2007年考研英语真题和答案
2007年考研英语真题和答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million of these nations looked to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence the ideals of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a set of laws.On the issue of of religion and the position of the church, , there was less agreement the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one by the Spanish crown. most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above. Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to envision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? How much of intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests. Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predicted the opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-takingskill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work, transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well. Toda y’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback –a back-up earner (usually Mom) who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weatherbad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s dou ble-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them –especially in America –the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard c ustomer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe) for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice thatregulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A] share holders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness.”You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be strugglingand wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories. Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalismvaries greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. DSection II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2007年考研英语真题(含答案解析)
2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank. (10 points)and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 大1家 of these nations looked 大2家 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime andIberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 大3家 the ideals of representative government, careers 大4家 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 大5家 to private property, and a belief inthe individual as the basis of society. 大6家 there was a belief thatthe new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 大7家 set of laws.On the issue of 大8家 of religion and the position of the church,大9家, there was less agreement 大10家 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 大11家 by the Spanish crown. 大12家 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism大13家 the official religion of the new states, some s ought to end the 大14家 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying大15家 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aidfrom Haiti and had 大16家 in return to abolish slavery in the areashe liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 大17家 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes onpeople of mixed origin came much 大18家 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 大19家. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 大20家self-rule and democracy.1. [A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2. [A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3. [A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4. [A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5. [A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6. [A] Presumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7. [A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8. [A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9. [A] therefore[B] however[C] indeed[D] moreover10. [A] with[B] about[C] among[D] by11. [A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13. [A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14. [A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15. [A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16. [A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17. [A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18. [A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19. [A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20. [A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about[D] unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text bychoosing [A], [B], [C], or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer playerin 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in theearlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be evenmore pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a fewguesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switchedto psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digitspan had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”This success, coupled with later research showing that memory i tselfis not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well eachperson “encodes” the information. And t he best way to learn how t o encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known asdeliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much o n technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gatherall the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments withhigh achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the traitwe commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers –whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born.21. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A] stress the importance of professional training.[B] spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22. The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably means[A] fun.[B] craze.[C] hysteria.[D] excitement.23. According to Ericsson, good memory[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the texttries to convey?[A] “Faith will move mountains.”[B] “One reaps what one sows.”[C] “Practice makes perfect.”[D] “Like father, like son.”Text 2For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant, who at age 10 had tested at a mental level of someone about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228 – the highest score ever recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, toenvision paper after it has been folded and cut, and to deduce numerical sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vosSavant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as,What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the natureof luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean t o be smart? How m uch o f intelligence can be specified, and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computerscience and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be theIQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used tobe. The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come inadult and children’s version). Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on astatistical population distribution among a ge peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. Other standardized tests, such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam (GRE), capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg. In his article “How I ntelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional test best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components alsocritical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the testswere given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership – that is, it predictedthe opposite. Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26. Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A] Answering philosophical questions.[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C] Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may bedifferent.[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of humanintelligence.28. People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A] the scores are obtained through different computationalprocedures.[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29. We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D] traditional test are out of date.30. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A] Supportive.[B] Skeptical.[C] Impartial.[D] Biased.Text 3During the past generation, the American middle-class family thatonce could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financiallysecure had been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now apink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation, millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics. Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of thesechanges, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risenas well. Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their newtwo-paycheck status. As a result, they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback – a back-up earner (usually Mom) w ho could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fellsick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today, a disruption to family fortunes can nolonger be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same p eriod, families have been asked to absorb much m ore risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers, airline employees, andnow those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harshreality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of thepast year, President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-account model, with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families, the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen – and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislativehalls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family, as the oddsof having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance – have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise morefinancial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun, and the political fallout may not be far behind.31. Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32. As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have[A] a higher sense of security.[B] less secured payments.[C] less chance to invest.[D] a guaranteed future.33. According to the author, health-savings plans will[A] help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B] popularize among the middle class.[C] compensate for the reduced pensions.[D] increase the families’ investment risk.34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B] the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C] financial problems may bring about political problems.[D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35. Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A] The Middle Class on the Alert[B] The Middle Class on the Cliff[C] The Middle Class in Conflict[D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finallysorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them – especially in America – the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity. Left,until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel,information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businessesof every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year –from organizations as diverse as Time Warner, the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California, Berkeley – have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,” says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school. “The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders.” Indeed, just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), perhaps it is time for GASP, Generally Accepted Security Practices, suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, andrecovery is a management issue, not a technical one,” he says.The mystery is that this should come a s a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust, that mostvaluable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensiveto restore – and that few things are more likely to destroy trust thana company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may h ave been encouraged – though not justified – by the lack of legal penalty (in America, but not Europe)for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law, American firms did not have to tell anyone, even the victim, when data went astray. That may change fast: lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington, D.C. Meanwhile, the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America, disclosed on June 17th, overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission (FTC) that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36. The statement “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce[A] the fierce business competition.[B] the feeble boss-board relations.[C] the threat from news reports.[D] the severity of data leakage.37. According to Paragraph 2, some o rganizations check their systems tofind out[A] whether there is any weak point.[B] what sort of data has been stolen.[C] who is responsible for the leakage.[D] how the potential spies can be located.38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the pointthat[A] shareholders’ interests should be properly attended to.[B] information protection should be given due attention.[C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39. According to Paragraph 4, what puzzles the author is that some b ossesfail to[A] see the link between trust and data protection.[B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C] realize the high cost of data restoration.[D] appreciate the economic value of trust.40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C] California takes the lead in security legislation.[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parentsare supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose aheading from the list A—G that best fits the meaning of each numberedpart of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text arenot numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.. (10 points)Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids’ Work SkillsC. Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids’ Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in earlyadulthood for their kids. Even if a job’s starting salary seems t oo small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content, the transitionfrom school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult isready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here Life Comes, that parents can take to prevent what I call“work-life unreadiness.”