外文翻译---超越台式机:一个关于云计算的介绍

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云计算介绍 英语作文

云计算介绍 英语作文

云计算介绍英语作文Title: Introduction to Cloud Computing。

In today's digital era, cloud computing has emerged asa transformative technology, revolutionizing the way businesses and individuals store, process, and access data and applications. In this essay, we will delve into the concept of cloud computing, its components, benefits, challenges, and its impact on various aspects of our lives.At its core, cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services – including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and more – over the internet ("the cloud") on a pay-as-you-go basis. This model eliminates the need for organizations and individuals toown and maintain physical infrastructure, leading to cost savings, scalability, and increased efficiency.One of the key components of cloud computing is Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), which providesvirtualized computing resources over the internet. With IaaS, users can rent virtual machines, storage, and networking components from cloud providers, enabling them to scale their infrastructure up or down based on demand without investing in physical hardware.Another essential component is Platform as a Service (PaaS), which offers a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure. PaaS providers deliver everything needed to support the complete lifecycle of building and delivering web-based (cloud-native) applications.Additionally, Software as a Service (SaaS) allows users to access applications hosted on the cloud over the internet. This model eliminates the need for users to install, maintain, and update software locally, as everything is managed by the service provider. Popular examples of SaaS include email services, customer relationship management (CRM) software, and productivity suites.Cloud computing offers a myriad of benefits to organizations and individuals. Firstly, it provides unparalleled scalability, allowing users to easily scale resources up or down based on demand, ensuring optimal performance and cost-efficiency. Moreover, cloud computing promotes collaboration and flexibility by enabling remote access to data and applications from any internet-connected device. Additionally, it enhances data security anddisaster recovery capabilities, as data is stored in geographically distributed data centers with robustsecurity measures in place.Despite its numerous advantages, cloud computing also poses several challenges. Security concerns, such as data breaches and compliance issues, remain a significant challenge for organizations migrating to the cloud. Moreover, ensuring data privacy and regulatory compliancein a multi-tenant environment requires robust security protocols and encryption techniques. Additionally, managing cloud costs and optimizing resource utilization can be complex, requiring organizations to implement effectivecost management strategies.In conclusion, cloud computing represents a paradigm shift in the way we consume and deliver computing services. Its scalability, flexibility, cost-effectiveness, andagility make it an indispensable technology for businesses and individuals alike. However, addressing security concerns and optimizing cost management are essential for realizing the full potential of cloud computing. As technology continues to evolve, cloud computing will undoubtedly play a central role in shaping the future of the digital landscape.。

云计算简述

云计算简述

云计算简述一、云计算简介云计算(Cloud Computing)是网格计算(Grid Computing)、分布式计算(Distributed Computing)、并行计算(Parallel Computing)、效用计算(Utility Computing)网络存储(Network Storage Technologies)、虚拟化(Virtualization)、负载均衡(Load Balance)等传统计算机技术和网络技术发展融合的产物。

它旨在通过网络把多个成本相对较低的计算实体整合成一个具有强大计算能力的完美系统,并借助SaaS、PaaS、IaaS、MSP等先进的商业模式把这强大的计算能力分布到终端用户手中。

Cloud Computing的一个核心理念就是通过不断提高“云”的处理能力,进而减少用户终端的处理负担,最终使用户终端简化成一个单纯的输入输出设备,并能按需享受“云”的强大计算处理能力!云计算的核心思想,是将大量用网络连接的计算资源统一管理和调度,构成一个计算资源池向用户按需服务。

二、云计算的定义1、狭义云计算提供资源的网络被称为“云”。

“云”中的资源在使用者看来是可以无限扩展的,并且可以随时获取,按需使用,随时扩展,按使用付费。

这种特性经常被称为像水电一样使用IT基础设施。

2、广义云计算这种服务可以是IT和软件、互联网相关的,也可以是任意其他的服务。

这种资源池称为“云”。

“云”是一些可以自我维护和管理的虚拟计算资源,通常为一些大型服务器集群,包括计算服务器、存储服务器、宽带资源等等。

云计算将所有的计算资源集中起来,并由软件实现自动管理,无需人为参与。

这使得应用提供者无需为繁琐的细节而烦恼,能够更加专注于自己的业务,有利于创新和降低成本。

云计算是并行计算(Parallel Computing)、分布式计算(Distributed Computing)和网格计算(Grid Computing)的发展,或者说是这些计算机科学概念的商业实现。

