欧洲文化入门要点
欧洲文化入门复习资料
一．细节知识点（一）Greek ＆Roman1.drama●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigone●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Women●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2.Historian●H erodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full ofanecdotes and dialogues ,interesting●T hucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and Athensto Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the greatesthistorian that ever lived3.philosophy and science●P ythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything isnumbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportion●H eracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice intothe same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sunis new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony(二) Bibletranslation●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome●English version：1382 John Wycliff(三)Middle ages/ Medieval1. AD 476 Roman power was gone2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern OrthodoxChurch3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years4.learning：● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monasteryschools● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史● St .Thomas Aquinas*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’splenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers● Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientificresearch and observation*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5．Literature●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）（四）Renaissance1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism3.masterpieces :● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievementof prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt forthe Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters●Giotto乔托：*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionaryresult in this sphere)●Leonardo da Vinci:*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)●Michelangelo Buonarroti:* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet PourHelene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, andtheologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly《愚人颂》●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Lutherthe four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1.RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century.The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interestin ancient Greek and Roman culture，which started in Florence andVenice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.2 . Reformation~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in 1517. TheReformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.3．Middle ages ：~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it camebetween ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanickingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 Catholic~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplinedinternational religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost everyEuropeans belonged to it.6. old testament~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between God and man.7. Pentateuch 摩西五书The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy 坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions andnumbers.Ionic：feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, andGermany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medi eval traditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has t he following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creati ve work⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusingon the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of n ature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。
欧洲文化入门重要信息点
Introduction (介绍)1、There are many elements constituting European Culture.2、There are two major elements: Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.The richness of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.Divison OneGreek Culture and Roman Culture1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour.3、Ancient Greece’s epics was created by Homer.4、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.5、Drama in Ancient Greece was floured in the 5th century B.C.6、Three masters in tragedy三大悲剧大师①AeschylusPrometheus Bound—→Shelly Prometheus Unbound②Sophocles(之首)Oedipus the King—→ Freud’s“the Oedipus complex” (恋母情结) —→ David Herbert Lawrence’s Sons and lovers③EuripidesA．Trojan W omenB．He is the first writer of “problem plays”(社会问题剧)C．Elizabeth Browning called him “Euripides human”(一个纯粹的人)D．Realis m can be traced back to the Ancient Greece. To be specific, Euripides.7、The only representative of Greek comedy is Aristophanes.Aristophanes writes about nature.Swift says of him “As for comic Aristophanes, The dog too witty and too profane is.”8、History (Historical writing)“Father of History” —→ Herodotus —→ war(between Greeks and Persians)This war is called Peleponicion wars.“The greatest historian that ever lived.” —→ Thucydides —→ war (Sparta, Athens and Syracuse)9、① Euclid’s Elements解析几何It was in use in English schools until the early years of the 20th century.② ArchimedesHis work not only in geometry几何学,but also in arithmetic算术, machanics机械, and hydrostatics.流体静力学Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.（Archimedes）10、The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (罗马征服希腊的标志)From 146 B.C., Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.Greek that of the eastern half.Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.11、The dividing range in the Roman history refers to 27 B.C.12、The year 27 B.C. Divided the Roman history into two periods: republic and empire.13、The idea of Republic can be traced back to Plato’s republic.14、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions(罗马军团)15、In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was known as Pax Romana.