General Ecology 5——【暨大本科生态学课件 英文版】
Chapter 5 Ecosysytem Ecology
Fundamentals of Ecology 2005
1.The Scope of Ecology 2.The Ecosystem 3.Energy in Ecological systems 4.Biogeochemical Cycles 5.Limiting and Regulatory Factors 6.Population Ecology
Ecological Efficiencies(生态效率)
The assimilation efficiency（同化效率）
The growth efficiency（生长效率）
Ecological Efficiencies
The consumption efficiency（消费效率）
Primary Production
The Efficiency of Primary Production 1. The light use efficiency (LUE) LUE= Pg / PAR 2. The growth efficiency(GE) GE= Pn / Pg
Food Chain
Types of Food Chain 1.The grazing food chain(捕食食物链) 2.The detrital food chain(碎屑食物链) 3.The parasitic food chain(寄生食物链)
Function of Ecosystem
1. Trophic levels 2. Ecological efficiencies
Trophic levels
生态学的一些概念英文版
An ecosystem is self-sustaining if the following requirements are met:
1. A constant source of energy and a living system capable of incorporating this energy into organic molecules. 2. A cycling of materials between organisms and their environment.
Ecology:
• the study of the interactions of living things with each other and their physical environment
Ecological Organization:
1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location 2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area 3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system
• Since practically all organisms may be consumed by more than one species, many interactions occur along the food chains of any community.
生态学专业英语
K-对策者 K-strategistisn维超体积资源空间 n-dimensional hyper-volumen维生态位 n-dimensional nicheRaunkiaer定律 Law of Frequencyr-对策者 r-strategistis奥陶纪 Ordovician period白垩土草地 chalk grassland斑块 patch斑块性 patchiness斑块性种群 patchy population半荒漠 semi-desert半矩阵或星系图 constellation diagrams伴生种 companion species饱和密度 saturation density饱和期 asymptotic phase保护哲学 conservation philosophy北方针叶林 northern conifer forest被动取样假说 passive sampling hypothesis 本能 instinct本能行为 instinctive behavior避敌 avoiding predator边缘效应 edge effect变异性 variability标志重捕法 mark recapture methods标准频度图解 frequency diagram表现型适应 phenotypic adaptation并行的 simultaneous并行同源 paralogy捕食 predation不重叠的 non-overlapping残存斑块 remnant patch残余廊道 remnant corridor操作性条件作用 operant conditioning草原生态系统 grassland system层次性结构 hierachical structure产卵和取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant产业生态学 industry ecology长日照植物 long day plant超体积生态位 hyper—volume niche成本外摊 externalized cost程序化死亡 programmed cell death尺度效应 scaling effect 抽彩式竞争 competive lottery臭氧层破坏 ozone layer destruction出生率 natality或birth rate初级生产 primary production初级生产力 primary productivity初级生产者 primary producer传感器 sensor串行的 serial垂直结构 vertical structure春化 vernalization次级生产 secondary production次级生产力 secondary productivity次生演替 secondary successon粗密度 crude density存活曲线 survival curve存活值 survival value存在度 presence搭载效应 hitchhiking effect大陆—岛屿型复合种群 mainland-island metapopulation带状廊道 strip corridor单联 single linkage单体生物 unitary organism单位努力捕获量 catch per unit effort单元的 monothetic淡水生态系统 fresh water ecosystem氮循环 nitrogen cycling等级(系统)理论 hierarchy theory等级的 hierarchical底内动物 infauna底栖动物 benthos地表火 surface fire地带性生物群落 biome地理信息系统 geographic information system 地面芽植物 hemicryptophytes地上芽植物 chamaephytes地植物学 