英语作文介绍云计算

英语作文介绍云计算

英语作文介绍云计算Title: Exploring the World of Cloud Computing。

In today's digital era, cloud computing has emerged as a revolutionary technology, reshaping the way businesses operate and individuals access information. This essay delves into the concept of cloud computing, its significance, benefits, and implications.### What is Cloud Computing?Cloud computing refers to the delivery of computing services—including storage, processing power, and applications—over the internet. Unlike traditional computing, where data and applications are stored on physical hardware, cloud computing enables users to access resources remotely via the internet.### Key Components of Cloud Computing:1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): IaaS provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can rent servers, storage, and networking infrastructure on a pay-as-you-go basis, eliminating the need for physical hardware maintenance.2. Platform as a Service (PaaS): PaaS offers a platform allowing developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without the complexity of infrastructure management. It provides tools and frameworks forapplication development and deployment.3. Software as a Service (SaaS): SaaS delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. Users can access applications hosted in the cloud without the need for installation or maintenance.### Significance of Cloud Computing:1. Scalability: Cloud computing allows businesses to scale resources up or down based on demand, ensuring optimal performance and cost-efficiency.2. Cost-Effectiveness: By eliminating the need for upfront infrastructure investment and reducing maintenance costs, cloud computing offers a cost-effective solution for businesses of all sizes.3. Flexibility: Cloud computing enables remote access to resources, allowing users to work from anywhere with an internet connection. This flexibility promotescollaboration and productivity.4. Innovation: Cloud computing fuels innovation by providing access to advanced technologies such asartificial intelligence, machine learning, and big data analytics, empowering businesses to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving market.### Benefits of Cloud Computing:1. Accessibility: Cloud computing enables ubiquitous access to data and applications, allowing users to access information from any device, anywhere in the world.2. Reliability: Cloud service providers offer robust infrastructure with built-in redundancy and disaster recovery mechanisms, ensuring high availability and reliability of services.3. Security: Cloud providers implement stringent security measures to protect data from unauthorized access, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity.4. Scalability: Cloud computing platforms allow businesses to scale resources dynamically to meet changing demand, ensuring optimal performance and cost-efficiency.### Implications of Cloud Computing:1. Data Privacy: Storing data in the cloud raises concerns about data privacy and compliance with regulatory requirements such as GDPR and HIPAA. Organizations must implement appropriate security measures and data governance policies to protect sensitive information.2. Vendor Lock-in: Dependence on a single cloud provider may lead to vendor lock-in, limiting flexibility and hindering migration to alternative platforms. Adopting a multi-cloud or hybrid cloud strategy can mitigate this risk.3. Internet Dependency: Cloud computing relies on internet connectivity, and disruptions in internet service can impact accessibility and productivity. Organizations should have contingency plans in place to mitigate the impact of internet outages.In conclusion, cloud computing represents a paradigm shift in the way computing resources are delivered and consumed. With its scalability, cost-effectiveness, and flexibility, cloud computing offers unprecedented opportunities for innovation and growth. However, organizations must address challenges related to security, data privacy, and vendor lock-in to fully harness the benefits of cloud computing.。

云计算介绍

云计算介绍

云计算介绍云计算介绍:1、背景介绍:云计算是一种基于互联网提供计算资源和服务的模式,它通过虚拟化技术将计算机硬件、软件、数据、网络等资源进行集中管理和统一调度,使用户能够方便地使用和共享这些资源。