大41家You can start this process when t hey are 11 or 12. Periodically reviewtheir emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together onany shortcomings, like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.大42家Kids need a range of authentic role models – as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some i deas about their own future. When asked what they want to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.” They can change their minds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.大43家Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn; parentsshould be responsible for teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines aremet. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plenty ofpractice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such as managing time and setting priorities.大44家Playing video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to processinformation in a passive way. At the same time, listening through earphones to the same m onotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. Allthese activities can prevent the growth of important communication andthinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind ofsustained concentration they will need for most jobs.大45家They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelingsof inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skillsto everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who i s grown but seems t o be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood? Parents still have amajor role to play, but now it is more delicate. They have to be carefulnot to come across as disappointed in their child. They should exhibitstrong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult (as naive or ill conceived as it may s eem) while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future. Most of all, these newadults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlinedsegments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly onANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, ratherthan a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education isestablishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some haveeven begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part andparcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities toanalyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which isparallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they coverand comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, ofbasic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of theestablished conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a majorsubject for journalists. The better informed they are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it isdifficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of thebasic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job onpolitical stories.Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within itare primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) Whilecomment a nd reaction from lawyers may e nhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and maketheir own judgments. These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Write a letter to you university library, making suggestions forimproving its service..You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. Inyour essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) support your view with an example/examples.. (20 points)You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 22007年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1. B2. D3. A4. C5. C6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C11. A 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. B16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. D Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. C 22. B 23. A 24. D 25. C26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. C 32. B 33. D 34. C 35. B36. D 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. DPart B (10 points)41. F 42. D 43. B 44. C 45. EPart C (10 points)46. 长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一起被视为律师们专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2007年考研英语完形真题及答案解析(二)
2007年考研英语完形真题及答案解析（二）1. 【解析】[B] 词汇辨析题。
独立后的国家居民由原住民和移民共同构成，因此，强干扰项A可排除。
而居民既包括原住民也包括移民，故选[B]。
2. 【解析】[D] 语义衔接题。
前一句指出各殖民地已经独立，所以人们对未来的态度应该是积极的，而“充满希望地”与“对未来的展望”应该是最恰当的。
3. 【解析】[A] 语义衔接题。
我们从the ideals of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society…这些字里行间看出这些ideas是现代制度和法律所支持的观念，虽然这些领导人出身于旧政体和伊比利亚殖民主义的危机之中，他们(选择)分享这些观念。
可先排除否定意义的B、D项。
C项attain这个词一般指的是通过不断的努力获得某种知识或达到某个目标。
因此，正确答案为A，许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府。
4. 【解析】[C] 语义衔接/固定搭配题。
本题目选择形容词，在句子中体现前、后名词之间的关系。
many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers to talent, freedom of commerce and trade,…“许多独立国家领导人都认同议会政府，职业……于人才，商业和贸易自由……”选项A. related to 相关的;B. close to接近;C. open to 公开的;开着的;D. devoted to 奉献的; 投入的。
符合语境的只有C. careers open to talent “职位向有才能的人开放”。
2007考研英语(一)真题及答案解析
2007考研英语（一）真题及答案解析Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 million 1 of these nations looked 2 to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas of representative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。
考研英语二2007年真题
考研英语二2007 年真题Section 1I Cloze (10 points)Directions：For each numbered blank in the following passage．there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil．Advancing age means losing your hair, your waistline and your memory，right ? Dana Denis is just 40 years old，but 2 1 she's worried about what she calls' my rolling mental blackouts." "I try to remember something and I just blank out，"she saysYou may 22 about these lapses，calling them " senior moments "or blaming "early Alzheimer's (老年痴呆症)．"Is it an inescapable fact that the older you get，the 23 you remember Well, sort of．But as time goes by, we tend to blame age 24 problems that are not necessarily age-related．"When a teenager can't find her keys，she thinks it's because she's distracted or disorganized， "says Paul Gold．"A 70-year-old blames her 25 ．"In fact，the 70-year-old may have been 26 things for decades．In healthy people，memory doesn't worsen as 27 as many of us think．"As we 28，the memory mechanism isn't 29 ，"says psychologist Fergus Craik．"It's just inefficient．"The brain's processing 30 slows down over the years，though no one knowsexactly 31. Recent research suggests that nerve cells lose efficiency and 32 there's less activity in the brain．But， cautions Barry Gordon，"It's not clear that less activity is 33 ．A beginning athlete is winded （气喘吁吁）more easily than a 34 athlete．In the same way, 35 the brain gets more skilled at a task，it expends less energy on it."There are 36 you can take to compensate for normal slippage in your memory gears，though it 37 effort．Margaret Sewell says："We're a quick-fix culture, but you have to 38 to keep your brain 39 shape．It's like having a good body．You Can't go to the gym once a year 40 expect to stay in top form."21．A. almost B. seldom C. already D. never22．A. joke B. laugh C. blame D. criticize23．A. much B. little C. more D. less24．A. since B. for C. by D. because25．