geobotany第三纪 Tetiary period第四纪 Quaternary period点突变 genic mutation或point mutation电荷耦合器 charge coupled device, CCD顶极阶段 climax stage顶极群落 climax community顶极种 climax species动态率模型 dynamic pool model动态平衡理论 dynamic equilibrium theory动态生命表 dynamic life table动物痕迹的计数 counts of animal signs动物计数 counts of animals冻原 tundra短日照植物 short day plant断层 gaps多波段光谱扫描仪 multichannel spectrum scanner, MSS多度 abundance多样化 variety多元的 poly thetic厄尔尼诺 El Nino反馈 feedback反射 reflex泛化种 generalist防卫行为 defennce behavior访花昆虫 flower visitor非等级的 non-hierarchical非空间模型 non-spatial model非内稳态生物 non-homeostatic organism非平衡态复合种群 nonequilibrium metapopulation非平衡态跟踪生境复合种群 nonequilibrium habitat-tracking metapopulation非平衡态下降复合种群 nonequilibrium declining metapopulation非生态位 non—niche非生物环境 physical environment非线性关系 nonlinear分布 dispersion分解者 decomposer分支过程 branching process分子分类学 molecular taxonomy分子进化的中性理论 the neutral theory of molecular evolution分子生态学 molecular ecology分子系统学 molecular systematics浮游动物 plankton负反馈 negative feedback)负荷量 carrying capacity负相互作用 negative interaction负选择 negative selection 附底动物 epifauna复合种群 metapopulation富营养化现象 eutrohication改良 relamation盖度 coverage盖度比 cover ratio干扰 disturbance干扰斑块 disturbance patch干扰廊道 disturbance corridor干扰作用 interference高度 height高斯假说 Coarse's hypothesis高斯理论 Coarse's theory高位芽植物 phanerophytes格林威尔造山运动 Grenville Orogenesis个体 individual个体论概念 individualistic concept更新 renewal功能生态位 functional niche攻击行为 aggressive behavior构件 modules构件生物 modular organism关键种 keystone species关联系数 association coefficients光饱和点 light saturation point光补偿点 light compensation point光周期 photoperiod过滤器 filter哈德-温伯格原理 Hardy-Weinberg principle 海洋生态系统 Ocean ecosytem寒武纪 Cambrian period旱生植物 siccocolous河流廊道 river corridor恒有度 contancy红树林 mangrove呼吸量 respiration互利 mutualism互利素 synomone互利作用 synomonal化感作用 allelopathy化学防御 chemical defence化学生态学 chemical ecology化学物质 allelochemicals化学隐藏 chemocryptic划分的 divisive环境 environment环境伦理学 environmental ethics环境容纳量 environmental carryin capacity 环境资源斑块 environmental resource patch 环境资源廊道 environmental resource corridor荒漠 desert荒漠化 desertification荒漠生态系统 desert ecosystem黄化现象 eitiolation phenomenon恢复生态学 restoration ecology混沌学 chaos混合型 mixed type活动库 exchange pool获得性行为 acquired behavior机体论学派 organismic school基础生态位 Fundamental niche基质 matrix极点排序法 polar ordination集群型 clumped寄生 parasitism加速期 accelerating phase价值 value价值流 value flow间接排序 indirect ordination间接梯度分析 indirect gradiant analysis减速期 decelerating phase简单聚合法 lumping碱性植物 alkaline soil plant建群种 constructive species接触化学感觉 contact chemoreception解磷菌或溶磷菌 Phosphate-solubiIizing Microorganisms, PSM进化适应 evolutionary adaptation经典型复合种群 classic metapopulation经济密度 economic density景观 landscape景观格局 landscape patten景观过程模型 process based landscape model 景观结构 landscape structure景观空间动态模型 spatial dynamic landscape model景观生态学 landscape ecology 净初级生产量 net primary production竞争 competition竞争排斥原理 competition exclusion principle静态生命表 static life table局部种群 local population距离效应 distance effect聚合的 agglomerative均匀型 uniform菌根 mycorrhiza抗毒素 phytoalexins可持续发展 sustainable development空间结构 spatial structure空间模型 spatial model空间生态位 spatial niche空间异质性 spatial heterogeneity库 pool矿产资源 mineral resources廊道 