工业机器人中文翻译
中英文翻译--工业机器人-精品
Industrial robotsThere are variety of definitions of the term robot. Depending on the definition used, the number of robot installations worldwide varies widely。
Numerous single—purpose machines are used in manufacturing plants that might appear to be robots。
These machines are hardwried to perform a single function and cannot be reprogrammed to preform a different function. Such single-purpose machines do not fit the definition for industrial robots that is becoming widely accepted.this definition was developed by the Robot Institute of America.A robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional mainipulator designed to move material，parts, tools，or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.Note that this definition contains the words reprogrammable and multifunctional。
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译外文原文：RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunctionmanipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency and quality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they areattachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical size increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between therobot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. Thevariable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluidsystems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the powerlimit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear andcorrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust ports of air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在，经过了40多年的发展，已被广泛应用于各个工业领域，已成为工业现代化的重要标志。
工业机器人名词解释
工业机器人名词解释
工业机器人，也称为自动化机器人、工厂机器人或工作机器人，是设计用于在制造业中执行复杂或重复的任务的机器人。
常见的工业机器人包括：
1.装配机器人（Assembly robot）：用于组装部件或完成产品的成型。
2.焊接机器人（Welding robot）：用于焊接、切割和拼接金属。
3.涂装机器人（Painting robot）：用于给汽车、电器、机械等产品进行喷漆或其他涂装工作。
4.运输机器人（Transport robot）：用来搬运重量和物品大小较大的物件。
5.包装机器人（Packing robot）：包装、打标记、拆卸物品等。
6.测量机器人（Measurement robot）：测量零件、扫描物体等。
7.协作机器人（Collaborative robot）：经常用来与人类工作者一起工作，共同完成不同的任务。
中英对照工业机器人
外文资料译文工业机器人早在机器人变为现实之前，机器人与机器人学这两个术语就已经提出来了。
1923年，随着捷克剧作家卡雷尔·查陪克的剧本R.U.R（罗苏姆的通用机器人）英文译本的问世，机器人这一术语就开始进入英语。
机器人robot一词源于捷克语，该词意指奴隶或劳工。
1942年，另一位作家艾萨克·埃思穆乌（他曾经撰写过许多有关机器人的短篇小说）在创立机器人学三个法则时就提出了机器人学这个专业术语。
他曾推断，机器人应该有特殊电路，使其始终遵循下述三个基本原则：（1）机器人不能伤害人类，也不能通过不执行指令而使人类受到伤害；（2）在不违背第一条法则的前提下，机器人必须遵从人类意志；（3）再不违背第一、二条法则的前提下，机器人必须保护自身不受伤害。
当时撰写的这些故事纯属科学幻想。
今天，随着机器人变为现实，分析这些机器人法则，从中获得很有价值的理念，可供机器人专家设计人控制系统时参考。
1.机器人的定义机器人是一种可重复编程的多功能操作器，其设计用途是输送物料、工件、刀具及一些特殊装置，通过各种程控运动来完成多种不同任务。
以上定义被普遍认可，其特点是：工业机器人可以重复编程，且能够沿多种不同轨迹运动。
2.机器人的发展史随着数控机床的发展，模仿人类手臂操作工件的想法便自然地提出来了。
与常规观点相反，机器人学并非最近发展起来的。
事实上，早在20世纪60年代初期，美国人便制造出第一批机器人。
万能自动化公司于1961年就生产出机械手臂，其控制装置的时序是由操作者预设的。
然而，鉴于这项工作尚属试验，为了避免公众对该项目的抵制情绪，当时的仿形程度较低。
1974年，辛辛那提Millicron机器人成为首例以小型计算机控制的机器人。
然而，就在同一年，瑞典ASEA公司推出了它的IRB6机器人。
这种机器人一直在全球畅销，现在（1991年）还在生产，唯一的重大改进是控制柜电子装置与软件的升级。
所以，当人们以为美国正在建立机器人技术的时候，像日本和瑞典这样一些国家，机器人在工业中的应用已经达到很高的水平。
Industrial Robots工业机器人
Industrial Robots工业机器人工业机器人近年来，随着科技的飞速发展，特别是人工智能和自动化技术的突破，工业机器人的应用范围越来越广泛。
工业机器人是指可以完成各种工业任务的自动化机械设备，它们依靠计算机控制系统进行操作，具有高度的精确性和效率。
本文将探讨工业机器人在生产制造、医疗保健和未来发展方向等方面的重要性和应用。
工业机器人在生产制造中发挥着重要作用。
相比传统的人工操作和生产流程，工业机器人不仅能够提高生产效率，还能够提高产品质量和准确度。
例如，在汽车制造中，工业机器人可以完成各种复杂的焊接、喷漆和组装任务，大大减少了人为错误和事故的风险。
此外，工业机器人的使用还可以实现生产线的自动化，降低了生产成本，并且能够适应不同的生产需求，提高了企业的竞争力。
在医疗保健领域，工业机器人也扮演着重要的角色。
随着人口老龄化趋势的加剧，需要提供更多的医疗服务和护理。
工业机器人可以被用于手术和病房护理等领域，减少医护人员的工作负担，并提高手术的成功率和治疗效果。
例如，手术机器人可以通过精确的操作和视觉技术，完成微创手术，减少患者的痛苦和术后恢复时间。
此外，工业机器人还可以提供定制的护理服务，如帮助老人或残疾人完成日常生活活动，提高他们的生活质量。
