中英文文献翻译-机械手
多自由度机械手毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献专业机械设计制造及其自动化课题多自由度机械手机械设计英文原文Automated Tracking and Grasping of a Moving Object with a RoboticHand-Eye SystemAbstractMost robotic grasping tasks assume a stationary or fixed object. In this paper, we explore the requirements for tracking and grasping a moving object. The focus of our work is to achieve a high level of interaction between a real-time vision system capable of tracking moving objects in 3-D and a robot arm with gripper that can be used to pick up a moving object. There is an interest in exploring the interplay of hand-eye coordination for dynamic grasping tasks such as grasping of parts on a moving conveyor system, assembly of articulated parts, or for grasping from a mobile robotic system. Coordination between an organism's sensing modalities and motor control system is a hallmark of intelligent behavior, and we are pursuing the goal of building an integrated sensing and actuation system that can operate in dynamic as opposed to static environments.The system we have built addresses three distinct problems in robotic hand-eye coordination for grasping moving objects: fast computation of 3-D motion parameters from vision, predictive control of a moving robotic arm to track a moving object, and interception and grasping. The system is able to operate at approximately human arm movement rates, and experimental results in which a moving model train is tracked is presented, stably grasped, and picked up by the system. The algorithms we have developed that relate sensing to actuation are quite general and applicable to a variety of complex robotic tasks that require visual feedback for arm and hand control.I. INTRODUCTIONThe focus of our work is to achieve a high level of interaction between real-time vision systems capable of tracking moving objects in 3-D and a robot arm equipped with a dexterous hand that can be used to intercept, grasp, and pick up a movingobject. We are interested in exploring the interplay of hand-eye coordination for dynamic grasping tasks such as grasping of parts on a moving conveyor system, assembly of articulated parts, or for grasping from a mobile robotic system. Coordination between an organism's sensing modalities and motor control system is a hallmark of intelligent behavior, and we are pursuing the goal of building an integrated sensing and actuation system that can operate in dynamic as opposed to static environments.There has been much research in robotics over the last few years that address either visual tracking of moving objects or generalized grasping problems. However, there have been few efforts that try to link the two problems. It is quite clear that complex robotic tasks such as automated assembly will need to have integrated systems that use visual feedback to plan, execute, and monitor grasping.The system we have built addresses three distinct problems in robotic hand-eye coordination for grasping moving objects: fast computation of 3-D motion parameters from vision, predictive control of a moving robotic arm to track a moving object, and interception and grasping. The system is able to operate at approximately human arm movement rates, using visual feedback to track, intercept, stably grasp, and pick up a moving object. The algorithms we have developed that relate sensing to actuation are quite general and applicable to a variety of complex robotic tasks that require visual feedback for arm and hand control.Our work also addresses a very fundamental and limiting problem that is inherent in building integrated sensing actuation systems; integration of systems with different sampling and processing rates. Most complex robotic systems are actually amalgams of different processing devices, connected by a variety of methods. For example, our system consists of three separate computation systems: a parallel image processing computer; a host computer that filters, triangulates, and predicts 3-D position from the raw vision data; and a separate arm control system computer that performs inverse kinematic transformations and joint-level servicing. Each of these systems has its own sampling rate, noise characteristics, and processing delays, which need to be integrated to achieve smooth and stable real-time performance. In our case, this involves overcoming visual processing noise and delays with a predictive filter basedupon a probabilistic analysis of the system noise characteristics. In addition, real-time arm control needs to be able to operate at fast servo rates regardless of whether new predictions of object position are available.The system consists of two fixed cameras that can image a scene containing a moving object (Fig. 1). A PUMA-560 with a parallel jaw gripper attached is used to track and pick up the object as it moves (Fig. 2). The system operates as follows:1) The imaging system performs a stereoscopic optic-flow calculation at each pixel in the image. From these optic-flow fields, a motion energy profile is obtained that forms the basis for a triangulation that can recover the 3-D position of a moving object at video rates.2) The 3-D position of the moving object computed by step 1 is initially smoothed to remove sensor noise, and a nonlinear filter is used to recover the correct trajectory parameters which can be used for forward prediction, and the updated position is sent to the trajectory-planner/arm-control system.3) The trajectory planner updates the joint-level servos of the arm via kinematic transform equations. An additional fixed-gain filter is used to provide servo-level control in case of missed or delayed communication from the vision and filtering system.4) Once tracking is stable, the system commands the arm to intercept the moving object and the hand is used to grasp the object stably and pick it up.The following sections of the paper describe each of these subsystems in detail along with experimental results.П. PREVIOUS WORKPrevious efforts in the areas of motion tracking and real-time control are too numerous to exhaustively list here. We instead list some notable efforts that have inspired us to use similar approaches. Burt et al. [9] have focused on high-speed feature detection and hierarchical scaling of images in order to meet the real-time demands of surveillance and other robotic applications. Related work has been reported by. Lee and Wohn [29] and Wiklund and Granlund [43] who uses image differencing methods to track motion. Corke, Paul, and Wohn [13] report afeature-based tracking method that uses special-purpose hardware to drive a servocontroller of an arm-mounted camera. Goldenberg et al. [16] have developed a method that uses temporal filtering with vision hardware similar to our own. Luo, Mullen, and Wessel [30] report a real-time implementation of motion tracking in 1-D based on Horn and Schunk’s method. Vergheseetul. [41] Report real-time short-range visual tracking of objects using a pipelined system similar to our own. Safadi [37] uses a tracking filter similar to our own and a pyramid-based vision system, but few results are reported with this system. Rao and Durrant-Whyte [36] have implemented a Kalman filter-based decentralized tracking system that tracks moving objects with multiple cameras. Miller [31] has integrated a camera and arm for a tracking task where the emphasis is on learning kinematic and control parameters of the system. Weiss et al. [42] also use visual feedback to develop control laws for manipulation. Brown [8] has implemented a gaze control system that links a robotic “head” containing binocular cameras with a servo controller that allows one to maintain a fixed gaze on a moving object. Clark and Ferrier [12] also have implemented a gaze control system for a mobile robot. A variation of the tracking problems is the case of moving cameras. Some of the papers addressing this interesting problem are [9], [15], [44], and [18].The majority of literature on the control problems encountered in motion tracking experiments is concerned with the problem of generating smooth, up-to-date trajectories from noisy and delayed outputs from different vision algorithms.Our previous work [4] coped with that problem in a similar way as in [38], using an cy- p - y filter, which is a form of steady-state Kalman filter. Other approaches can be found in papers by [33], [34], [28], [6]. In the work of Papanikolopoulos et al. [33], [34], visual sensors are used in the feedback loop to perform adaptive robotic visual tracking. Sophisticated control schemes are described which combine a Kalman filter’s estimation and filtering power with an optimal (LQG) controller which computes the robot’s motion. The vision system uses an optic-flow computation based on the SSD (sum of squared differences) method which, while time consuming, appears to be accurate enough for the tracking task. Efficient use of windows in the image can improve the performance of this method. The authors have presented good tracking results, as well as stated that the controller is robust enough so the use ofmore complex (time-varying LQG) methods is not justified. Experimental results with the CMU Direct Drive Arm П show that the methods are quite accurate, robust, and promising.The work of Lee and Kay [28] addresses the problem of uncertainty of cameras in the robot’s coordinate frame. The fact that cameras have to be strictly fixed in robot’s frame might be quite annoying since each time they are (most often incidentally) displaced; one has to undertake a tedious job of their recalibration. Again, the estimation of the moving object’s position and orientation is done in the Cartesian space and a simple error model is assumed. Andersen et al. [6] adopt a 3rd-order Kalman filter in order to allow a robotic system (consisting of two degrees of freedom) to play the labyrinth game. A somewhat different approach has been explored in the work of Houshangi [24] and Koivo et al. [27]. In these works, the autoregressive (AR) and auto grassier moving-average with exogenous input (ARMAX) models are investigated for visual tracking.Ш. VISION SYSTEMIn a visual tracking problem, motion in the imaging system has to be translated into 3-D scene motion. Our approach is to initially compute local optic-flow fields that measure image velocity at each pixel in the image. A variety of techniques for computing optic-flow fields have been used with varying results includingmatching-based techniques [5], [ 10], [39], gradient-based techniques [23], [32], [ 113, and patio-temporal, energy methods [20], [2]. Optic-flow was chosen as the primitive upon which to base the tracking algorithm for the following reasons.·The ability to track an object in three dimensions implies that there will be motion across the retinas (image planes) that are imaging the scene. By identifying this motion in each camera, we can begin to find the actual 3-D motion.·The principal constraint in the imaging process is high computational speed to satisfy the update process for the robotic arm parameters. Hence, we needed to be able to compute image motion quickly and robustly. The Hom-Schunck optic-flow algorithm (described below) is well suited for real-time computation on our PIPE image processing engine.