欧洲文化入门(中世纪)
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks?And what was the chief difference between them?1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks.Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly,hostile to monarchy and to servility.Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified—Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter,Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus,and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2)There was one big difference.The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t,excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests,which soon disintegrated.1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories,which were recorded later in the Old Testament,which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible.The Hebrews’major contribution to world civizalation wan Judasam.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity;⑵both originated in Palestine.1.What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the RomanEmpire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance,a great manyGermanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England,France, Italy,and Germany in its place.These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions.The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion.Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste.There was no central government to keep the order.The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics,law,art,and learning for hundreds years.2.What were the cultural characteristics of the period from500to1000?Above all,the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position,foreign trade developed early in Italy.This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was anessential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late15th century,Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets,scholars, artists and sculptors.There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas,libraries and academies were founded.In the15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.2.What are the main elements of humanism?How are these elementsreflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance? Humanist is the essence of Renaissance.Humanists in renaissance believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admires the beauty of human body.This belief ran counter to the medieval ascetical idea of poverty and stoicism,and shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity,from religion to philosophy,from heaven to earth,from the beauty of God to the beauty of human in all its joy,senses and feeling.The philosophy of humanism is reflected in the art and literature during the Italian Renaissance in the literature works of Boccaccio and Petrarch and in the art of Giotto,Brunelleschi,Donatello,Giorgione,daVinci,Michelangelo,Raphael,and Titian,etc.In their works they did not stress death and other world but call on man to live and work for the present.DIVISION ONE1.战争双方:1200B.C Greece(希腊)and Troy(特洛伊）The5th centry B.C colsed with civil war between Athens（雅典）and Sparta in Greece（希腊）.146B.C.the Romans conquered Greece。
1.4 欧洲中世纪文化
欧洲文艺复兴时期艺术
中世纪时期的艺术
在作品内容、表现形式、绘画风格方面有什么不同。
《椅中圣母》
《哀悼基督》
中世纪时期的艺术
这两幅画都取材于圣经故事
《椅中圣母》
《哀悼基督》
这是文艺复兴时 期的作品，首倡现实 主义和人文主义相结 合的传统，着重空间 透视和人物的坚实造 型，画面绚丽、人物 健美 。
神学观点。
对美术的影响：是西欧近代史上的一场伟大的精神革命。它对
西方绘画艺术乃至整个美术领域，都产生了巨大的影响。
中世纪时期的艺术
文艺复兴时期美术取得成绩的原因
1、由于人们的思想从长期的宗教桎梏中解放出来，发扬了勇于探索、富 有进取的精神。 2、从古希腊、古罗马的古典美术中吸取了营养。例如古希腊、古罗马的 注重生活、重视人的描写、人的创作方法，以及表现完美的人体技巧等。 3、科学的透视法的发明和油画材料、油画持法的改进。
课后作业：
用自己的观点阐述文艺复兴时期美术的基本特征 （300字）
1.被我发现找度娘帮忙的，0分 2.字数达不到300字，0分
阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像
《 阿 尔 诺 芬 尼 夫 妇 像 》 局 部
根特祭坛画
春
维纳斯的诞生
桑德罗·波提切 利（1445—1510 ） 是15世纪末佛罗 伦萨的著名画家 ，他画的圣母子 像非常出名。受 尼德兰肖像画的 影响，波提切利 又是意大利肖像 画的先驱者。
总结
文艺复兴美术的现实主义方法和人文主义思想，在 创作实践上是密切结合的。人文主义强调人性崇高与身 心的全面完美，重视世俗的现实生活，反对神学权威和 封建特权。新美术创作的真实完美的人物形象和生动丰 富的现实情景，就最能体现这种思想，产生最为广泛和 强烈的反应。加以在当时具体条件下，新美术创作是较 易为广大群众和新兴资产阶级接受的文化形态，因此美 术变成文艺复兴文化最受欢迎的代表，成果也最为丰富。 文艺复兴美术作为西方近代美术的源头，它的基本风格 和表现技法构成了西方近代美术的主要传统，影响极其 深远。
高中历史中的中世纪欧洲社会和文化
中世纪（Medieval period）一词最早出现于15世纪的意大利，当时的人们普遍认为中世纪是欧洲历史上的黑暗时代，但随着研究的深入，历史学家们发现中世纪时期的欧洲在政治、经济、文化等方面都经历了独特的变迁。
因此，中世纪时期的欧洲被视为一个重要的历史时期，也是欧洲历史上的一个重要的文化时期。
政治方面，中世纪时期的欧洲是一个政治混乱的时代，封建制度盛行，国王和领主掌握着政治权力，而城市则处于自治状态。
在这个时期，教会和宗教机构在政治和社会生活中占据着重要的地位。
经济方面，中世纪时期的欧洲是一个以农业为主导的社会，手工业和商业也得到了发展。
随着城市的兴起，商业和城市经济逐渐发展起来，商业活动也成为了中世纪时期的重要经济活动之一。
文化方面，中世纪时期的欧洲是一个文化繁荣的时代。
在这个时期，基督教文化成为了欧洲的主流文化，宗教艺术和文学作品也在这个时期得到了发展。
同时，中世纪时期的欧洲也出现了许多重要的思想家和文化人物，如但丁、彼特拉克、薄伽丘、乔托等。
社会方面，中世纪时期的欧洲是一个社会阶层分化的时代，封建制度盛行，贫富差距也在这个时期逐渐扩大。
同时，中世纪时期的欧洲也出现了许多社会问题，如瘟疫、战争、饥荒等。
总之，中世纪时期的欧洲是一个政治混乱、经济落后、文化繁荣、社会阶层分化的时代。
这个时期的历史和文化对于欧洲历史和文化的发展有着重要的影响。
欧洲文化入门--中世纪 ppt课件
Important effect on the future both the East and West.