2、云计算的基本概念:2.1 计算资源虚拟化:云计算通过虚拟化技术将计算资源进行抽象和隔离,使用户可以按需使用,无需关心底层的物理设备。

2.2 弹性伸缩:云计算提供弹性伸缩的能力,根据用户的需求自动分配和释放资源,提高资源利用率和效率。

2.3 按需付费:云计算按照资源的实际使用量收费,用户只需支付实际使用的费用,降低了使用成本。

2.4 多租户架构:云计算采用多租户架构,多个用户可以共享同一套资源,提高了资源利用率。

3、云计算的服务模式:3.1 基础设施即服务(IaaS):提供基础计算资源,如虚拟机、存储、网络等。

3.2 平台即服务(PaaS):提供开发和部署应用程序的平台环境,如操作系统、数据库、开发工具等。

3.3 软件即服务(SaaS):提供基于云平台的软件应用程序,如邮件、协同办公、客户关系管理等。

4、云计算的部署模式:4.1 公有云:云服务提供商向公众开放的资源和服务,多租户共享,如亚马逊云服务(AWS)、微软Azure等。

4.2 私有云:由单个组织独享和管理的云资源,用于满足组织特定的需求,如企业内部建设的私有云。

4.3 混合云:私有云和公有云的组合,可以根据需要灵活选择使用公有云或私有云资源。

5、云计算的优势:5.1 灵活性和可扩展性:云计算提供弹性伸缩和按需付费的特性,可以根据用户需求灵活调整资源规模。

5.2 高可用性和可靠性:云计算通过冗余和备份机制保证高可用性,提供99.99%以上的服务可用性。

5.3 成本效益:云计算根据实际使用量收费,避免了昂贵的硬件和软件采购成本。

5.4 高效性和便捷性:云计算提供快速部署和自动化管理的能力,简化了用户的操作和维护工作。

6、云计算的挑战和风险:6.1 安全性和隐私保护:云计算面临数据泄露、身份认证等安全和隐私方面的风险。

什么是云计算

什么是云计算

什么是云计算效用计算:IT资源的一种打包和计费方式,比如按照计算、存储分别计量费用,像传统的电力等公共设施一样;自主计算:具有自我管理功能的计算机系统。

事实上,许多云计算部署依赖于计算机集群(但与网格的组成、体系结构、目的、工作方式大相径庭),也吸收了自主计算和效用计算的特点。

[2] 1983年,太阳电脑(Sun Microsystems)提出“网络是电脑”(“The Network is the Computer”),2006年3月,亚马逊(Amazon)推出弹性计算云(Elastic Compute Cloud;EC2)服务。

2006年8月9日,Google首席执行官埃里克·施密特(Eric Schmidt)在搜索引擎大会(SES San Jose 2006)首次提出“云计算”(Cloud Computing)的概念。

Google“云端计算”源于Google工程师克里斯托弗·比希利亚所做的“Google 101”项目。

2007年10月,Google与IBM开始在美国大学校园,包括卡内基梅隆大学、麻省理工学院、斯坦福大学、加州大学柏克莱分校及马里兰大学等,推广云计算的计划,这项计划希望能降低分布式计算技术在学术研究方面的成本,并为这些大学提供相关的软硬件设备及技术支持(包括数百台个人电脑及BladeCenter与System x服务器,这些计算平台将提供1600个处理器,支持包括Linux、Xen、Hadoop等开放源代码平台)。

而学生则可以通过网络开发各项以大规模计算为基础的研究计划。

2008年1月30日,Google宣布在台湾启动“云计算学术计划”,将与台湾台大、交大等学校合作,将这种先进的大规模、快速将云计算技术推广到校园。

2008年2月1日,IBM(NYSE: IBM)宣布将在中国无锡太湖新城科教产业园为中国的软件公司建立全球第一个云计算中心(Cloud Computing Center)。

云计算简介

云计算简介

Part 1:云计算1.1 云计算的概念云计算(Cloud Computing)是近年来发展的一种新的计算形态。

它是网格计算(Grid Computing)、分布式计算(DistributedComputing)、并行计算(Parallel Computing)、效用计算(Utility Computing)、网络存储(Network Storage Technologies)、虚拟化(Virtualization)、负载均衡(Load Balance)等传统计算机和网络技术发展融合的产物。

云计算的核心思想是将大量用网络连接的计算资源统一管理和调度,构成一个计算资源池向用户按需服务。

提供资源的网络被称为“云”。

“云”中的资源在使用者看来是可以无限扩展的,并且可以随时获取,按需使用,随时扩展,按使用付费。

1.2 云计算的发展现状作为一项新兴的、颠覆性的技术,云计算技术一经推出便在业内引起广泛响应,主要的IT厂商,如Google、IBM、Amazon、Microsoft 和Yahoo,已经相继开展了研究工作,并推出自己的云计算产品和服务。

其中,Amazon 的云计算服务总称为Amazon Web Services (AWS,Amazon WEB 服务),包括四种主要的服务:Simple Storage Service(S3,一种简单的存储服务)、Elastic ComputeCloud(EC2,弹性可扩展的云计算服务器)、SimpleQueuing Service(一种简单的消息队列)以及处于无限期公测阶段的SimpLEDB (简单的数据库管理)。

IBM 于2007 年11 月先在上海推出了“蓝云(Blue Cloud)”计划,包含了一系列的云计算产品。

2008 年5 月,IBM 宣布在中国无锡太湖新城科教产业园为中国的软件公司建立的IBM 中国“云计算中心”正式投入运营。

Google 于2008 年4月推出App Engine 云计算平台,它是一个由Python 应用服务器群、BigTable(Google 的一个内部的数据库系统)数据库访问及Google File System(GFS)数据储存服务组成的平台,能为开发者提供一体化的主机服务器及可自动升级的在线应用服务。