A. memory B. mind C. trouble D. health26．A. disorganizing B. misplacing C. putting D. finding27．A. swiftly B. frequently C. timely D. quickly28．A．mature B. advance C. age D. grow29．A. broken B. poor C. perfect D. working30．A. pattern B. time C. space D. information31．A . why B. how C. what D. when32．A. since B. hence C. that D. although33．A. irregular B. better C. normal D. worse34．A. famous B. senior C. popular D. trained35．A. as B. till C. though D. yet36．A. stages B. steps C. advantages D. purposes37．A. makes B. takes C. does D. spends38．A. rest B. come C. work D. study39．A. to B. for C. on D. in40．A. so B. or C. and D. ifSection Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part, Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a pencil. Questions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage:Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation.It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic andcultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it :population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world's peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life.Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism（mastery of two languages）. Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres---at home, among friends, in community settings---and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenizing （同化的）forces of globalization.Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatenedminority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues.Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.For many endangered languages, the line between revival and death is extremely thin. Language is remarkably resilient （有活力的）,however. It is not just a tool for communicating, but also a powerful way of separating different groups, or of demonstrating group identity. Many indigenous（原生的，土著的）communities have shown that it is possible to live in the modern world while reclaiming their unique identities through language.41.Minority languages can be best preserved in __________.A．an increasingly interconnected worldB．maintaining small numbers of speakersC．relatively isolated language communitiesD．following the tradition of the 20th century42.According to Paragraph 2, that the world can maintain its linguistic diversity in the future is _______.A．uncertain B．unrealistic C．foreseeable D．definite43.According to the author, bilingualism can help_________.A．small languages become acceptable in work placesB．homogenize the world's languages and culturesC．global languages reach home and community settingsD．speakers maintain their linguistic and cultural identityputer technology is helpful for preserving minority languages in that it_________.A．makes learning a global language unnecessaryB．facilitates the learning and using of those languagesC．raises public awareness of saving those languagesD．makes it easier for linguists to study those languages45.In the author's view, many endangered languages are________. A．remarkably well-kept in this modern worldB．exceptionally powerful tools of communicationC．quite possible to be revived instead of dying outD．a unique way of bringing different groups togetherQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage:Everyone，it seems，has a health problem 。
2007年考研英语一真题与答案解析
2007 年考研英语一真题及答案解析Directions ：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence 3 the ideas ofrepresentative government, careers 4 to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the 5 toprivate property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. 6 there was a belief thatthe new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economicallyviable and integrated by a 7 set of 1aws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the Church, 9 there was less agreement10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by theSpanish crown. 12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of thenew states, some sought to end the 14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became arallying 15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equalityof everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had 16 in return to abolish slavery inthe areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies 19 .Egalitarian sentimentswere often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives [B]inhabitants[C]peoples [D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully [C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously [D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about [C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[ A] puzzled by[B]hostile to [C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared for文章中心：完型填空的命题理论规定，文章的中心思想一般体现在文章首段的首句;有时首段首句其他段落的首句共同表达文章中心思想。
2007考研英语真题答案
2007考研英语真题答案2007年的考研英语真题是考研英语备考中非常重要的一部分，它可以帮助考生了解考试难度和考点。
为了帮助大家更好地应对2007年的考研英语真题，以下将对该年的真题进行详细解析。
第一部分：阅读理解第一篇:原题：Text 1To make farms sustainable， Weis faces tougher problems. Current scales， which are determined by the number of livestock each operation has， are supposed to limit the amount of manure a farmer needs to handle.A better approach， says Weis， would limit the number of livestock permitted in watersheds， the area of land that drains to a particular body of water， preventing the overloading of a region by livestock waste.Question 1： The author mentions the desired outcome of setting scales in paragraph 3 to argue thatOptions：A. scale setting has failed to address a significant problemB. scales have made farms more sustainableC. scale setting can lead to excessive waste productionD. scales often limit the number of animals on a farm答案解析：本题属于信息提取题，答案位于第一段的第二句话：A better approach， says Weis， would limit the number of livestock permitted in watersheds， the area of land that drains to a particular body of water， preventing the overloading of a region by livestock waste.选项C与原文一致，表达了限制比例的方法能够防止过度的废弃物产生，因此答案选C。
2007年考研英语真题答案解析
2007年考研英语真题答案解析SectionⅠUse of English1.【答案】［B］【解析】词义辨析题，A.natives本地人；B.inhabitant居民；C.peoples民族；D.individuals个体。
本文首句指出：到了1830年，原来的西班牙和葡萄牙殖民地变成了独立国家。
本句解释了这些居住在摆脱殖民地地位而独立的国家的人们对于未来的态度。
这里的这里没有限定范围是“本地人”，也没有提及不同的民族，更没有强调个体差异，因此排除其他选项。
2.【答案】［D］【解析】词汇辨析题。
A.confusedly困惑地；B.cheerfully高兴的；C.worried担心的；D.hopefully充满期待地从首句已知这些国家的居民摆脱了西班牙和葡萄牙的殖民统治，虽然文中没有提到独立的过程，但是历史告诉我们，殖民地人们要求独立的愿望是一直存在的，是迫切的，由此可以判断，成立独立国家是殖民地人们的愿望，因此居民们对未来充满了期待，故选择hopefully合适。
3. 【答案】［A］【解析】逻辑关系题。
A.shared共有；B.forgot忘记；C.attained获得；D.rejected 拒绝。
本题所在的句子介绍了这些新独立国家的领导人们的治国理念。
首先提到了许多领导人们在治国理念中达成共识的部分，这由本句和下一句的内容及第二段首句中的less agreement得到印证，先指出领导人之间理念上的相同之处，再指出他们之间存在的分歧，shared the ideas符合上下文逻辑关系，故为答案。
4.【答案】［C］【解析】语义辨析题。
A.related相关的；B.close接近的；C.open开着的；D.devoted 投入的。
本句提到的新国家领导人共同的治国理念包括议会制政府等。
由这里的representative government，freedom of commerce and trade可以看出，这些都是先进的民主的治国方略，故此处的careers应为“向人才开放的职业”，这样才能让人们人尽其才，发挥自己的作用。
2007年考研英语真题及解析
2007年考研英语真题及解析Section I Use of English【文章综述】本短文源于2001年由朗文出版公司出版的World Civilization: The Global Experiernce, Third Edition(《全球文明史（第三版）》)第31章The Consolidation of Latin America,1830~1920(《拉丁美洲的稳固：1830~1920》)。
此文题材为社会生活类【考频6次】。
文中主要介绍殖民地国家独立后所面临的各种问题。
