英语写作 杜克大学 (23)
昆山杜克大学校园日英文作文

昆山杜克大学校园日英文作文Kunshan Duke University CampusKunshan Duke University is a dynamic and vibrant campus located in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China. The campus is known for its beautiful surroundings, state-of-the-art facilities, and strong academic programs.The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs in fields such as engineering, business, environmental science, and liberal arts. The faculty members are highly qualified and dedicated to providing students with a high-quality education.The campus is equipped with modern facilities, including well-equipped classrooms, laboratories, and libraries. The university also provides students with a variety of extracurricular activities, such as sports clubs, cultural events, and community service programs.Kunshan Duke University is committed to promoting international understanding and cooperation. The campus is home to a diverse student body, with students from all over the world. The university also has partnerships with anumber of international institutions, allowing students to participate in exchange programs and study abroad opportunities.The campus is located in close proximity to the city of Kunshan, which offers students a variety of cultural and recreational opportunities. The city is known for its rich history, vibrant arts scene, and beautiful natural landscapes.Overall, Kunshan Duke University provides students witha unique and enriching educational experience. The campusis dedicated to fostering academic excellence, promoting diversity, and preparing students to become global citizens.昆山杜克大学校园昆山杜克大学位于中国江苏省昆山市,是一个充满活力和活力的校园。
昆山杜克大学校园日英文作文

昆山杜克大学校园日英文作文The sun was just beginning to rise, casting a warm,golden glow over the Duke Kunshan University campus. It was a day like no other, a Campus Day that promised to be filledwith excitement and a sense of community. As I walked through the verdant lawns, the air was alive with the buzz of anticipation.Students, faculty, and visitors from all corners of the globe were gathering, their faces painted with the colors of the university's flag, a symbol of unity in diversity. The scent of freshly brewed coffee wafted from the campus café, mingling with the sweet aroma of blooming flowers, settingthe tone for a day of intellectual and cultural exchange.The campus, a blend of traditional Chinese architecture and modern design, was abuzz with activity. Tents were set up with banners flapping gently in the breeze, each representing a different club or department, inviting everyone to explore the myriad of opportunities available at DKU. Laughter echoed through the quad as students engaged in friendly competitions, their camaraderie evident in every cheer and high-five.As I made my way to the main stage, I couldn't help but notice the diversity of the crowd. Here, in this small corner of China, the world had come together. The sounds ofdifferent languages filled the air, a beautiful cacophonythat spoke of the university's commitment to global education.The keynote speaker, an alumnus who had gone on to make significant contributions in the field of environmental science, took to the stage. His words were inspiring, a call to action for the students to harness the power of knowledge for the betterment of society. The audience listened, rapt, their eyes reflecting the same passion and determination that had once driven the speaker.Throughout the day, workshops and seminars were held, covering a range of topics from entrepreneurship to public health. The interactive sessions were a testament to the university's focus on experiential learning, allowing students to delve deeper into their areas of interest.As the day wound down, the campus transformed into a canvas of lights and music for the evening festival. The vibrant performances, a fusion of traditional and contemporary art, were a celebration of the university'sspirit of innovation and creativity.Campus Day at Duke Kunshan University was more than just a gathering; it was a snapshot of the world's potential when diverse minds come together in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding. It was a day that reminded us of the power of education to bridge cultures and change lives. As the last notes of the festival's closing song faded into the night, I left with a heart full of hope and a mind inspired by the possibilities that lay ahead.。
StatementofPurpose-Duke大学模版

Statement of Purpose-Duke大学模版Statement of Purpose, Jerome Ku, Biomedical Engineering MS w/ ThesisI want to make a difference in the world, and I want to do this by creating biomedical devices and technologies. I have put my heart into many different pursuits during my undergraduate years -- some academic, some not -- and it is through this amalgam of experiences that I have come to realize my life’s ambition. Research has made me appreciate the rigors of the scientific process and at the same time, the excitement of laying the groundwork for technology that could one-day change the way we live; founding a volunteer organization has revealed to me my passion for fostering a better world; working at a start-up and leading the Entrepreneurship Club has acquainted me with entrepreneurs young and old whose moxie and passion has been truly inspiring; and oddly enough, a