工业机器人的发展也面临着许多挑战和机遇。
首先，工业机器人需要进一步提升智能化水平，以适应复杂多变的生产环境。
目前，许多工业机器人仍然依赖于预设的程序和指令进行操作，缺乏灵活性和适应性。
因此，研究人员正在致力于开发更先进的机器视觉和感知技术，使机器人能够更好地理解和应对环境变化。
其次，工业机器人还需要改进其安全性能，以防止由于意外损伤和事故而对人类和环境造成危害。
这需要开发更可靠的传感器和控制系统，以及完善的安全标准和规范。
总之，随着科技的不断进步和创新，工业机器人在生产制造和医疗保健领域的重要性日益凸显。
它们以高度精确性和效率帮助企业提高生产效率，促进医疗服务和护理的发展，同时也为工业机器人的未来发展指明了方向。
工业机器人翻译
Industrial Robotics工业机器人Most robots today can trace their origin to early industrial robot designs. Much of the technol-ogy that makes robots more human-friendly and adaptable for different applications has emerged from manufacturers of industrial robots. Indus-trial robots are by far the largest commercial application of robotics technology today. All the important foundations for robot control were ini-tially developed with industrial applications in mind. These applications deserve special atten-tion in order to understand the origin of robotics science and to appreciate many unsolved prob-lems that still prevent the wider use of robots in manufacturing. In this chapter we present a brief history and descriptions of typical indus-trial robotics applications. We show how robots with different mechanisms fit different applica-tions. Even though robots are well established in large-scale manufacturing, particularly in auto-mobile and related component assembly, there are still many challenging problems to solve. The range of feasible applications could signifi-cantly increase if robots were easier to install, to integrate with other manufacturing processes, and to program,particularly with adaptive sensing and automatic error recovery. We outline some of these remaining challenges for researchers.今天大多数的机器人的起源可以追溯到早期工业机器人的设计。
Robots机器人 中英文翻译
RobotsA robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, mani pulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements.The term”reprogrammabl e” implies two things:The robot operates according to a written program can b e rewritten to accomdate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurp ose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades,the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can per form certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are bei ng increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.Structures of RobotsThe typical structure of industrial robots consists of 4 major components: the manipulator, the end effector, the power supply and control syterm.The manipulator is a mechanical unite that provides motions similar to those of a human arm. It often has a shoulder joint,an elbow and a wrist. It can rotate or slide, strech out and withdraw in every possible direction with certain flexibility.The basic mechanical configurations of the robot manipulator are categorized as Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated.A robot with a Cartesian geometry can move its gripper to any position within the cube or rectangle defined as its working volum.Cylindrical coordinate robots can move the gripper within a volum that is described by a cylinder. The cylindrical coordinate robot is positioned in the work area by two linear movements in the X and Y directions and one angular rotation about the Z axis.Spherical arm geometry robots have an irregular work envelop. This type of robot has two main variants,vertically articulated and horizontally articulated.The end effector attaches itself to the end of the robot wrist, also called end-of-arm tooling.It is the device intended