corridor离散性 discrete利己素 allomone利己作用 allomona利他行为 altruism利他作用 kairomonal连续体 continuum联想学习 associative learning猎食行为 hunting behavior林冠火 crown fire磷循环 phosphorus cycling零假说 null hypothesis领悟学习 insight learning领域性 territoriality流 flow绿色核算 green accounting逻辑斯谛方程 logistic equation铆钉假说 Rivet hypothesis密度 density密度比 density ratio密度制约死亡 density－dependent mortality 面积效应 area effect灭绝 extinction铭记 imprinting模拟 hametic模型 modeling牧食食物链 grazing food chain内禀增长率 intrinsic rate of increase内稳态 homeostasis内稳态生物 homeostatic organisms内源性 endogenous内在的 intrinsic耐阴植物 shade－enduring plants能量分配原则 principle of energy allocation 能量流动 energy flow能源资源 energy resources能值 emergy泥盆纪 Devonian period拟寄生 parasitoidism逆分析 inverse analysis年龄分布 age distribution年龄结构 age structure年龄性别锥体 age-sex pyramid年龄锥体 age pyramids偶见种 rare species排序 ordination配额 quota配偶选择 mate selection偏害 amensalism偏利 commensalism频度 frequency平衡选择 balancing selection平台 plantform平行进化 parallel evolution栖息地 habitat期望值外推法 extrapolation by expected value气候驯化 acclimatisation器官 organs亲本投资 parental investment亲族选择 kin selection趋光性 phototaxis趋化性 chemotaxis趋同进化 convergent evolution趋性 taxis趋异进化 divergent evolution趋异适应 radiation adaptation取食促进剂 oviposition and feeding stimulant 取样调查法 sampling methods去除取样法 removal sampling 全联法 complete linkage全球 global全球变暖 global warnning全球定位系统 global Positioning System全球生态学 global ecology确限度 fidelity群丛 association群丛单位理论 association unit theory群丛组 association group群落 community群落的垂直结构 vertical structure群落生态学 community ecology群落水平格局 horizontal pattern群落外貌 physiognomy群落演替 succession群系 formation群系组 formation group热带旱生林 tropical dry forest热带季雨林 tropical seasonal rainforest热带稀树草原 tropical savanna热带雨林 tropical rainforest热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律 first law of thermodynamics 人工斑块 introduced patch人工廊道 introduced corridor人口调查法 cencus technique人口统计学 human demography日中性植物 day neutral plant冗余 redundancy冗余种假说 Redundancy species hypothesis 三叠纪 Triassic period森林生态系统 forest ecosystem熵值 entropy value上渐线 upper asymptotic社会性防卫行为 defence behavior社会优势等级 dominance hierarchy摄食行为 feed behavior生活史 life history生活史对策 life history strategy生活小区 biotope生活型 life form生活周期 life cycle生境 habitat生境多样性假说 habitat diversity hypothesis 生理出生率 physiological natality生理死亡率 physiological mortality生命表 life table生态出生率 ecological natality生态对策 bionomic strategy生态反作用 ecological reaction生态幅 ecological amplitude生态工程 ecological engineering生态工业 ecological industry生态规划 ecological planning生态恢复 ecological restoration生态经济 ecological economics生态旅游 ecotourism生态密度 ecological density生态农业 ecological agriculture生态入侵 ecological invasion生态设计 ecological design生态适应 ecological adaptation生态死亡率 ecological mortality生态位 niche生态位宽度 niche breadth生态位相似性比例 niche proportional similarity生态位重叠 niche overlap生态文明 ecological civilization生态系统 ecosystem生态系统产品 ecosystem goods生态系统多样性 ecosystem diversity生态系统服务 ecosystem service生态系统生态学 ecosystem ecology生态系统学 ecosystemology生态型 ecotype生态学 ecology生态因子 ecological factor生态元 ecological unit生态作用 ecological effect生物 organism生物地球化学循环 biogecochemical cycle生物多样性 biodiversity生物量 biomass生物潜能 biotic potential生物群落 biotic community，biome生物群落演替 succession 生殖潜能 reproductive