超越台式机一个关于云计算的介绍 毕业论文外文翻译

超越台式机一个关于云计算的介绍 毕业论文外文翻译

超越台式机一个关于云计算的介绍毕业论文外文翻译翻译部分英文原文 Beyond the Desktop: An Introduction to Cloud Computing Michael Miller In a world that sees new technological trends bloom and fade on almost a dailybasis one new trend promises more longevity. This trend is called cloud computingand it will change the way you use your computer and the Internet. Cloud computing portends a major change in how we store information and runapplications. Instead of running program sand data on an individual desktop computereverything is hosted in the “cloud”—a nebulous assemblage of computers and serversaccessed via the Internet. Cloud computing lets you access all your applications anddocuments from anywhere in the world freeing you from the confines of the desktopand making it easier for group members in different locations to collaborate.PART 1 Understanding Cloud Computing The emergence of cloud computing is the computing equivalent of the electricityrevolution of a century ago. Before the advent of electrical utilities every farm andbusiness produced its own electricity from freestanding generators. After the electricalgrid was created farms and businesses shut down their generators and boughtelectricity from the utilities at a much lower price and with much greater reliabilitythan they could produce on their own. Look for the same type of revolution to occur as cloud computing takes hold.The desktop-centric notion of computing that we hold today is bound to fall by thewayside as we come to expect the universal access 24/7 reliability andubiquitouscollaboration promised by cloud computing. It is the way of the future.Cloud Computing: What It Is—and What It Isn’t With traditional desktopcomputing you run copies of software programs on eachcomputer you own. The documents you create are stored on the computer on whichthey were created. Although documents can be accessed from other computers on thenetwork they can’t be accessed by computers outside the network. The whole scene is PC-centric. With cloud computing the software programs you use aren’t run from yourpersonal computer but are rather stored on servers accessed via the Internet. If yourcomputer crashes the software is still available for others to use. Same goes for thedocuments you create they’re stored on a collection of servers accessed via theInternet. Anyone with permission can not only access the documents but can also editand collaborate on those documents in real time. Unlike traditional computing thiscloud computing model isn’t PC-centric it’sdocument-centric. Which PC you use to access a document simplyisn’t important. Butthat’s a simplification. Let’s look in more detail at what cloud computingis—and just asimportant what it isn’t.What Cloud Computing Isn’t First cloud computing isn’t network computing. With networkcomputing applications/documents are hosted on a single company’s server and accessed overthe company’s network. Cloud computing is a lot biggerthan that. It encompassesmultiple companies multiple servers andmultiple networks. Plus unlike networkcomputing cloud services and storage are accessible from anywhere in the world overan Internet connection with network computing access is over the company’snetwork only. Cloud computing also isn’t traditional outsourcing where a company farms outsubcontracts its computing services to an outside firm. While an outsourcing firmmight host a company’s data or applications those documents and programs are onlyaccessible to the company’s employees via the company’s network not to the entireworld via the Internet. So despite superficial similarities networking computing and outsourcing are notcloud computing.What Cloud Computing Is Key to the definition of cloud computing is the “cloud” itself. For our purposesthe cloud is a large group of interconnected computers. These computers can bepersonal computers ornetwork servers they can be public or private. For example Google hosts a cloud that consists of both smallish PCs and largerservers. Google’s cloud is a private one that is Google owns it that is publiclyaccessible by Google’s users. This cloud of computers extends beyond a single company or enterprise. Theapplications and data served by the cloud are available to broad group of userscross-enterprise and cross-platform. Access is via the Internet. Any authorized usercan access these docs and apps from any computer over any Internet connection. Andto the user the technology and infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible. It isn’t apparent and in most casesdoesn’t matter whether cloud services arebased on HTTP HTML XML JavaScript or other specific technologies. _ Cloud computing is user-centric. Once you as a user are connected to the cloudwhatever is stored there—documents messages images applicationswhatever—becomes yours. In addition not only is the data yours but you can alsoshare it with others. In effect any device that accesses your data in the cloud alsobecomes yours. _ Cloud computing is task-centric. Instead offocusing on the application andwhat it can do the focus is on what you need done and how the application can do itfor you. Traditional applications—wordprocessing spreadsheets email and soon—are becoming less important than thedocuments they create.PART 2 Understanding Cloud Computing _ Cloud computing is powerful. Connecting hundreds or thousands of computerstogether in a cloud creates a wealth of computing power impossible with a singledesktop PC. _ Cloud computing is accessible. Because data is stored in the cloud users caninstantly retrieve more information from multiple repositories. You’re not limited t o asingle source of data asyou are with a desktop PC. _ Cloud computing is intelligent. Withall the various data stored on thecomputers in a cloud data mining and analysis are necessary to access thatinformation in an intelligent manner. _ Cloud computing is programmable. Many of the tasks necessary with cloudcomputing must be automated. For example to protect theintegrity of the datainformation stored on a single computer in the cloud must be replicated on othercomputers in the cloud. If that one compu ter goes offline the cloud’sprogrammingautomatically redistributesthat computer’s data to a new computer in the cloud. All these definitions behind us what constitutes cloud computing in the realworld As you’ll learn throughout this book a raft of web-hostedInternet-accessibleGroup-collaborative applications are currently available with many more on the way.Perhaps the best and most popular examples of cloud computing applications todayare the Google family of applications—Google Docs amp SpreadsheetsGoogleCalendar Gmail Picasa and the like. All of these applications are hosted on Google’sservers are accessible to any user with an Internet connection and can be used forgroup collaboration from anywhere in the world. In short cloud computing enables a shift from the computer to the user fromapplications to tasks and from isolated data to datathat can be accessed fromanywhere and shared with anyone. The user no longer has to take on the task of datamanagement he doesn’t even have to remember where the data is. All that matters isthat the data is in the cloud and thus immediately available to that user and to otherauthorized users.From Collaboration to the Cloud: A Short History of Cloud Computing Cloud computing has as its antecedents bothclient/server computing andpeer-to-peer distributed computing. It’s all a matter of how centralizedstoragefacilitates collaboration and how multiple computers work together to increasecomputing power.Client/Server Computing: Centralized Applications and Storage In the antediluvian days of computing pre-1980 or so everything operated ontheclient/server model. All the software