(神圣罗马帝国)16、In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana17、The Roman Law protected the rights of plebeians (平民).18、The important contribution made by the Romans to the European culture was the Roman Law.19、After 395,the empire was divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and West.20、Cicero西赛罗his legal and political speeches are models of Latin diction拉丁语用词described as Ciceronian.西赛罗式的an enormous influence(巨大影响) on the development of European prose.21、Virgil: Aeneid 阿尼德22、The pantheon was built in 27 B.C.The world’s first vast interior space.世界上第一所最大的室内场所23、The representation form of Greek Democracy is citizen-assembly.古希腊民主的表现形式24、The embodiment of Greek democracy is citizen-assembly. 古希腊民主的具体形式25. Many of Plato’s ideas we re later absorbed into Christian thought.How did the Ancient Greek philosophy develop?(1)、Three founders1、Pythagoras① All things were numbers.② Scientific mathematics.③ Theory of proportion.比例的理论2、Heracleitue① Fire is the primary elements of the universe.火是万物之源② The theory of the mingling of opposites produced harmony.矛盾的对立统一3、Democritus① the atomic theory.第一个原子理论开拓者② materialis m.唯物主义(2)、Three thinkers1、Socrates① He hadn’t works. We can know him from Plato’s dialogues.② The dialectical method was established by Socrates.2、Plato①The Academy is the first school in the world, it was established by Plato.②He has four works. Dialogues, Apology, Symposium and Republic.3、Aristotle①The L yceum is the second school in the world, it was established by Aristotle.②Aristotle is a humanist.(2)、Five contending schools1、The Sophists诡辩派①Under the leadership of Protagoras.②The representative of work is On the God.诸神论③His doctrine is “man is the measure of all things”.2、The Cynics犬儒派①Under the leadership of Diogenes.②The word “cynic” means “dog” in English.③He proclaimed his brotherhood. And he had no patience with the rich and powerful.3、The Sceptics置疑学派①Under the leadership of Pyrrhon.②His thought is not all knowledge was attainable, and doubting the truth of what others accepted as true.4、The Epicureans享乐派①Under the leadership of Epicurus.②Pleasure to be the highest good in life but not sensual enjoyment.Pleasure could be attained by the practice of virtue.Epicurus was a materialist. He believed that the world consisted of atoms.5、The Stoics斯多哥派①Under the leadership of Zeno.②His thought is duty is the most important thing in life.One should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.Develop ed into Stoics’ duty.He was also a materialist.What’s the difference between Plato and Aristotle in terms of their philosophical ideas(system)？1、For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact.This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking.2、For another, he thought that “form” and matter together made up concrete individual realities. Here, too, he differed from Plato who held that ideas had a higher reality than the physical world3、Aristotle thought happiness was men’s aim in life，but not happiness in the vulgar sense, but something that could only be achieved by leading a life of reason, goodness and contemplation.What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere.Rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1、Spirit of innovation创新精神The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters of any inherited orthodoxy.2、Supreme Achievement至高无上的成就The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3、Lasting effect持续的影响①Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies ofAeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.②In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics经典之作: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.③In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Division TwoThe Bible and Christianity1、Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.2、Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture: Judais m and Christianity.3、The Jewish tradition, which gave birth to Christianity. (犹太教是基督教的前身)Both originated in Palestine, which was known as Canaan.4、The ancestors of the Jews — the Hebrews.5、The Hebrews history was recorded in the Old Testament of the Bible.6、The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament.7、The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God.8、The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.9、The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between G od and Man.10、The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch.摩西五经11、The Fall of Man was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.12、Noah’s Ark was record ed in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, The Bible.13、The content of historical Books: 1200B.C. 586 B.C.Dealing with history of the Hebrew people from their entry into Palestine around 1200 B.C., till the fall of Palestine into hands of Assyrians and Chaldeans in 586 B.C.14、The History Books① The development of system of landed nobles.② The development of monarchy. 君主专制③ Establishment of the two Kingdoms. 两大王国的初步形成④ The settlement in the highlands⑤ Age of great prosperity under Saul, David and Solomon.15、Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.16、The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew (马塞福音书)17、The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin V ulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.What difference between Christianity and the other religions?Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.1、One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2、The other is that God gave his only begotten son, so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.(加尔文主义也有这样的观点)What is the great significance of the translations of the bible?1、It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2、Miltion’s Paradise Lost , Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden.Division ThreeThe Middle Ages1、the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it was the transitional period(过渡时期) between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭3、Feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量). The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”,a grant of land.4、5、The Catholic Church made Latin the official language and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage (传统) of the Roman Empire.6、The word “catholic” meant “universal”.