Greatly influenced the history of Europe
Feudal lords out, kings at home strengthen themselves→help to break down feudalism→ rise of the monarchies.
Pope （罗马教皇）
↓
Archbishops (大主教）
↓
Bishop （主教）
↓
Priests （神甫）
ppt课件
19
The Roman Catholic Church & Eastern Orthodox Church
(1054)
The Roman Catholic Church
（罗马天主教）
Wisdom (the Son) 圣子
Love (the Holy Spirit) 圣灵
ppt课件
17
ppt课件
18
a. The Organization of Church
The Catholic Church was a highly centralized
and disciplined international organization.
1. Feudalism: a system of land-holding, a
word derived from Latin “feudum”, a grant of land：封建土地所有制
a. Growth of Feudalism b. The Manor
ppt课件
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》章节题库(中世纪时代)【圣才出品】
第3章中世纪时代一、选择题1. Socrates was _____.A. the teacher of AristotleB. the student of PlatoC. the teacher of PlatoD. the student of Aristotle【答案】C【解析】苏格拉底是柏拉图的老师。
2. One of the contributions the Romans made to European culture was _____.A. the Roman empireB. the slave systemC. the production of the great epic writerD. the Roman law【答案】D【解析】罗马人对欧洲文化所做的贡献之一是罗马法律。
3. The Book of Daniel describes _____.A. the struggle of the Jews against the Syrian ruleB. the prisoners in BabylonC. the story of Noah’s ArkD. the rule of King Solomon【答案】A【解析】《丹尼尔之书》描述了犹太人为反抗叙利亚人的统治而进行的斗争。
4. The Old Testament was originally written in _____.A. HebrewB. Aramaic dialectC. GreekD. Latin【答案】A【解析】旧约原著于希伯来地区。
5. Which of the following is not included in the Code of Chivalry?A. Loyalty to his lord.B. Fighting for the church.C. Protection of the people.D. Respect for women of noble birth.【答案】C【解析】骑士精神包括：忠于领主，为教会而战，尊重身份高贵的女士。
中世纪欧洲的与文化
中世纪欧洲的与文化中世纪欧洲是一个充满了丰富多样文化的时代。
在这个时期，欧洲经历了许多变革和发展，包括文艺复兴，宗教改革和科学革命等。
本文将探讨中世纪欧洲与文化的关系，并着重讨论了宗教、艺术和教育方面的重要发展。
一、宗教与中世纪欧洲文化宗教在中世纪欧洲扮演着至关重要的角色。
基督教是当时主要的宗教信仰，由于天主教会在整个欧洲的影响力，它成为了塑造中世纪欧洲文化的主要力量之一。