·We have developed a new framework for computing optic-flow robustly using anestimation-theoretic framework [40]. While this work does not specifically use these ideas, we have future plans to try to adapt this algorithm to such a framework.Our method begins with an implementation of the Horn-Schunck method of computing optic-flow [22]. The underlying assumption of this method is theoptic-flow constraint equation, which assumes image irradiance at time t and t+σt will be the same:If we expand this constraint via a Taylor series expansion, and drop second- and higher-order terms, we obtain the form of the constraint we need to compute normal velocity:Where u and U are the velocities in image space, and Ix, Iy,and It are the spatial and temporal derivatives in the image. This constraint limits the velocity field in an image to lie on a straight line in velocity space. The actual velocity cannot be determined directly from this constraint due to the aperture problem, but one can recover the component of velocity normal to this constraint lineA second, iterative process is usually employed to propagate velocities in image neighborhoods, based upon a variety of smoothness and heuristic constraints. These added neighborhood constraints allow for recovery of the actual velocities u,v in the image. While computationally appealing, this method of determining optic-flow has some inherent problems. First, the computation is done on a pixel-by-pixel basis, creating a large computational demand. Second, the information on optic flow is only available in areas where the gradients defined above exist.We have overcome the first of these problems by using the PIPE image processor [26], [7]. The PIPE is a pipelined parallel image processing computer capable of processing 256 x 256 x 8 bit images at frame rate speeds, and it supports the operations necessary for optic-flow computation in a pixel parallel method (a typical image operation such as convolution, warping, addition subtraction of images can be done in one cycle-l/60 s).The second problem is alleviated by our not needing to know the actual velocities in the image. What we need is the ability to locate and quantify gross image motion robustly. This rules out simple differencing methodswhich are too prone to noise and will make location of image movement difficult. Hence, a set of normal velocities at strong gradients is adequate for our task, precluding the need to iteratively propagate velocities in the image.A. Computing Normal Optic-Flow in Real-TimeOur goal is to track a single moving object in real time. We are using two fixed cameras that image the scene and need to report motion in 3-D to a robotic arm control program. Each camera is calibrated with the 3-D scene, but there is no explicit need to use registered (i.e., scan-line coherence) cameras. Our method computes the normal component of optic-flow for each pixel in each camera image, finds a centurion of motion energy for each image, and then uses triangulation to intersect the back-projected centurions of image motion in each camera. Four processors are used in parallel on the PIPE. The processors are assigned as four per camera-two each for the calculation of X and Y motion energy centurions in each image. We also use a special processor board (ISMAP) to perform real-time histogram. The steps below correspond to the numbers in Fig. 3.1) The camera images the scene and the image is sent to processing stages in the PIPE.2) The image is smoothed by convolution with a Gaussian mask. The convolution operator is a built-in operation in the PIPE and it can be performed in one frame cycle. 3-4) In the next two cycles, two more images are read in, smoothed and buffered, yielding smoothed images Io and I1 and I2.The ability to buffer and pipeline images allows temporal operations on images, albeit at the cost of processing delays (lags) on output. There are now three smoothed images in the PIPE, with the oldest image lagging by 3/60 s.5) Images Io and I2, are subtracted yielding the temporal derivative It.6) In parallel with step 5, image I1is convolved with a 3 x 3 horizontal spatial gradient operator, returning the discrete form of I,. In parallel, the vertical spatial gradient is calculated yielding I, (not shown).7-8)The results from steps 5 and 6 are held in buffers and then are input to alook-up table that divides the temporal gradient at each pixel by the absolute value of the summed horizontal and vertical spatial gradients [which approximates thedenominator in (3)]. This yields the normal velocity in the image at each pixel. These velocities are then threshold and any isolated (i.e., single pixel motion energy) blobs are morphologically eroded. The above threshold velocities are then encoded as gray value 255. In our experiments, we threshold all velocities below 10 pixels per 60 ms to zero velocity.9-10) In order to get the centurion of the motion information, we need the X and Y coordinates of the motion energy. For simplicity, we show only the situation for the X coordinate. The gray-value ramp in Fig. 3 is an image that encodes the horizontal coordinate value (0-255) for each point in the image as a gray value.Thus, it is an image that is black (0) at horizontal pixel 0 and white (255) at horizontal pixel 255. If we logically and each pixel of the above threshold velocity image with the ramp image, we have an image which encodes high velocity pixels with their positional coordinates in the image, and leaves pixels with no motion at zero.11) By taking this result and histogram it, via a special stage of the PIPE which performs histograms at frame rate speeds, we can find the centurion of the moving object by finding the mean of the resulting histogram. Histogram the high-velocity position encoded images yields 256 16-bit values (a result for each intensity in the image). These 256 values can be read off the PIPE via a parallel interface in about 10 ms. This operation is performed in parallel to find the moving object’s Y censored (and in parallel for X and Y centurions for camera 2). The total associated delay time for finding the censored of a moving object becomes 15 cycles or 0.25 s.The same algorithm is run in parallel on the PIPE for the second camera. Once the motion centurions are known for each camera, they are back-projected into the scene using the camera calibration matrices and triangulated to find the actual 3-D location of the movement. Because of the pipelined nature of the PIPE, a new X or Y coordinate is produced every 1/60 s with this delay. While we are able to derive 3-D position from motion stereo at real-time rates, there are a number of sources of noise and error inherent in the vision system. These include stereo triangulation error, moving shadow s which are interpreted as object motion (we use no special lighting in the scene), and small shifts in censored alignments due to the different viewing angles of the cameras, which have a large baseline. The net effect of this is to create a 3-Dposition signal that is accurate enough for gross-level object tracking, but is not sufficient for the smooth and highly accurate tracking required for grasping the object.英文翻译自动跟踪和捕捉系统中的机械手系统摘要——许多机器人抓捕任务都被假设在了一个固定的物体上进行。
机械手设计英文参考文献原文翻译
翻译人：王墨墨山东科技大学文献题目：Automated Calibration of Robot Coordinatesfor Reconfigurable Assembly Systems翻译正文如下：针对可重构装配系统的机器人协调性的自动校准T.艾利，Y.米达，H.菊地，M.雪松日本东京大学，机械研究院，精密工程部摘要为了实现流水工作线更高的可重构性，以必要设备如机器人的快速插入插出为研究目的。
当一种新的设备被装配到流水工作线时，应使其具备校准系统。
该研究使用两台电荷耦合摄像机，基于直接线性变换法，致力于研究一种相对位置/相对方位的自动化校准系统。
摄像机被随机放置，然后对每一个机械手执行一组动作。
通过摄像机检测机械手动作，就能捕捉到两台机器人的相对位置。
最佳的结果精度为均方根值0.16毫米。
关键词：装配，校准，机器人1 介绍21世纪新的制造系统需要具备新的生产能力，如可重用性，可拓展性，敏捷性以及可重构性[1]。
系统配置的低成本转变，能够使系统应对可预见的以及不可预见的市场波动。
关于组装系统，许多研究者提出了分散的方法来实现可重构性[2][3]。
他们中的大多数都是基于主体的系统，主体逐一协同以建立一种新的配置。
然而，协同只是目的的一部分。
在现实生产系统中，例如工作空间这类物理问题应当被有效解决。
为了实现更高的可重构性，一些研究人员不顾昂贵的造价，开发出了特殊的均匀单元[4][5][6]。
作者为装配单元提出了一种自律分散型机器人系统，包含多样化的传统设备[7][8]。
该系统可以从一个系统添加/删除装配设备，亦或是添加/删除装配设备到另一个系统；它通过协同作用，合理地解决了工作空间的冲突问题。
我们可以把该功能称为“插入与生产”。
在重构过程中，校准的装配机器人是非常重要的。
这是因为，需要用它们来测量相关主体的特征，以便在物理主体之间建立良好的协作关系。
这一调整必须要达到表1中所列到的多种标准要求。
机械手臂外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文出处：《Manufacturing Engineering and Technology—Machining》附件1：外文原文ManipulatorRobot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. I ndustrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be program med to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance a dvantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intellig ence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad p rospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has be en CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved lab or productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device . The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design c omplexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration inte rference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable Logic Controller PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a stron g anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, elec trical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and com puter technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technol ogy.First, an overview of industrial manipulatorRobot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries thatEurope and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processin g plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly inter ested in, because they have to face a high turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges.With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the wor kpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches a nd other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and mor e attracted our attention. Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of part s loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of producti on major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long a s there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce labor intensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve saf e production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, lo w pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other en ergy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used late r discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollu te the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pre ssure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the mate rial components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With th e hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of th e advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, n ot easy to plug the pipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. A s the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulti ng in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily control led. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large; i n order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic s ystem size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the followin g advantages:Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage wo uld not be a serious impact on production. Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressu re loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefor e the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, re ciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline. It can be saf ely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize auto matic overload protection.Second, the composition, mechanical handRobot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complic ated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the , Usually by the implem enting agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.1.Implementing agenciesManipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are crawlin g institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human finger s, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed .2. TransmissionThe actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system c ommonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneuma tic and electric power transmission and other drive several forms.3. Control SystemManipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain p rocedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves a nd circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agenc ies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex program mable robot controller, the micro-computer control.Three, mechanical hand classification and characteristicsRobots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the oper ation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed to operate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines suc h as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third cat egory is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. T his mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the "Mechanical Hand", which is t he host of services, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working proc edures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features:First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handlin g robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance th e hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, doubl e-beam crane)Four, industrial machinery, application of handManipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process develo ped a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially comput er extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of ro bot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and auto mation.Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weig ht characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has b een of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example:(1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lat he, combination machine tool use is more common.(2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industry It can be used to ass emble parts and components.(3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.(4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous go ods and hazardous materials removal and so on..(5) Universe and ocean development.(6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing.Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application ne eds, creating customized cases. Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic ma chinery, it can be a fixed program draws ﹑ handling objects or perform household to ols to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous ﹑ repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and a utomation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operati on, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 4 0, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material ha ndling robot, human robot in a safe room to manipulate various operations and experi mentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place t he work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, ma chine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the comple tion of the upper and lower material, or From the library take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly b y the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of obj ects of different occasions, often there are clamping ﹑ support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic ﹑﹑ electrical device dri vers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable ﹑ rotation and lifting m ovements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in metallurgic al industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixd procedure for the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace hum an labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization and automation th at can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is wide ly used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclea r power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additio nal devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling an d transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers , etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as m echanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the wor kpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, mat erial and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so that the com pletion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achie ve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture. Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and mo ving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, esp ecially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fiel ds has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the dev elopment of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechani zation and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipu lator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be use d for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the a utomation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At pr esent, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexibl e manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a f lexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, y ou can save a huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptabl e. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change wi ll help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product qua lity, and better adapt to market competition. At present, China's industrial robot techno logy and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robo t research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in Ch ina, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the stu dy of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.附件1：外文资料翻译译文机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。
工业机械手外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
第一章概述1. 1机械手的发展历史人类在改造自然的历史进程中，随着对材料、能源和信息这三者的认识和用，不断创造各种工具（机器），满足并推动生产力的发展。
工业社会向信息社会发展，生产的自动化，应变性要求越来越高，原有机器系统就显得庞杂而不灵活，这时人们就仿造自身的集体和功能，把控制机、动力机、传动机、工作机综合集中成一体，创造了“集成化”的机器系统——机器人。
从而引起了生产系统的巨大变革，成为“人——机器人——劳动对象”，或者“人——机器人——动力机——工作机——劳动对象”。
机器人技术从诞生到现在，虽然只有短短三十几年的历史，但是它却显示了旺盛的生命力。
近年来，世界上对于发展机器人的呼声更是有增无减，发达国家竞相争先，发展中国家急起直追。
许多先进技术国家已先后把发展机器人技术列入国家计划，进行大力研究。
我国的机器人学的研究也已经起步，并把“机器人开发研究”和柔性制造技术系统和设备开发研究等与机器人技术有关的研究课题列入国家“七五”、“八五”科技发展计划以及“八六三”高科技发展计划。
工业机械手是近代自动控制领域中出现的一项新技术，并已经成为现代机械制造生产系统中的一个重要组成部分。
这种新技术发展很快，逐渐形成一门新兴的学科——机械手工程。
1. 2机械手的发展意义机械手的迅速发展是由于它的积极作用正日益为人们所认识：其一、它能部分地代替人工操作；其二、它能按照生产工艺的要求，遵循一定的程序、时间和位置来完成工件的传送和装卸；其三、它能操作必要的机具进行焊接和装配。
从而大大地改善工人的劳动条件，显著地提高劳动生产率，加快实现工业生产机械化和自动化的步伐。
因而，受到各先进工业国家的重视，投入大量的人力物力加以研究和应用。
近年来随着工业自动化的发展机械手逐渐成为一门新兴的学科，并得到了较快的发展。
机械手广泛地应用于锻压、冲压、锻造、焊接、装配、机加、喷漆、热处理等各个行业。
特别是在笨重、高温、有毒、危险、放射性、多粉尘等恶劣的劳动环境中，机械手由于其显著的优点而受到特别重视。
机械手外文翻译
机械手外文翻译外文文献原文:Along with the social production progress and people life rhythm is accelerating, people on production efficiency also continuously put forward new requirements. Because of microelectronics technology and calculation software and hardware technology rapid development and modern control theory, theperfection of the fast development, the robot technology pneumatic manipulator system because its media sources do not pollute the environment, simple and cheap components, convenient maintenance and system safety and reliabilitycharacteristic, has penetrated into every sector of the industrial field, in the industrial development plays an important role. This article tells of the pneumatic control robots, furious manipulator XY axis screw group, the turntable institutions,rotating mechanical parts base. Main effect is complete mechanical components handling work, to be placed in different kinds of line or logistics pipeline, make parts handling, transport of goods more quick and convenient.Matters of the manipulator axial linkage simple structure and action processManipulator structure, as shown in figure 1 below have accused of manipulator (1), XY axis screw group (2), the turntable institutions (3), rotating base (4), etc.Its motion control mode is: (1) can rotate by servomotor Angle for 360 ? breath control manipulator (photoelectric sensor sure start 0 point); (2) by stepping motor drive screw component make along the X, Y manipulators move (have X, Y axis limit switches); (3) can rotates 360 ? can drive the turntable institutionsmanipulators and bushings free rotation (its electric drag in partby the dc motivation, photoelectric encoder, close to switch etc); (4) rotating base main support above 3 parts; (5) gas control manipulator by pressure control (Zhangclose when pressed on, put inflatable robot manipulators loosen)when gas.Its working process for: when the goods arrived, manipulator system begins to move; Stepping motor control, while the other start downward motion along thehorizontal axis of the step-motor controller began to move exercise; Servo motordriver arrived just grab goods manipulators rotating the orientation of the place, then inflatable, manipulator clamped goods.Vertical axis stepper motor drive up, the other horizontal axis stepper motordriver started to move forward; rotary DC motor rotation so that the whole robot motion, go to the cargo receiving area; longitudinal axis stepper motor driven down again, arrived at the designated location, Bleed valve, mechanical hand releasethe goods; system back to the place ready for the next action.II. Control device selectionTo achieve precise control purposes, according to market conditions, selection of a variety of key components as follows:1. Stepper motor and driveMechanical hand vertical axis (Y axis) and horizontal (X axis) is chosen Motor Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing Stone 42BYG250C type of two-phase hybrid steppingmotor, step angle of 0.9 ? / 1.8 ?, current is 1.5A. M1 is the horizontal axis motor driven manipulator stretch, shrink; M2 is thevertical axis motor driven manipulator rise and fall. The choice of stepper motor drive is SH-20403 type, the drive uses10 ~ 40V DC power supply, H-phase bridge bipolar constant current drive, themaximum output current of 3A of the 8 optional, maximum fine of 64 segments of7 sub-mode optional optical isolation, standard single-pulse interface, with offlinecapabilities to maintain semi-sealed enclosure can be adapted to environmentalconditions even worse, provide semi-current energy-saving mode automatically.Drive the internal switching power supply design to ensure that the drive can be adapted to a wide voltage range, the user can according to their circumstances to choose between the 10 ~ 40VDC. Generally the higher rated power supply voltagecan improve high-speed torque motor, but the drive will increase the loss and temperature rise. The maximum output drive current is 3A / phase (peak), six drive-panel DIP switch on the first three can be combined 5,6,7 8 out of state,corresponding to the 8 kinds of output current from 0.9A to 3A to meet the different motors. The drive can provide full step, half step improvement, subdivision 4,8 segments, 16 segments, 32 segments and 64 segments of 7 operating modes.The use of six of the drive panel DIP switches 1,2and3 can be combined fromthree different states.2. Servo motors and drivesManipulator with Panasonic servo motor rotational movement A series of small inertia MSMA5AZA1G, the rated 50W, 100/200V share, rotary incrementalencoder specifications (number of pulses 2500p / r, resolution of 10000p / r, Lead 11 lines) ; a seal, no brakes, shaft with keyway connections. The motor uses Panasonic's unique algorithms, the rate increased by 2 times the frequencyresponse, to 500Hz; positioning over the past adjust the scheduled time by Panasonic servo motor products for the V Series of 1 / 4. With the resonance suppression, control, closed loop control, can make up for lack of mechanical rigidity, in order to achieve high positioning accuracy can also be an external grating to form closed loop control to further improve accuracy. With a conventional automatic gain adjustment and real-time automatic gainInterest adjustment in the automatic gain adjustment methods, which also hasRS-485, RS-232C communication port, the host controller can control up to 16 axes. Servo motor drives are a series MSDA5A3A1A, applicable to small inertiamotor.3. DC machine360 ? swing of the turntable can be a brushless DC motor driven organization, thesystem is chosen when the profit company in Beijing and the57BL1010H1 brushless DC motor, its speed range, low-speed torque, smooth running, lownoise, high efficiency. Brushless DC motor drive using the Beijing and when Lee'sBL-0408 produced by the drive, which uses 24 ~ 48V DC power supply, a start-stop and steering control, over current, overvoltage and lockedrotor protection,and there is failure alarm output external analog speed control, braking down so fast.4. Rotary encoderCan swing 360 ? in the body on the turntable, fitted with OMRON E6A2 produced incremental rotary encoder, the encoder signals to the PLC, to achieveprecise positioning of rotary bodies.5. PLC SelectionAccording to the system design requirements, the choice of OMRON CPM2Aproduced minicomputer. CPM2A in a compact unit integrated with a variety of properties, including the synchronization pulse control, interrupt input, pulse output, analog set and clock functions. CPM2A the CPU unit is a stand-alone unit,capable of handling a wide range of application of mechanical control, it is built in the device control unit for the ideal product. Ensure the integrity of communications and personal computers, other OMRON PC and OMRON Programmable Terminal communication. The communication capability allows the robot to Axis simple easyintegration into industrial control systems.III. Software programming1. Software flow chartPLC programming flow chart is based. Only the design flow, it may be smoothand easy to prepare and write a statement form the ladder, and ultimately complete the process design. So write a flow chart of program design is critical to the task first thing to do. Axis Manipulator based on simple control requirements, drawing flow chart shown in Figure 2.2. Program partBecause space is limited, here only paper listed the first two programsegment for readers see.IV. ConclusionAxis simple robot state by the various movements and PLC control,the robot can not only meet the manual, semi-automatic mode of operation required for sucha large number of buttons, switches, position detection point requirements, but also through the interface components and Computer Organization PLC industrial LAN, network communication and network control. Axis simple robot can be easilyembedded into industrial production pipeline.中文译文:随着社会生产不断进步和人们生活节奏不断加快,人们对生产效率也不断提出新要求。