【试题连线】…………………………【选项分析】……………………………By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly 20 millionto the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime andIberian Colonialism, m any of the leaders ofcommerce and trade, the5 to private property , and a belief in the individual as basis of society. 6 there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church，9 , there was less agreement 10 the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown，12 most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the new states，some sought to end the14 of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying15 for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian，valuing equality of everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16 in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain's 17 colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much 18 because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19 . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was 20 self-rule and democracy. 1. [A] natives（本国人，当地人）[B] inhabitants (居民)[C] peoples（民族，种族）[D] individuals（个人，个体）2 [A] confusedly（迷惑地）[B] cheerfully（欢快地，兴高采烈地）[C] worriedly（焦虑地, 担忧地）[D] hopefully（满怀希望地）3. [A] shared（共享）[B] forgot （忘记）[C] attained（获得）[D] rejected（拒绝，抛弃）4. [A] related（与···相关的）[B] close（在附近，接近的）[C] open（对··开放，未决定的）[D] devoted （投入的，忠诚的）5. [A] access（途径，机会）[B] succession（继承）[C] right（···的权利）[D] return (返回到···）6. [A] Presumably（据推测，大概地）[B] Incidentally（顺便提及）[C] Obviously（显然；明显地）[D] Generally （普遍地,广泛地）7. [A] unique（独一无二的,独特的）[B] common(共同的, 普通的) [C] particular（特别的，特殊的）[D] typical（典型的,有代表性的）8. [A] freedom（自由）[B] origin（来源, 起源）[C] impact（影响）[D] reform （改革，改良）9. [A] therefore（因此, 表因果）[B] however（然而, 表转折）[C] indeed（的确, 表强调）[D] moreover （此外, 表递进）10. [A] with（和……一起）[B] about（有关···对于）[C] among (在··之间)[D] by（通过··）11. [A] allowed(许可，允许)[B] preached（布道，宣传）[C] granted（承认, 授予）[D] funded（资助，拨款）. 12. [A] Since（因为，表因果关系；自··以来，表时间关系）[B] If（如果，表假设关系）[C] Unless（除非，表示条件关系）[D] While（然而，表示对比关系）13. [A] as（作为，被看作）[B] for（为了，支持）[C] under（在···之下，受……领导）[D] against（反对···,靠着）14. [A] spread（传播;展开;蔓延）[B] interference（干涉; 阻挠）[C] exclusion（排斥，拒绝）[D] influence（影响; 作用）15. [A] support（支持, 支援）[B] cry（口号，呼吁）[C] plea（请求，恳求，借口，托辞）[D] wish（愿望, 希望）16. [A] urged（敦促，力劝，强烈要求）[B] intended（意欲，打算;计划）[C] expected（期待, 盼望）[D] promised （承诺, 保证）17. [A] controlling（操纵的，控制的）[B] former（以前的）[C] remaining（现存的, 残留的）[D] original （最初的,原始的）18. [A] slower（较慢，更缓地）[B] faster（较快地）[C] easier （较容易）[D] tougher（较难，更粗暴地，更强硬地）19. [A] created（创造，产生）[B] produced（生产，导致[C]contributed（捐赠；促成）[D] preferred（更喜欢，偏爱）20.[A] puzzled by (被……迷惑的，困惑)[B] hostile to（对…敌对，敌意的）[C]pessimistic about（对…悲观的）[D] unprepared for （对··未准备好的）【核心词汇】regime［rei'ʒi:m］n.政体; 政权；生活饮食规律，养生法sovereign［'sɔvrin］a.独立的，有主权的；拥有最高统治权的n.君主，国王，统治者（sove=super超级的+reign统治→最高统治→国王）conservative[ kən'sə:vətiv]adj.保守的，守旧的；n.保守主义者value[vælju:]n.价值，实用性vt.评价，评估，尊重abolish[ə'bɔliʃ]vt废除（法律，习惯等），取消tribute['tribju:t]n贡品，颂词，称赞，表示称赞的礼物revenue['revinju:]n财政收入，税收sentiment['sentimənt]n感情，柔情，看法，感觉temper['tempə]n.脾气，韧度vt.调和,使…..缓和；使……回火【超纲词汇】colonialism[kə'ləunjəlizəm] n.殖民主义viable['vaiəbl]adj.切实可行的the crown[kraun]n.王位，王权egalitarian[i,gæli'tɛəriən]adj.平等主义的【常用词组】in turn作为回报【答案与详解】1.答案→B 考点→名词用法及辨析【考频34次】解题技巧→选项给出的均为名词，且都是“……人”，由此可知此处需要填入表示“人”的名词。
2007年考研英语真题(英一二通用)-高清版含答案
2007年考研英语真题（英一二通用）-高清版含答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)By1830the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly20million1of these nations looked2to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian colonialism,many of the leaders of independence3the ideals of representative government,careers4to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the5to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a7set of laws.On the issue of8of religion and the position of the Church,9, there was less agreement10the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one11by the Spanish crown.12most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism13the official religion of the new states,some sought to end the14of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying15for the conservative forces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian,valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had16in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By1854slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s17colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much18because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies19.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was20self-rule and democracy.1.[A]natives[B]inhabitants[C]peoples[D]individuals2.[A]confusedly[B]cheerfully[C]worriedly[D]hopefully3.[A]shared[B]forgot[C]attained[D]rejected4.[A]related[B]close[C]open[D]devoted5.[A]access[B]succession[C]right[D]return6.[A]Presumably[B]Incidentally[C]Obviously[D]Generally7.[A]unique[B]common[C]particular[D]typical8.[A]freedom[B]origin[C]impact[D]reform9.[A]therefore[B]however[C]indeed[D]moreover10.[A]with[B]about[C]among[D]by11.[A]allowed[B]preached[C]granted[D]funded12.[A]Since[B]If[C]Unless[D]While13.[A]as[B]for[C]under[D]against14.[A]spread[B]interference[C]exclusion[D]influence15.[A]support[B]cry[C]plea[D]wish16.[A]urged[B]intended[C]expected[D]promised17.[A]controlling[B]former[C]remaining[D]original18.[A]slower[B]faster[C]easier[D]tougher19.[A]created[B]produced[C]contributed[D]preferred20.[A]puzzled by[B]hostile to[C]pessimistic about[D]unprepared forSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.What might account for this strange phenomenon?Here are a few guesses:a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity,which increases soccer stamina;c)soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.Anders Ericsson,a58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in“none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly 30years ago,involved memory:training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.“With the first subject,after about20hours of training,his digit span had risen from7to20,”Ericsson recalls.“He kept improving,and after about 200hours of training he had risen to over80numbers.”This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.In other words,whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize,those differences are swamped by how well each person“encodes”the information.And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully,Ericsson determined,was a process known as deliberate practice.Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits,including soccer.They gather all the data they can,not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.Their work makes a rather startling assertion:the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated.Or,put another way, expert performers–whether in memory or surgery,ballet or computer programming –are nearly always made,not born.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to[A]stress the importance of professional training.[B]spotlight the soccer superstars in the World Cup.[C]introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.[D]explain why some soccer teams play better than others.22.The word“mania”(Line4,Paragraph2)most probably means[A]fun.[B]craze.[C]hysteria.[D]excitement.23.According to Ericsson,good memory[A]depends on meaningful processing of information.[B]results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.[C]is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.[D]requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.24.Ericsson and his colleagues believe that[A]talent is a dominating factor for professional success.