天主教会成为了社会、政治和文化生活的中心，并通过艺术、建筑和教育等方面的发展推动了欧洲文化的繁荣。
宗教艺术是中世纪欧洲文化中最重要的组成部分之一。
教堂建筑和壁画等艺术形式成为表达宗教信仰和宣扬基督教思想的重要方式。
例如，哥特式建筑风格在中世纪欧洲得到广泛应用，宏伟的教堂和尖塔成为了城市天际线的代表。
同时，壁画和彩窗等艺术形式也呈现了宗教故事和圣经中的场景，使人们能够更好地了解和沉浸在宗教信仰中。
二、艺术与中世纪欧洲文化除了宗教艺术，中世纪欧洲还有其他形式的艺术表达。
在这个时期，文学、音乐和绘画等艺术形式都得到了发展和推动，成为了欧洲文化的重要组成部分。
中世纪欧洲文学以诗歌和骑士故事为主要特点。
例如，《坎特伯雷故事集》是中世纪文学中最著名的作品之一，它包含了一系列的故事，描绘了各种各样的人物和情节。
这些故事反映了当时社会的各个层面和不同的价值观。
此外，骑士故事也非常受欢迎，它们描绘了英勇、荣誉和勇气的形象。
音乐也是中世纪欧洲文化中非常重要的一部分。
教堂音乐是其中的代表，特别是圣咏和宗教赞美诗等形式，它们被广泛用于宗教仪式中。
此外，中世纪欧洲也出现了一些世俗音乐，如民间音乐和宫廷音乐等。
这些音乐形式丰富多样，呈现了中世纪欧洲社会的不同层面和文化面貌。
绘画也是中世纪欧洲文化中一项重要的艺术形式。
这个时期，绘画主要用于宗教目的，例如大型壁画和雕塑。
这些作品通常描绘了圣经故事和宗教场景，以帮助人们更好地理解和接触到宗教信仰。
此外，中世纪欧洲的绘画也包括了一些世俗和民间题材，如贵族肖像和乡村景观等。
欧洲文化史的五个阶段
欧洲文化史欧洲文化略分五个时期。
一、古典时期（ the Classic Age， 1200 ～476 ）主要是古希腊文明（the Ancient Greek Civilization）及古罗马文明（the Ancient Roman Civilization）。
奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实践（Paganism）。
异教徒指非基督教徒，非犹太教徒，非伊斯兰教徒。
理念上鲜有束缚，实践中享受人生，个性突出，热情奔放，创造力旺盛，风格多姿多彩。
二、中世纪时期（the Middle Ages， 476～1453）主要是罗马天主教的教会文化（the Church Culture），强调人的原罪（the original sin），人性受到压抑（inhibited），文化上是一泓死水（cultural backwater）。
这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。
反主流的代表人物是但丁（ Alighier，Dante，l265～1321），杰作是史诗《神曲》（Divine Comedy）。
三、文艺复兴时期（the Renaissance， 15～16C）古典主义的复兴，遵循的是人文主义（Humanism），这是对中世纪经院哲学（Scholasticism）的对抗（reaction）。
代表人物有：1. 米开朗琪罗（Michelangelo Buonarroti，1475～1564）：代表作有梵蒂冈教皇（Pope，pontiff）专用西斯庭小教堂（The Sistine chapel）穹顶上的壁画《创世纪》，（Genesis）以及圣坛后的壁画《最后的审判》（The Last Judgment），雕塑《大卫》（David）等。
米氏又是建筑师、诗人。
2. 达芬奇（Leonardo da Vinci，1452～1519）：代表作有《蒙娜丽莎》（Mona Lisa），《最后的晚餐》，（The last Supper）。
是画家，又是雕塑家、建筑师、音乐家、工程师，确是多才多艺（versatile）。
欧洲文化入门(The Middle Ages )
politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds
of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is
why the Middle Ages is also called the
“Age of Faith”.