potential剩余空间 residual space失共生 aposymbiosis湿地 wetland湿地生态系统 wetland ecosystem湿地植物 hygrophyte时间结构 temporal structure实际出生率 realized natality实际死亡率 realized mortality食草动物 herbivores食肉动物 carnivores食物链 food chain食物网 food wed矢量 vector适合度 fitness适应辐射 adaptive radiation适应值 adaptive value适应组合 adaptive suites收获理论 harvest theory收益外泄 externalized profit衰退型种群 contracting population水平格局 horizontal pattern水土流失 soil and water erosion水循环 water cycling瞬时增长率 instantaneous rate死亡率 mortality & death rate松散垂直耦连 loose vertical coupling松散水平耦连 loose horizontal coupling 溯祖过程 coalescent process溯祖理论 coalescent theory酸性土理论 acid soil plant酸雨 acid rain随机型 random碎屑食物链 detritus food chain。
环境科学概论教学课件(第二讲)英文版PPT
Niche: is the functional role it has in its surroundings (its profession).
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2 The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution Population: a group of individuals of the same species inhabiting a particular area at a specific time.
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1 Ecological Concepts
Ecology: is the study of the ways organisms interact with each other and with their nonliving surroundings.
Environment: Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. it is useful to subdivide the concept of environment into abiotic (nonliving) and biotic (living) factors. Abiotic factors can be organized into several broad categories: energy, nonliving matter, and processes that involve the interaction of nonliving matter and energy. Biotic factors include all forms of life with which it interacts.
unit农林英语ppt
writing
techniques metaphor （暗喻）
Summer Not mentioned
Autumn
Oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color.The foxes barked in the hills…
metaphor （暗喻）
Winter Countless birds came to feed on the berries and seeds.
Critical Thinking
In my opinion the choice between ecology and economy is a specialized and complex issue.,But I believe that environmental management should have anti-market, anti-liberal features. Only in the highly unified government deployment ,it will solve the tradeoffs between ecology and economy.
Silent Spring is an environmental science book written by Rachel Carson and published in 1962. The book documented the detrimental effects on the environment—particularly on birds—of the indiscriminate use of pesticides.
writing techniques metaphor （暗喻）
种群生态学英文版
Some plants, such as this coconut palm, produce a moderate number of very large seeds. The large endosperm provides nutrients for the embryo, an adaptation that helps ensure the success of a relatively large fraction of offspring.
Uniform. Birds nesting on small islands, such as these king penguins on South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean, often exhibit uniform spacing, maintained by aggressive interactions between neighbors.
Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demography • A population is a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area • Density is the number of individuals per unit area or volume • Dispersion is the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Environmental Ecology(生态学 第五版)
What Is Ecology?