for performing the designed operations as a human hand can.End effectors are generally custom-made to meet special handling requirements. Mechanical grippers are the most commonly used and are equipped with two or more fingers.The selection of an appropriate end effector for a special application depends on such factors as the payload, enviyonment,reliability,and cost.The power supply is the actuator for moving the robot arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. The basic type of power sources include electrical,pneumatic, and hydraulic. Each source of energy and each type of motor has its own characteristics, advantages and limitations. An ac-powered motor or dc-powered motor may be used depending on the system design and applications. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the robot.Most new robots use electrical power supply. Pneumatic actuators have been used for high speed. Nonservo robots and are often used for powering tooling such as grippers. Hydraulic actuators have been used for heavier lift systems, typically where accuracy was not also requied.The contro system is the communications and information-processing system that gives commands for the movements of the robot. It is the brain of the robot; it sends signals to the power source to move the robot arm to a specific position and to the end effector.It is also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable to send out sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be taken by the robot.A open-loop controller is the simplest for of the control system, which controls the robot only by foolowing the predetermined step-by-step instructions.This system dose not have a self-correcting capability.A close-loop control system use feedback sensors to produce signals that reflct the current states of the controed objects. By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and the end effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.Classification of RobotIndustrial robots vary widely in size,shape, number of axes,degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influence the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are form point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by huanbeings.It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of productin tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use tools to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perfor drilling operaytions on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed relatively and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concers.机器人机器人是一种自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵机器的装置，它可以被固定在某地，还可以是移动的以在工业自动化工厂中使用。
机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs，or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ，one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line，putting together small components，such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus，the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs，to serve the handicapped，and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ，sensor ，and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location，it will perform some sort of task .This task could be welding，sealing，machine loading ，machine unloading，or a host of assembly jobs. Generally，this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being，except for programming and for turning the system on and off.