II. Manor（庄园） and Church
1. Feudalism: a system of land-holding, a
word derived from Latin “feudum”, a grant of land：封建土地所有制
a. Growth of Feudalism b. The Manor
C. Knighthood & Code of Chivalry
Serf :农奴 Fiefs:封地（采邑） Vassals:诸侯（封臣）
Code of Chivalry骑士的信条
A. be pledged to protect the weak
B. fight for the church C. be loyal to his lord D. respect women of noble birth
3. The Crusades （十字军东征）
(1096-1291)
→
The Effect
Important effect on the future both the East and West.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
作业1．第1题Which one of the following statements about the Great Famineis NOT true?A.It was the worst famine in European history.B.It lasted for seven hard years.C.In cities alone, there was shortage of food supplies.D.By the time it ended, the Great Famine had wiped out 10percent to 15 percent of the entire European population.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第2题Which of the following statements about Joan of Arc is NOTtrue?A.She was born in a well-to-do peasant family.B.She grew up with a strong religious belief.C.Charles refused her to accompany the army.D.She was burned at stake.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题For some Muslims, Qur’an should not be translatedbecause_____.A.it is impious to translate the very words of Allah.B.it is too difficult to translate the rhymed prose ofQur’an.C.the original meaning of Qur’an would be distorted.D.the beauty of Arabic language would be violated.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题Which one is not the factor that led to the disintegrationof the Carolingian Empire after Charlemagne’s death?A.the regional and ethnic diversityB.the conflicts between different successors to the throneC.the destructive attacks of non-Christian invadersD.the emergence of feudalism您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题The following statements about the English Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 are true EXCEPT ______.A.It accomplished its objectives.B.It received help from members of the noble classesC.It succeeded in showing the nobles what peasants were capable of when dissatisfied.D.It marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第6题Pope Urban VI started to reform the church and wanted to abolish the following abuses, EXCEPTA.SimonyB.PluralismC.AbsenteeismD.homosexual您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第7题During the Wat Tyler Rebellion, the rebels marched into London and executed the following important officials, EXCEPTA.Lord ChancellorB.Lord TreasurerC.magistrate of London, William TongeD.Archbishop of Canterbury您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第8题Alcuin established ______ as the basis for education during the Carolingian renaissance.A.the Carolingian minusculeB.trivium and quadriviumC.medieval LatinD.biblical texts您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题All the following statements about the medieval commune are true EXCEPT__.mune had its own local government, its own court, its own tax-collecting agencies and its own customs.B.Some communes gained their independence by paying lords to grant it to them, while others governed alongside their lord.C.No communes battled violently for rights ofself-governance.munes in Italy gained the right not only to govern themselves but also to rule the farmland and villages around them.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题What were the three forms of vernacular literature for town dwellers?A.epic poetry, romance poetry and dramasB.fabliaux, fables and romance poetryC.lyric poetry, epic poetry and romance poetryD.fabliaux, fables and dramas您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.011．第21题Which is the correct description of life in the Byzantine Empire?A.Peasants had a hard life due to the high tax on land.B.Scholars were skeptical of Greek tradition.C.Women were excluded from education.D.Soldiers received poor salaries.您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第22题Which one is NOT the reason that Justinian is considered the first great Byzantine emperor?A.He reconquered the lost territories of the former Western Roman Empire.B.He ordered scholars to codify all Roman laws into one coherent body of law.C.He declared himself to be God’s representative on earth.D.He commissioned the construction of Hagia Sophia.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第23题Which one of the following statements about the medieval universities is NOT true?A.The first university appeared in Italy.B.Bologna University was governed by a corporation of students, a pattern followed by other southern universities.C.University of Paris was dominated by a corporation of teachers, a pattern followed by other northern universities.D.A migration of scholars from Cambridge led to the establishment of the University of Oxford in England.您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第24题Which of the following descriptions of pre-Islamic Arabia is not true?A.Pre-Islamic Arabia was backward and underdeveloped.B.Pre-Islamic Arabs showed no interest in sea trade.C.Mecca was one of the most important trading centers.D.Pre-Islamic Arabs would pray to their tribal gods or goddesses.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第25题In the Early Middle Ages, the Roman Church and the Eastern Church were divided over the following issues EXCEPT for ______.A.IconoclasmB.official languageC.explanation of the Holy SpiritD.baptism您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第26题The Council of Constance markedA.the largest religious gathering of the Late Middle Ages.B.the end of the Western Schism.C.the success in dealing with the problems of heresy.D.the success in dealing with the problems of the church reform.您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第27题All the following statements about the Scholasticism are true, EXCEPTA.Some scholars tried in vain to forbid the study and teaching of Aristotle’s thoughtB.Some argued that reason alone could lead to truthC.Some argued that ultimate truth could not be discovered by reason, but was revealed to human by God in His mystical waysD.The most fruitful achievement was the attempt to harmonize faith and reason by the leading scholar St. Augustine您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第28题Which form of literature was unpopular in the medieval Islamic world?A.poetryB.proseC.historyD.drama您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.019．第29题The Late Middle Ages were marked by the following features, EXCEPT?A.Plague and famine caused millions of death in Europe.B.Along with depopulation came social unrest and conflicts.C.Rivalry between feudal governments led to wars, the most violent being the Hundred Years’ War fought between Germany and Italy.D.Peasant uprisings and urban revolts broke out in many countries.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第30题Which of the following statements about Papacy at Avignon is NOT true?A.The reform measures of Avignon papacy turned the papacy into a more spiritual than political institution.B.Several popes were Frenchmen, and 113 out of the 134 new cardinals created by the popes were French.C.Papal influence in England and in Germany declined.D.This period in church history is called the Babylonian Captivity.