3 Lexicon1

2. In function : Grammatical words Lexical words 1） Grammatical words (function words)： ） ： express grammatical meaning. E.g. conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns 2) Lexical words (content words): have lexical meaning. E.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
10. Which is a unaspirate k? A. sky B. kill C. like D. kite II. Explain the terms: 1. articulatory phonetics 2. consonant 3. vowel 4. allophone 5. phonetics and phonology
6. Which is a central vowel ? A. [i] B. [ə] C. [ou] D. [a:] [ə 7. In English if a word begins with [l] or [r] , then the next sound must be a ____. A. fricative B. nasal sound C. semi-vowel D. Vowel semi8. Which is a palatal fricative? A. [s] B. [k] C. [∫ ] D. [l] 9. Which is not a English word? A. [r ٨ b] B. [læb] C. [sta:∫ ] D. [ lmæp] lmæ
Chapter 3
Lexicon
I. Choose the best choice: 1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop? A. [m] B. [v] C. [p] D. [b] 2. Which is a voiceless affricate? A. [w] B. [f] C. [t∫] D. [n] 3. Which is monophothong? A. [i] B. [au] C. [ai] D. [ei] 4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop? A. [p] B. [m] C. [b] D. [t] 5. Which is a voiced affricate? A. [j] B. [z] C. [t∫] D. [dЗ] [dЗ
II. Classification of words 1. Form 2. Function 3. Structure 4. Word class
1. In form: Variable Words Invariable
1) Variable words: have regular series of grammatically different word forms. Inflected changes E.g. go: goes went gone going word: words 2) Invariable words: They do not have inflected endings. what, when, where, why, to, so, until, and hello etc.
• ③Pro-adverb: He hopes he’ll win and I hope so too. • ④Pro-locative：Jame’s hiding there, ： behind the door.
4) Determiners限定词：words which are 限定词： 限定词 used before the noun. ( a. art. num. pro. ) ①Predeterminers: all, both, half, double, twice, three times one-third, one-fifth etc. ②Central determiners: this, that, these, those, every, each, some, any, no , either. neither. my. our, your, his, her, its, their, etc. (one) ③Postdeterminers: next, last, past, other, additional many, few, several , little, a lot of etc. (two permitted)
3. In structure: Closed class words （封闭类词） 封闭类词） Open-class words （开放类词） 开放类词） 1) Closed words : their meaningship is fixed or limited. E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc. 2) Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of
1） Bloomfield : Word is Minimum ） free form. Sentence: Maximum free form. go, went walk n. walk v. Lexicology concludes other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography.
3) Affixes: are forms that are attached to words or word elements. Derivational affixes（派生词缀）: （派生词缀） Affixes Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀 屈折词缀): 屈折词缀
a) Derivational affixes（派生词缀）: are （派生词缀） added to other morphemes to create new words. b）Inflectional affixes(屈折词缀 are 屈折词缀): ） 屈折词缀 attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships. ① Number : table/ tables ② person人称 : finiteness and aspect 定性 人称 和体 talk/ talks/ talking/ talked ③ case : boy/ boy’s John/ John’s college / college’s
seem etc. I can’t come. Is he coming ? I’ll com and so will Bill. He has come.
• 3) Pro-form代词形式：It is used to 代词形式： 代词形式 substitute for other items or constructions. • ①Pro-adjective：Your pen is red. So is ： mine. • ②Pro-verb：He knows English better ： than he did.
4．Word class ． 1) Particle 助词 to，not… 助词: ， Subordinate units in phrasal verbs: get by , do up, look back 短语动词的下级单位
2) Auxiliaries 助动词：can, do, have, 助动词：
2． Root, affix, and stem ． 词根:is １) Root 词根 the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity (Crystal , 1983) e.g. internationalists morphemes
The tree diagram of morpheme free root root bound root Morpheme prefix affix derivation suffix inflectional
2) Stem词干 may consist of a single root 词干: 词干 morpheme as in book or of two or more roots as on a compound like handbook, or handbooks. “A stem is ‘that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed’ (Bauer,1983) e.g. internationalist .
I. What is word? 1. Word: is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. Syntactic function: A grammatical unit. Sound Form and Meaning
Lexicon 2 Morphology Discussion Questions: • Distinguish the common features of Chinese Character Elements with English Morphemes?