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ，multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts，material，tool，or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions，presented in the following paragraphs，that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work，At some of these locations，the robot will stop and perform some operation ，such as assembly of parts，spray painting ，or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore，these preprogrammed locations，as well as other program data，can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus，with regard to this programming feature，an industrial robot is very much like a computer ，where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend，reach，and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes，also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather，they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts，spot-weld ，paint，arc-weld，drill，deburr，and do a variety of tasks，depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ，the robot manipulator ，a work table ，safety features，or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition，signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts，pick up parts，or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator，the controller，and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ，which does the physical work of the robotic system，consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes，though，the base may be movable. In this case，the base is attached to either a rail or a track，allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ，the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ，movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ，which，in turn，is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ，a wrist（see Fig 2）is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ，and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.（Fid2）illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases，the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator，or drive systems.The actuator，or drive systems，allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric，hydraulic，or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages，in turn，drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain，gear，and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall，controls peripheral devices，and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms，and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example，the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed，the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ，a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next，the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is，they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit，16-bit，or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing （CAM）system.As the basic definition stated，the robot is a reprogrammable，multifunctional manipulator.Therefore，the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles，random-access memory，floppy disks，or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example，if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives，control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system，power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source，a pneumatic power source，or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中文翻译机器人工业机器人是在生产环境中用以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