[B]biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.[C]the role of talent tends to be overlooked.[D]high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.25.Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?[A]“Faith will move mountains.”[B]“One reaps what one sows.”[C]“Practice makes perfect.”[D]“Like father,like son.”Text2For the past several years,the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called“Ask Marilyn.”People are invited to query Marilyn vos Savant,who at age10had tested at a mental level of someone about23years old;that gave her an IQ of228–the highest score ever recorded.IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies,to envision paper after it has been folded and cut,and to deduce numerical sequences,among other similar tasks.So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe(whose IQ is100)as,What’s the difference between love and fondness?Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? It’s not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.Clearly,intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test.Just what does it mean to be smart?How much of intelligence can be specified,and how much can we learn about it from neurology,genetics,computer science and other fields?The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score,even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.The test comes primarily in two forms:the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (both come in adult and children’s version).Generally costing several hundred dollars, they are usually given only by psychologists,although variations of them populate bookstores and the World Wide Web.Superhigh scores like vos Savant’s are no longer possible,because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers,rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by100.Other standardized tests,such as the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)and the Graduate Record Exam(GRE),capture the main aspects of IQ tests.Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements necessary to succeed in school and in life,argues Robert J.Sternberg.In his article“How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”,Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.Moreover,IQ tests do not necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions,but under high-stress conditions,IQ was negatively correlated with leadership–that is,it predicted the opposite.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters,whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.26.Which of the following may be required in an intelligence test?[A]Answering philosophical questions.[B]Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.[C]Telling the differences between certain concepts.[D]Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.27.What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph3?[A]People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.[B]More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.[C]The test contents and formats for adults and children may be different.[D]Scientists have defined the important elements of human intelligence.28.People nowadays can no longer achieve IQ scores as high as vos Savant’s because[A]the scores are obtained through different computational procedures.[B]creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.[C]vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.[D]the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.29.We can conclude from the last paragraph that[A]test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.[B]IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.[C]testing involves a lot of guesswork.[D]traditional tests are out of date.30.What is the author’s attitude towards IQ tests?[A]Supportive.[B]Skeptical.[C]Impartial.[D]Biased.Text3During the past generation,the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.Now a pink slip,a bad diagnosis,or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months.In just one generation,millions of mothers have gone to work,transforming basic family economics.Scholars,policymakers,and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes,but few have looked at the side effect:family risk has risen as well.Today’s families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status.As a result,they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback–a back-up earner(usually Mom)who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick.This“added-worker effect”could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.But today,a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner.During the same period,families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income.Steelworkers,airline employees,and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates,stock market fluctuation,and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns.For younger families,the picture is not any better.Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen–and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers,with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families’future healthcare.Even demographics are working against the middle class family,as the odds of having a weak elderly parent –and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance–have jumped eightfold in just one generation.From the middle-class family perspective,much of this,understandably,looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility,and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.The financial fallout has begun,and the political fallout may not be far behind.31.Today’s double-income families are at greater financial risk in that[A]the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared.[B]their chances of being laid off have greatly increased.[C]they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics.[D]they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance.32.As a result of President Bush’s reform,retired people may have[A]a higher sense of security.[B]less secured payments.[C]less chance to invest.[D]a guaranteed future.33.According to the author,health-savings plans will[A]help reduce the cost of healthcare.[B]popularize among the middle class.[C]compensate for the reduced pensions.[D]increase the families’investment risk.34.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A]financial risks tend to outweigh political risks.[B]the middle class may face greater political challenges.[C]financial problems may bring about political problems.[D]financial responsibility is an indicator of political status.35.Which of the following is the best title for this text?[A]The Middle Class on the Alert[B]The Middle Class on the Cliff[C]The Middle Class in Conflict[D]The Middle Class in RuinsText4It never rains but it pours.Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles,and improved their feeble corporation governance,a new problem threatens to earn them–especially in America–the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite:data insecurity.Left,until now,to odd,low-level IT staff to put right,and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking,telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss’s agenda in businesses of every variety.Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year–from organizations as diverse as Time Warner,the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California,Berkeley–have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities.“Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset,”says Haim Mendelson of Stanford University’s business school.“The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value,which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders”.Indeed,just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles(GAAP),perhaps it is time for GASP,Generally Accepted Security Practices,suggested Eli Noam of New York’s Columbia Business School.“Setting the proper investment level for security,redundancy,and recovery is a management issue,not a technical one,”he says.The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss.Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest executive that trust,that most valuable of economic assets, is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore–and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands.The current state of affairs may have been encouraged–though not justified–by the lack of legal penalty(in America,but not Europe)for data leakage.Until California recently passed a law,American firms did not have to tell anyone,even the victim,when data went astray.That may change fast:lots of proposed data-security legislation is now doing the rounds in Washington,D.C.Meanwhile,the theft of information about some40million credit-card accounts in America,disclosed on June17th,overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security.36.The statement“It never rains but it pours”is used to introduce[A]the fierce business competition.[B]the feeble boss-board relations.[C]the threat from news reports.[D]the severity of data leakage.37.According to Paragraph2,some organizations check their systems to find out[A]whether there is any weak point.[B]what sort of data has been stolen.[C]who is responsible for the leakage.[D]how the potential spies can be located.38.In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that[A]shareholders’interests should be properly attended to.[B]information protection should be given due attention.[C]businesses should enhance their level of accounting security.[D]the market value of customer data should be emphasized.39.According to Paragraph4,what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to[A]see the link between trust and data protection.[B]perceive the sensitivity of personal data.[C]realize the high cost of data restoration.[D]appreciate the economic value of trust.40.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that[A]data leakage is more severe in Europe.[B]FTC’s decision is essential to data security.[C]California takes the lead in security legislation.[D]legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage.41You can start this process when they are 11or 12.Periodically review their emerging strengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings,like difficulty in communicating well or collaborating.Also,identify the kinds of interests they keep coming back to,as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.42Kids need a range of authentic role models –as opposed to members of their clique,pop stars and vaunted athletes.Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the family knows and how they got where they are.Discuss the joys and downsides of your own career and encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future.When asked what they want to do,they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea.”They can change their minds 200times,but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood.Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There are two extra headings that you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)A.Set a Good Example for Your KidsB.Build Your Kids’Work SkillsC.Place Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD.Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE.Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF.Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG.Build Your Kids’Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a Parent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job’s starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adult’s need for rapid content,the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult is ready for the move.Here are a few measures,drawn from my book Ready or Not,Here Life Comes ,that parents can take to prevent what I call “work-life unreadiness”:43Teachers are responsible for teaching kids how to learn;parents should be responsible for teaching them how to work.Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met.Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job.Kids need plenty of practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills,such as managing time and setting priorities.44Playing video games encourages immediate content.And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the same time,listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors.All these activities can prevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult for kids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need for most jobs.45They should know how to deal with setbacks,stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts,ways to brainstorm and think critically.Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them apply these skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wandering aimlessly through early adulthood?Parents still have a major role to play, but now it is more delicate.They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child.They should exhibit strong interest and respect for whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem)while becoming a partner in exploring options for the future.Most of all,these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by a family that appreciates them.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points) The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism w is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component ofa journalist’s intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)In fact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-grounded understanding of the legal system.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Write a letter to your university library,making suggestions for improving its service.You should write about100words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e“Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address.(10points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)support your view with an example/examples.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)2007年全真试题答案Section Ⅰ Use of English1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B 10.C11.A 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.B 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.D Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 21.C 22.B 23.A 24.D 25.CText 2 26.D 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.BText 3 31.C 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.BText 4 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.A 40.DPart B41.F 42.D 43.B 44.C 45.EPart C46.长久以来，法律知识在这类学校里一直被视为律师们所专有的，而不是一个受教育者的知识素养的必要组成部分。