简易机械手及控制外文文献翻译、机械手类中英翻译、外文翻译
附录外文文献原文：Simple Manipulator And The Control Of ItAlong with the social production progress and people life rhythm is accelerating, people on production efficiency also continuously put forward new requirements. Because of microelectronics technology and calculation software and hardware technology rapid development and modern control theory, the perfection of the fast development, the robot technology pneumatic manipulator system because its media sources do not pollute the environment, simple and cheap components, convenient maintenance and system safety and reliability characteristic, has penetrated into every sector of the industrial field, in the industrial development plays an important role. This article tells of the pneumatic control robots, furious manipulator XY axis screw group, the turntable institutions, rotating mechanical parts base. Main effect is complete mechanical components handling work, to be placed in different kinds of line or logistics pipeline, make parts handling, transport of goods more quick and convenient.Matters of the manipulator axial linkage simple structure and action processManipulator structure, as shown in figure 1 below have accused of manipulator (1), XY axis screw group (2), the turntable institutions (3), rotating base (4), etc.Figure 1 Manipulator StructureIts motion control mode is: (1) can rotate by servomotor Angle for 360 °breath control manipulator (photoelectric sensor sure start 0 point); (2) by stepping motor drive screw component make along the X, Y manipulators move (have X, Y axis limit switches); (3) can rotates 360 °can drive the turntable institutions manipulators and bushings free rotation (its electric drag in part by the dc motivation, photoelectric encoder, close to switch etc); (4) rotating base main support above 3 parts; (5) gas control manipulator by pressure control (Zhang close when pressed on, put inflatable robot manipulators loosen) when gas.Its working process for: when the goods arrived, manipulator system begins to move; Stepping motor control, while the other start downward motion along the horizontal axis of the step-motor controller began to move exercise; Servo motor driver arrived just grab goods manipulators rotating the orientation of the place, then inflatable, manipulator clamped goods.Vertical axis stepper motor drive up, the other horizontal axis stepper motor driver started to move forward; rotary DC motor rotation so that the whole robot motion, go to the cargo receiving area; longitudinal axis stepper motor driven down again, arrived at the designated location, Bleed valve, mechanical hand release the goods; system back to the place ready for the next action.II.Device controlTo achieve precise control purposes, according to market conditions, selection of a variety of keycomponents as follows:1. Stepper motor and driveMechanical hand vertical axis (Y axis) and horizontal (X axis) is chosen Motor Technology Co., Ltd. Beijing Stone 42BYG250C type of two-phase hybrid stepping motor, step angle of 0.9 °/ 1.8 °, current is 1.5A. M1 is the horizontal axis motor driven manipulator stretch, shrink; M2 is the vertical axis motor driven manipulator rise and fall. The choice of stepper motor drive is SH-20403 type, the drive uses 10 ~ 40V DC power supply, H-phase bridge bipolar constant current drive, the maximum output current of 3A of the 8 optional, maximum fine of 64 segments of 7 sub-mode optional optical isolation, standard single-pulse interface, with offline capabilities to maintain semi-sealed enclosure can be adapted to environmental conditions even worse, provide semi-current energy-saving mode automatically. Drive the internal switching power supply design to ensure that the drive can be adapted to a wide voltagerange, the user can according to their circumstances to choose between the 10 ~ 40VDC. Generally the higher rated power supply voltage can improve high-speed torque motor, but the drive will increase the loss and temperature rise. The maximum output drive current is 3A / phase (peak), six drive-panel DIP switch on the first three can be combined 5,6,7 8 out of state, corresponding to the 8 kinds of output current from 0.9A to 3A to meet the different motors. The drive can provide full step, half step improvement, subdivision 4, 8 segments, 16 segments, 32 segments and 64 segments of 7 operating modes. The use of six of the drive panel DIP switches 1,2and3 can be combined from three different states.2. Servo motors and drivesManipulator with Panasonic servo motor rotational movement A series of small inertia MSMA5AZA1G, the rated 50W, 100/200V share, rotary incremental encoder specifications (number of pulses 2500p / r, resolution of 10000p / r, Lead 11 lines) ; a seal, no brakes, shaft with keyway connections. The motor uses Panasonic's unique algorithms, the rate increased by 2 times the frequency response, to 500Hz; positioning over the past adjust the scheduled time by Panasonic servo motor products for the V Series of 1 / 4. With the resonance suppression, control, closed loop control, can make up for lack of mechanical rigidity, in order to achieve high positioning accuracy can also be an external grating to form closed loop control to further improve accuracy. With a conventional automatic gain adjustment and real-time automatic gainInterest adjustment in the automatic gain adjustment methods, which also has RS-485, RS-232C communication port, the host controller can control up to 16 axes. Servo motor drives are a series MSDA5A3A1A, applicable to small inertia motor.3. DC machine360 ° swing of the turntable can be a brushless DC motor driven organization, the system is chosen when the profit company in Beijing and the 57BL1010H1 brushless DC motor, its speed range, low-speed torque, smooth running, low noise, high efficiency. Brushless DC motor drive using the Beijing and when Lee's BL-0408 produced by the drive, which uses 24 ~ 48V DC power supply, a start-stop and steering control, over current, overvoltage and locked rotor protection, and there is failure alarm output external analog speed control, braking down so fast.4. Rotary encoderCan swing 360 ° in the body on the turntable, fitted with OMRON E6A2 produced incremental rotary encoder, the encoder signals to the PLC, to achieve precise positioning of rotary bodies.5. PLC SelectionAccording to the system design requirements, the choice of OMRON CPM2A produced minicomputer. CPM2A in a compact unit integrated with a variety of properties, including the synchronization pulse control, interrupt input, pulse output, analog set and clock functions. CPM2A the CPU unit is astand-alone unit, capable of handling a wide range of application of mechanical control, it is built in the device control unit for the ideal product. Ensure the integrity of communications and personal computers, other OMRON PC and OMRON Programmable Terminal communication. The communication capability allows the robot to Axis simple easy integration into industrial control systems.III. Software programming1. Software flow chartPLC programming flow chart is based. Only the design flow, it may be smooth and easy to prepare and write a statement form the ladder, and ultimately complete the process design. So write a flow chart of program design is critical to the task first thing to do. Axis Manipulator based on simple control requirements, drawing flow chart shown in Figure 2.Figure 2 Software flow chart2. Program partBecause space is limited, here only paper listed the first two program segment for readers see.Figure 3 Program partIV. ConclusionAxis simple robot state by the various movements and PLC control, the robot can not only meet the manual, semi-automatic mode of operation required for such a large number of buttons, switches, position detection point requirements, but also through the interface components and Computer Organization PLC industrial LAN, network communication and network control. Axis simple robot can be easily embedded into industrial production pipeline.中文译文：简易机械手及控制随着社会生产不断进步和人们生活节奏不断加快,人们对生产效率也不断提出新要求。
关于机械手的中英文翻译
外文翻译COMBINATION OF ROBOT CONTROL AND ASSEMBLY PLANNINGFOR A PRECISION MANIPULATOORAbstractThis paper researches how to realize the automatic assembly operation on a two-finger precision manipulator. A multi-layer assembly support system is proposed. At the task-planning layer, based on the computer-aided design (CAD) model, the assembly sequence is first generated, and the information necessary for skill decomposition is also derived. Then, the assembly sequence is decomposed into robot skills at the skill-decomposition layer. These generated skills are managed and executed at the robot control layer. Experimental results show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed system.Keywords Manipulator Assembly planning Skill decomposition Automated assembly1 IntroductionOwing to the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) techniques, many products are becoming very small and complex, such as microphones, micro-optical components, and microfluidic biomedical devices, which creates increasing needs for technologies and systems for the automated precision assembly of miniature parts. Many efforts aiming at semi-automated or automated assembly have been focused on microassembly technologies. However, microassembly techniques of high flexibility, efficiency, and reliability still open to further research. Thispaper researches how to realize the automatic assembly operation on a two-finger micromanipulator. A multi-layer assembly support system is proposed.Automatic assembly is a complex problem which may involve many different issues, such as task planning, assembly sequences generation, execution, and control, etc. It can be simply divided into two phases; the assembly planning and the robot control. At the assembly-planning phase, the information necessary for assembly operations, such as the assembly sequence, is generated. At the robot control phase, the robot is driven based on the information generated atthe assembly-planning phase, and the assembly operations are conducted. Skill primitives can work as the interface of assembly planning to robot control. Several robot systems based on skill primitives have been reported. The basic idea behind these systems is the robot programming. Robot movements are specified as skill primitives, based on which the assembly task is manually coded into programs. With the programs, the robot is controlled to fulfill assembly tasks automatically.A skill-based micromanipulation system has been developed in the authors’ lab, and it can realize many micromanipulation operations. In the system, the assembly task is manually discomposed into skill sequences and compiled into a file. After importing the file into the system, the system can automatically execute the assembly task. This paper attempts to explore a user-friendly, and at the same time easy, sequence-generation method, to relieve the burden of manually programming the skillsequence.It is an effective method to determine the assembly sequence from geometric computer-aided design (CAD) models. Many approaches have been proposed. This paper applies a simple approach to generate the assembly sequence. It is not involved with the low-level data structure of the CAD model, and can be realized with the application programming interface (API) functions that many commercial CAD software packages provide. In the proposed approach, a relations graph among different components is first constructed by analyzing the assembly model, and then, possible sequences are searched, based onthe graph. According to certain criterion, the optimal sequence is finally obtained.To decompose the assembly sequence into robot skill sequences, some works have been reported. In Nnaji et al.’s work, the assembly task commands are expanded to more detailed commands, which can be seen as robot skills, according to a predefined format. The decomposition approach of Mosemann and Wahl is based on the analysis of hyperarcs of AND/OR graphs representing the automatically generated assembly plans. This paper proposes a method to guide the skill decomposition. The assembly processes of parts are grouped into different phases, and parts are at different states. Specific workflows push forward parts from one state to another state. Each workflow is associated with a skill generator. According to the different start state and target state of the workflow, the skill generator creates a series of skills that can promote the part to its target state.The hierarchy of the system proposed here ,the assembly information on how to assemble a product is transferred to the robot through multiple layers. The top layer is for the assembly-task planning. The information needed for the task planning and skill generation are extracted from the CAD model and are saved in the database. Based on the CAD model, the assembly tasksequences are generated. At the skill-decomposition layer, tasks are decomposed into skill sequences. The generated skills are managed and executed at the robot control layer.2 Task planningSkills are not used directly at the assembly-planning phase. Instead, the concept of a task is used. A task can fulfill a series of assembly operations, for example, from locating a part, through moving the part, to fixing it with another part. In other words, one task includes many functions that may be fulfilled by several different skills. A task is defined as:T =（Base Part; Assembly Part; Operation）Base_Part and Assembly_Part are two parts that are assembled together. Base_Part is fixed on the worktable, while Assembly_Part is handled by robot’s end-effector and assembled onto the Base_Part. Operation describes how the Assembly_Part is assembled with the Base_Part; Operation ∈ {Insertion_T, screw_T, align_T,...