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.021．第31题Which of the following statements about ciompi is NOT true?A.They formed a ciompi guild.B.They formed a people’s militia.C.They granted political representation in the government.D.They had not lost their hold on power.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.022．第32题Which of the following statements about Byzantine classicism is true?A.The Byzantines revered ancient Greek literature, philosophy and historiography.B.The Byzantines emphasized Greek scientific and mathematical tradition.C.The Byzantines were not only imitative, but also creative in their study of Greek tradition.D.The Byzantine authors thought they could eventually surpass ancient Greek authors.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.023．第33题Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.The pope was assisted by the papal curiaB.The curia was an extensive bureaucracy which contained specialized departmentsC.The curia was directed by the College of Cardinals whose members were selected by kingsD.Like kings, the popes issued laws, hired masters to collect revenues and judge cases, even declared wars您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.024．第34题Which of the following statements about the third Crusade is NOT true?A.it had a strong start, but a weak endB.Frederick drowned on the wayC.Philip quarreled with Richard and went homeD.Richard stayed longer, and took Jerusalem.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.025．第43题Which of the following statements about The Hundred Years’ War is NOT true?A.The most famous weapons were the longbow and cannon used by the English.B.Firearms played a significant role in the battles.C.Horse-riding knights became more important army force than infantry.D.Europeans relied more and more on cannon for defensive wars.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.026．第44题The Black Death struck a serious blow to the Catholic Church in the following ways, EXCEPTA.The Church failed to explain why God willed this awful punishment on His followers.B.Many clergy stuck to their Christian duties and died.C.There was a severe shortage of clergy.D.Church was unable to cure the plague victims.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.027．第45题Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.The Hundred Years’ War harmed England more than France.B.The war stimulated the development of new weapons.C.The war speeded up the development of the English Parliament.D.The war promoted the growth of modern nationalism and awakened the national consciousness in the mind of their people.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.028．第48题In Early Middle Ages, Western European civilization differed from the Byzantine and Islamic Empires in the following aspects EXCEPT for _____.A.the influence from the Germanic and Romance vernacular languages.B.the unstable political situation and a lack of central powerC.the influence of ancient Greco-Roman civilizations.D.the lower level of intellectual and literary accomplishment您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第49题For those who want to convert to Islam, which of the following pillars of Islam is of the utmost importance?A.reciting the Muslim statement of faith with convictionB.performing ritual prayers five times a dayC.giving money or gifts to the poor and the needyD.observing a month-long fast every year and making a pilgrimage to Mecca您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.030．第50题Which one of the following statements was NOT a factor that brought about the agricultural growth during the Central Middle Ages?A.The climate improved and the temperature was higher.B.More lands were under cultivated.C.Farming technology improved greatly.D.The food price dropped drastically.您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.031．第11题All classes in universities were taught in Latin and mostly by a lecture method.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第12题Among the Byzantine Empire, the Islamic Empire and the Frankish Empire, only the first one received continuing influence from the Roman intellectual and legal tradition.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第13题The Islamic Golden Age is a period of cultural and intellectual growth and activity that persisted throughout the Islamic world between the 8th and 13th centuries.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第14题The characteristic features of the Gothic style included pointed arches, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, thinner walls, large and stained-glass windows.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.035．第15题When creating their own kingdoms, the Germanic tribes rejected all Roman institutions.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第16题Hagia Sophia was the perfect representation of Byzantine civilization, which is a mixture of Greek, Roman and Persian cultural elements.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第17题Muhammad was not only a prophet, but also a political and military leader.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第18题Economic hardship was undoubtedly the major cause for the Jacquerie uprising.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第19题The new monarchs of late 15th century Germany, Italy and Spain laid the foundation for three of the great nation-states of modern Europe.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第20题The anti-English sentiment in the course of the Hundred Years’ War resulted in a strong feeling of hatred in France.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第35题Romanesque architecture was known by its massive quality, round arches, barrel vaults, thick walls, sturdy pillars, small windows, large towers and decorative arcading.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.042．第36题Romance combined features of both vernacular epic andvernacular lyric.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第37题The economy of the Byzantine Empire relied primarily on agriculture.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第38题During the 12th and 13th centuries, Romanesque style gradually took the place of Gothic style in architecture.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第39题In his incomplete Summa of Theology, Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile systematically Christian doctrine and Greek philosophy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第40题The Roman Empire was the first true superpower in human history.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第41题Joan’s intervention marked the turning point in the Hundred Years’ War.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第42题From the Norman Conquest until the 14th century, French was the preferred language of the English crown and aristocracy, but after 1400 English gradually replaced French as the language of law courts and administration.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第46题The official language of Byzantine Empire was Latin.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第47题Charlemagne was the greatest Frankish king, who founded the first empire in Western Europe after the fall of Rome.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0作业总得分：82.0作业总批注：。