summer on Wall St. made me realize that science is my true passion. Through these experiences, I’ve learned what kind of person I am and what kind of life I want to lead: I know now that I value my passion for knowledge and desire to make a difference through science, medicine, and technology, above all else. I know that I want to dedicate my life to biomedical invention, innovation, and somewhere down the road, entrepreneurship.During the summer between my freshman and sophomore years, I workedin Professor Ron Weiss’ lab, applying electrical engineering principles to cellular systems inthe emerging field of synthetic biology. I ―programmed‖ c ellular behavior byengineering and inserting simple synthetic networks of genetic regulatory elements—―logic gates‖—into the model organism E. Coli, a step towards the goal of somedaybeing able to ―program‖ cells and cellular systems as easily as we program computers today. I continued this research during my junior and senior years, engaging in a year and half-long independent project to engineer the Rhl quorum-sensing genetic circuit found in the pathogen Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Quorum-sensing systems are well-documented and are used by bacteria for communication andpopulation-based control of genes. One of the goals of this research is to be able to control and coordinate cellular and population behavior through synthetic genetic circuitry, and quorum-sensing systems are a natural jumping off point for building a library of communication and control components. The purpose of my project, specifically, was to generate, using directed evolution, a library of circuits with a range of specificities and sensitivities that could be matched with other quorum-sensing circuits for purposes of intercellular communication. Based on the results of my work, we were able to implement one such intercellular communication network whereby gene expression is only activated upon co-localization and exchange of signals between mixedpopulations, a system that can conceivably be used to target cancer. These results are currently being developed into a scientific paper.Towards the end of my senior year and continuing into the summer of 2005, I switched my research focus to stem cells. Here, I worked with one of Professor Weiss’ graduate students in constructing synthetic gene networks for orchestrating genetic expression and differentiation at a single cell and multi-population level. The long-range implications of such research is truly awe-inspiring, as we will some day be able to program the formation of tissues at a cellular level. To achieve this long-term goal, we started by constructing basic building block systems: using the tet-On, tetR/O, and lacR/O regulatory systems and developmental master switches (MyoD, Ppar-gamma, Nanog), we designed and built a 1:2 multiplexer and toggle switch, and also synthesized a novel signal transduction system by employing send/receive components from Arabidopsis thaliana and S. cerevisiae (this cross species signal relay system willminimize effects of crosstalk). Much time was spent on circuit construction in E. Coliand preliminary verification of circuit function by transient transfection of 293 cells (commonly used mammalian cell line). Most of the constructs were nearing completion towards the end of my stint, and we had begun large-scale production of lentivirus vectors in preparation for transduction of various ES cell lines. This work should result in several publications.Although most of my research has been in the area of synthetic biology, I am also very interested in the biological applications of microfabrication and aim to explore the area ofbioMEMS/nanotechnology/molecular diagnostics in graduate school. My undergraduate concentration within electrical engineering was solid state devices, and I have also been doing background reading (Fundamentals of Microfabrication, by Madou)as well as utilizing course websites for notes and references to scientific literature in this area. In addition to this self-study, I am scheduled to take part in a bioMEMS research project at Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (in Singapore) starting January (I am currently in Singapore on an International Teaching Fellowship); possible projects include a fully integrated biochip for early cancer diagnosis and development of platform technologies and microdevices for artificial organs. In my remaining time, I have been talking with various local biomedical technology start-ups to learn more about high-tech entrepreneurship in Singapore.As interested as I am in the pure science aspect of research, I care just as much about the human side of bioengineering. That is, in the field of biomedical engineering, where there is such tremendouspotential for technologies that will reduce illness and cure disease, I am driven as much by the fact that I am creating something that will someday directly benefit humankind as I am by increasing scientific knowledge. Of all the programs that I have looked at, BME at Duke is thebest fit for my goals: I want to play a role in inventing the next generation of medical treatments and technologies, and the custom curriculum, tremendous medical and engineering facilities and faculty, and friendly environment of Duke BME will be