applications all the data and all the controlresided on huge mainframe computers otherwise known as servers. If a user wantedto access specific data or run a program he had to connect to the mainframe gainappropriate access and then do his business while essentially “renting” the programor data from the server. Users connected to the server via a computer terminal sometimes called aworkstation or client. This computer was sometimes called a dumb terminal because itdidn’t have a lot if any memory storage space or processing power. It was merelya device that connected the user to and enabled him to use the mainframe computer. Users accessed the mainframe only when granted permission and the informationtechnology IT staff weren’t in the habit of handing out access casually. Even on amainframe computer processing power is limited—and the IT staff were theguardians of that power. Access was not immediate nor could two users access thesame data at the same time. Beyond that users pretty much had to take whatever the IT staff gavethem—with no variations. Want to customize a reportto show only a subset of thenormal information Can’t do it. Want to create a new report to look at some new dataYou can’t do it although the IT staff can—but on their schedulewhich might beweeks from now. The fact is when multiple people are sharing a single computer even if thatcomputer is a huge mainframe you have to wait your turn. Need to rerun a financialreport No problem—if you don’t mind waiting until this afternoon ortomorrowmorning. There isn’t always immediate access in aclient/server environment andseldom is there immediate gratification. So the client/server model while providing similar centralized storage differedfrom cloud computing in that it did not have a user-centric focus with client/servercomputing all the control rested with the mainframe—and with the guardians of thatsingle computer. It was not a user-enabling environment.Peer-to-Peer Computing: Sharing Resources As you can imagine accessing a client/server system was kind of a “hurry up andwait” experience. The server part of the system also created a huge bottleneck. Allcommunications between computers had to go through the server first howeverinefficient that might be. The obvious need to connect one computer to another without first hitting theserver led to the development of peer-to-peer P2P computing. P2P computingdefines a network architecture in which each computer has equivalent capabilities andresponsibilities. This is in contrast to the traditionalclient/server network architecturein which one or more computers are dedicated to serving the others. This relationshipis sometimes characterized as a master/slave relationship with the central server asthe master and the client computer as the slave. P2P was an equalizing concept. In the P2P environment every computer is aclient and a serverthere are no masters and slaves. By recognizing all computers onthe network as peers P2P enables direct exchange of resources and services. There isno need for a central server because any computer can function in that capacity whencalled on to do so. P2P was also a decentralizing concept. Control is decentralized with allcomputers functioning as equals. Content is also dispersed among the various peercomputers. No centralized server is assigned to host the available resources andservices. Perhaps the most notable implementation of P2P computing is the Internet. Manyof today’s usersforget or never knew that the Internet was initially conceived underits original ARPAnet guise as a peer-to-peer system that would share computingresources across the United States. The various ARPAnet sites—and there weren’tmany of them—were connectedtogether not as clients and servers but as equals. The P2P nature of the early Internet was best exemplified by the Usenet enet which was created back in 1979 was anetwork of computers accessed viathe Internet each of which hosted the entire contents of the network. Messages werepropagated between the peer computers users connecting to any single Usenet serverhad access to all or substantially all the messages posted to each individualserver.Although the users’ connection to the U senet server was of the traditionalclient/server nature the relationship between the Usenet servers was definitelyP2P—and presaged the cloud computing of today. That said not every part of the Internet is P2P in nature. With thedevelopment ofthe World Wide Web came a shift away from P2P back to the client/server model. Onthe web each website is served up by a group of computers and sites’ visitors useclient software web browsers to access it. Almost all content is centralized allcontrol is centralized and the clients have no autonomy or control in the process.Distributed Computing: Providing More Computing Power One of the most important subsets of the P2P model is that ofdistributedcomputing where idle PCs across a network or across the Internet are tapped toprovide computing power for large processor-intensive projects. It’s a simpleconceptall about cycle sharing between multiple computers. Apersonal computer running full-out 24 hours a day 7 days a week is capableof tremendous computing power. Most people don’t use their computers 24/7however so a good portion of a computer’s resources go unused. Distributedcomputing uses those resources. When a computer is enlisted for a distributed computing project software isinstalled on the machine to run various processing activities during those periodswhenthe PC is typically unused. The results of that spare-time processing areperiodically uploaded to the distributed computing network and combined withsimilar results from other PCs in the project. The resultif enough computers areinvolved simulates the processing power of much larger mainframes andsupercomputers—which is necessary for some very large and complexcomputingprojects. For example genetic research requires vast amounts of computing power. Left totraditional means it might take years to solve essential mathematical problems. Byconnecting together thousands or millions of individual PCs more power is appliedto the problem and the results are obtained that much sooner. Distributed computing dates back to 1973 when multiple computers werenetworked together at the Xerox PARC labs and worm software was developed tocruise through the network looking for idle resources. A more practical application ofdistributed computing appeared in 1988 when researchers at the DEC DigitalEquipment Corporation System Research Center developed software that distributedthe work to factor large numbers among workstations within their laboratory. By 1990a group of about 100 users utilizing this software had factored a 100-digit number.By 1995 this same effort had been expanded to the web to factor a 130-digit number.It wasn’t long before distributed computing hit the Internet. The first majorInternet-based distributed computing project was launched in 1997which employed thousands of personal computers to crack encryption codes. Evenbigger was SETIhome launched in May 1999 which linked together millions ofindividual computers to search forintelligent life in outer space. Many distributedcomputing projects are conducted within large enterprises using traditional networkconnections to form the distributed computing network. Other larger projects utilizethe computers of everyday Internet users with the computing typically taking placeoffline and then uploaded once a day viatraditional consumer Internet connections.Understanding Cloud Architecture The key to cloud computing is the“cloud”—a massive network of servers or evenindividual PCs interconnected in a grid.These computers run in parallel combiningthe resources of each to generatesupercomputing-like po.。