}.The structure of microparts is usually uncomplicated, and they can be modeled by the constructive solid geometry (CSG) method. Currently, many commercial CAD software packages can support 3D CSG modeling. The assembly model is represented as an object that consists of two parts with certain assembly relations that define howthe parts are to be assembled. In the CAD model, the relations are defined by geometric constraints. The geometric information cannot be used directly to guide the assembly operation—we have to derive the information necessary for assembly operations from the CAD model.Through searching the assembly tree and geometric relations (mates’ relations) defined in the assembly’s CAD model, we can generate a relation graph among parts, for example, In the graph, the nodes represent the parts. If nodes are connected, it means that there are assembly relations among these connected nodes (parts).2.1 Mating directionIn CSG, the relations of two parts, geometric constraints, are finally represented as relations between planes and lines, such as collinear, coplanar, tangential, perpendicular, etc. For example, a shaft is assembled in a hole. The assembly relations between the two parts may consist of such two constraints as collinear between the centerline of shaft Lc_shaft and the centerline of hole Lc_hole and coplanar between the plane P_Shaft and the plane P_Hole. The mating direction is a key issue for an assembly operation. This paper applies the following approach to compute the possible mating direction based on the geometric constraints (the shaft-in-hole operation of Fig.3 is taken as an example):1. For a part in the relation graph, calculate its remaining degrees of freedom,also called degrees of separation, of each geometric constraint.For the coplanar constraint, the remaining degrees of freedom are {}z Rot y x R ,,1=. For the collinear constraint, the remaining degrees of freedom are {}z Rot z R ,2=. 1R and 2R can also be represented as {}1,0,0,0,1,11=R and {}1,0,0,1,0,02=R . Here, 1 means that there is a degree of separation between the two parts. {}1,0,0,00,021，= R R , and so, the degree of freedom around the z axis will be ignored in the following steps.In the case that there is a loop in the relation graph, such as parts Part 5, Part 6, and Part 7 in Fig. 2, the loop has to be broken before the mating direction is calculated. Under the assumption that all parts in the CAD model are fully constrained and not over-constrained, the following simple approach is adopted. For the part t in the loop, calculate the number of 1s in in i i ti R R R N ...21=; where ik R is the remaining degrees of freedom of constraint k by part i. For example, in Fig. 2, given that the number of 1s in 7,5part part U and 7,6part part U is larger than 6,5part part U and 5,6part part U , respectively, then it can be regarded that the position of Part 7 is determined by constraints with both Part 5 and Part 6, while Part 5 and Part 6 can be fully constrained by constraints between Part 5 and Part 6.We can unite Part 5 and Part 6 as one node in the relation graph, also called a composite node, as shown in Fig. 2b. The composite node will be regarded as a single part, but it is obvious that the composite node implies an assembly sequence.2. Calculate mating directions for all nodes in the relation graph. Again, beginning at the state that the shaft and the hole are assembled, separate the part in one degree of separation by a certain distance (larger than the maximum tolerance), and then check if interference occurs. Separation in both ±x axis and ±y axis of R1 causes the interference between the shaft and the hole. Separation in the +z direction raises no interference. Then, select the +z direction as the mating direction, which is represented as a vector M measured in the coordinate system of the assembly. It should be noted that, in some cases, there may be several possible mating directions for a part. The condition for assembly operation in the mating direction to be ended should be given. When contact occurs between parts in the mating direction at the assembled state, which can be checked simply with geometric constraints, the end condition is measured by force sensory information, whereas position information is used as an end condition.3. Calculate the grasping position. In this paper, parts are handled and manipulated with two separate probes, which will be discussed in the Sect. 4, and planes or edges are considered for grasping. In the case that there are several mating directions, the grasping planes are selected as G1∩G2∩...∩Gi, where Gi is possible grasping plane/edge set for the ith mating direction when the part is at its free state. For example, in Fig. 4, the pair planes P1/P1′, P2/P2′, and P3/P3′ canserve as possible grasping planes, and then the grasping planes are{}{}{}{}1P1/P 2P2/P ,1P1/P 3P3/P ,1P1/P 3P3/P ,2P2/P ,1P1/P 3_2_1_'='''''''=dir mating dir mating dir mating G G GThe approaching direction of the end-effector is selected as the normal vector of the grasping planes. It is obvious that not all points on the grasping plane can be grasped. The following method is used to determine the grasping area. The end-effector, which is modeled as a cuboid, is first added in the CAD model, with the constraint of coplanar or tangential with the grasping plane. Beginning at the edge that is far away from the Base_Part in the mating direction, move the end-effector in the mating direction along the grasping plane until the end-effector is fully in contact with the part, the grasping plane is fully in contact with the end-effector, or a collision occurs. Record the edge and the distance, both of which are measured in the part ’s coordinate system.4. Separate gradually the two parts along the mating direction, while checking interference in the other degrees of separation, until no interference occurs in all of the other degrees of separation. There is obviously a separation distance that assures interference not to occur in every degree of separation. It is called the safe length in that direction. This length is used for the collision-free path calculation, which will be discussed in the following section.2.2 Assembly sequenceSome criteria can be used to search the optimal assembly sequence, such as the mechanical stability of subassemblies, the degree of parallel execution, types of fixtures, etc. But for microassembly, we should pay more attention to one of its most important features, the limited workspace, when selecting the assembly sequence. Microassembly operations are usually conducted and monitored under microscopy, and the workspace for microassembly is very small. The assembly sequence brings much influence on the assembly efficiency. For example, a simple assembly with three parts. In sequence a, part A is first fixed onto part B. In the case that part C cannot be mounted in the workspace at the same time with component AB because of the small workspace, in order to assemble part C with AB, component AB has to be unmounted from the workspace. Then, component C is transported and fixed into the workspace. After that, component AB is transported back into the workspace again. In sequence b, there is no need to unmount any part. Sequence a is obviously inefficient and may cause much uncertainty. In other words, the greater the number of times of unmounting components required by an assembly sequence, the more inefficient the assembly sequence. In this paper, due to the small -workspace feature of microassembly, the number of times necessary for the mounting of parts is selected as the search criteria to find the assembly sequence that has a few a number of times for themounting of parts as possible.This paper proposes the following approach to search the assembly sequence. The relation graph of the assembly is used to search the optimal assembly sequence. Heuristic approaches are adopted in order to reduce the search times:1. Check nodes connected with more than two nodes. If the mating directions of its connected nodes are different, mark them as inactive nodes, whereas mark the same mating directions as active mating direction.2. Select a node that is not an inactive node. Mark the current node as the base node (part). The first base part is fixed on the workspace with the mating direction upside (this is done in the CAD model). Compare the size (e.g., weight or volume) of the base part with its connected parts, which can be done easily by reading the bill of materials (BOM) of the assembly. If the base part is much smaller, then mark it as an inactive node.3. Select a node connected with the base node as an assembly node (part). Check the mating direction if the base node needs to be unmounted from the workspace. If needed, update a variable, say mount++. Reposition the component (note that there may be not only the base part in the workspace; some other parts may have been assembled with the base part) in the workspace so that the mating direction is kept upside.4. In the CAD model, move the assembly part to the base part in the possible mating direction, while checking if interference (collision) occurs. If interference occurs, mark the base node as an inactive node and go to step 2, whereas select the Operation type according to parts’ geometric features. In this step, an Obstacle Box is also computed. The box, which is modeled as a cuboid, includes all parts in the workspace. It is used to calculate the collision-free path to move the assembly part, which will be introduced in the following section. The Obstacle Box is described by a position vector and its width, height, and length.5. Record the assembly sequence with the Operation type, the mating direction, and the grasping position.6. If all nodes have been searched, then mark the first base node as an inactive node and go to step 2. If not, select a node connected with the assembly node. Mark it as an assembly node, and the assembly node is updated as a base node. Check if there is one of the mating directions of the assembly node that is same as the mating direction of the former assembly node. If there is, use the former mating direction in the following steps. Go to step 3.After searching the entire graph, we may have several assembly sequences. Comparing the values of mount, the more efficient one can be selected. If not even one sequence is returned, then users may have to select one manually. If there are N nodes in the relation graph of Fig. 2b, all of which are not classed as inactive node, and each node may have M mating directions, thenit needs M N computations to find all assembly sequences. But because, usually, one part only has one mating direction, and there are some inactive nodes, the