lecture11_01无主句
合集下载
lecture 11(物称与人称)
the conference room at 2 P· Friday. M. (All faculty and staff are requested to meet in the conference room at 2 P· Friday.) M.
三、物称与人称的翻译策略 (一)有灵主语与无灵主语的转换 汉语句子多为有灵主语;而英语善用无灵主语。 在翻译中,为了符合英汉各自的思维方式,在叙述 方式上必须注意主语的转换。请看下例英汉互译 中的转换: (12)Business took him to the town. 他因事进城去了。 (13)A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
2.非人称代词“it”和there be句型的使用。
王力先生曾对英语形式主语做过精辟的论述:就 句子结构而言,西洋语言(英语)是法治的,中国语 言是人治的,法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要 呆板地求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用 不着的就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意 思,就算了。这也为英汉互译中“it”形式主语和 零位主语的处理提供了依据。
与此形成对比的是,中国人相信“天人合一 (oneness between man and nature)”。 而且, 这种“天人合一”儒家的代表人物孟子认为“万 物皆备于我” 。因此,从“我”就可以掌握“万 物”的本质,而“万物”的特征也显现在“我” 之中。这即是中国文化传统意义上的人本文化。 这种人本文化的长期积淀,形成了汉民族主体型 的思维方式,即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推 理和研究事物的思维
（英文中出现了七个动词被动式，而中文里却 一个“被”字也没有，翻译时还添加了多个“我 们”“你们”等人称词。英汉语民族思维习惯之
语法复习：动词的语气——虚拟语气
语法复习：动词的语⽓——虚拟语⽓动词的语⽓—虚拟语⽓(Unreal conditionals / the subjunctive mood)⼀、语⽓的定义和种类l、语⽓：语⽓是动词的⼀种形式，它表⽰说话⼈对某⼀⾏为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语⽓的种类：(1)陈述语⽓: 表⽰动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，⽤于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。
如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。
What a fine day it is!多好的天⽓啊!(2)祈使语⽓: 表⽰说话⼈的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。
如: Open the door, please。
请打开门。
(3)虚拟语⽓: 表⽰动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，⽽是说话⼈的主观愿望、假设或推测等。
如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。
May you succeed! 祝您成功！⼆、虚拟语⽓在条件从句中的⽤法条件句有两类，⼀类是真实条件句，⼀类是虚拟条件句。
如果假设的情况是有可能发⽣的，就是真实条件何。
在这种真实条件句中的谓语⽤陈述语⽓。
如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下⾬，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不⼤可能发⽣的，则是虚拟条件句。
如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。
(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。
)在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要⽤虚拟语⽓。
现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:注: 主句中的should只⽤于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可⽤于各种⼈称。
全国英语等级考试 第一级教程Unit11ppt课件
① What’s wrong with you? ② sick leave ③ Ouch ④ No matter… ⑤ Though ⑥ So…that…
技能要求(Skills)
1.听力：听懂有关身体情况的简短文章和对话。 2.阅读：读懂有关身体健康情况介绍的文章，并回答 问题。 3.写作： 改写句子：掌握有关句型和表达方式，利用所学语 法结构和句型改写句子。 书面表达：简要介绍个人健康身体情况。 4.口语：熟读对话与课文，背诵对话语句，并就课文 内容进行对话问答。
CLOSE
decide to do
☆意为决定去做某事，停下来去做另外一件 事。 I decide to go to the USA for the further education.
CLOSE
stop doing/stop to do
☆ stop doing sth 表示停止做某事，指停止 做原来的事情。 Hearing the doorbell, she stopped washing the dishes. ☆ stop to do 表示停下（手头的事情）去做 另外一件事。 Hearing the doorbell, she stopped to open the door.
2. 重点训练词组 (Focal Expressions)
decide to do according to stop doing keep on doing too…to…
hold up need to do as…as… try to
3. 重点句型和习惯表达法 （Focal Functions and Patterns）
CLOSE
keep on doing/keep doing
1. 均可表示“继续做某事，反复做某事”，可互换， 只是keep on 更加强调时间的间隔性和动作的反 复性，及某人做某事的决心。 He kept on working until midnight though he was tired. 2. 若表示连续不断的动作，或某一动作的持续状态， 只宜用keep doing。 They kept standing outside the room during CLOSE all the meeting.
技能要求(Skills)
1.听力：听懂有关身体情况的简短文章和对话。 2.阅读：读懂有关身体健康情况介绍的文章，并回答 问题。 3.写作： 改写句子：掌握有关句型和表达方式，利用所学语 法结构和句型改写句子。 书面表达：简要介绍个人健康身体情况。 4.口语：熟读对话与课文，背诵对话语句，并就课文 内容进行对话问答。
CLOSE
decide to do
☆意为决定去做某事，停下来去做另外一件 事。 I decide to go to the USA for the further education.