most conducive to the development of the skills necessary to achieve my mission. The emphasis on mentoring and healthy relationships between faculty and student is wonderful, I think, and something that is crucial to realizing my full potential as a scientist, engineer, and inventor. The hands-on focus of the program (as evidenced by courses such as Devices for People with Disabilities) and recent Coulter Translational Research Award assure me that the BME program matches my interests of inventing and implementing practical biomedical technologies, and that the resources and opportunities available at Duke, as further illustrated by alumnus Dr. Kityee Auyeung’s graduate work and oth er accomplishments while at Duke, are what I’m looking for in a graduate program. Finally, the IndustryProgram will enable me to get exposure to the commercial side of biomedical device and technology development – extremely useful knowledge and experience for my eventualentrepreneurial endeavors.I am confident that I will be able to make a significantcontribution to BME at Duke, and I hope I will have the opportunity to do so. Please let me know if I can provide additional information to help you evaluate my application.。
Brosdqa考研英语作文模板

Time will pierce the surface or youth, will be on the beauty of the ditch dug a shallow groove ; Jane will eat rare!A born beauty, anything to escape his sickle sweep.-- Shakespeare对作文头痛的学弟学妹推荐一写作方法我是09年考的研,现在在读研一,英语考了七十多,不高。
在做英语的时候时间也没有把握好,两个作文只剩下半个小时,这个完全是要不得的,但是最后的结果是可能作文的分数应该还不错,因为我写作文的时候像过电影一样就把作文写的差不多了,也觉得挺顺。
有一点点经验,希望能帮到大家。
我不知道其他的复习方法是怎样,我直接说我的方法吧。
我和其他一大部分人也一样,用的模板。
但不同的一点是我不是背网上写出来的模板(我以前也背了很多的真题好作文,也学到了不少的好句子,但到自己写作文的时候还是写不出来),而是自己写两到三篇作文。
1、先说最重要的一个模板:一个比较有涵义图片(是说一个大家都认同的现象,如08年的),没有好与不好,利与弊的关系。
这是一个大类,这个类我写了两到三篇的文章。
但每篇文章我花的时间都在一个小时以上,也不是说要写很好,只是真的写不出来。
在写的时候我不断翻我的作文书,把平时摘抄下来的好句子都排好位子,一点一点把这个类的属于自己的模板定型下来,到遇到同样的文章时,我基本可以不写原因就可以写到文章的五分之二的单词出来。
当让这个模板的准确性一定要有,由于自己不大喜欢问老师,我是让我那个考上同济大学的英语系的老乡给我改的,把自己错误降低到最低,而且可以得到建议。
2、一个社会现象的图片(比如老年足球赛,温室效应等,由于一年没碰考研英语了,想不清是零几考的了),这也是一大类,把利与弊的那些结构和好词用好3、图表类作文,这一类由于自己时间不够用了,没有准备,但建议有时间最好准备好,现在的考研感觉越来越活了,考什么都可能。
篮球明星介绍英语作文

篮球明星介绍英语作文英文回答:Lebron James.Lebron James is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time and has been compared to Michael Jordan. James is 6 feet 9 inches tall and weighs 250 pounds. He is known for his athleticism, strength, and shooting ability.James was born in Akron, Ohio, and began playing basketball at a young age. He was a highly recruited high school player and played one season of college basketball for the Ohio State Buckeyes. In 2003, he was drafted first overall by the Cleveland Cavaliers.James has won four NBA championships with three different teams (the Miami Heat in 2012 and 2013, theCleveland Cavaliers in 2016, and the Los Angeles Lakers in 2020). He has also won four NBA MVP awards, four NBA Finals MVP awards, and two Olympic gold medals.James is one of the most successful and well-known athletes in the world. He has won numerous awards and accolades, and has appeared on the covers of magazines such as Time, Sports Illustrated, and Forbes. He is also a successful businessman, with his own clothing line, shoe line, and production company.Stephen Curry.Stephen Curry is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors. He is considered one of the greatest shooters of all time and is widely regarded as the greatest three-point shooter in NBA history. Curryis 6 feet 3 inches tall and weighs 190 pounds. He is known for his quick release, deep range, and ability to score from anywhere on the court.Curry was born in Akron, Ohio, and began playingbasketball at a young age. He was a highly recruited high school player and played three seasons of collegebasketball for the Davidson Wildcats. In 2009, he wasdrafted seventh overall by the Golden State Warriors.Curry has won three NBA championships with the Warriors (in 2015, 2017, and 2018). He has also won two NBA MVP awards, one NBA Finals MVP award, and an Olympic gold medal.Curry is one of the most successful and well-known athletes in the world. He has won numerous awards and accolades, and has appeared on the covers of magazines such as Time, Sports Illustrated, and Forbes. He is also a successful businessman, with his own clothing line, shoe line, and production company.Kobe Bryant.Kobe Bryant was an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time and is widely regarded as one of the best shooting guards in NBA history. Bryant was6 feet 6 inches tall and weighed 212 pounds. He was knownfor his offensive skills, including his ability to score from anywhere on the court and his clutch shooting.Bryant was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and began playing basketball at a young age. He was a highly recruited high school player and played one season ofcollege basketball for the Duke Blue Devils. In 1996, hewas drafted 13th overall by the Los Angeles Lakers.Bryant won five NBA championships with the Lakers (in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2009, and 2010). He also won two NBAFinals MVP awards, one NBA MVP award, and two Olympic gold medals.Bryant was one of the most successful and well-known athletes in the world. He won numerous awards and accolades, and has appeared on the covers of magazines such as Time, Sports Illustrated, and Forbes. He was also a successful businessman, with his own clothing line, shoe line, and production company.中文回答:勒布朗·詹姆斯。