computation should be less than M N .It should be noted that, in the above computation, several coordinate systems are involved, such as the coordinates of the assembly sequence, the coordinates of the base part, and the coordinates of the assembly. The relations among the coordinates are represented by a 4×4 transformation matrix, which is calculated based on the assembly CAD model when creating the relations graph. These matrixes are stored with all of the related parts in the database. They are also used in skill decomposition.3 Skill decomposition and execution3.1 Definition of skill primitiveSkill primitives are the interface between the assembly planning and robot control. There have been some definitions on skill primitives. The basic difference among these definitions is the skill ’s complexity and functions that one skill can fulfill. From the point of view of assembly planning, it is obviously better that one skill can fulfill more functions. However, the control of a skill with many functions may become complicated. In the paper, two separate probes, rather than a single probe or parallel jaw gripper, are used to manipulate the part. Even for the grasp operation, the control process is not easy. In addition, for example, moving a part may involve not only the manipulator but also the worktable. Therefore, to simplify the control process, skills defined in the paper do not include many functions.More importantly, the skills should be easily applied to various assembly tasks, that is, the set of skills should have generality to express specific tasks. There should not be overlap among skills. In the paper, a skill primitive for robot control is defined as:()()()()i Attribute i Condition i Attribute i End i Attribute i Start i Attribute i Action i Attribute Si __,__,__,__,_=Attributes_i Information necessary for Si to be executed. They can be classified as required attributes and option attributes, or sensory attributes and CAD-model-driven attributes. The attributes are represented by global variables used in different layers.Action_i Robots ’ actions, which is the basic sensormotion. Many actions are defined in the system, such as Move_Worktable, Move_Probes, Rotation_Worktable, Rotation_Probes, Touch, Insert, Screw, Grasp , etc. For one skill, there is only one Action. Due to the limited space, the details of actions will not be discussed in this paper.Start_i The start state of Action_i , which is measured by sensor values.End_i The end state of Action_i, which is measured by sensor values.Condition_i The condition under which Action_i is executed.From the above definitions, we may find that skill primitives in the paper are robot motions with start state and end state, and that they are executed under specific conditions. Assembly planning in the paper is to generate a sequence of robot actions and to assign values to attributes of these actions.3.2 Skill decompositionSome approaches have been proposed for skill decomposition. This paper presents a novel approach to guide the skill decomposition. As discussed above, in the present paper, a task is to assemble the Assembly_Part with the Base_Part. We define the process from the state that Assembly_Part is at a free state to the state that it is fixed with the Base_Part as the assembly lifecycle of the Assembly_Part. In its assembly lifecycle, the Assembly_Part may be at different assembly states.Here shows a shaft’s states shown as blocks and associated workflows of an insertion task. A workflow consisting of a group of skills pushes forward the Assembly_Part from one state to another state. A workflow is associated with a specific skill generator that is in charge of generating skills. For different assembly tasks, the same workflows may be used, though specific skills generated for different tasks may be different.The system provides default task templates, in which default states are defined. These templates are imported into the system and instantiated after they are associated with the corresponding Assembly_Part. In some cases, some states defined by the default template may be not needed. For example, if the shaft has been placed into the workspace with accurate position, for example, determined by the fixture, then the Free and In_WS states can be removed from the shaft’s assembly lifecycle. The system provides a tool for users to modify these templates or generate their own templates. The tool’s user interface is displayed in.For a workflow, the start state is measured by sensory values, while the target state is calculated based on the CAD model and sensory attributes. According to the start state and the target state, the generator generates a series of skills. Here, we use the Move workflow in as an example to show how skills are generated.After the assembly task (assembly lifecycle) is initiated, the template is read into the Coordinator. For the workflow Move, its start state is Grasped, which implies that the Assembly_Part is grasped by the robot’s end-effector and, obviously, the position of the Assembly_Part is also obtained. Its target state is Adjusted, which is the state immediately before it is to be fixed with the Base_Part. At the Adjusted state, the orientation of the Assembly_Part is determined by the mating direction, while the position is determined by the Safe Length. Thesevalues have been calculated in the task planning layer and are stored in a database. When the task template is imported, these values are read into the memory at Coordinate and transformed into the coordinates of the workspace.There is an important and necessary step that has to be performed in the skill decomposition phase—the generation of a collision-free path. Here, we use a straight-line path, which is simple and easy calculated. Assume that P3 is the position of the Assembly_Part at the Adjusted state and P0 is the position at the Grasped state. The following approach is applied to generate the path:1. Based on the orientation of the Assembly_Part and mating direction, select skills (Rotate_Table or Rotate_Probes) to adjust the orientation of the part and assign values to the attributes of these skills.2. Based on the Obstacle Box, mating direction, real position/orientation of the Assembly_Part, the intermediate positions P1 and P2 need to be calculated.3. For each segment path, verify whether the Move_Table skill (for a large range) or the Move_Probe skill (for a small range) should be used.4. Generate skill lists for each segment and assign values to these skills.3.3 Execution of skillsAfter a group of skills which can promote the part to a specific state are generated, these skills are transferred to the Skill Management model. The system promotesone or several skills into the On Work Skill list and simultaneously dispatches them to the micromanipulator. Once the skill has been completed by the robot, the system removes it from the OnWork Task list and places it into the Completed Task list. After all of these skills have been completed, the state of the part is updated. For some states, skill execution and skill generation can be conducted in parallel. For example, for the Insertion lifecycle, if the part's position information is obtained, skills for the move workflow can be generated parallel with the execution of skills generated for the Grasp workflow.The assembly process is not closed to users. With the proposed skills management list structure, users can monitor and control the assembly process easily. For example, for the adjustment or the error recovery, users can suspend the ongoing skill to input commands directly or move the robot in a manual mode.4 Experiment4.1 Experimental platformThe experimental platform used in the paper. For microassembly operations, the precision and workspace are tradeoffs. In order to acquire both a large workspace and high precision, the two-stage control approach is usually used. These systems usually consist of two different sets of actuators; the coarse one, which is of large workspace but lower precision, and the fine one, which is of small workspace but higher precision. In our system, the large-range coarse motion is provided by a planar motion unit, with a repeatability of 2 μm in the x and y directions, which is driven by two linear sliders made by NSK Ltd. The worktable can also provide a rotation motion around the z axis, which is driven by a stepper motor with a maximum resolution of 0.1°/step.In the manipulator, two separate probes, rather than a single probe or parallel jaw grippers, are used to manipulate the miniature parts. The two probes are fixed onto two stepper motors with a maximum resolution of 0.05°/step. The two motors are then fixed onto the parallel motion mechanism respectively. It is a serial connection of a parallel-hexahedron link and a parallelogram link. When the 1θ,2θ, and 3θ are small enough, the motion of the end-effector can be considered as linear motion.The magnetic actuator to drive the parallel mechanism consists of an air-core coil and a permanent magnet. The permanent magnet is attached to the parallel link, while the coil is fixed onto the base frame. The magnetic levitation is inherently unstable, because it is weak to external disturbances due to its non-contact operation in nature. To minimize the effect of external disturbances, a disturbance-observer-based method is used to control our micromanipulator.Laser displacement sensors are used to directly measure the probe ’s position. The reflector is attached to the endeffector. Nano-force sensors produced by the BL AUTOTEC company are used to measure the forces. The position resolution of the micromanipulator is 1 um. The maximal resolution of the force is 0.8 gf, and the maximal resolution of the torque is 0.5 gfcm. A more detailed explanation on the mechanism of the manipulator can be found. All assembly operations are conducted under a microscope SZCTV BO61 made by the Olympus Company. The image information is captured by a Sharp GPB –K PCI frame grabber, which works at 25 MHz.4.2 ExperimentAn assembly with three components is assembled with the proposed manipulator. It is a wheel of a micromobile robot developed in the authors'lab. The following geometric constraints are defined in the CAD model: collinear between CL_cup and CL_axis , collinear between CL_gear and CL_axis , coplanar between Plane_cup and Plane_gear_1, coplanar between Plane_gear_1 and Plane_axis. According to the above geometric constraints, the three parts construct a loop in the relation graph.The CAD model is created with the commercial software Solidworks 2005, and its API functions are used to develop the assembly planning model. The assembly Information database is developed with Oracle 9.2. Models involved with skill generation are developed with Visual Basic 6.0. The skill-generation models are run withWindows 2000 on an HP workstation with a CPU of 2.0 G Hz and memory of 1.0 GB. Assuming that the positions of parts are available beforehand, it took about 7 min to generate the skill sequence. The generated assembly sequence is to assemble the gear onto the axis, and then assemble the cup onto the axis and the gear.In the assembly operation, the parts are placed on the worktable with special fixtures and then transported into the workspace, so that their initial position and orientation can be assured. Therefore, in the experiment, all of the skill sequences for the different parts can be generated and then transferred to the Skill Management unit. The skill istransmitted to the micromanipulator through TCP/IP communication. Because the controller of the micromanipulator is run on DOS, the WTTCP tools kit are adopted to develop the TCP/IP communication protocol.Because, currently, the automated control of the fixtures is not realized yet, the parts have to be fixed manually onto the worktable. The promotion between different tasks(assembly lifecycle of different parts) is conducted manually. Here shows some screenshots of the assembly process. In a, the axis is fixed in the workspace; in b, the gear is fixed in the workspace; from c to e, the gear is grasped, moved, and fixed onto the axis by the probes; in f, the cup is fixed in the workspace; from g to i, the cup is fixed with the gear and the axis. It can be found that the proposed system can perform the assembly successfully.5 ConclusionThis paper has introduced a skill-based manipulation system. The skill sequences are generated based on a computer-aided design (CAD) model. By searching the assembly tree and mate trees, an assembly graph is constructed. The paper proposes the approach to calculate the mating directions and grasping position based on the geometric constraints that define relations between different parts. Because the workspace of the micromanipulator is very small, the assembly sequence brings much influence on the assembly sequence. In the present paper, the number of required times of mounting parts in the workspace is selected as the criterion to select the optimal skill sequence.This paper presents a method to guide the skill decomposition. The assembly process is divided into different phases. In one phase, the part is at an assembly state. A specific workflow pushes the part forwards to its target state, which is the next desired state of the part in the。
