语义学和语用学练习1

Chapter 5 SemanticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal（方言的）synonyms（同义关系）can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. F2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. F3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. T4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience. F5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. T6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. T7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components. F8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality. T9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument. T10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. T Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called homophones（同音/形异义词）.16. Relational opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. Componential（指数）analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.20. According to the naming theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best completethe statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ___A_____.A.PlatoB.BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents __B_____.A. the conceptualist view（概念）B. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true? DA. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized（去文本化）.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?”___D____ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. _____B______ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive”and “dead” are ______C________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational opposites（关系对立）C. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. ____A_____ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. _____C______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______D________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by ___A____.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic featuresⅣ. Define the following terms:31.Semantics32. sense33. reference34. synonymy35. polysemy36. homonymy37. homophones38. Homographs39. complete homonyms40. hyponymy41. antonymy42 componential analysis43. grammatical meaning44. predication45. Argument46. predicate47. two-place predicationⅤ. Answer the following questions:48. Why do we say that a meaning of a sentence is not the sum total of the meanings of all its components?49. What is componential analysis? Illustrate it with examples.50. How do you distinguish between entailment and presupposition in terms of truth values?51. How do you account for such sense relations between sentences as synonymous relation, inconsistent relation in terms of truth values?52. According to the way synonyms differ, how many groups can we classify synonyms into? Illustrate them with examples.53. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How they differ?Chapter 6 PragmaticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.Ⅱ. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.17. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontexualized.18. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.22. A c_________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaningA. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs34. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary acts.B. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about35. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle36. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesⅣ. Define the terms below:37. pragmatics38. context39. utterance meaning40. sentence meaning41. constative42. performative43. locutionary act44. illocutionary act45. perlocutionary act 46. Cooperative PrincipleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:47. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?48. How does a sentence differ from an utterance?49. How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?50. Discuss in detail the locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.51. Searle classified illocutionary act into five categories. Discuss each of them in detail with examples.52. What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle?53. How does the flouting of the maxims give rise to conversational implicatures?。