新发展大学英语阅读与写作4课文翻译Looking good by doing good寻找好行善

Looking good by doing good[Jan 15th 2009]Economics focusLooking good by doing goodJan 15th 2009From The Economist print editionRewarding people for their generosity may be counterproductiveIllustration by Jac Depczyk A LARGE plaque in the foyer of Boston’s Institute for Contemporary Art (ICA), a museum housed in a dramatic glass and metal building on the harbour’s edge, identifies its most generous patron s. Visitors who stop to look will notice that some donors—including two who gave the ICA over $2.5m—have chosen not to reveal their names. Such reticence is unusual: less than 1% of private gifts to charity are anonymous. Most people (including the vast majority of the ICA’s patrons) want their good deeds to be talked about. In “Richistan”, a book on America’s new rich, Robert Frank writes of the several society publications in Florida’s Palm Beach which exist largely to publicise the charity of its well-heeled residents (at least before Bernard Madoff’s alleged Ponzi scheme left some of them with little left to give).As it turns out, the distinction between private and public generosity is helpful in understanding what motivates people to give money to charities or donate blood, acts which are costly to the doer and primarily benefit others. Such actions are widespread, and growing. The $306 billion that Americans gave to charity in 2007 was more than triple the amount donated in 1965. And though a big chunk of this comes from plutocrat s like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett, whose philanthropy has attracted much attention, modest earners also give generously of their time and money. A 2001 survey found that 89% of American households gave to charity, and that 44% of adults volunteered the equivalent of 9m full-time jobs. Tax break s explain some of the kindness of strangers. But by no means all.Economists, who tend to think self-interest governs most actions of man, are intrigue d, and have identified several reasons to explain good deeds of this kind. Tax breaks are, ofcourse, one of the main ones, but donors are also sometimes paid directly for their pains, and the mere thought of a thank-you letter can be enough to persuade others to cough up. Some even act out of sheer altruism. But most interesting is another explanation, which is that people do good in part because it makes them look good to those whose opinions they care about. Economists call this “image motivation”.Dan Ariely of Duke University, Anat Bracha of Tel Aviv University, and Stephan Meier of Columbia University sought, through experiments, to test the importance of image motivation, as well as to gain insights into how different motivating factors interact. Their results, which they report in a new paper*, suggest that image motivation matters a lot, at least in the laboratory. Even more intriguingly, they find evidence that monetary incentives can actually reduce charitable giving when people are driven in part by a desire to look good in others’ eyes.The crucial thing about charity as a means of image building is, of course, that it can work only if others know about it and think positively of the charity in question. So, the academics argue, people should give more when their actions are public.To test this, they conducted an experiment where the number of times participants clicked an awkward combination of computer keys determined how much money was donated on their behalf to the American Red Cross. Since 92% of participants thought highly of the Red Cross, giving to it could reasonably be assumed to make people look good to their peers. People were randomly assigned to either a private group, where only the participant knew the amount of the donation, or a public group, where the participant had to stand up at the end of the session and share this information with the group. Consistent with the hypothesis that image mattered, participants exerted much greater effort in the public case: the average number of clicks, at 900, was nearly double the average of 517 clicks in the private case.However, the academics wanted to go a step further. In this, they were influenced by the theoretical model of two economists, Roland Benabou, of Princeton University, and Jean Tirole, of Toulouse University’s Institut d’Economie Industrielle, who formalised the idea that if people do good to look good, introducing monetary or other rewards into the mix might complicate matters. An observer who sees someone getting paid for donating blood, for example, would find it hard to differentiate between the donor’s intrinsic “goodness” and his greed.Blood moneyThe idea that monetary incentives could be counterproductive has been around at least since 1970, when Richard Titmuss, a British social scientist, hypothesised that paying people to donate blood would reduce the amount of blood that they gave. But Mr Ariely and his colleagues demonstrate a mechanism through which such confound ing effects could operate. They presumed that the addition of a monetary incentive should have much less of an impact in public (where it muddle s the image signal of an action) than in private (where the image is not important). By adding a monetary reward for participants to theirexperiment, the academics were able to confirm their hypothesis. In private, being paid to click increased effort from 548 clicks to 740, but in public, there was next to no effect. The trio also raise the possibility that cleverly designed rewards could actually draw out more generosity by exploiting image motivation. Suppose, for example, that rewards were used to encourage people to support a certain cause with a minimum donation. If that cause then publicised those who were generous well beyond the minimum required of them, it would show that they were not just “in it for the money”. Behavioural economics may yet provide charities with some creative new fund-raising techniques.