什么是云计算? 中英互译

什么是云计算? 中英互译

Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services— including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“thecloud”) to offer faster innovation, flex- ible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud ser- vices you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale1 as your business needs change.简单来说,云计算就是通过因特网(“云”) 提供计算服务——包括服务器、存储功能、数据库、联网、软件、分析功能和智能功能——以加快创新、使资源配置更灵活,实现规模经济。

通常你只需为自己所使用的云服务付费,这有助于降低运营成本,更高效地运行基础设施,并根据业务需求的变化作出调整。

Top benefits of cloud computing云计算的好处Cloud computing is a big shift from the traditional way businesses think about IT resources. Here are seven common reasons organisations are turning to cloud computing services:云计算不同于企业对 IT 资源的传统认知,它是一项重大变革。

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附录A 译文超越台式机:一个关于云计算的介绍在这个世界上几乎每一天都能看到新技术趋势的崛起和衰退,一种新的趋势带来了更长久的生命力。

这种趋势被称为云计算,它将改变你使用电脑和互联网的方式。

云计算预示着我们在如何存储信息和运行应用程序问题上的重大变革。

而不是在单独的计算机上运行程序的散的数据,一切都托管在“云”中,通过英特网去访问“云”中的其他计算机和服务器。

云计算让你能够在世界上的任何地方访问你所有的应用程序和文档,摆脱了台式机的束缚,让你更容易在不同的地方和同事进行协作。

第一部分认识云计算云计算的出现就相当于一个世纪前电力革命的发生。

在电力公司出现之前,每一个农场和企业都通过自己独立的发电机发电。

在电网产生以后,农场和企业关闭他们自己的的发电机,并且从电力公司以一个比他们用自己发电机发电低得多的价格(并且更具有可靠性)买电。

为了寻找相同类型革命的发生,使得云计算成为定局。

由于我们所期望的教育普及,每时每刻的可靠性和无处不在的云计算协作承诺使得以台式机为计算中心的观念半途而废。

云计算将是未来发展的方向。

云计算:它是什么和它的不同通过传统的桌面计算,你可以在你的每一台电脑上运行程序的副本,你所创建的文件都保存在你创建文件的计算机上。

虽然它们能够被这个网络上的其他计算机访问,但是它们不能被外网的计算机访问。

整个的场景都是以个人计算机为中心。

通过云计算,你使用的软件程序不需要运行在你的个人电脑上,但是却可以通过访问英特网上的服务器使用这个软件程序。

假如你的电脑死机了,但是这个软件程序仍然可以供其他人使用。

这种模式仍然适用于你创建的文件,它们被储存在一个可以通过互联网访问的集合中。

经过许可的任何人不仅可以访问文件,还可以实时地编辑和处理这些文件。

不同于传统的计算,云计算模式不以个人计算机为中心,而是以文档为中心,个人计算机使用简单的文件访问并不重要。

但是这只是一个简化。

让我们来看看更详细的云计算是什么样子的?它和我们了解云计算的不同同样重要。

云计算的不同首先,云计算不是网络计算。

通过网络计算,应用程序和文档被托管在一个公司的服务器中并且通过公司的网络可以访问那些应用程序和文档。

云计算要比网络计算大很多,它包含了许多个公司,许多个服务器和许多个网络。

此外,与网络计算不同,云服务和储存通过网络在世界的任何地方都可以访问,但是通过网络计算,只能在自己公司的网络访问到。