关于现代工业机械手外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译
附录About Modenr Industrial Manipulayor Robot is a type of mechantronics equipment which synthesizes the last research achievement of engine and precision engine, micro-electronics and computer, automation control and drive, sensor and message dispose and artificial intelligence and so on. With the development of economic and the demand for automation control, robot technology is developed quickly and all types of the robots products are come into being. The practicality use of robot not only solves the problems which are difficult to operate for human being, but also advances the industrial automation program. Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot the size of a person can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of 0.006inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.At present, the research and development of robot involves several kinds of technology and the robot system configuration is so complex that the cost at large is high which to a certain extent limit the robot abroad use. To development economic practicality and high reliability robot system will be value to robot social application and economy development. With he rapidprogress with the control economy and expanding of the modern cities, the let of sewage is increasing quickly; with the development of modern technology and the enhancement of consciousness about environment reserve, more and more people realized the importance and urgent of sewage disposal. Active bacteria method is an effective technique for sewage disposal. The abundance requirement for lacunaris plastic makes it is a consequent for plastic producing with automation and high productivity. Therefore, it is very necessary to design a manipulator that can automatically fulfill the plastic holding. With the analysis of the problems in the design of the plastic holding manipulator and synthesizing the robot research and development condition in recent years, a economic scheme is concluded on the basis of the analysis of mechanical configuration, transform system, drive device and control system and guided by the idea of the characteristic and complex of mechanical configuration, electronic, software and hardware. In this article, the mechanical configuration combines the character of direction coordinate which can improve the stability and operation flexibility of the system. The main function of the transmission mechanism is to transmit power to implement department and complete the necessary movement. In this transmission structure, the screw transmission mechanism transmits the rotary motion into linear motion. Worm gear can give vary transmission ratio. Both of the transmission mechanisms have a characteristic of compact structure. The design of drive system often is limited by the environment condition and the factor of costand technical lever. The step motor can receive digital signal directly and has the ability to response outer environment immediately and has no accumulation error, which often is used in driving system. In this driving system, open-loop control system is composed of stepping motor, which can satisfy the demand not only for control precision but also for the target of economic and practicality. On this basis, the analysis of stepping motor in power calculating and style selecting is also given. The analysis of kinematics and dynamics for object holding manipulator is given in completing the design of mechanical structure and drive system.Current industrial approaches to robot arm control treat each joint of the robot arm as a simple joint servomechanism. The servomechanism approach models the varying dynamics of a manipulator inadequately because it neglects the motion and configuration of the whole arm mechanism. These changes in the parameters of the controlled system sometimes are significant enough to render conventional feedback control strategies ineffective. The result is reduced servo response speed and damping, limiting the precision and speed of the end-effecter and making it appropriate only for limited-precision tasks. Manipulators controlled in this manner move at slow speeds with unnecessary vibrations. Any significant performance gain in this and other areas of robot arm control require the consideration of more efficient dynamic models, sophisticated control approaches, and the use of dedicated computer architectures and parallel processing techniques.In the industrial production and other fields, people often endangered by such factors as high temperature, corrode, poisonous gas and so forth at work, which have increased labor intensity and even jeopardized the life sometimes. The corresponding problems are solved since the robot arm comes out. The arms can catch, put and carry objects, and its movements are flexible and diversified. It applies to medium and small-scale automated production in which production varieties can be switched. And it is widely used on soft automatic line. The robot arms are generally made by withstand high temperatures, resist corrosion of materials to adapt to the harsh environment. So they reduced the labor intensity of the workers significantly and raised work efficiency. The robot arm is an important component of industrial robot, and it can be called industrial robots on many occasions. Industrial robot is set machinery, electronics, control, computers, sensors, artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies in the integration of multidisciplinary important modern manufacturing equipment. Widely using industrial robots, not only can improve product quality and production, but also is of great significance for physical security protection, improvement of the environment for labor, reducing labor intensity, improvement of labor productivity, raw material consumption savings and lowering production costs.There are such mechanical components as ball footbridge, slides, air control mechanical hand and so on in the design. A programmable controller, a programming device, stepping motors, stepping motors drives, direct currentmotors, sensors, switch power supply, an electromagnetism valve and control desk are used in electrical connection.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the pr ocess of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, wh ich is mechanized and automated production process developed a n ew type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, e specially computer extensive use of robot development and product ion of hightech fields has become a rapidly developed a new te chnology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowi ng robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanizatio n and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk o f duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity a nd improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used f or parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, p articularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular mach ine tools more commonly used. At present, the robot has develop ed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufa cturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a fle xible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can savea huge amount of the work piece conveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece changes, flexible production sys tem is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuousl y update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and be tter adapt to market competition. At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comp arable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, applica tion and industrialization of the size of the low level of rob ot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical consid erations are very necessary. Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.关于现代工业机械手机器人是典型的机电一体化装置，它综合运用了机械与精密机械、微电子与计算机、自动控制与驱动、传感器与信息处理以及人工智能等多学科的最新研究成果，随着经济技术的发展和各行各业对自动化程度要求的提高，机器人技术得到了迅速发展，出现了各种各样的机器人产品。
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附录ManipulatorRobot developed in recent decades as high-tech automated production equipment. Industrial robot is an important branch of industrial robots. It features can be programmed to perform tasks in a variety of expectations, in both structure and performance advantages of their own people and machines, in particular, reflects the people's intelligence and adaptability. The accuracy of robot operations and a variety of environments the ability to complete the work in the field of national economy and there are broad prospects for development. With the development of industrial automation, there has been CNC machining center, it is in reducing labor intensity, while greatly improved labor productivity. However, the upper and lower common in CNC machining processes material, usually still use manual or traditional relay-controlled semi-automatic device. The former time-consuming and labor intensive, inefficient; the latter due to design complexity, require more relays, wiring complexity, vulnerability to body vibration interference, while the existence of poor reliability, fault more maintenance problems and other issues. Programmable LogicController PLC-controlled robot control system for materials up and down movement is simple, circuit design is reasonable, with a strong anti-jamming capability, ensuring the system's reliability, reduced maintenance rate, and improve work efficiency. Robot technology related to mechanics, mechanics, electrical hydraulic technology, automatic control technology, sensor technology and computer technology and other fields of science, is a cross-disciplinary integrated technology.1. an overview of industrial manipulatorRobot is a kind of positioning control can be automated and can be re-programmed to change in multi-functional machine, which has multiple degrees of freedom can be used to carry an object in order to complete the work in different environments. Low wages in China, plastic products industry, although still a labor-intensive, mechanical hand use has become increasingly popular. Electronics and automotive industries that Europe and the United States multinational companies very early in their factories in China, the introduction of automated production. But now the changes are those found in industrial-intensive South China, East China's coastal areas, local plastic processing plants have also emerged in mechanical watches began to become increasingly interested in, because they have to face ahigh turnover rate of workers, as well as for the workers to pay work-related injuries fee challenges.With the rapid development of China's industrial production, especially the reform and opening up after the rapid increase in the degree of automation to achieve the workpiece handling, steering, transmission or operation of brazing, spray gun, wrenches and other tools for processing and assembly operations since, which has more and more attracted our attention.Robot is to imitate the manual part of the action, according to a given program, track and requirements for automatic capture, handling or operation of the automatic mechanical devices.In real life, you will find this a problem. In the machine shop, the processing of parts loading time is not annoying, and labor productivity is not high, the cost of production major, and sometimes man-made incidents will occur, resulting in processing were injured. Think about what could replace it with the processing time of a tour as long as there are a few people, and can operate 24 hours saturated human right? The answer is yes, but the robot can come to replace it.Production of mechanical hand can increase the automation level of production and labor productivity; can reduce laborintensity, ensuring product quality, to achieve safe production; particularly in the high-temperature, high pressure, low temperature, low pressure, dust, explosive, toxic and radioactive gases such as poor environment can replace the normal working people. Here I would like to think of designing a robot to be used in actual production.Why would a robot designed to provide a pneumatic power: pneumatic robot refers to the compressed air as power source-driven robot. With pressure-driven and other energy-driven comparison have the following advantages: 1. Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, does not require recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. (Concept of environmental protection) 2. Air stick is small, the pipeline pressure loss is small (typically less than asphalt gas path pressure drop of one-thousandth), to facilitate long-distance transport. 3. Compressed air of the working pressure is low (usually 4 to 8 kg / per square centimeter), and therefore moving the material components and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. 4. With the hydraulic transmission, compared to its faster action and reaction, which is one of the advantages pneumatic outstanding. 5. The air cleaner media, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug thepipeline. But there are also places where it fly in the ointment: 1. As the compressibility of air, resulting in poor aerodynamic stability of the work, resulting in the implementing agencies as the precision of the velocity and not easily controlled. 2. As the use of low atmospheric pressure, the output power can not be too large; in order to increase the output power is bound to the structure of the entire pneumatic system size increased.With pneumatic drive and compare with other energy sources drive has the following advantages:Air inexhaustible, used later discharged into the atmosphere, without recycling and disposal, do not pollute the environment. Accidental or a small amount of leakage would not be a serious impact on production.Viscosity of air is small, the pipeline pressure loss also is very small, easy long-distance transport.The lower working pressure of compressed air, pneumatic components and therefore the material and manufacturing accuracy requirements can be lowered. In general, reciprocating thrust in 1 to 2 tons pneumatic economy is better.Compared with the hydraulic transmission, and its faster action and reaction, which is one of the outstanding merits of pneumatic.Clean air medium, it will not degenerate, not easy to plug the pipeline.It can be safely used in flammable, explosive and the dust big occasions. Also easy to realize automatic overload protection. 2. the composition, mechanical handRobot in the form of a variety of forms, some relatively simple, some more complicated, but the basic form is the same as the composition of the, Usually by the implementing agencies, transmission systems, control systems and auxiliary devices composed.2.1 Implementing agenciesManipulator executing agency by the hands, wrists, arms, pillars. Hands are crawling institutions, is used to clamp and release the workpiece, and similar to human fingers, to complete the staffing of similar actions. Wrist and fingers and the arm connecting the components can be up and down, left, and rotary movement. A simple mechanical hand can not wrist. Pillars used to support the arm can also be made mobile as needed.2.2 TransmissionThe actuator to be achieved by the transmission system. Sub-transmission system commonly used manipulator mechanical transmission, hydraulic transmission, pneumatic andelectric power transmission and other drive several forms.2.3 Control SystemManipulator control system's main role is to control the robot according to certain procedures, direction, position, speed of action, a simple mechanical hand is generally not set up a dedicated control system, using only trip switches, relays, control valves and circuits can be achieved dynamic drive system control, so that implementing agencies according to the requirements of action. Action will have to use complex programmable robot controller, the micro-computer control.3 mechanical hand classification and characteristicsRobots are generally divided into three categories: the first is the general machinery does not require manual hand. It is an independent not affiliated with a particular host device. It can be programmed according to the needs of the task to complete the operation of the provisions. It is characterized with ordinary mechanical performance, also has general machinery, memory, intelligence ternary machinery. The second category is the need to manually do it, called the operation of aircraft. It originated in the atom, military industry, first through the operation of machines to complete a particular job, and later developed tooperate using radio signals to carry out detecting machines such as the Moon. Used in industrial manipulator also fall into this category. The third category is dedicated manipulator, the main subsidiary of the automatic machines or automatic lines, to solve the machine up and down the workpiece material and delivery. This mechanical hand in foreign countries known as the "Mechanical Hand", which is the host of services, from the host-driven; exception of a few outside the working procedures are generally fixed, and therefore special.Main features:First, mechanical hand (the upper and lower material robot, assembly robot, handling robot, stacking robot, help robot, vacuum handling machines, vacuum suction crane, labor-saving spreader, pneumatic balancer, etc.).Second, cantilever cranes (cantilever crane, electric chain hoist crane, air balance the hanging, etc.)Third, rail-type transport system (hanging rail, light rail, single girder cranes, double-beam crane)4 industrial machinery, application of hand Manipulator in the mechanization and automation of the production process developed a new type of device. In recentyears, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation.Although the robot is not as flexible as staff, but it has to the continuous duplication of work and labor, I do not know fatigue, not afraid of danger, the power snatch weight characteristics when compared with manual large, therefore, mechanical hand has been of great importance to many sectors, and increasingly has been applied widely, for example:(1) Machining the workpiece loading and unloading, especially in the automatic lathe, combination machine tool use is more common.(2) In the assembly operations are widely used in the electronics industry, it can be used to assemble printed circuit boards, in the machinery industryIt can be used to assemble parts and components.(3) The working conditions may be poor, monotonous, repetitive easy to sub-fatigue working environment to replace human labor.(4) May be in dangerous situations, such as military goods handling, dangerous goods and hazardous materials removal and so on.(5) Universe and ocean development.(6), military engineering and biomedical research and testing. Help mechanical hands: also known as the balancer, balance suspended, labor-saving spreader, manual Transfer machine is a kind of weightlessness of manual load system, a novel, time-saving technology for material handling operations booster equipment, belonging to kinds of non-standard design of series products. Customer application needs, creating customized cases.Manual operation of a simulation of the automatic machinery, it can be a fixed program draws ﹑handling objects or perform household tools to accomplish certain specific actions. Application of robot can replace the people engaged in monotonous ﹑repetitive or heavy manual labor, the mechanization and automation of production, instead of people in hazardous environments manual operation, improving working conditions and ensure personal safety. The late 20th century, 40, the United States atomic energy experiments, the first use of radioactive material handling robot, human robot ina safe room to manipulate various operations and experimentation. 50 years later, manipulator and gradually extended to industrial production sector, for the temperatures, polluted areas, and loading and unloading to take place the work piece material, but also as an auxiliary device in automatic machine tools, machine tools, automatic production lines and processing center applications, the completion of the upper and lower material, or From the library take place knife knife and so on according to fixed procedures for the replacement operation. Robot body mainly by the hand and sports institutions. Agencies with the use of hands and operation of objects of different occasions, often there are clamping ﹑support and adsorption type of care. Movement organs are generally hydraulic pneumatic electrical device drivers. Manipulator can be achieved independently retractable ﹑rotation and lifting movements, generally 2 to 3 degrees of freedom. Robots are widely used in metallurgical industry, machinery manufacture, light industry and atomic energy sectors.Can mimic some of the staff and arm motor function, a fixed procedure for the capture, handling objects or operating tools, automatic operation device. It can replace human labor in order to achieve the production of heavy mechanization andautomation that can operate in hazardous environments to protect the personal safety, which is widely used in machinery manufacturing, metallurgy, electronics, light industry and nuclear power sectors. Mechanical hand tools or other equipment commonly used for additional devices, such as the automatic machines or automatic production line handling and transmission of the workpiece, the replacement of cutting tools in machining centers, etc. generally do not have a separate control device. Some operating devices require direct manipulation by humans; such as the atomic energy sector performs household hazardous materials used in the master-slave manipulator is also often referred to as mechanical hand.Manipulator mainly by hand and sports institutions. Task of hand is holding the workpiece (or tool) components, according to grasping objects by shape, size, weight, material and operational requirements of a variety of structural forms, such as clamp type, type and adsorption-based care such as holding. Sports organizations, so that the completion of a variety of hand rotation (swing), mobile or compound movements to achieve the required action, to change the location of objects by grasping and posture.Robot is the automated production of a kind used in the process of crawling and moving piece features automatic device, which is mechanized and automated production process developed a new type of device. In recent years, as electronic technology, especially computer extensive use of robot development and production of high-tech fields has become a rapidly developed a new technology, which further promoted the development of robot, allowing robot to better achieved with the combination of mechanization and automation. Robot can replace humans completed the risk of duplication of boring work, to reduce human labor intensity and improve labor productivity. Manipulator has been applied more and more widely, in the machinery industry, it can be used for parts assembly, work piece handling, loading and unloading, particularly in the automation of CNC machine tools, modular machine tools more commonly used. At present, the robot has developed into a FMS flexible manufacturing systems and flexible manufacturing cell in an important component of the FMC. The machine tool equipment and machinery in hand together constitute a flexible manufacturing system or a flexible manufacturing cell, it was adapted to small and medium volume production, you can save a huge amount of the work piececonveyor device, compact, and adaptable. When the work piece changes, flexible production system is very easy to change will help enterprises to continuously update the marketable variety, improve product quality, and better adapt to market competition. At present, China's industrial robot technology and its engineering application level and comparable to foreign countries there is a certain distance, application and industrialization of the size of the low level of robot research and development of a direct impact on raising the level of automation in China, from the economy, technical considerations are very necessary. Therefore, the study of mechanical hand design is very meaningful.机械手机械手是近几十年发展起来的一种高科技自动化生产设备。