(广泛的，无处不在的)7、St. Jerome, who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. Vulgate (拉丁语圣经)8、Augustine —→ “Confession” and “The City of God”9、The most important of all courses was Jerusalem. (耶路撒冷)10、Crusades went on about 200 years. There were altogether eight chief Crusades.11、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)By 1291 the Moslems (穆斯林) had taken over the last Christian stronghold. They won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the Crusaders had fought to control.12、Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet (一面) of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle (有见解) of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate (吸收) the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.13、National Epics(民族史诗运动)The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancientliterature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.14、Chaucer (乔叟) 的诗歌特点：① power of observation (观察)② piercing irony (敏锐的讽刺) ③ sense of humour ④ warm humanity (温暖的人性)15、Gothic① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.（罗马式）16、The Canterbury Tales:① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.② Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle English.17 In the middle ages, what cultures began to merge？Classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged (文化融合). It paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture.Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith (信仰的年代)？1、During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2、The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3、In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.4、It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.How did Feudalism develop in Europe in middle ages?1、feudalis m in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalis m” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.2、In order to seek the protection of large land-owners, the people of s mall farms or land gave their farms and land to large land-owners, but they still had freedom, they were called freemen.3、While the people from towns and cities did not possess farms or land. They had nothing but their freedom to be given to large land-owners, and then they lost their freedom for protection. They were called serfs.4、In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owne rs of the fiefs was call vassals.5、There came a form of local and decentralized (分散) government.6、As a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.What positive influence does the Crusades exert on the European Culture?(What is the great significance of the Crusades?)1、The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe. (拉近了东西方的交流)2、During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalis m, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies. (取而代之的是君主专制)3、Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or p ower began to overshadow their religious ideals.4、The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals (阿拉伯数字), algebra (代数), and Arab medicine (医学) were introduced to the West.5、As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.How did literature develop in the middle ages?1、The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. “National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states (民族国家) that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national charact eristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2、Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy: (但丁与神曲)① His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.② The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed (预示) the spirit of Renaissance.③ Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin. (只用意大利语创作)3、Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales: (乔叟与坎特布雷集)① The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.②Most of the tales are written in verse (诗) which reflects(反映) Chaucer’s innovation (改革) by introducing into the native alliterative verse (压头韵) the French and Italian styles.③Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.短篇写作第一人④ Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.Division FourRenaissance and Reformation1、RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴), specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence (从实质上讲), was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级), to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman churchauthorities.(权利威信)Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.Renaissance started in Florence and V enice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture (雕塑) and architecture. 最早开始于painting2、In Renaissance literature of Italy, Petrarch (彼得拉克) was the representative poet.3、Intellectuals became closely tied up with the rising bourgeoisie.(人文主义兴起的重要原因Humanistic ideas to develop)4、At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of the greatness of man.(以人为本—人文主义的核心)5、Last Supper adapted from the New Testament of the Bible.6、Michelangelo—— David—— Sistine Chapel (from the First book of the Bible, the Genesis )—— Dying Slave (垂死的奴隶)—— Moses (摩西)7、Raphael was best known for his Madonna. (圣母玛利亚)He painted his Madonnas in different postures against different backgrounds.8、One of the famous paintings besides the Madonnas is School of Athens (雅典学派). Plato and Aristotle engaged in argument.9、Titian—— The V enus of Urbino (断臂的维纳斯)Man with the Glove (带手套的人) ☆10、John Wyclif —— translation of the Bible into English for the first time.11、Martin Luther —— translation of the whole Bible with the vernacular language.12、The reformation get its victory first in England.13、ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经14、Calvinis mCalvinis m was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会). Only those specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief serves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础：欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程，本课程面向全校文理学生开设，是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。
二、适应对象：大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。