云计算也不是传统的像一个公司将计算服务外包(分包)给一个外部公司。

虽然外包公司可以托管一个公司的数据或者应用程序,但是这些程序和计划只有这个公司的员工通过公司的网络才能访问到,而不是通过整个英特网。

因此,尽管表面上很相似,但是网络计算和外包不是云计算。

什么是云计算云计算定义的关键是“云”本身。

对于我们而言,云是一大群互联的计算机。

这些计算机可以是个人电脑或者网络服务器,它们可以是公共或者私人的。

例如,谷歌的云是由小的个人电脑和更大的服务器组成的。

谷歌云是私人的(即,谷歌拥有它),是公开访问的(通过谷歌用户)。

这种计算机云继承并且超越了单一的公司或者企业。

跨企业的跨平台的广大用户群可以访问云服务所提供的应用程序和数据。

通过互联网访问,任何被授权的用户可以访问连接在英特网上的任何计算机上的这些文档和应用程序。

并且,对于用户而言,云技术和云背后的基础设施是不可见的。

云技术是否基于HTTP,HTML协议,XML,JavaScript或者其他特定的技术是不明显的。

(在大多数情况下是无所谓的)。

云计算是用户为中心的。

一旦你作为一个用户连接到云,无论储存在哪里的文件,信息,图像,应用程序,无论什么都将变成你的。

此外,你的数据也可以和他人分享。

事实上,任何访问你的数据的设备在云中都将变成你的。

云计算是以任务为中心的。

而不是以应用程序和它能为你做什么为重点,重点是你需要做什么和应用程序怎样为你完成这个需求。

传统的应用程序----文字处理,电子表格,电子邮件等,都将变得没有它们所产生的文件重要。

第二部分认识云计算云计算是强大的。

连接在一起的数百台或者数千台计算机共同创造的计算能力是一台单独的台式计算机无法比拟的。

云计算是可访问的。

因为数据被存储在云中,用户可以迅速地从多个库中检索出更多的信息,你不仅限于一个单独的数据源,如同你和你的台式个人电脑一样。

云计算是智能的。

由于云中电脑储存着各种数据,数据挖掘和分析对于以智能的方式访问这些信息是必要的。

云计算是可编程的。

许多伴随云计算的必要任务必须要实现自动化。

例如,要保护存储在云中某台计算机上的集成数据和信息需要在云中的另外一台计算机上完整的复制。

如果云中的某台准备被用于复制这些数据和信息的计算机脱机,那么云的编程将自动的将该计算机的数据复制到云中新的计算机上。

所有的这些都是在我们背后定义的,那么什么才是现实世界中的云计算?当你学习完整本书,网站托管,互联网访问,团体协作的应用程序一般是可用的。

伴随着更多的方式,也许今天最好最流行的云计算应用例子就是谷歌大家庭中的应用程序---谷歌文档和电子表格,谷歌日历,谷歌邮箱,图片管理等等。

这些应用都被托管在谷歌的服务器中,是任何连接在互联网上的用户都可以访问的,可用于在世界不同地域的团体协作。

总之,云计算使计算机转移到用户,从应用到任务,从孤立的数据到任何地方都可以访问到的数据,并且与任何人共享。

用户不再承担管理数据的任务,他甚至不需要记得数据在哪里。

所有的事实是数据在云中,对于用户和被授权的用户是可以迅速访问的。

从协作到云:云计算的简史云计算的前身是客户机/服务器模式的计算和点对点的分布式计算。

问题是如何集中存储协作和如何使多台计算机协同工作以增加计算能力。

客户机/服务器模式计算:集中应用和存储很久以前的计算(1980年左右),一切的操作都是客户机/服务器模式。

所有的应用程序,所有的数据,都被放在大型计算机上,这种大型计算机被称为服务器。

如果用户想访问特定的数据或者运行程序,就必要连接到大型计算机,获得适当的访问,然后从大型计算机上得到程序或者数据以完成相应的操作。

用户通过计算机终端连接到服务器,有时也被称为工作站或者客户端。

这台计算机有时被称为哑终端,因为它没有足够(如果有的话)的内存,存储空间,处理能力。

这仅仅是连接到一个用户,使他能够使用计算机主机设备。

当用户获准访问大型主机时,信息技术(IT)的工作人员没有偶然访问时不在的习惯。

甚至在一个大型主机上,处理能力也是有限的---IT工作人员有监护这种处理能力的权利。

这种访问不是立竿见影的,也不可能有两个用户同时访问相同的数据。