寻找好行善[ 2009年1月15日]经济焦点寻找好行善2009年1月15日来自经济学人印刷版回报人民的慷慨可能会适得其反插图由江淮Depczyk在波士顿当代艺术学院(ICA ),装在一个巨大的玻璃和金属建筑海港的边缘博物馆大厅一个大匾,确定其最慷慨的赞助人。
新发展大学英语阅读与写作3unit2的课文翻译

The debate over spanking goes back many years, but the essential question often evades discussion: does spanking actually work? In the short term, yes. You can correct immediate misbehavior with a slap or two on the rear-end or hand. But what about the long-term impact? Can spanking lead to permanent, hidden scars on children years later?关于打孩子的讨论可以追溯到好连年前,但最本质的问题往往为讨论所回避:打孩子实际上奏效吗?短时间来看,是的。
你能拍打一两下屁股或手掌来当即更正孩子们的不守规矩。
但长期影响呢?打孩子会在连年后给他们留下永久性的心结么?On Friday, a sociologist from the University of New Hampshire, Murray Straus, presented a paper at the International Conference on Violence, Abuse and Trauma, in San Diego, suggesting that corporal punishment does leave a long-lasting mark — in the form of lower IQ. Straus, who is 83 and has been studying corporal punishment since 1969, found that kids who were physically punished had up to a five-point lower IQ score than kids who weren't — the more children were spanked, the lower their IQ — and that the effect could be seen not only in individual children, but across entire nations. Among 32 countries Straus studied, in those where spanking was accepted, the average IQ of the survey population was lower than in nations where spanking was rare, the researcher says.在周五,一名来自新罕普什尔大学的社会学家默里•施特劳斯在圣地亚哥的国际会议上就暴力,虐待和精神创伤发表了一篇论文演说,表示提法确实会留下长久的烙印—表现为低下的智商。
昆杜 校试 作文 二选一

昆杜校试作文二选一英文回答:The Kun Du school exam offers two essay prompts to choose from. In this response, I will provide my answer in both English and Chinese, without mixing the two languages together. I will also try to avoid revealing the prompt directly, and instead focus on using as many words as possible (no less than 1500 words). Let's get started!English Answer:The prompt I chose for this essay is about the importance of education. Education plays a crucial role in shaping individuals and societies. It empowers people with knowledge and skills, allowing them to pursue their dreams and contribute to the betterment of society.Education is not limited to formal schooling. It includes all forms of learning, whether it's through books,experiences, or interactions with others. Personally, I believe that education is a lifelong journey. It doesn't end when we graduate from school; it continues throughout our lives.One of the reasons why education is important is that it opens doors of opportunities. With a good education, we have a better chance of finding meaningful and well-paying jobs. It equips us with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed in our chosen fields. For example, a person with a medical degree can save lives, while a person with engineering skills can build bridges and infrastructurethat benefit society.Moreover, education also helps to foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. It encourages us to question, analyze, and evaluate information. This is essential in today's complex world, where we are bombarded with information from various sources. By developingcritical thinking skills, we can make informed decisions and avoid falling prey to misinformation or manipulation.Furthermore, education promotes social equality. It provides individuals from all backgrounds with equal opportunities to succeed. It breaks down barriers and creates a level playing field. For instance, in many countries, education is free or highly subsidized, ensuring that even those from disadvantaged backgrounds have a chance to receive a quality education.In addition to these practical benefits, education also enriches our lives in many other ways. It exposes us to different cultures, ideas, and perspectives. It broadens our horizons and helps us become more tolerant and understanding of others. It also encourages creativity and innovation, as it allows us to explore new ideas and think outside the box.To sum up, education is of utmost importance in our lives. It empowers us, opens doors of opportunities,fosters critical thinking, promotes social equality, and enriches our lives in countless ways. It is a lifelong journey that never ends. As the Chinese saying goes, "活到老,学到老" (huó dào lǎo, xué dào lǎo), which means"live to old age, learn to old age." Education is the key to personal and societal growth.中文回答:我选择的作文题目是关于教育的重要性。
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INTRODUCTIONS
PURPOSE/AIMS
HOOK ORIENT
READER KEY TERMS
OPENING SENTENCE
¡ Purpose
¡ “In December 2006 I began visiting tiny places that produce Everest-size amounts of talent” (Coyle 11).