三、教学目的：本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野。
四、内容提要：本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门（下）。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。
五、自主学习授课模式：基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。
强调个性化教学与自主学习，以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导，传授知识和技能的特点，使学生可在教师的指导下，根据自己的特点、水平、时间，选择合适的学习内容，借助计算机的帮助，迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力，达到最佳学习效果。
1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主，以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。
如下图：图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法：依据建构主义学习理论，在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法，采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)
自考英语《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记(全十章)1、There are many elements constituting(组成) European Culture.2、There are two major elements：Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.3、The richness(丰富性) of European Culture was created by Greco-Roman element and Judeo-Christian element.第一章1、The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.2、The economy of Athens rested on(依赖) an immense(无限的)amount of slave labour.3、Olympus mount，776 BC first celebration, Revived in 1896(当代奥运会)4、Ancient Greece(古希腊)’s epics was created by Homer.5、They are about events of Homer’s own time. (错)(They are not about events of Homer’s own time，probably in the period 1200-1100 B.C.)6、The Homer’s epics consisted of Iliad and Odyssey.7、Agamemnon，Hector，Achilles are in Iliad.8、Odysseus and Penelope are in Odyssey.9、Odyssey(对其作品产生影响)—→James Joyoe‘s Ulysses(描述一天的生活)。
深入了解欧洲文化的十个要点
深入了解欧洲文化的十个要点欧洲作为一个拥有悠久历史和独特文化的大陆，吸引着无数人的眼球。
要真正理解和欣赏欧洲文化，我们需要对其深入了解。
本文将介绍深入了解欧洲文化的十个要点，帮助读者更好地把握欧洲的独特魅力。
1. 多样性和融合：欧洲是一个多民族、多文化的大陆。
不同国家和地区拥有自己独特的语言、风俗和传统。
然而，欧洲文化也强调融合和共同价值观。
例如，欧洲联盟的形成就是为了加强欧洲国家的团结和合作。
2. 历史遗产：欧洲是历史上许多伟大帝国和文明的发源地。
从古希腊罗马文明到中世纪君主制，欧洲的历史遗迹无处不在。
游览欧洲的古迹和博物馆，能够感受到沉浸在历史中的激动和敬畏。
3. 艺术与文学：欧洲文化以其卓越的艺术和文学成就而闻名。
莎士比亚、达·芬奇、莫扎特等众多欧洲艺术家和作家的作品至今仍然影响着世界。
欧洲也是许多重要艺术运动的发源地，如文艺复兴和印象派。
4. 音乐和舞蹈：欧洲有丰富多样的音乐和舞蹈传统。
古典音乐在欧洲尤其盛行，德国的贝多芬和奥地利的莫扎特等作曲家的音乐作品被奉为经典。
此外，欧洲也是许多著名芭蕾舞团和舞蹈学院的发源地。
5. 美食与饮食文化：欧洲各国拥有丰富的美食文化，每个国家都有其独特的传统菜肴和烹饪方式。
法国的蜗牛、意大利的比萨和西班牙的火腿都成为了国际上著名的美食代表。
欧洲餐桌上的用餐仪式和礼仪也是一种独特的文化体现。
6. 时尚与设计：欧洲在时尚和设计领域具有重要影响力。
伦敦、米兰和巴黎等城市是世界时尚之都，吸引着无数时尚爱好者和设计师。
欧洲的时尚产业和设计风格独特而多样，带来了许多令人眼花缭乱的创意。
7. 社交和礼仪：欧洲人注重社交礼仪，尤其是在商务和正式场合。
例如，英国人的绅士风度和法国人的细致考究都是欧洲社交礼仪的体现。
了解欧洲社交规则和礼仪可以帮助在欧洲社交场合中更好地融入和交流。
8. 节日和庆典：欧洲的各个国家和地区都有丰富多样的节日和庆典。
例如，德国的啤酒节、意大利的威尼斯狂欢节和西班牙的斗牛节等，都吸引着全球的游客。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideasAristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes （the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus （the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews 定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
《欧洲文化入门》知识点笔记
00230Both Latin and Greek belong to Indo-European language.
00240The Roman writer Horace(:e0lQCQMR65-8t^ WlN0) said captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive 0
00The world s first vast interior space.NLu
N,{ Colosseum('Yt珐) is an enormous.2)Yvsb_q_gRb
00410Sculpture(QX) She-wolf(
00; Father of History ! Herodotus ! war(between Greeks and Persians)
00This war is called Peleponicion wars. ZSWTY嬒d 3
00fH[ v^l g_洺0
00; The greatest historian that ever lived. ( geggO'YvS[) ! Thucydides ! war (Sparta Athens and Syracuse)
00200The burning of Corinth in 146 B.C. Marked Roman conquest of Greece.
00210The melting between Roman Culture and Greek Culture. (Wl_ g ^Jvh)
00220From 146 B.C. Latin was the language of the western half of the Roman Empire.
欧洲文化入门
Delacroix (26 April 1798 – 13 August 1863) was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset开始 of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school. Delacroix‘s use of expressive brushstrokes绘画技 巧 and his study of the optical光学的 effects of colour profoundly深深地 shaped the work of the Impressionists, while his passion for the exotic异国的 inspired the artists of the Symbolist movement. A fine lithographer[li’θɔgrəfə] 石版家, Delacroix illustrated various works of William Shakespeare, the Scottish writer Walter Scott and the German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
background
浪漫主义美术产生于大革命失 败以后的波旁王朝复辟时期， 人们对启蒙运动宣扬的理性王 国越来越感到失望，一些知识 分子感到苦闷，他们反对权威、 传统和古典模式，从而产生了 浪漫主义美术。他们提倡注重 艺术家的主观性和自我表现， 以民族奋斗的历史事件和壮美 的自然为素材，抒发对理想世 界的追求，以瑰丽的想象，夸 张的手法塑造形象，表现激烈 奔放的感情。总之，他们重感 情轻理性，重色彩轻素描，不 满现实，追求幻想。
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WEEK 1-3Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,The demands of the reformists:---direct communication between the individual and God---simplifying rituals---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen---abolishing the indulgences1) Pre-Luther Religious ReformersJohn Wycliffe (about 1330¡ª1384) p-139Chief forerunner of Reformation. English theologian and religious reformer.He believed that Christ is man¡®s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.Jan Hus (1372-1415)A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian. Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War2) Martin Luther(1483-1546) and His DoctrinesMartin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.Beginning of the Reformation p-140Translation of the BibleGospel of love and Ideas of EqualityIn the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language3) John Calvin (1509-1564) and CalvinismCalvin was a French theologian.His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Presbyterian governmentCalvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit4) Reformation in England p-143John Knox Scottish PresbyterianismHenry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne BoleynIn 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papalauthorities. Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-Gene ral of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, closed the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.5) Counter-Reformation p-144Council of TrentThe sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible. The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text. It was also stressed that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.6) Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism p--146Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church. Protestantism came into being.Liberal ideasScienceCalvinismNavigation and discoveries of new lands7) Conclusion P147In education and cultural mattersIn religionIn languageIn spiritD. Renaissance in Other CountriesThe influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.In FranceIn SpainIn the north: FlandersIn the NetherlandsIn GermanyIn EnglandIn one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”1)Renaissance in FranceHistorical BackgroundA whole generation of humanists emerged in France. They began to study Greekculture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.The Chateau of the Loire Valley was a great landmark in architectureIn music, the beginning of polyphonyIn religion, Calvinism won great popularityHuguenots—the Protestant group in FranceRenaissance Writers in Francei. Francois Rabelais (about 1483---1553)ii. Pleiadeiii. Michel Eyques de Montaigne ( 1533---1592)2)Renaissance in SpainBy 1479, the union of Castile and Aragon.In 1492, Moors were driven out; Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain. The 16th century, the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature. Meanwhile, Polygolt BibleLiteratureMiguel de Cervantes (1547---1616) a novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry. Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative. It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.ArtEl Greco (1541---1614) a Spanish painterMajor Work: The Burial of Count Orgaz3)Renaissance in the NorthRenaissance in the NetherlandsErasmus (about 1466?---1536) a great Dutch scholar and humanist. P-160Work: The Praise of FollyRenaissance in FlandersPieter Bruegel (the Elder) (about 1525---1569) a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life. He was called peasant BruegelMajor Works: The Land of Cockayne (1567)The Return of the Hunters (1565)Renaissance in GermanyAlbrecht Durer (1471---1528)He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany.He was a master of woodcut. His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.Major Works: The Four Horsemen of ApocalpseKnight, Death and Devil,1513Hans Holbein (the younger) (1497--- 1543)He was the last great German master of the 16th century. His best known worksare his portraits.Major Works: Erasmus of RottendamPortrait of Henry VIII4) Renaissance in EnglandHistorical BackgroundThe War of Roses(1455-1485)The Reign of Elizabeth I (1558 -- 1603 ) was a period of political and religious stability and economic prosperity.The Church of England was re-established, ending the long time religious strife; Commerce and industry forged ahead as a result of the enclosure movement at home and the opening of new sea routes in the world.England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.Thomas More (1477---1535)A great humanist during the Renaissance. Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII. He resigned (!532) after refusing t o agree to the king’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon. When he refused to conform to the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned, found guilty of treason and beheaded. Among his writings the best known is Utopia (1516)William Shakespeare (1564---1616)English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, includehistorical works, such as Richard II,comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It,and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.He also composed 154 sonnets.The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously (1623).Taken as a whole, it could be said that Shakespeare’s early works showed optimism and his belief that love and benevolence will triumph over everything and concern for a peaceful and unified England whereas his later works, with deep insight, brought to light the contradiction between the humanists and the dark and brutal feudal and capitalist reality.E. Science and Technology during the RenaissanceThe Renaissance, among other things, was a revolt against the medieval concepts and an age of creation and discoveries.1) Geographical Discoveriesa. Christopher Columbus (1451-1506)Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America (1492). He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to Chinab. Bartholomeu Dias (1466?--- 1500)A Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.c. Vasco da Gama (about 1460---1524)A Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator. The first European to sail toIndia (1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.d. Amerigo Vespucci (1457---1512)Italian navigator and explorer of the SouthAmerican coast. America was named in his honor.2) AstronomyNicolaus Copernicus (1473--- 1543)A Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planetsrevolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy. He is known as father of modern astronomy.3) Anatomya. Leonardo da Vinci (1452--- 1519)a great anatomist in Italy and during his life time Leonardo dissected more than 30 corpses.b. Andreas Vesalius (1514---1564)A Flemish anatomist. The founder of modern medicine His work Fabricamarked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.4) PrintingAldus Manutius (1450---1515) The foremost printer in Italy.5) Political Science and Historiographya. Dante (1265-1321)Dante contributed a great deal to the establishment of the equality of the divine power and the secular power. Although a poet, Dante was a great innovator. He regards Emperor and Pope as independent, and both divinely appointed.b. Niccolo Machiavelli (1469--- 1527)An author and a statesman. He was called ¨DFather of political science¡¬ in the West. Works: Prince and Discoursesc. Giorgio Vosari (1511---1574)V osari was best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Lives of the Artists (a study of cultural history).F. Summing-upThe Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church¡®s dispensation. In this release lay the way of development of the modern world. The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow. It shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism。