永别了武器原文
永别了,武器 中文简介及英文summary
The novel, a love story, draws heavily on Hemingway's experiences as a young soldier in Italy. It tells the story of Lieutenant Frederic Henry, a young American ambulance driver serving in the Italian army during World War I. Henry falls in love with the British nurse Catherine Barkley. After he is wounded at the front by a trench mortar shell, she tends to him in the hospital during his recuperation, and their relationship develops. His recuperation and romance with the now pregnant Catherine ends abruptly when Henry must return to the front. Henry narrowly escapes death at the hands of fanatical Italian soldiers, who are executing officers separated from their troops during the Italians' disastrous retreat following the Battle of Caporetto. He finds Catherine, and after a sojourn in an Italian resort, the couple flees to Switzerland on the eve of Henry's arrest for deserting. In Switzerland, their child is born dead, and Catherine dies shortly after due to hemorrhages. A Farewell to Arms is an excellent example of the simple, terse prose style that made Hemingway famous.《永别了，武器》是美国诺贝尔文学奖获得者海明威的主要作品之一。
高中语文 第四单 元昨日战争 自读文本 永别了,武器学案 鲁人版必修1
自读文本永别了，武器面对最困难的问题有人问一位老船长：“如果你的船行驶在海面上，通过气象报告，预知前方的海面上，有一个巨大的暴风圈，正迎着你的船而来。
请问，以你的经验，你将会如何处置呢？”老船长微笑着反问道：“如果是你，你又会如何处置呢？”这个人想了想说：“返航。
”老船长摇了摇头道：“你这么做，反而将你的船跟暴风圈接触的时间延长了许多。
”另外一个人接着道：“那，如果将船头向左或向右掉转九十度，试着脱离暴风圈的威胁呢？”老船长仍是摇摇头，微笑道：“这将会使船身整个侧面暴露在暴风雨的肆虐之下，结果是更加的危险。
”众人不解，问道：“如果这些方法都不行，那究竟应该怎么做呢？”老船长点头肯定到：“只有一个方法，那就是抓稳你的船舵，让你的船头不偏不倚地迎向暴风圈前去。
这样做，既可以将船与暴风圈接触的面积化为最小；同时因为你的船与暴风圈彼此的相对加速度组合在一起，还可以减少与暴风圈接触的时间。
你将会发现，很快的，你已经安然地冲过暴风圈，迎接另一片充满阳光的蔚蓝晴天。
”微感言：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________知人者智，自知者明。
——《老子》赏读：能了解别人是智慧，能了解自己是高明。
老子告诉我们：人生当自知。
谁言寸草心，报得三春晖。
——孟郊《游子吟》赏读：通俗形象的比喻，寄托了赤子炽烈的情怀，对于春日般的母爱，小草似的儿女，怎能报答万分之一呢？博学而笃志，切问而近思。
——《论语·子张》赏读：广博地学习以坚定自己的意志，恳切的提问并且联系实际进行思考。
前事之不忘，后事之师。
——《战国策·赵策》赏读：师：借鉴。
后人将此句改为“前事不忘，后事之师”，提醒人们不要忘记过去的事情，让它成为后世人学习借鉴的教训和经验。
永别了,武器 A Farewell To Arms
Chapter 1In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare. There was fighting in the mountains and at night we could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming.Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motor-tractors. There was much traffic at night and many mules on the roads with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic. There were big guns too that passed in the day drawn by tractors, the long barrels of the guns covered with green branches and green leafy branches and vines laid over the tractors. To the north we could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees and behind it another mountain on this side of the river. There was fighting for that mountain too, but it was not successful, and in the fall when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain. The vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with the autumn. There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the road and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes; their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, gray leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm. cartridges, bulged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.There were small gray motor cars that passed going very fast; usually there was an officer on the seat with the driver and more officers in the back seat. They splashed more mud than the camions even and if one of the officers in the back was very small and sitting between two generals, he himself so small that you could not see his face but only the top of his cap and his narrow back, and if the car went especially fast it was probably the King. He lived in Udine and came out in this way nearly every day to see how things were going, and things went very badly. At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera. But it was checked and in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army.那年晚夏，我们住在乡村一幢房子里，望得见隔着河流和平原的那些高山。
高中语文第4单元自读文本永别了武器教师用书鲁人版必修1-含答案
高中语文第4单元自读文本永别了武器教师用书鲁人版必修1-含答案自读文本永别了，武器本课话题——反对战争，呼唤和平朗读——课文中的名段那么请听，世界上再没有像战争这么坏的事了。
我们呆在救护车队里，甚至连体会到战争的坏处都不可能。
人家一觉悟到它的恶劣，也没法停止战争，因为觉悟的人发疯了。
有些人从来不会发觉战争的坏处。
有些人怕军官。
战争就是由这种人造成的。
……战争不是靠打胜仗取胜的。
就算我们占领了圣迦伯烈山，那又怎么样？我们就是打下了卡索高原、蒙法尔科内和的里雅斯德，又怎么样？你今天没看见那些遥远的山峰吗？你想我们能够把那些山都抢过来吗？这得奥军停战才行。
有一方面必须先停战。
我们为什么不先停呢？敌军倘若开进意大利来，他们一待腻就会走的。
他们有他们自己的土地。
现在彼此都不让步，于是战争就发生了。
以上是小说借文中人物帕西尼之口说的，表达了对战争的强烈厌恶，对和平的无限期待和发自心底的呼唤。
积累——生活中的素材日本侵华遗孤论坛于2016年10月2日在日本江户东京博物馆举行。
主办方通过电影、图片展、演讲及集体讨论等形式让日本民众了解战争遗孤这一群体，同时也表达了战争遗孤对于中国养父母的感激之情，以及他们维护和平、守护日本和平宪法的决心。
千余名日本民众参加了当天的活动。
活动前半部分是电影《望乡之钟》的放映会，影片介绍了帮助日本遗孤回国的活动家山本慈昭的一生。
1945年他被派往中国东北担任教师，在战争中他失去了妻子，自己也在战后历经千辛万苦才回到日本。
他将余生奉献给帮助战争遗孤返回日本的事业。
影片片头打出“倾尽举国之力编织的谎言，任何时代都不容易被识破”的字幕，意在提醒日本政府深刻反省战争错误，不要重蹈历史覆辙。
论坛主办方负责人池田澄江表示，希望论坛架设起中日世代友好的桥梁。
中岛幼八介绍说，为报答中国养父母的恩情，侵华战争遗孤计划于2017年清明节回中国祭拜养父母，并参观731部队罪证陈列馆等地，以铭记历史、守护和平。
海明威作品永别了武器读后感
海明威作品永别了武器读后感一个告别了武器的人，不是敌人的俘虏，就是爱的俘虏。
我不是不善于自我保护，实在是一个放弃自我保护的人。
就如同生命的数据库，已经不需要进入的密码，随时都可以打开全部程序，可以读出全部的文件。
我说的俘虏，就是这个意义上的俘虏。
当我把自我放到阳光下的时侯，我明白从此不能有所伪装，隐蔽的日子一想起就令人不安。
当我意识到抗拒的无奈，有多少时间无可挽回，有多少记忆渐渐从内心淡出。
说到底，俘虏就是一个不能抵挡伤害的人，就是要有足够的勇气放弃希望，必须承受生存的全部压力。
本来，在属于个人的空间，可以沉浸于独自的幻想，可以从尘埃里开出虚拟的花朵。
而一个放弃自我保护的人是连欺骗自己都不能，只有不断地净化内心世界。
阅读了小说《永别了，武器》，我的心中激起了很多感受，并且对于生命与人生有了更深的了解与感悟。
《永别了，武器》是海明威的作品，小说讲述了美国青年弗瑞德里克参加第一次世界大战时候的经历，讲述了弗瑞德里克从参战到受伤再到撤退过程当中经历种种的残酷，再到最后感伤自己深爱的人的难产死亡的故事。
海明威在创作这部小说的时候，恰恰是根据他自身真实的参战经历，并且以战争与爱情作为写作主线，演绎了一篇动容的文学作品。
我在阅读《永别了，武器》以后，深深地受到了感动。
也明白了战争是非常残酷的，人这个生命在战争当中显得是多么的渺小与脆弱。
而人最宝贵的恰恰是生命，面对生命的逝去，我们不得不为之感伤与难过。
而《永别了，武器》这小说的名称也很有意思，一个放弃武器的人，不应该是战俘，而应该是爱的俘虏。
战争是不会让人放弃武器的，只有一颗美好的关爱的心才会让人真正的放弃武器、永别武器。
总的来说，《永别了，武器》这部小说真的给我很多感动。
打开编辑界面许久之后犹豫很久，写不下一个字。
抽了根烟回来，缭绕的烟雾，渐渐的在我周围散开，算是缓解下情绪吧。
不知道当年海明威是不是也有过这样的感觉。
我猜他肯定先喝一杯。
这本算是看了很久才看完，过年期间还是有很多事情绕着。
永别了武器和十字路口阅读理解
永别了武器和十字路口阅读理解永别了，武器。
“我们离山顶不远了。
我一个人没法抬出那张担架。
”他又开车了。
血流个不停。
在黑暗中，我看不清血是从头顶上的帆布上的什么地方流下来的。
我竭力把身体往旁边挪，免得血流在我身上。
有些血已经流到我衬衫里面，我觉得又酸又粘。
我身子冷，腿又疼的那么厉害，难过得想呕吐。
过了一会儿，上面担架上的流血缓和下来，又开始一滴一滴地掉了，我听到并感觉到上边的帆布在动，原来那人比较舒服地安定下来了。
“他怎么啦？”英国人回过头来问，“我们快到山顶啦。
”“他大概死了。
”我说。
血滴得很慢很慢，仿佛太阳落山后冰柱上滴下的水珠。
山路往上爬，车子里很寒冷，夜气森森。
到了峰巅的救护站，有人抬出那张担架，另外抬了一张放进来，于是我们又赶路了。
问题：1、“我们离山顶不远了。
我一个人没法抬出那张担架。
”从救护车司机的话可以看出，他是一个责任心和同情心并不强的人。
你同意这种看法吗？谈谈你的理由。
2、如何正确理解“过了一会儿，上面担架上的流血缓和下来，又开始一滴一滴地掉了，我听到并感觉到上边的帆布在动，原来那人比较舒服地安定下来了”这句话的含意？3、谈“山路往上爬，车子里很寒冷，夜气森森”这句话的作用。
4、最后一句话中两次提及担架，有何用意？答案：1、不同意。
作为一名救护车司机，他的职责就是更快地护送伤员到指定的位置。
当时已经离山顶很近了，再加上一个人的确无法将担架抬出来，他只能继续开车。
否则，就会拖延时间，造成不必要的牺牲。
2、“流血缓和下来”说明伤员生命垂危，“帆布在动”说明伤员在做临终前的挣扎，因而不可能“舒服”，说他“舒服地安定下来了”其实是想说这名伤员已经死去。
说法含蓄，耐人寻味。
3、“寒冷”“森森”二词，不仅写出了黑夜中天气之冷，更写出了“我”心情的低沉和伤痛，对表现“我”的心情起了很好的衬托作用。
4、“抬出那张担架”，说明伤员已经死去；“抬了一张放进来”，说明仍有伤员存在。
一个生命消逝了，可能还会有另一个生命逝去，战争从根本上摧残生命，从而有力地突出了小说的反战主题。
海明威《永别了,武器》高考文学类文本阅读练习及答案
海明威《永别了，武器》高考文学类文本阅读练习及答案（二）现代文阅读II（本题共4小题，16分）阅读下面的文字，完成6～9题。
永别了，武器①（节选）［美］海明威军队这么庞大，路又这么少，撤退必然混乱。
根本没人下令指挥。
“博内罗呢？”我问。
皮安尼望着我。
“他走了，中尉。
”他说，“他情愿当俘虏去。
”我一声不响。
“他怕我们都会被打死。
”我一句话也不说。
“你看，我们对这场战争根本就没有信心，中尉。
”“他上哪儿去了？”“我不知道，中尉。
他溜走了。
”我们绕着城的北面走过乌迪内，过了一会儿便走进大撤退的基本行列，整夜往塔利亚门托河赶去。
我真想不到撤退的规模这么宏大。
不但是军队，整个国家都在撤退。
我们整夜赶着路，走得比车辆还要快。
博内罗情愿去当俘虏，真傻了。
其实一点危险都没有。
路上车辆和军队很拥挤，我们在路的旁边走着。
“我走得发腻了。
”“嗯，我们现在只要走就行了。
用不着再操心。
“博内罗是个傻瓜。
”“他真是傻瓜。
“他的事你怎么处理呢，中尉？”“我还不知道。
“你看，要是战争继续下去，上面会给他家属找大麻烦的。
“战争不会继续下去的。
”一个士兵说。
“我们正在回家。
战争结束了。
“要是战争真结束了，那就没有关系了，”皮安尼说，“但是我不相信战争已经结束。
真这样就太好啦。
”“我们不久就会知道的。
”我说。
“我不相信战争结束。
他们都这样想，我可不相信。
天亮前，我们赶到了塔利亚门托河的河岸边，便沿着涨满水的河走，走近一条所有的人马要过的桥。
我们沿着河岸走，然后挤进了过桥的人群。
我紧紧地央在人群中慢慢地过桥，上面是雨，下边隔着几尺便是河水，我从桥边探头望望河水。
没人说话。
大家只希望快点过桥，心里就是这么个念头。
我们快过去了。
木桥的那一头，两边站有一些军官和宪兵，打着手电简。
我们走近他们时，我看见有个军官用手指指队伍中的一个人。
一名宪兵走进行列，抓住那人的胳膊，拖了出去。
宪兵强迫他离开大路。
他们正仔细察看着行列中的每一个人。
我们刚要走到正对面时，他们又抓去了一个人。
永别了,武器
CHAPTER 1(BOOK ONE)In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. The trunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare. There was fighting in the mountains and at night we could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming.Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motor-tractors. There was much traffic at night and many mules on the roads with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic. There were big guns too that passed in the day drawn by tractors, the long barrels of the guns covered with green branches and green leafy branches and vines laid over the tractors. To the north we第1页共257页could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees and behind it another mountain on this side of the river. There was fighting for that mountain too, but it was not successful, and in the fall when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain. The vineyards were thin and bare-branched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with the autumn. There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the road and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes; their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, gray leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm. cartridges, bulged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child.There were small gray motor cars that passed going very fast; usually there was an officer on the seat with the driver and more officers in the back seat. They splashed more mud than the camions even and if one of the officers in the back was very small and sitting between two generals, he himself so small that you could not see his face but only the top of his cap and his narrow back, and if the car went especially fast it was probably the King. He lived in Udine and came out in this way nearly every day to see how things were going, and things went very badly.At the start of the winter came the permanent rain and with the rain came the cholera. But it was checked and in the end only seven thousand died of it in the army.CHAPTER 2The next year there were many victories. The mountain that was beyond the valley and the hillside where the chestnut forest grew was captured and there were victories beyond the plain on the plateau to the south and we crossed the river in August and lived in a house in Gorizia that had a fountain and many thick shady trees in a walled garden and a wistaria vine purple on the side of the house. Now the fighting was in the next mountains beyond and was not a mile away. The town was very nice and our house was very fine. The river ran behind us and the town had been captured very handsomely but the mountains beyond it could not be taken and I was very glad the Austrians seemed to want to come back to the town some time, if the war should end, because they did not bombard it to destroy it but only a little in a military way. People lived on in it and there were hospitals and caf閟and artillery up side streets and two bawdy houses, one for troops and one for officers, and with the end of the summer, the cool nights, the fighting in the mountains beyond the town, the shell-marked iron of the railway bridge, the smashed tunnel by the river where the fighting had been, the trees around the square and the long avenue of trees that led to the square; these with there being girls in the town, the King passing in his motor car, sometimes now seeing his face and little long necked body and gray beard like a goat's chin tuft; all these with the sudden interiors of houses that had lost a wall through shelling, with plaster and rubble in their gardens and sometimes in the street, and the whole thing going well on the Carso made the fall very different from the last fall when we had been in the country. The war was changed too.第2页共257页The forest of oak trees on the mountain beyond the town was gone. The forest had been green in the summer when we had come into the town but now there were the stumps and the broken trunks and the ground torn up, and one day at the end of the fall when I was out where the oak forest had been I saw a cloud coming over the mountain. It came very fast and the sun went a dull yellow and then everything was gray and the sky was covered and the cloud came on down the mountain and suddenly we were in it and it was snow. The snow slanted across the wind, the bare ground was covered, the stumps of trees projected, there was snow on the guns and there were paths in the snow going back to the latrines behind trenches.Later, below in the town, I watched the snow falling, looking out of the window of the bawdy house, the house for officers, where I sat with a friend and two glasses drinking a bottle of Asti, and, looking out at the snow falling slowly and heavily, we knew it was all over for that year. Up the river the mountains had not been taken; none of the mountains beyond the river had been taken. That was all left for next year. My friend saw the priest from our mess going by in the street, walking carefully in the slush, and pounded on the window to attract his attention. The priest looked up. He saw us and smiled. My friend motioned for him to come in. The priest shook his head and went on. That night in the mess after the spaghetti course, which every one ate very quickly and seriously, lifting the spaghetti on the fork until the loose strands hung clear then lowering it into the mouth, or else using a continuous lift and sucking into the mouth, helping ourselves to wine from the grass-covered gallon flask; it swung in a metal cradle and you pulled the neck of the flask down with the forefinger and the wine, clear red,tannic and lovely,poured out into the glass held with the same hand;after this course,the captain commenced picking on the priest.The priest was young and blushed easily and wore a uniform like the rest of us but with a cross in dark red velvet above the left breast pocket of his gray tunic. The captain spoke pidgin Italian for my doubtful benefit, in order that I might understand perfectly, that nothing should be lost."Priest to-day with girls," the captain said looking at the priest and at me. The priest smiled and blushed and shook his head. This captain baited him often."Not true?" asked the captain. "To-day I see priest with girls.""No," said the priest. The other officers were amused at the baiting."Priest not with girls," went on the captain. "Priest never with girls," he explained to me. He took my glass and filled it, looking at my eyes all the time, but not losing sight of the priest."Priest every night five against one." Every one at the table laughed. "You understand? Priest every night five against one." He made a gesture and laughed loudly. The priest accepted it as a joke."The Pope wants the Austrians to win the war," the major said. "He loves Franz Joseph. That's where the money comes from. I am an atheist.""Did you ever read the 'Black Pig'?" asked the lieutenant. "I will get you a copy. It was that which shook my第3页共257页faith.""It is a filthy and vile book," said the priest. "You do not really like it.""It is very valuable," said the lieutenant. "It tells you about those priests. You will like it," he said to me. I smiled at the priest and he smiled back across the candle-light. "Don't you read it," he said."I will get it for you," said the lieutenant."All thinking men are atheists," the major said. "I do not believe in the Free Masons however.""I believe in the Free Masons," the lieutenant said. "It is a noble organization." Some one came in and as the door opened I could see the snow falling."There will be no more offensive now that the snow has come," I said."Certainly not," said the major. "You should go on leave. You should go to Rome, Naples, Sicily--""He should visit Amalfi," said the lieutenant. "I will write you cards to my family in Amalfi. They will love you like a son.""He should go to Palermo.""He ought to go to Capri.""I would like you to see Abruzzi and visit my family at Capracotta," said the priest."Listen to him talk about the Abruzzi. There's more snow there than here. He doesn't want to see peasants. Let him go to centres of culture and civilization.""He should have fine girls. I will give you the addresses of places in Naples. Beautiful young girls--accompanied by their mothers. Ha! Ha! Ha!" The captain spread his hand open, the thumb up and fingers outspread as when you make shadow pictures. There was a shadow from his hand on the wall. He spoke again in pidgin Italian. "You go away like this," he pointed to the thumb, "and come back like this," he touched the little finger. Every one laughed."Look," said the captain. He spread the hand again. Again the candle-light made its shadows on the wall. He started with the upright thumb and named in their order the thumb and four fingers, "soto-tenente (the thumb), tenente (first finger), capitano (next finger), maggiore (next to the little finger), and tenentecolonello (the little finger). You go away soto-tenente! You come back soto-colonello!" They all laughed. The captain was having a great success with finger games. He looked at the priest and shouted, "Every night priest five against one!" They all laughed again.第4页共257页"You must go on leave at once," the major said."I would like to go with you and show you things," the lieutenant said."When you come back bring a phonograph.""Bring good opera disks.""Bring Caruso.""Don't bring Caruso. He bellows.""Don't you wish you could bellow like him?""He bellows. I say he bellows!""I would like you to go to Abruzzi," the priest said. The others were shouting. "There is good hunting. You would like the people and though it is cold it is clear and dry. You could stay with my family. My father is a famous hunter.""Come on," said the captain. "We go whorehouse before it shuts.""Good-night," I said to the priest."Good-night," he said.CHAPTER 3When I came back to the front we still lived in that town. There were many more guns in the country around and the spring had come. The fields were green and there were small green shoots on the vines, the trees along the road had small leaves and a breeze came from the sea. I saw the town with the hill and the old castle above it in a cup in the hills with the mountains beyond, brown mountains with a little green on their slopes. In the town there were more guns, there were some new hospitals, you met British men and sometimes women, on the street, and a few more houses had been hit by shell fire. It was warm and like the spring and I walked down the alleyway of trees, warmed from the sun on the wall, and found we still lived in the same house and that it all looked the same as when I had left it. The door was open, there was a soldier sitting on a bench outside in the sun, an ambulance was waiting by the side door and inside the door, as I went in, there was the smell of marble floors and hospital.第5页共257页It was all as I had left it except that now it was spring. I looked in the door of the big room and saw the major sitting at his desk, the window open and the sunlight coming into the room. He did not see me and I did not know whether to go in and report or go upstairs first and clean up. I decided to go on upstairs.The room I shared with the lieutenant Rinaldi looked out on the courtyard. The window was open, my bed was made up with blankets and my things hung on the wall, the gas mask in an oblong tin can, the steel helmet on the same peg. At the foot of the bed was my flat trunk, and my winter boots, the leather shiny with oil, were on the trunk. My Austrian sniper's rifle with its blued octagon barrel and the lovely dark walnut, cheek-fitted, schutzen stock, hung over the two beds. The telescope that fitted it was, I remembered, locked in the trunk. The lieutenant, Rinaldi, lay asleep on the other bed. He woke when he heard me in the room and sat up."Ciaou!" he said. "What kind of time did you have?""Magnificent."We shook hands and he put his arm around my neck and kissed me."Oughf," I said."You're dirty," he said. "You ought to wash. Where did you go and what did you do? Tell me everything at once.""I went everywhere. Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples, Villa San Giovanni, Messina, Taormina--""You talk like a time-table. Did you have any beautiful adventures?""Yes.""Where?""Milano, Firenze, Roma, Napoli--""That's enough. Tell me really what was the best.""In Milano.""That was because it was first. Where did you meet her? In the Cova? Where did you go? How did you feel? Tell me everything at once. Did you stay all night?""Yes.""That's nothing. Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before."第6页共257页"Wonderful.""You don't believe me? We will go now this afternoon and see. And in the town we have beautiful English girls.I am now in love with Miss Barkley. I will take you to call. I will probably marry Miss Barkley.""I have to get washed and report. Doesn't anybody work now?""Since you are gone we have nothing but frostbites, chilblains, jaundice, gonorrhea, self-inflicted wounds, pneumonia and hard and soft chancres. Every week some one gets wounded by rock fragments. There are a few real wounded. Next week the war starts again. Perhaps it start again. They say so. Do you think I would do right to marry Miss Barkley--after the war of course?""Absolutely," I said and poured the basin full of water."To-night you will tell me everything," said Rinaldi. "Now I must go back to sleep to be fresh and beautiful for Miss Barkley."I took off my tunic and shirt and washed in the cold water in the basin. While I rubbed myself with a towel I looked around the room and out the window and at Rinaldi lying with his eyes closed on the bed. He was good-looking, was my age, and he came from Amalfi. He loved being a surgeon and we were great friends. While I was looking at him he opened his eyes."Have you any money?""Yes.""Loan me fifty lire."I dried my hands and took out my pocket-book from the inside of my tunic hanging on the wall. Rinaldi took the note, folded it without rising from the bed and slid it in his breeches pocket. He smiled, "I must make on Miss Barkley the impression of a man of sufficient wealth. You are my great and good friend and financial protector.""Go to hell," I said.That night at the mess I sat next to the priest and he was disappointed and suddenly hurt that I had not gone to the Abruzzi. He had written to his father that I was coming and they had made preparations. I myself felt as badly as he did and could not understand why I had not gone. It was what I had wanted to do and I tried to explain how one thing had led to another and finally he saw it and understood that I had really wanted to go and it was almost all right. I had drunk much wine and afterward coffee and Strega and I explained, winefully, how we did not do the things we wanted to do; we never did such things.We two were talking while the others argued. I had wanted to go to Abruzzi. I had gone to no place where the roads were frozen and hard as iron, where it was clear cold and dry and the snow was dry and powdery and hare-第7页共257页tracks in the snow and the peasants took off their hats and called you Lord and there was good hunting. I had gone to no such place but to the smoke of caf閟and nights when the room whirled and you needed to look at the wall to make it stop, nights in bed, drunk, when you knew that that was all there was, and the strange excitement of waking and not knowing who it was with you, and the world all unreal in the dark and so exciting that you must resume again unknowing and not caring in the night, sure that this was all and all and all and not caring. Suddenly to care very much and to sleep to wake with it sometimes morning and all that had been there gone and everything sharp and hard and clear and sometimes a dispute about the cost. Sometimes still pleasant and fond and warm and breakfast and lunch. Sometimes all niceness gone and glad to get out on the street but always another day starting and then another night. I tried to tell about the night and the difference between the night and the day and how the night was better unless the day was very clean and cold and I could not tell it; as I cannot tell it now. But if you have had it you know. He had not had it but he understood that I had really wanted to go to the Abruzzi but had not gone and we were still friends, with many tastes alike, but with the difference between us. He had always known what I did not know and what, when I learned it, I was always able to forget. But I did not know that then, although I learned it later. In the meantime we were all at the mess, the meal was finished, and the argument went on. We two stopped talking and the captain shouted, "Priest not happy. Priest not happy without girls.""I am happy," said the priest."Priest not happy. Priest wants Austrians to win the war," the captain said. The others listened. The priest shook his head."No," he said."Priest wants us never to attack. Don't you want us never to attack?""No. If there is a war I suppose we must attack.""Must attack. Shall attack!"The priest nodded."Leave him alone," the major said. "He's all right.""He can't do anything about it anyway," the captain said. We all got up and left the table.CHAPTER 4第8页共257页The battery in the next garden woke me in the morning and I saw the sun coming through the window and got out of the bed. I went to the window and looked out. The gravel paths were moist and the grass was wet with dew. The battery fired twice and the air came each time like a blow and shook the window and made the front of my pajamas flap. I could not see the guns but they were evidently firing directly over us. It was a nuisance to have them there but it was a comfort that they were no bigger. As I looked out at the garden I heard a motor truck starting on the road. I dressed, went downstairs, had some coffee in the kitchen and went out to the garage.Ten cars were lined up side by side under the long shed. They were top-heavy, blunt-nosed ambulances, painted gray and built like moving-vans. The mechanics were working on one out in the yard. Three others were up in the mountains at dressing stations."Do they ever shell that battery?" I asked one of the mechanics."No, Signor Tenente. It is protected by the little hill.""How's everything?""Not so bad. This machine is no good but the others march." He stopped working and smiled. "Were you on permission?""Yes."He wiped his hands on his jumper and grinned. "You have a good time?" The others all grinned too."Fine," I said. "What's the matter with this machine?""It's no good. One thing after another.""What's the matter now?""New rings."I left them working, the car looking disgraced and empty with the engine open and parts spread on the work bench, and went in under the shed and looked at each of the cars. They were moderately clean, a few freshly washed, the others dusty. I looked at the tires carefully, looking for cuts or stone bruises. Everything seemed in good condition. It evidently made no difference whether I was there to look after things or not. I had imagined that the condition of the cars, whether or not things were obtainable, the smooth functioning of the business of removing wounded and sick from the dressing stations, hauling them back from the mountains to the clearing station and then distributing them to the hospitals named on their papers, depended to a considerable extent on myself. Evidently it did not matter whether I was there or not."Has there been any trouble getting parts?" I asked the sergeant mechanic.第9页共257页"No, Signor Tenente.""Where is the gasoline park now?""At the same place.""Good," I said and went back to the house and drank another bowl of coffee at the mess table. The coffee was a pale gray and sweet with condensed milk. Outside the window it was a lovely spring morning. There was that beginning of a feeling of dryness in the nose that meant the day would be hot later on. That day I visited the posts in the mountains and was back in town late in the afternoon.The whole thing seemed to run better while I was away. The offensive was going to start again I heard. The division for which we worked were to attack at a place up the river and the major told me that I would see about the posts for during the attack. The attack would cross the river up above the narrow gorge and spread up the hillside. The posts for the cars would have to be as near the river as they could get and keep covered. They would, of course, be selected by the infantry but we were supposed to work it out. It was one of those things that gave you a false feeling of soldiering.I was very dusty and dirty and went up to my room to wash. Rinaldi was sitting on the bed with a copy of Hugo's English grammar. He was dressed, wore his black boots, and his hair shone."Splendid," he said when he saw me. "You will come with me to see Miss Barkley.""No."Yes. You will please come and make me a good impression on her.""All right. Wait till I get cleaned up.""Wash up and come as you are."I washed, brushed my hair and we started."Wait a minute," Rinaldi said. "Perhaps we should have a drink." He opened his trunk and took out a bottle."Not Strega," I said."No. Grappa.""All right."He poured two glasses and we touched them, first fingers extended. The grappa was very strong.第10页共257页"Another?""All right," I said. We drank the second grappa, Rinaldi put away the bottle and we went down the stairs. It was hot walking through the town but the sun was starting to go down and it was very pleasant. The British hospital was a big villa built by Germans before the war. Miss Barkley was in the garden. Another nurse was with her. We saw their white uniforms through the trees and walked toward them. Rinaldi saluted. I saluted too but more moderately."How do you do?" Miss Barkley said. "You're not an Italian, are you?""Oh, no."Rinaldi was talking with the other nurse. They were laughing. "What an odd thing--to be in the Italian army.""It's not really the army. It's only the ambulance.""It's very odd though. Why did you do it?""I don't know," I said. "There isn't always an explanation for everything.""Oh, isn't there? I was brought up to think there was.""That's awfully nice.""Do we have to go on and talk this way?""No," I said."That's a relief. Isn't it?""What is the stick?" I asked. Miss Barkley was quite tall. She wore what seemed to me to be a nurse's uniform, was blonde and had a tawny skin and gray eyes. I thought she was very beautiful. She was carrying a thin rattan stick like a toy riding-crop, bound in leather."It belonged to a boy who was killed last year.""I'm awfully sorry.""He was a very nice boy. He was going to marry me and he was killed in the Somme.""It was a ghastly show."第11页共257页"Were you there?""No.""I've heard about it," she said. "There's not really any war of that sort down here. They sent me the little stick. His mother sent it to me. They returned it with his things.""Had you been engaged long?""Eight years. We grew up together.""And why didn't you marry?""I don't know," she said. "I was a fool not to. I could have given him that anyway. But I thought it would be bad for him.""I see.""Have you ever loved any one?""No," I said.We sat down on a bench and I looked at her."You have beautiful hair," I said."Do you like it?""Very much.""I was going to cut it all off when he died.""No.""I wanted to do something for him. You see I didn't care about the other thing and he could have had it all. He could have had anything he wanted if I would have known. I would have married him or anything. I know all about it now. But then he wanted to go to war and I didn't know."I did not say anything."I didn't know about anything then. I thought it would be worse for him. I thought perhaps he couldn't stand it and then of course he was killed and that was the end of it."第12页共257页"I don't know.""Oh, yes," she said. "That's the end of it."We looked at Rinaldi talking with the other nurse."What is her name?""Ferguson. Helen Ferguson. Your friend is a doctor, isn't he?""Yes. He's very good.""That's splendid. You rarely find any one any good this close to the front. This is close to the front, isn't it?""Quite.""It's a silly front," she said. "But it's very beautiful. Are they going to have an offensive?""Yes.""Then we'll have to work. There's no work now.""Have you done nursing long?""Since the end of 'fifteen. I started when he did. I remember having a silly idea he might come to the hospital where I was. With a sabre cut, I suppose, and a bandage around his head. Or shot through the shoulder. Something picturesque.""This is the picturesque front," I said."Yes," she said. "People can't realize what France is like. If they did, it couldn't all go on. He didn't have a sabre cut. They blew him all to bits."I didn't say anything."Do you suppose it will always go on?""No.""What's to stop it?""It will crack somewhere."第13页共257页。
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11、悼念乔治.桑我为一位死者哭泣，我向这位不朽者致敬。
昔日我曾爱慕过她，钦佩过她，崇敬过她，而今，在死神带来的庄严肃穆中，我出神地凝视着她。
我祝贺她，因为她所做的是伟大的；我感激她，因为她所做的是美好的。
我记得，曾经有一天，我给她写过这样的话：“感谢您，您的灵魂是如此伟大。
”难道说我们真的失去她了吗？不。
那些高大的身影虽然与世长辞，然而他们并未真正消失。
远非如此，人们甚至可以说他们已经自我完成。
他们在某种形式下消失了，但是在另一种形式中犹然可见。
这真是崇高的变容。
人类的躯体乃是一种遮掩。
它能将神化的真正面貌——思想——遮掩起来。
乔治•桑就是一种思想，她从肉体中超脱出来，自由自在，虽死犹生，永垂不朽。
啊，自由的女神！乔治•桑在我们这个时代具有独一无二的地位。
其他的伟人都是男子，唯独她是伟大的女性。
在本世纪，法国革命的结束与人类革命的开始都是顺乎天理的，男女平等作为人与人之间平等的一部分。
一个伟大的女性是必不可少的。
妇女应该显示出，她们不仅保持天使般的禀性，而且还具有男子我们男子的才华。
她们不仅应有强韧的力量，也要不失其温柔的禀性。
乔治•桑就是这类女性的典范。
当法兰西遭到人们的凌辱时，完全需要有人挺身而出，为她争光载誉。
乔治•桑永远是本世纪的光荣，永远是我们法兰西的骄傲。
这位荣誉等身的女性是完美无缺的。
她象巴贝斯一样有着一颗伟大的心；她象巴尔扎克一样有着伟大的精神；她象拉马丁一样有着伟大的灵魂。
在她身上不乏诗才。
在加里波第曾创造过奇迹的时代里，乔治•桑留下了无数杰作佳品。
列举她的杰作显然是毫无必要的，重复大众的记忆又有何益？她的那些杰作的伟力概括起来就是“善良”二字。
乔治•桑确实是善良的，当然她也招来某些人的仇视。
崇敬总是有它的对立面的，这就是仇恨。
有人狂热崇拜，也有人恶意辱骂。
仇恨和辱骂正好表现人们的反对，或者不妨说它表现了人们的赞同——反对者的叫骂往往会被后人视为一种赞美之辞。
谁带桂冠谁就招打，这是一条规律，咒骂的低劣正衬出欢呼的高尚。
象乔治•桑这样的人物，可谓公开的行善者，他们离别了我们，而几乎是在离逝的同时，人们在他们留下的似乎空荡荡的位子上发现新的进步已经出现。
每当人间的伟人逝世之时，我们都听到强大的振翅搏击的响声。
一种事物消失了，另一种事物降临了。
大地与苍穹都有阴晴圆缺。
但是，这人间与那天上一样，消失之后就是再现。
一个象火炬那样的男人或女子，在这种形式下熄灭了，在思想的形式下又复燃了。
于是人们发现，曾经被认为是熄灭了的，其实是永远不会熄灭。
这火炬燃得比以往任何时候更加光彩夺目，从此它组成文明的一部分，从而屹立在人类无限的光明之列，并将增添文明的光芒。
健康的革命之风吹动着这支火炬，并使它成为燎原之势，越烧越旺，那神秘的吹拂熄灭了虚假的光亮，却增添了真正的光明。
劳动者离去了，但他的劳动成果留了下来。
埃德加•基内逝世了，但是他的高深的哲学却越出了他的坟墓，居高临下劝告着人们。
米谢莱去世了，可在他的身后，记载着未来的史册却在高高耸起。
乔治•桑虽然与我们永别了但她留给我们以女权，充分显示出妇女有着不可抹煞的天才。
正由于这样，革命才得以完全。
让我们为死者哭泣吧，但是我们要看到他们的业绩。
具有决定性意义的伟大，得益于颇可引以为豪的先驱者的英灵精神，必定会随之而来。
一切真理、一切正义正在向我们走来。
这就是我们听到的振翅搏击的响声。
让我们接受这些卓绝的死者在离别我们时所遗赠的一切！让我们去迎接未来！让我们在静静的沉思中，向那些伟大的离别者为我们预言将要到来的伟大女性致敬！《悼念乔治•桑》教案【教学目标】： 1、掌握相关的文学常识，即乔治•桑和雨果两位作家的情况。
2、朗读课文，体会悼词的写作特色。
3、整体感知文章，理清文章的层次结构。
4、揣摩有关语句，品味语言特色。
【教学重点】：有感情地朗读课文，揣摩重要语句。
【教学难点】：挖掘文章的深层内蕴，和学生筛选信息整合信息能力的培养。
【教学用具】：录音机、投影仪【教学方法】：自读、识记、引导、感悟【教学时数】：一课时【教学过程】：一、板书课题，介绍作家作品：悼念乔治•桑雨果(1）掌握乔治•桑（1840～1876）：乔治•桑，法国女小说家。
1804年7月1日生于巴黎。
法国七月革命后，发表了第一部长篇小说《安蒂亚娜》（1832），一举成名。
代表作有《木工小史》（1840）、《康素爱萝》（1843）、《安吉堡的磨工》（1845）等。
1876年6月7日逝世。
乔治•桑的作品描写细腻，文笔清新流畅，风格委婉柔和，具有很强的感染力。
（2）了解作者雨果（l802～1885）：雨果，法国诗人、小说家、剧作家，是19世纪前期积极浪漫主义文学运动的领袖，法国文学史上卓越的民主作家。
他一生活动和创作的主要思想是人道主义、反对暴力、以爱制“恶”。
他的创作期长达60年以上，其代表作是：《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《九三年》等长篇小说，诗集《颂诗集》，剧本《爱尔那尼》。
给法国文学和人类文化宝库增添了一份十分辉煌的文化遗产。
二、初读课文，理顺结构。
1、播放课文录音（教师范读亦可），提出听读要求：标段序；标生字词；标精彩之处；标疑难之处。
2、自读课文，巩固听读效果。
3、检查自读成效（1）生字词的认读屹立（yì）爱慕（mù）钦佩（qīn）肃穆（sù）禀性（bǐng）载（zai）誉苍穹（qióng）（2）词语的解释钦佩：敬重佩服。
独一无二：没有相同的；没有可以比拟的。
禀性：人的本性。
争光载誉：争得荣誉，带来光荣。
屹立：像山峰一样高耸而稳固地立着，常用来比喻坚定不可动摇。
居高临下：处在高处，俯视下面。
抹煞：一笔勾销，完全不记。
遗赠：赠与。
（3）结构划分•1、指名回答•2、明确：第一部分（1—7段）乔治•桑虽然去世了，但是由于她思想的伟大，虽死犹生。
第二部分（8—16段）高度评价了她的思想，号召人们继承它并继续前进。
第三部分（17段）用三个感叹号总结全文，向逝者致以崇高的敬意。
三、精读课文，揣摩语言1、小组交流并展示交流成果 2、点拨疑难之处（1）作者为什么说“乔治•桑在我们这个时代具有独一无二的地位”？｛因为：乔治•桑是这个时代的典范，天使的温柔，男人的才华，伟大的灵魂，杰出的作品｝（2）第13段“我们都听到强大的振翅搏击的响声”中“强大的振翅搏击的响声”指什么？｛在乔治•桑这样的伟人的精神的指引下，人们一定会振奋精神，顽强拼搏，不断取得新的进步。
｝（3）第13段中“一种事物消失了，另一种事物降临了。
”这两种“事物”分别指的是什么？｛前者指生命，后者指思想｝（4）第14段中“那神秘的吹拂熄灭了虚假的光亮”是指什么？｛是指个体生命的死亡。
｝四、再读课文，探究细节。
1、文章一开始就悲痛而又虔诚地说：“我为一位死者哭泣，我向这位不朽者致敬。
”纵观观全文，作者为什么要为之哭泣，向之致敬？｛她在文学上的成就是尽人皆知，有口皆碑，不必说；比一个人的成就更伟大的是她不为人知的一面：美好的品德、伟大的地位和深远的影响与意义。
｝ 2、第9、10、11段和第14段都写了乔治桑的贡献和价值，是否重复罗索？｛不重复，9、10、11段是写乔治•桑对现在做出的贡献和取得的成果，14段是写她逝世后对文明和思想的影响。
｝ 3、分析一下第12段在文章中的作用是什么？｛承上启下的作用。
有对当前的贡献和评价过渡到对后世影响的赞扬｝ 4、文中多处用到类比，这些类比有什么作用？｛作者把乔治•桑同当时的男性相比，突出她的才华，她的追求，她的伟大地位；文章还把乔治•桑同一些名人巴贝斯、巴尔扎克、拉马丁等相比，突出了她精神的伟大。
文章倒数第二段又用了另一组类比，说明乔治•桑的精神永远鼓舞着后人，后人将从她那里获得很多的精神的馈赠。
｝ 2 五、小结：本文是法国著名作家雨果为悼念著名作家乔治•桑而写的一篇悼词。
感情充沛，气势磅礴，笔触轻灵，文辞优美，字里行间洋溢着昂扬向上、积极进取的人生观，表达了作者对不朽者的无比的崇敬及由衷的赞美。
六、作业： 1、用一副对联概括乔治•桑的地位和精神。
2、仔细研读乔治•桑的《冬天之美》，写一篇500字左右的读后感。
学习过程标题品韵：本文是一则消息，题目揭示了中心事件——告别沈从文，即沈从文遗体告别仪式；同时也是告别“他所代表的一个时代”，即终结极“左”思潮，恢复实事求是的传统。
作者剪影王佳斌，中新社记者。
中新社(全称是中国新闻社)是以港澳同胞、台湾同胞、海外华人为主要服务对象的综合性国家通讯社。
作品背景1988年5月10日，著名作家沈从文在北京逝世。
沈从文是一位文坛巨匠，也是史学家、书法家。
这是王佳斌在参加完沈从文遗体告别仪式后写的一篇悼念文章。
1．下列词语中有错别字的一组是()A．悼词德性面容安祥邂逅B．坚韧脆弱兼容并包离奇不经C．惊扰敬献滴水穿石焕然一新D．排斥殿堂言简意赅风光旖旎【解析】A．安详。
2．下列各句中标点使用无误的一项是()A．他自十二、三岁离家，当过兵，当过水手，干过书记员和税收员。
B．沈老的夫人张兆和在花圈上写着：让音乐和鲜花伴随我们的心。
C．文革中他被派去打扫女厕时，他说：对我老头真信任嘛！D．先生对水的写照，也许能帮助我们理解他的品格，帮助我们理解先生后半生在艰难的条件下为什么能取得举世瞩目的史学成就？【解析】A．去掉顿号；C.文革要加引号；D.句末的问号改为句号。
4．依次填入下列各句横线处的词语，恰当的一组是()①上海交大把发展校办产业作为振兴学校的重要策略，突破难点，形成了自我积累的________，有力地支持了学校的教学、科研工作。
②江西和湖北两省去年以超过20亿美元的经济实力，跻身全国引进外资十强，________了中部地区在承接产业转移上的强劲势头。
③国民党代表团大陆之行，除________南京中山陵和广州黄花冈烈士陵园等地外，还希望就两岸经贸中的一些问题与大陆交换意义。
A．机制昭示拜谒 B．体制揭示参观C．机制揭示参观 D．体制昭示拜谒【解析】机制：泛指一个工作系统的组织或部分之间相互作用的过程和方式。
此处“上海交大校办企业”用“机制”恰当。
体制：国家机关、企业、事业单位等的组织机构。
昭示，明白地表示或宣布。
揭示：使人看见原来不容易看出的事物。
拜谒：瞻仰(陵墓、碑碣)。
参观：实地观察。
“拜谒”更合语境。
5．下列句子中，加点成语使用不恰当的一句是()A．如何对文科的学生进行现代科学的教育，至今没有找到具体可行的途径，这件事我始终耿耿于怀，或者说是我的另一个梦。
B．尽管巴尔扎克和莫泊桑在小说艺术领域的成就登峰造极，但因为他们的作品缺乏思想启蒙和精神贡献，也没有资格成为法国民族的伟人。
C．一部真正的经典作品，不怕被世人投入忘川，不在乎如冰的冷嘲和如火的热评，也不会使读者浅尝一口即束之高阁。