¡ “What makes Tiger Woods great?” (Colvin).
¡ “Experts are sometimes defined as outliers from the general population: those more than two standard deviations above the mean, showing consistently superior performance on representative tasks from their domain (Ericsson & Charness, 1994)” (Charness and Tufiash).
EXAMPLE (COLVIN)
(Fortune Magazine) -- What makes Tiger Woods great? What made Berkshire Hathaway (Charts) Chairman Warren Buffett the world's premier investor? We think we know: Each was a natural who came into the world with a gift for doing exactly what he ended up doing. As Buffett told Fortune not long ago, he was "wired at
birth to allocate capital." It's a one-in-a-million thing. You've got it - or you don't.
Well, folks, it's not so simple. For one thing, you do not possess a natural gift for a certain job, because targeted natural gifts don't exist. (Sorry, Warren.) You are not a born CEO or investor or chess grandmaster. You will achieve greatness only through an enormous amount of hard work over many years. And not just any hard work, but work of a particular type that's demanding and painful.
Buffett, for instance, is famed for his discipline and the hours he spends studying financial statements of potential investment targets. The good news is that your lack of a natural gift is irrelevant - talent has little or nothing to do with greatness. You can make yourself into any number of things, and you can even make yourself great.
EXAMPLE
S c i e n t i f i c e x p e r t s a re p ro d u c i n g re m a r k a b l y c o n s i s t e n t f i n d i n g s a c ro s s a w i d e a r r a y o f f i e l d s.
U n d e r s t a n d t h a t t a l e n t d o e s n't m e a n i n t e l l i g e n c e,m o t i v a t i o n o r p e r s o n a l i t y t r a i t s.I t's a n
i n n a t e a b i l i t y t o d o s o m e s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y e s p e c i a l l y w e l l.B r i t i s h-b a s e d re s e a rc h e r s M i c h a e l J.
H o w e,J a n e W.D a v i d s o n a n d J o h n A.S l u b o d a c o n c l u d e i n a n e x t e n s i v e s t u d y,"T h e e v i d e n c e w e
h a v e s u r v e y e d ...d o e s n o t s u p p o r t t h e[n o t i o n t h a t]e x c e l l i n g i s a c o n s e q u e n c e o f p o s s e s s i n g
i n n a t e g i f t s.”
To s e e h o w t h e re s e a rc h e r s c o u l d re a c h s u c h a c o n c l u s i o n,c o n s i d e r t h e p ro b l e m t h e y w e re
t r y i n g t o s o l v e.I n v i r t u a l l y e v e r y f i e l d o f e n d e a v o r,m o s t p e o p l e l e a r n q u i c k l y a t f i r s t,t h e n
m o re s l o w l y a n d t h e n s t o p d e v e l o p i n g c o m p l e t e l y. Ye t a f e w d o i m p ro v e f o r y e a r s a n d e v e n
d e c a d e s,a n d g o o n t o g re a t n e s s.
T h e i r re s i s t i b l e q u e s t i o n-t h e"f u n d a m e n t a l c h a l l e n g e"f o r re s e a rc h e r s i n t h i s f i e l d,s a y s t h e
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