CLOSE
stop doing/stop to do
☆ stop doing sth 表示停止做某事，指停止 做原来的事情。 Hearing the doorbell, she stopped washing the dishes. ☆ stop to do 表示停下（手头的事情）去做 另外一件事。 Hearing the doorbell, she stopped to open the door.
2. 重点训练词组 (Focal Expressions)
decide to do according to stop doing keep on doing too…to…
hold up need to do as…as… try to
3. 重点句型和习惯表达法 （Focal Functions and Patterns）
CLOSE
keep on doing/keep doing
1. 均可表示“继续做某事，反复做某事”，可互换， 只是keep on 更加强调时间的间隔性和动作的反 复性，及某人做某事的决心。 He kept on working until midnight though he was tired. 2. 若表示连续不断的动作，或某一动作的持续状态， 只宜用keep doing。 They kept standing outside the room during CLOSE all the meeting.
汉英翻译技巧无主句的翻译
(2) 不承认这一条真理，就不是共产主义者。
Anyone who does not recognize this truth is no communist.
(3) 知彼知己，百战不殆。
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.
(2) 这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。
More apartment houses will be built here. (3) 去年发现了一种稀有元素。
A rare element was found last year.
(二)某些表示要求、规定的无主句，也往往可 以译成被动句。例如：
(3) 地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜、铅、锌。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.
(4) 和这些产品一道展出的还有钢铁厂和高炉的模型。
On display by the side of those products were models of iron and steel works and blast furnaces.
(2) 活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.
(3) 你忘记一句古话了吗：活到老，学到老。 何况你并不老。
Have you ever forgotten the old saying: one is never too old to learn. In any case, you’re not old at all.
Anyone who does not recognize this truth is no communist.
(3) 知彼知己，百战不殆。
Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.
(2) 这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。
More apartment houses will be built here. (3) 去年发现了一种稀有元素。
A rare element was found last year.
(二)某些表示要求、规定的无主句，也往往可 以译成被动句。例如：
(3) 地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜、铅、锌。
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.
(4) 和这些产品一道展出的还有钢铁厂和高炉的模型。
On display by the side of those products were models of iron and steel works and blast furnaces.
(2) 活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.
(3) 你忘记一句古话了吗：活到老，学到老。 何况你并不老。
Have you ever forgotten the old saying: one is never too old to learn. In any case, you’re not old at all.
Lecture 1(英汉句法与段落结构的比较) - 副本
变竹竿为树状
改变大量使用简单句和并列句的倾向。 树状句能更好地表达句内的逻辑关系。
练习：
1.
2.
3.
Shanghai means “above the sea”. It is on the Huangpu River. The Huangpu River is the lower tributary at the mouth of the Yangtze. Energy is much needed now. And nuclear plants are clean and economical. They can produce vast amount of energy. But many people are very concerned about safety. They hold a strong negative attitude towards them. The rural area is far from the city, and lack transport facilities. This makes it isolated from the outside world. And because it is difficult to access information this isolation is compound.
抽象名词化: 用名词表示动作
College life makes me feel excited. College life filled me with excitement. If you compare the two ways of life carefully, you will find the former is superior to the latter. Careful comparison of the two ways of life will show the superiority of the former over the latter.
5无主句译法
5
3.To use inverted order
在游廊的最左边，靠近一道门，却坐有一位将近三 十岁的男子。 Close by a door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty. 在船边，离他头很近，开着几朵紫色的水莲。 Just beside the boat and very close to his head bloomed many purple lilies. 山里住着个前程的老和尚。 In the mountain lived an old devout monk 远处穿来悲壮的笳声。 In the distance sounded a solemn, stirring reed flute.
13
时下，在北京的图书馆、博物馆甚至书店里， 经常有一些大大小小不同类型的文化讲座。这 些讲座，小而言之，只是一次次知识的宣讲， 大而言之，则是先进文化的传播。在这方面， 中国现代文学馆组织的周末义务讲座无疑是开 风气之先、具有示范作用的。这里，一时间竟 出现了作家学者主动报名讲演，听者以能占有 一席之地为荣的局面。可以相信，当越来越多 的人自觉进入求学殿堂之时，就是我国国民素 质快速提升之日。
14
At present, in libraries, museums or even bookstores in Beijing, there are often culture lectures on different scales and of varied sizes. These lectures, in practical terms, are repeated knowledge impartations. In theoretical terms, they are cases of advanced culture propagations. Of the lectures, the weekend free lecture series organized by China Modern Literary Museum are of pioneering and modeling significance. Here, many writers and scholars volunteer to be entered for opportunities to give lectures while the audience is honored when given a seat. We are convinced that when more and more people are willing to be enrolled on such educational programs, the quality of our citizens will be greatly enhanced.
3.To use inverted order
在游廊的最左边，靠近一道门，却坐有一位将近三 十岁的男子。 Close by a door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty. 在船边，离他头很近，开着几朵紫色的水莲。 Just beside the boat and very close to his head bloomed many purple lilies. 山里住着个前程的老和尚。 In the mountain lived an old devout monk 远处穿来悲壮的笳声。 In the distance sounded a solemn, stirring reed flute.
13
时下，在北京的图书馆、博物馆甚至书店里， 经常有一些大大小小不同类型的文化讲座。这 些讲座，小而言之，只是一次次知识的宣讲， 大而言之，则是先进文化的传播。在这方面， 中国现代文学馆组织的周末义务讲座无疑是开 风气之先、具有示范作用的。这里，一时间竟 出现了作家学者主动报名讲演，听者以能占有 一席之地为荣的局面。可以相信，当越来越多 的人自觉进入求学殿堂之时，就是我国国民素 质快速提升之日。
14
At present, in libraries, museums or even bookstores in Beijing, there are often culture lectures on different scales and of varied sizes. These lectures, in practical terms, are repeated knowledge impartations. In theoretical terms, they are cases of advanced culture propagations. Of the lectures, the weekend free lecture series organized by China Modern Literary Museum are of pioneering and modeling significance. Here, many writers and scholars volunteer to be entered for opportunities to give lectures while the audience is honored when given a seat. We are convinced that when more and more people are willing to be enrolled on such educational programs, the quality of our citizens will be greatly enhanced.
英语语法Lecture One
1. 酸奶里面乳酸含量比其他奶类要高。
• Yogurt contains a higher percentage of lactic acid than other milks. 2. 她年轻时是一个美人儿。
• She was a beauty in her youth.
抽象、总称与具体、特定
• 1. 改错: I pronounce this couple to be a husband and wife. You may kiss. • 2. 翻译: 我们不是男女朋友关系。 We are not boyfriend and girlfriend. • 3. 改错: Located in Canada, the Columbia Ice Field covers area of 120 square A B B 改为 “an area” miles and is 3.30 feet thick in some places C D
• • • •
教堂的天花板 这本书的名字 凯罗尔的前夫的妹妹的室友 我接受了在旅途中遇到的那位老人的建议。
• • • •
the roof of the church the name of the song Carol’s ex-husband’s sister’s roommate I took the advice of an old man I met during a journey.
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Tense & aspect ----simple tense
●
● ● ●
H: There isn’t any milk left in the fridge. W: I’ll buy some after work. I am going to buy some after work.
• Yogurt contains a higher percentage of lactic acid than other milks. 2. 她年轻时是一个美人儿。
• She was a beauty in her youth.
抽象、总称与具体、特定
• 1. 改错: I pronounce this couple to be a husband and wife. You may kiss. • 2. 翻译: 我们不是男女朋友关系。 We are not boyfriend and girlfriend. • 3. 改错: Located in Canada, the Columbia Ice Field covers area of 120 square A B B 改为 “an area” miles and is 3.30 feet thick in some places C D
• • • •
教堂的天花板 这本书的名字 凯罗尔的前夫的妹妹的室友 我接受了在旅途中遇到的那位老人的建议。
• • • •
the roof of the church the name of the song Carol’s ex-husband’s sister’s roommate I took the advice of an old man I met during a journey.
● ● ● ● ●
● ● ● ●
Tense & aspect ----simple tense
●
● ● ●
H: There isn’t any milk left in the fridge. W: I’ll buy some after work. I am going to buy some after work.
高中英语人教版新教材选择性必修一 unit1 词汇用法重点句型讲解
高中英语选修一 unit1词汇用法重点句型讲解一、背诵清单1.vital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的(crucial)；充满生机的be vital for/to sth 对……极其重要be of vital importance to...对……至关重要It is vital that sb (should) do sth 某人做某事是极其重要的It is vital to do...做……很重要eg. Faced with such a vital problem of life and death, he still kept calm, which made us all surprised.(人物描写)面对着这样重大的生死问题，他仍保持冷静，这使我们都很吃惊。
mit vt.承诺；保证vi.忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)•commit mistakes/a crime 犯错误/犯罪commit oneself to sth/doing sth/do sth专心致志于；承诺；保证(做某事、遵循协议或安排等)commit sth(time/money) to (doing) sth 投入时间/金钱(做)某事•committedadj.尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的be committed to (doing) sth 承诺/全身心地投入(做)某事•commitmentn.承诺，保证；花费；投入，忠于eg. I strongly suggest that you (should)commit one hour to reading English，which will gradually improve your spoken English.(建议信) 我强烈建议你每天抽出一个小时读英语，这将逐渐提高你的英语口语。
3.objective n.目标；目的(aim, purpose)adj.客观的【联想】发表“观点态度”：①subjective adj.主观的②neutral adj.中立的③indifferent adj.漠不关心的④unconcerned adj.漠不关心的4.evaluate vt.评价；评估；估计•evaluate sb on...根据……评价某人•evaluationn.估计，评价make an evaluation of...对……进行评估eg. It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall qualities.(建议信) 人们普遍认为应该从综合素质的角度来评价学生。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• • • •
没有爱心就无法了解人生。 Life cannot be understood without much charity. 没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。 Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.