除此之外,用户几乎不得不采取IT工作人员给他们的一切措施(没有任何变化)。

想要使用自定义报告去显示正常的信息子集?但是你不能这么做,虽然IT工作人员可以,但是这是他们从现在开始到数周后的日程安排。

事实是,当许多人共用一台计算机,即使这是一台大型主机,你也不得不排队等候。

需要返回一个财务报告?没问题,如果你不介意一直等到今天下午或者明天早上。

在客户机/服务器模式环境中总是没有直接访问的,很少满足直接访问的情况。

因此客户机/服务器模式,虽然提供类似的集中存储,但是不同于以用户为中心的云计算,在客户机/服务器模式计算中,所有的控制权在大型主机和控制该台计算机上的人手中。

这不是一个有利于用户的环境。

点对点计算:资源共享你可以想象,当问客户机/服务器模式的系统是一种“赶快和等待”的经历。

该系统的服务器部分还创建了庞大的阻碍。

计算机之间的所有通信必须先通过服务器,可是这种方式可能效率太低。

最明显的是由于一台计算机连接到另一台计算机需要通过服务器促使了点对点(P2P)计算的发展。

P2P计算定义了网络中每一台计算机具有同等责任和能力的网络架构。

这种相对于传统的客户机/服务器模式的网络体系架构,在网络中有一台或者多台计算机是专门为其他计算提供服务的。

(这种关系有时有主/从关系的特点,中央服务器是主,客户机是从)。

P2P是一个均衡的概念。

在P2P环境中,每台计算机是一个客户机和服务器,没有主和从。

通过承认所有计算机在网络中的相同地位,P2P使得网络中的计算机可以直接交换资源和提供相互服务。

没有中央处理器的需求,因为每一台计算机都能在要求这样做时提供这样的功能。

点对点也是分散的概念。

控制是分散的,所有计算机的功能是平等的。

内容在不同计算机之间也是分散的。

没有集中服务器被分配到主机的可用资源和服务。

也许最引人注目的P2P计算实施是英特网。

今天的许多用户都忘记(也许不知道),英特网最初的设想是在其最初ARPA网的幌子下,作为一个能够分享在美国的计算资源的点对点系统。

ARPA网的各种网站(其中的许多不属于他们),连接在一起的计算机不是作为服务器和客户机,而是平等的。

初期的P2P英特网最好例子是Usenet网络。

它创建于1979年,是一个计算机网络(通过英特网访问),每一台计算机提供该网络的全部内容。

消息在平等的计算机之间传播。

用户连接到Usenet的每一个服务器获得所有(或者几乎所有)的消息以张贴到每个单独的服务器。

虽然用户连接到Usenet服务器是传统客户机/服务器模式的性质,但是这种Usenet服务器之间的关系肯定了P2P,也预示着今天的云计算。

不过,并不是所有的英特网的一部分就是P2P性质。

随着万维网中P2P的发展,退后了客户机/服务器模式。

在网络上,每一个网站是由一个计算机组提供服务,网站的访问者使用客户端软件(网络浏览器)来访问它。

几乎所有的内容都被集中,所有的控制都被集中,在这个过程中,客户端没有自主权或者控制权在。

分布式计算:提供更强的计算能力P2P模型中最重要的子集之一是分布式计算,通过个人计算机在网络或者在英特网上的闲置来提供大型的,处理器密集型项目的计算能力。

所有关于多台计算机间的周期的共享是一个简单的概念。

个人计算机,每天运行满24小时,每周7天,是巨大的计算能力。

大多数人不每时每刻使用他们电脑,却除去这样一个电脑的闲置资源。

分布式计算使用这些资源。

当一台计算机中加入到一个分布式的计算项目,软件被安装在这台计算机上在用户未使用的这段时间去运行各种处理活动。

这个业余处理的结果被定期上传到分布式计算网络上,并与项目中其他计算机类似的结果相结合。

结果是,如果有足够的计算机被涉及,就模拟了更大的大型主机和超级计算机的处理能力,这对于某些大型和复杂的计算项目的必要的。

例如,基因研究需要大量的计算能力。

对于传统手段,它可能需要数年的时间来解决基本的数学问题。

通过连接在一起的数千(或者百万)台个人计算机,更多的能力适用于这个问题,得出结论就更快。

分布式计算的历史可以追溯到1973年,多台计算机联网的施乐公司帕洛阿尔托研究中心是通过网络寻找闲置资源来开发杀毒软件的。

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