information on how to format URLs that take up more than one line.Examples:Articles in journals, magazines, and newspapersReferences to periodical articles must include the following elements: author(s), date ofpublication, article title, journal title, volume number, issue number (if applicable), and page numbers.Journal article, one author, accessed onlineKu, G. (2008). Learning to de-escalate: The effects of regret in escalation of commitment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(2), 221-232.doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.08.002Journal article, two authors, accessed onlineSanchez, D., & King-Toler, E. (2007). Addressing disparities consultation and outreach strategies for universitysettings. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice andResearch, 59(4), 286-295. doi:10.1037/1065- 9293.59.4.286 Journal article, more than two authors, accessed onlineVan Vugt, M., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. B. (2008). Leadership, followership, and evolution: Some lessons from thepast. American Psychologist, 63(3), 182-196.doi:10.1037/0003-066X.63.3.182Article from an Internet-only journalHirtle, P. B. (2008, July-August). Copyright renewal, copyright restoration, and the difficulty of determining copyright status. D-Lib Magazine, 14(7/8).doi:10.1045/july2008-hirtleJournal article from a subscription database (no DOI)Colvin, G. (2008, July 21). Information worthbillions.Fortune, 158(2), 73-79. Retrieved from Business Source Complete, EBSCO. Retrieved fromMagazine article, in printKluger, J. (2008, January 28). Why we love. Time, 171(4), 54-60.Newspaper article, no author, in printAs prices surge, Thailand pitches OPEC-style rice cartel. (2008, May 5). The Wall Street Journal, p. A9.Newspaper article, multiple authors, discontinuous pages, in printDelaney, K. J., Karnitschnig, M., & Guth, R. A. (2008, May 5).Microsoft ends pursuit of Yahoo, reassesses its onlineoptions. The Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A12.BooksReferences to an entire book must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.No Author or editor, in printMerriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2003).Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster.One author, in printKidder, T. (1981). The soul of a new machine. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Company.Two authors, in printFrank, R. H., & Bernanke, B. (2007). Principles of macro-economics (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Corporate author, author as publisher, accessed onlineAustralian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Tasmanian year book 2000 (No. 1301.6). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author. Retrieved from...$Edited bookGibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (2001). Children of color: Psychological interventions with culturally diverse youth.San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.DissertationsReferences for dissertations should include the following elements: author, date ofpublication, title, and institution (if you accessed the manuscript copy from the university collections). If there is a UMI number or a database accession number, include it at the end of the citation.Dissertation, accessed onlineYoung, R. F. (2007). Crossing boundaries in urban ecology: Pathways to sustainable cities (Doctoral dissertation).Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 327681)Essays or chapters in edited booksReferences to an essay or chapter in an edited book must include the following elements: essay or chapter authors, date of publication, essay or chapter title, book editor(s), book title, essay or chapter page numbers, place of publication, and the name of the publisher.One authorLabajo, J. (2003). Body and voice: The construction of gender in flamenco. In T. Magrini (Ed.), Music and gender: perspectives from the Mediterranean (pp. 67-86). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Two editorsHammond, K. R., & Adelman, L. (1986). Science, values, and human judgment. In H. R. Arkes & K. R. Hammond (Eds.),Judgement and decision making: An interdisciplinary reader (pp. 127-143).Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.Encyclopedias or dictionaries and entries in an encyclopediaReferences for encyclopedias must include the following elements: author(s) or editor(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and the name of the publisher. For sources accessed online, include the retrieval date as the entry may be edited over time.Encyclopedia set or dictionarySadie, S., & Tyrrell, J. (Eds.). (2002). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (2nd ed., Vols. 1-29). New York, NY: Grove.Article from an online encyclopediaContainerization. (2008). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 6, 2008, fromEncyclopedia articleKinni, T. B. (2004). Disney, Walt (1901-1966): Founder of the Walt Disney Company. In Encyclopedia of Leadership(Vol. 1, pp.345-349). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Research reports and papersReferences to a report must include the following elements: author(s), date of publication, title, place of publication, and name of publisher. If the issuing organization assigned anumber (e.g., report number, contract number, or monograph number) to the report, give that number in parentheses immediately after the title. If it was accessed online, include the URL.Government report, accessed onlineU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2005).Medicaid drug price comparisons: Average manufacturer price topublished prices (OIG publication No. OEI-05-05- 00240).Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from 05-05-00240.pdfGovernment reports, GPO publisher, accessed onlineCongressional Budget Office. (2008). Effects of gasoline prices on driving behavior and vehicle markets: A CBO study (CBO Publication No. 2883). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office. Retrieved fromTechnical and/or research reports, accessed onlineDeming, D., & Dynarski, S. (2008). The lengthening of childhood (NBER Working Paper 14124). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved July 21, 2008, fromDocument available on university program or department siteVictor, N. M. (2008). Gazprom: Gas giant under strain. Retrieved from Stanford University, Program on Energy and Sustainable Development Web site:Audio-visual mediaReferences to audio-visual media must include the following elements: name and function of the primary contributors (e.g., producer, director), date, title, the medium in brackets,location or place of production, and name of the distributor. If the medium is indicated as part of the retrieval ID, brackets are not needed.Videocassette/DVDAchbar, M. (Director/Producer), Abbott, J. (Director), Bakan, J.(Writer), & Simpson, B. (Producer) (2004). Thecorporation [DVD]. Canada: Big Picture Media Corporation.Audio recordingNhat Hanh, T. (Speaker). (1998). Mindful living: a collection of teachings on love, mindfulness, and meditation [Cassette Recording]. Boulder, CO: Sounds True Audio.Motion pictureGilbert, B. (Producer), & Higgins, C. (Screenwriter/Director).(1980). Nine to five [Motion Picture]. United States:Twentieth Century Fox.Television broadcastAnderson, R., & Morgan, C. (Producers). (2008, June 20). 60 Minutes [Television broadcast]. Washington, DC: CBS News.Television show from a seriesWhedon, J. (Director/Writer). (1999, December 14). Hush [Television series episode]. In Whedon, J., Berman, G., Gallin, S., Kuzui, F., & Kuzui, K. (Executive Producers),Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros..Music recordingJackson, M. (1982). Beat it. On Thriller [CD]. New York, NY: Sony Music.Undated Web site content, blogs, and dataFor content that does not easily fit into categories such as journal papers, books, and reports, keep in mind the goal of a citation is to give the reader a clear path to the source material. For electronic and online materials, include stable URL or database name. Include the author, title, and date published when available. For undated materials, include the date the resource was accessed.Blog entryArrington, M. (2008, August 5). The viral video guy gets $1 million in funding. Message posted toProfessional Web siteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2008). Biofuels.Retrieved May 6, 2008, fromData set from a databaseBloomberg L.P. (2008). Return on capital for Hewitt Packard 12/31/90 to 09/30/08. Retrieved Dec. 3, 2008, from Bloomberg database.Central Statistics Office of the Republic of Botswana.(2008). Gross domestic product per capita 06/01/1994 to 06/01/2008 [statistics]. Available from CEIC Data database.Entire Web siteWhen citing an entire Web site (and not a specific document on that site), no Reference List entry is required if the address for the site is cited in the text of your paper.Witchcraft In Europe and America is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of witchcraftDiana Hacker's Research and Documentation Online Landmark's Son of Citation Machine。