三、采用倒装语序译出
– 地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜、铅和锌。
• • • •
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper , lead and zinc.
– 随着一声吼叫，呼地从树林里窜出一只老虎来。
Following the roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes.
– 不能不佩服他多年来埋头苦干的精神。
•
One cannot help but admire the way he has kept his nose to the grindstone for all these years.
– 想吃什么，只管告诉我。
•
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Whatever you like to eat, just tell me. – 基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。 • We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years, with no vacillation.(FLP,358) • The basic line should be adhered to for 100 years, and there must be no vacillation. (BR,9)
– 知己知彼，百战不殆。
• •
If you know your enemy and yourself, you can fight a hundred battles without peril. Knowledge of the enemy and oneself enables one to fight a hundred battles without defeat.
• 远看山有色， 近听水无声， 春去花还在， 人来鸟不惊． When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear, But no sound of stream is heard when listening near. The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away, And a human being’s approaching but the bird doesn’t fly.
•
所谓形合与意合，主要指句与句之间起 连接作用的成分是保留还是省略的一个句 法问题． • 汉语重意合，造句时往往倾向于省略句 与句之间起作用的连接成分． • 英语重形合，造句时往往倾向于保留句 与句之间起作用的连接成分．
• 早知今日，何必当初？ If I had know it would come to this, I would have acted differently. • 他老是见异思迁． He is always changing his mind when he sees something new. • 他背井离乡十载，从未回去过． He has never been back to his birthplace since he left it ten years ago. • 他说得太快，我们不能理解他的意思． He spoke so fast that we could nit understand him.
– 要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。
Development means change; without change, there can be no development.
– 楼下有人想和你说话。
•
There is a man downstairs who wants to speak to you.
– 要成功，就要付出劳动。
•
It will cost you much labor to succeed in anything.
六、添适当的代词或名词充当主语
– 只准州官放火，不准百姓点灯。
•
One man may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.
•
•
– 不是因为不存在问题，而是因为看不见问题。 It is not because the problem is not there; it is just not visible. – 子曰；“学而时习之，不亦悦乎？有朋自远方来，不亦 乐乎？” Confucius said: “ Is it not a pleasure after all to practice in due time what one has learnt? Is it not a delight after all to have friends coming from afar?”
五、补上语义虚泛或具体的词语充当主语
– • 要解决问题，还必须做系统、周密的调查工作和研究工 作。 In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study.
二、采用英语的被动结构译出
• • • • • • • • • • 墙上挂了一些画。 Some pictures were hung on the wall. 利用发电机，可以将机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by a generator. 这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。 More apartment houses will be built here. 为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢？ Why should all the unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me? 给了他两天时间来作必要的准备。 He was allowed two days to make the necessary preparations.
七、将非主语成分转为主语
• •
由于英语被接受为联合国的官方语言之一， 这就使英语在国际外交场合使用得更为广泛。 The use of English in international diplomacy is strengthened by its acceptance as one of the official languages of the United Nations.
一、汉语祈使句译成英语祈使句
• 量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。 • Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.
– 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。
• Better be the head of an ass than the tail of a horse. • 一有问题就去解决，不要等问题成堆了才去作一次 总解决。 • Whenever a problem crops up, tackle it right away; don’t let problems pile up and then try to settle them all at one go.
• •
A long, long time ago, there lived six blind men in this village.
– 剩下的时间不多了。
There is very little time left.
– 无水则无鱼。
• •
Without water there would be no fish.
• 翻译下列段落： 众所周知，工作能力和工作成效并非总 是一致的。能力很强的人，因为懒惰或对 工作缺乏兴趣，有时会失败；而才能平庸 的人，由于他们的勤奋以及对事业的献身 精神，却常常获得卓越的成绩。因此很明 显，检验任何工作人员的决定性的标准是 他的工作成效。
• It is common knowledge that ability to do a particular job and performance on the job do not always go hand in hand. Persons with great potential abilities sometimes fail in their job because of laziness or lack of interest in the job. On the other hand, persons with mediocre talents have often achieved excellent results through their industry and devotion to their cause. It is clear, therefore, that the final test of any member of a working staff is the performance on the job.
• • • •
对这一问题实际上还没有进行过科学实验。 Practically no scientific experiments have yet been made on this problem. 要什么装置使控制系统简化？ What kind of device is needed to make the control system simple?