外文资料译文
工业机器人的发展
一、工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机、控制器、伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三维空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。
它对稳定和提高产品质量，提高生产效率，改善劳动条件的快速更新换代起着十分重要的作用。
广泛的应用工业机器人，可以逐步改善劳动条件，更强与可控的生产能力，加快产品更新换代。
提高生产效率和保证产品质量，消除枯燥无味的工作，节约劳动力，提供更安全的工作环境，降低工人的劳动强度，减少劳动风险，提高机床的效率，减少工艺过程中的工作量及降低停产时间和库存，提高企业竞争力。
1、关节的类型
下面罗列出在工业机器人手臂上使用的几类关节，机械手臂由其中某种关节组成，或由几种关节复合而成。
（1）回转关节：回转关节允许在两个连杆之间进行转动或旋转运动；
（2）柱状关节：柱状关节允许在两个连杆之间进行直线运动；
（3）球窝关节：球窝关节允许在两个连杆之间进行三种转动或旋转运动。
由于很难驱动，球窝关节在工业机器人上很少使用。
2、机器人的类别
可以把机器人按它们的关节类型分为下列五组，其中距机器人基座最近的那三组关节将决定机器人的类别，其他两组关节给终端执行器以更大的运动柔性。
（1）笛卡尔型
（2）圆柱形
（3）球面型
（4）平面关节型
（5）垂直关节型
3、自由度
机械手臂所具有的“自由度”是定义其关节数的常用术语。
每一个关节允许在两个连杆之间进行相对运动，形成一个自由度。
若能沿着或绕着两个关节运动时，就是两个自由度，其余依次类推。
多数机器人有4-6个自由度。
与人相比，从肩膀到手腕，人的胳膊共有7个自由度，这还不包括手，它单独就有22个自由度！
4、机器人的基本组件
机器人系统有一系列基本组件：
（1）操作机。
（2）控制器。
（3）动力供给。
（4）终端执行器（夹持器、点焊机、MIG焊机等）
5、驱动装置
操作机的运动由传动器或驱动装置控制，传动器或驱动装置使各轴在工作单元内运动。
驱动装置可使用电能、液压能或气压能工作。
驱动系统提供的能量通过各种机械驱动装置转换成机械能。
各驱动系统用机械联动装置连接起来，而这些联动装置又驱动机器人的各个轴的运动。
机械联动装置可由链、齿轮及滚珠丝杠组成。
6、随着科技的不断进步，工业机器人的发展过程可分为三代
第—代为示教再现型机器人，它主要由机器手控制器和示教盒组成，可按预先引导动作记录下信息重复再现执行，当前工业中应用最多。
第二代为感觉型机器人，如有力觉触觉和视觉等，它具有对某些外界信息进行反馈调整的能力，目前已进入应用阶段。
第三代为智能型机器人它具有感知和理解外部环境的能力，在工作环境改变的情况下，也能够成功地完成任务，它尚处于实验研究阶段。
二、美国是机器人的诞生地，早在1961年，美国的Consolidated Control Corp和AMF公司联合研制了第一台实用的示教再现机器人。
经过40多年的发展，
美国的机器人技术在国际上仍一直处于领先地位。
其技术全面、先进，适应性也很强。
日本在1967年从美国引进第一台机器人，1976年以后，随着微电子的快速发展和市场需求急剧增加，日本当时劳动力显著不足，工业机器人在企业里受到了“救世主”般的欢迎，使其日本工业机器人得到快速发展，现在无论机器人的数量还是机器人的密度都位居世界第一，素有“机器人王国”之称。
德国引进机器人的时间比英国和瑞典大约晚了五六年，但战争所导致的劳动力短缺，国民的技术水平较高等社会环境，却为工业机器人的发展、应用提供了有利条件。
此外，在德国规定，对于一些危险、有毒、有害的工作岗位，必须以机器人来代替普通人的劳动。
这为机器人的应用开拓了广泛的市场，并推动了工业机器人技术的发展。
目前，德国工业机器人的总数占世界第二位，仅次于日本。
法国政府一直比较重视机器人技术，通过大力支持一系列研究计划，建立了一个完整的科学技术体系，使法国机器人的发展比较顺利。
在政府组织的项目中，特别注重机器人基础技术方面的研究，把重点放在开展机器人的应用研究上。
而由工业界支持开展应用和开发方面的工作，两者相辅相成，使机器人在法国企业界得以迅速发展和普及，从而使法国在国际工业机器人界拥有不可或缺的一席之地。
英国自70年代末开始，推行并实施了一系列措施用于支持机器人发展的政策，使英国工业机器人起步比当今的机器人大国日本还要早，并曾经取得了早期的辉煌。
然而，这时候政府对工业机器人实行了限制发展的错误。
这个错误导致英国的机器人工业一蹶不振，在西欧几乎处于末位。
近些年，意大利、瑞典、西班牙、芬兰、丹麦等国家由于自身国内机器人市场的大量需求，发展速度非常迅速。
目前，国际上的工业机器人公司主要分为日系和欧系。
日系中主要有安川、OTC、松下、FANUC、不二越、川崎等公司的产品。
欧系中主要有德国的KUKA、CLOOS、瑞典的ABB、意大利的COMAU及奥地利的IGM公司。
我国工业机器人起步于20世纪70年代初期，经过30多年发展，大致经历了3个阶段：70年代萌芽期，80年代的开发期和90年代的应用期。
随着20世纪70时代世界科技快速发展，工业机器人的应用在世界掀起了一个高潮，在这种背景下，我国于1972年开始研制自己的工业机器人。
进入20世纪80年代后，
随着改革开放的不断深入，在高技术浪潮的冲击下，我国机器人技术的开发与研究得到了政府的重视与支持，“七五”期间，国家投入资金，对工业机器人及零部件进行攻关，完成了示教再现式工业机器人成套技术的开发，研制出了喷漆，点焊，弧焊和搬运机器人。
，国家高技术研究发展计划开始实施，经过几年研究，取得了一大批科研成果。
成功地研制出了一批特种机器人。
从2O世纪9O年代初期起，我国的国民经济进入实现两个根本转变期，掀起了新一轮的经济体制改革和技术进步热潮，我国的工业机器人又在实践中迈进了一大步，先后研制了点焊，弧焊，装配，喷漆，切割，搬运，码垛等各种用途的工业机器人，并实施了一批机器人应用工程，形成了一批工业机器人产业化基地，为我国机器人产业的腾飞奠定了基础。
但是与发达国家相比，我国工业机器人还有很大差距。
三、随着工业机器人发展的深度和广度以及机器人智能水平的提高，工业机器人已在众多领域得到了应用。
从传统的汽车制造领域向非制造领域延伸。
如采矿机器人、建筑业机器人以及水电系统用于维护维修的机器人等。
在国防军事、医疗卫生、食品加工、生活服务等领域工业机器人的应用也越来越多。
汽车制造是一个技术和资金高度密集的产业，也是工业机器人应用最广泛的行业，几乎占到整个工业机器人的一半以上。
在我国，工业机器人最初也是应用于汽车和工程机械行业中。
在汽车生产中工业机器人是一种主要的自动化设备，在整车及零部件生产的弧焊、点焊、喷涂、搬运、涂胶、冲压等工艺中大量使用。
据预测我国正在进入汽车拥有率上升时期，在未来几年里，汽车仍将每年15％左右的速度增长。
所以未来几年工业机器人的需求将会呈现出高速增长趋势，年增幅达到50％左右，工业机器人在我国汽车行业的应用将得到快速发展。
工业机器人除了在汽车行业的广泛应用，在电子，食品加工，非金属加工，日用消费品和木材家具加工等行业对工业机器人的需求也快速增长。
在亚洲，2005年安装工业机器人72，600台，与2004年相比，增长了40％，而应用在电子行业的就占了31％左右。
在欧洲地区，据统计2005年与2004年相比：工业机器人在食品加工行业的应用增长了17％左右，在非金属加工行业的应用增长了20％左右，在日用品消费行业增长了32％，在木材家具加工行业增长了18％
左右。
工业机器人在石油方面也有广泛的应用，如海上石油钻井、采油平台、管道的检测、炼油厂、大型油罐和储罐的焊接等均可使用机器人来完成。
在未来几年，传感技术，激光技术，工程网络技术将会被广泛应用在工业机器人工作领域，这些技术会使工业机器人的应用更为高效，高质，运行成本低。
据预测，今后机器人将在医疗、保健、生物技术和产业、教育、救灾、海洋开发、机器维修、交通运输和农业水产等领域得到应用。