Forest Nutrient Budgets
• For ecologists who study the budgets of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, or calcium, one of the first steps is to inventory their distribution within an ecosystem • Nalini Nadkarni---inventories by her changed our ideas of how tropical and temperate rain forests are structured and how they function
Useful Guide of Studying Ecology
Rule 3: Nothing happens for the good of the species
A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an individual occur for the good of the species. This is absolutely and completely wrong Natural selection will favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring, even if these genes may cause a reduction in the species‘ population size
环境生态学 英文20页PPT
11、获得的成功越大，就越令人高兴 。野心 是使人 勤奋的 原因， 节制使 人枯萎 。 12、不问收获，只问耕耘。如同种树 ，先有 根茎， 再有枝 叶，尔 后花实 ，好好 劳动， 不要想 太多， 那样只 会使人 胆孝懒 惰，因 为不实 践，甚 至不接 触社会 ，难道 你是野 人。(名 言网) 13、不怕，不悔(虽然只有四个字，但 常看常 新。 14、我在心里默默地为每一个人祝福 。我爱 自己， 我用清 洁与节 制来珍 惜我的 身体， 我用智 慧和知 识充实 我的头 脑。 15、这世上的一切都借希望而完成。 农夫不 会播下 一粒玉 米，如 果他不 曾希望 它长成 种籽； 单身汉 不会娶 妻，如 果他不 曾希望 有小孩 ；商人 或手艺 人不会 工作， 如果他 不曾希 望因此 而有收 益。-- 马钉路 德。
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26、要使整个人生都过得舒适、愉快，这是不可能的，因为人类必须具备一心情，化为上进的力量，才是成功的保证。——罗曼·罗兰
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28、知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。——孔子
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29、勇猛、大胆和坚定的决心能够抵得上武器的精良。——达·芬奇
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30、意志是一个强壮的盲人，倚靠在明眼的跛子肩上。——叔本华
谢谢！
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起源于水。
•Life on earth originated in salty aquatic(起源于 盐水) environments and is built around biochemistry within an aquatic medium.在水环
显得尤为突出。
Most organisms must expend energy to maintain their internal pool of water.
大多生物必须通过消耗能量以维持体内水分储备.
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1 水分的有效性
Water availability
Water Content of Air
境中构建其生化结构.
•To survive and reproduce, organisms must maintain appropriate internal concentrations of water and dissolved substances.生物的生存和
繁段殖舜山 ，2020必/9/27 须保持体内适当的水分4 和溶解性物质的浓度。
空气含水量
Water Movement in Aquatic Environmer Movement Between Soils and
Plants 段舜山 2020/9/27
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水分向低浓度梯度的运动制约其对生物的有效性
The movement of water down concentration gradients in terrestrial and aquatic environments determines the availability of water to organisms.
The most familiar measure of the water content of air relative to its content at saturation is relative humidity(相对湿度).
段舜山 2020/9/27
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空气中的水分含量以相对湿度表示
How organisms maintain this water balance is called their water relations, which is the subject of chapter 5. 生物体是如何维持体内水分平衡
关系的，这就是第五章所探讨的主题:水关系。
段舜山 2020/9/27
A parallel challenge faces organisms that live in aquatic environments with a high salinity.高盐度环
境中的水生生物也面临着类似的问题.
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极端环境生物的水关系
In those extreme environments, the water relations of organisms stand out in bold relief.在那些极端环境中，生物的水关系
Water balance 水分平
衡
To maintain these internal concentrations organisms must balance water losses to the environment with water intake.生物体为了维持体
内水分和盐分的适宜浓度，就必须平衡水分的摄入和排出。
第5章
水分关系 Water Relations
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Contents 主要内容
Water availability
用性
水分的可利
Water regulation on land 陆上水分
调节
Water and salt balance in
aquatic environments 水环境中的水
陆生和水生环境中的水分沿浓度梯度的运动制约生物体对水 的有效性.
水环境中也有水分 浓度梯度吗？
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1.1 Water Content of Air
空气水分含量
Measure of water content (空气水分含量的度量): Since air is rarely completely saturated (饱和) with water vapor, we can use its degree of saturation as a relative measure of water content.
分和盐分平衡 段舜山 2020/9/27
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气温为46℃，高于蝉的 最高致死温度
地面温度高达 70℃,能使
蝉致死 A question
蝉如何在高于致死温度的情 况下保持活跃？
段舜山 2020/9/27
FIGURE 5.1
An ecological puzzle.
一个生态之谜
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Water & life on earth are closely linked 地球生 命和水密不可分
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不同环境下生物面临的水分问题
In some environments, organisms face the problem of water loss. Elsewhere, water streams in from the environment.生物失水和水分过多
The problem of maintaining proper water balance is especially strong for those organisms, such as Diceroprocta, that live in arid terrestrial environments.水平衡对干旱环境中的生物非常重要.