2007年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案3
Text 3 During the past generation， the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities. Now a pink slip， a bad diagnosis. or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. In just one generation， millions of mothers have gone to work， transforming basic family economics. Scholars，policymakers， and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes， but few have looked at the side effect family risk has risen as well. Today's families have budgeted to the limits of their new two-paycheck status. As a result they have lost the parachute they once had in times of financial setback- a back-up earner （usually Mom） who could go into the workforce if the primary earner got laid off or fell sick. This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times. But today， a disruption to family fortunes can not longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. During the same period， families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. Steelworkers， airline employees， and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates， stock market fluctuation， and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. For much of the past year. President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a savings-account model， with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending on investment returns. For younger families， the picture is not any better. Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen-and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers， with much higher deductibles and a large new does of investment risk for families‘ future healthcare. Even demographics are working against the middle class family， as the odds of having a weak elderly parent- and all the attendant need for physical and financial assistance have jumped eightfold in just one generation. From the middle-class family perspective， much of this， understandably， looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility， and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. The financial fallout has begun， and the political fallout may not be far behind. [421 words] 31. Today's double-income families are at greater financial risk in that [A] the safety net they used to enjoy has disappeared. [B] their chances of being laid off have greatly increased. [C] they are more vulnerable to changes in family economics. [D] they are deprived of unemployment or disability insurance. 32. As a result of President Bush's reform， retired people may have [A] a higher sense of security. [B] less secured payments. [C] less chance to invest. [D] a guaranteed future. 33. According go the author， health-savings plans will [A] help reduce the cost of healthcare. [B] popularize among the middle class. [C] compensate for the reduced pensions. [D] increase the families investment risk. 34. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that [A] financial risks tend to outweigh political risks. [B] the middle class may face greater political challenges. [C] financial problems may bring about political problems. [D] financial responsibility is an indicator of political status. 35. Which of the following is the best title for this text？ [A] The Middle Class on the Alert [B] The Middle Class on the Cliff [C] The Middle Class in Conflict [D] The Middle Class in RuinsText 4 It never rains but it pours. Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles， and improved their feeble corporation governance， a new problem threatens to earn them- especially in America-the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite： data insecurity. Left， until now， to odd， low-level IT staff to put right， and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking，telecoms and air travel， information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety. Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year- from organizations as diverse as Time Warner，the American defense contractor Science Applications International Corp and even the University of California. Berkeley-have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate 11 systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. “Data is becoming an asset which needs no be guarded as much as any other asset.” says I am Mendelson of Stanford University's business school “The ability guard customer data is the key to market value， which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders” Indeed， just as there is the concept of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles （GAAP）. perhaps it is time for GASP. Generally Accepted Security Practices， suggested Eli Noam of New York's Columbia Business School. “Setting the proper investment level for security， redundancy， and recovery is a management issue， not a technical one.” he says. The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to any boss. Surely it should be obvious to the dimmest exccutive that trust， that most valuable of economic assets， is easily destroyed and hugely expensive to restore-and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands. The current state of affairs may have been encouraged-though not justified-by the lack of legal penalty （in America，but not Europe） for data leakage. Until California recently passed a law. American firms did not have to tell anyone， even the victim， when data went astray， I hat may change fast lots of proposed data-security legislation now doing the rounds in Washington. D.C. Meanwhile. the theft of information about some 40 million credit-card accounts in America， disclosed on June 17th. overshadowed a hugely important decision a day earlier by America's Federal Trade Commission （FTC） that puts corporate America on notice that regulators will act if firms fail to provide adequate data security. [416 words] 36. The statement： “It never rains but it pours” is used to introduce [A] the fierce business competition. [B] the feeble boss-board relations [C] the threat from news reports. [D] the severity of data leakage. 37. According to Paragraph 2， some organizations check their systems to find out [A] whether there is any weak point. [B] what sort of data has been stolen. [C] who is responsible for the leakage. [D] how the potential spies can be located. 38. In bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that [A] shareholders interests should be properly attended to. [B] information protection should be given due attention. [C] businesses should enhance their level of accounting security. [D] the market value of customer data should be emphasized. 39. According to Paragraph 4， what puzzles the author is that some bosses fail to [A] see the link between trust and data protection. [B] perceive the sensitivity of personal data. [C] realize the high cost of data restoration. [D] appreciate the economic value of trust. 40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that [A] data leakage is more severe in Europe. [B] FTC's decision is essential to data security. [C] California takes the lead in security legislation. [D] legal penalty is a major Solomon to data leakage.Part BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A——G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41——45）。