2019年湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试.doc
湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样
湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样?
在湖南地区或者是周边的人员想报考湖南大学的人员非常多，包括现在的在职人员在选择非全日制研究生报读院校的时候，有很多也会选择报考湖南大学非全日制研究生。
那么，湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样呢?
相关老师介绍，湖南大学非全日制研究生在国家教育领域中拥有很高的地位，而且所开设的非全日制研究生专业领域也是非常的广泛，所以说湖南大学非全日制研究生是非常值得大家报考的。
湖南大学非全日制研究生师资力量：湖南大学非全日制研究生拥有强大的师资团队，不仅拥有院校最为权威的专家、教授进行授课，并且邀请了国内外著名院校的专家、教授进行授课，而且还聘请了优秀企业家专门为学员传授知识、经验。
湖南大学非全日制研究生专业领域广泛：湖南大学非全日制研究生所开设的在职研究生专业领域是相当广泛的，比如经济学在职研究生、金融学在职研究生、心理学在职研究生、人力资源管理在职研究生等等，为广大学员提供多方面的选择。
湖南大学非全日制研究生综合实力：该校是国家重点建设院校，在国家的教育领域中享有很高的地位，而且湖南大学建校多年，积淀了丰富的教学经验，各方面条件都发展迅速，可以说是湖南大学在职研究生综合实力非常的雄厚。
通过以上的介绍，相信大家对湖南大学非全日制研究生怎么样有了一定的了解，如果您还有什么不明白的，可以直接咨询我们的在线老师。
在职研究生信息查询入口。
湖南大学2019考试大纲721教育学基础综合
湖南大学硕士研究生入学考试721《教育学专业基础综合》考试大纲一、考试性质教育学专业基础综合是教育学原理专业、高等教育学专业、课程与教学专业、比较教育学专业硕士生必考的专业基础课。
它的考试范围包括教育学原理、、中国教育史、外国教育史、普通心理学；它的评价标准是高等学校毕业生能达到的水平，以保证被录取者具有较好的教育学理论基础。
二、考试形式1、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为300分（其中，教育学原理90分、中外教育史90分、教育心理学90分、教育时评30），考试时间为180分钟。
2、题型以及答题方式选择题简答题论述题材料题答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
三、主要参考书目1、南京师范大学教育系编：《教育学》，人民教育出版社，2005年版2、孙培青主编：《中国教育史》，华东师范大学出版社，2009年版3、吴式颖：《外国教育史教程》，人民教育出版社，2012年。
4、冯忠良：《教育心理学》，人民教育出版社，2010年四、考查内容《教育学原理》一、考查目标1．系统掌握教育学原理的基础知识、基本概念、基本理论和现代教育观念。
2．理解教学、德育、管理等教育活动的任务、过程、原则和方法。
3．能够运用教育学的基本理论分析教育理论与实践问题。
二、考查范围一、教育学概述（一）教育学的对象和任务教育学的研究对象是教育现象和教育问题；教育学的任务是揭示教育规律，探讨教育价值观念和教育艺术，指导教育实践。
（二）教育学的产生和发展教育学的萌芽、教育学的独立、教育学的发展多样化、教育学的理论深化等阶段有代表性、有影响的教育家、教育著作、教育思想和教育理论。
二、教育的概念（一）教育的本质特点教育是有目的地培养人的社会活动。
有目的地培养人，是教育这一社会现象与其他社会现象的根本区别，是教育的本质特点。
（二）教育的基本要素教育者、受教育者、教育中介系统等要素的涵义、地位和作用。
（三）教育的历史发展古代教育的特点；现代教育的特点。
广义教育；狭义教育。
湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗
湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗?
湖南大学是国家的是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校。
一贯的重视高层次人才的培养，这个院校从1940年就开始招生研究生，招生研究生的历史是非常长的，现在开设的非全日制研究生也是受很多在职人员青睐的，那么，湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗?
要说湖南大学非全日制研究生好考吗，我们需要看招生非全日制研究生的形式的，形式不一样的，考试的难度是不一样的，目前湖南大学在职研究生存在两种报名形式，一种是1月在职研究生，一种是5月同等学力考试。
一月湖南大学在职研究生考试科目与全日制研究生不同，难度也不同，在职研究生考试的英语科目是英语(二)，其难度不到四级的水平，比全日制研究生考试的英语(一)难度降低很多，此外就是综合能力考察，包括数学、逻辑和写作，其中数学是高中的知识。
难度是比全日制研究生的考试难度要小的。
五月湖南大学在职研究生的难度比1月份的要小，考试只考两科，外国语和综合科目的考试，只要稍加认真复习，拿到研究生的证书是不在话下的。
通过以上的介绍，相信大对湖南大学非全日制研究生是否好考有了一定的了解，如果您还有什么不明白的，可以直接咨询我们的在线老师。
在职研究生信息查询入口。
湖南大学333教育综合845教育管理考情分析
湖南大学842考情分析一、院校介绍湖南大学，坐落于历史文化名城湖南省长沙市，直属于中国教育部，是教育部、工业和信息化部、湖南省人民政府、国家国防科技工业局四方共建的全国重点大学，位列“双一流、211工程、985工程”，入选2011计划、111计划、卓越法律人才教育培养计划、卓越工程师教育培养计划、国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目、通用中国PACE教育推进伙伴计划，建有中国书院博物馆、国家超级计算长沙中心，是一所历史悠久、蜚声中外的综合类研究型大学，国际艺术、设计与媒体院校联盟和金砖国家网络大学等国际组织重要成员，AMBA国际认证成员。
千余年来，这里学脉绵延，弦歌不绝，以“千年学府”之美名而饮誉世界，新中国成立以来，湖南大学已为国家和社会培养了一大批高级专门人才。
湖大校训：“实事求是，敢为人先。
”二、参考书目845 《新编教育管理学》吴志宏华东师范大学出版社三、历年初试分数线四、真题分析（一）333教育综合1、基本要求全日制与非全日制攻读教育硕士专业学位入学考试教育综合科目考试内容包括教育学原理、中外教育史和教育心理学三门教育学科基础课程，要求考生系统掌握相关学科的基本知识、基础理论和基本方法，并能运用相关理论和方法分析、解决教育实际问题。
2、考试形式与试卷结构a.试卷成绩及考试时间试卷满分为 150 分，考试时间为 180 分钟。
b.答题方式答题方式为闭卷、笔试。
C.试卷内容结构各部分内容所占分值为：教育学原理约 60 分、中外教育史约 30 分、教育心理学约 60 分。
d.试卷题型结构名词解释题：6 小题，每小题 5 分，共 30 分简答题： 2 小题，每小题 20 分，共 40 分分析论述题：2 小题，每小题 40 分，共 80 分3、333教育综合2020年真题特点湖南大学2020年的真题，大部分题目还是较为基础的，扎扎实实理解好背好需要掌握的知识点是能取得一个较好的分数的，不过切记死记硬背，除了名词解释和简单题能够依靠死记硬背应付之外，占大比例分值的论述题和材料分析题，更多的是考察对一个事件的看法、观点、认识以及解决的思路。
湖南大学2019考试大纲832物理化学(工一)
湖南大学研究生院硕士研究生入学考试《物理化学》（工科）考试大纲本考试大纲适用于报考湖南大学研究生院化工与应化学类专业的硕士研究生入学考试。
《物理化学》是大学本科化工与应化专业的一门重要基础理论课。
它是从物质的物理现象和化学现象的联系入手探求化学变化基本规律的一门科学。
物理化学课程的主要内容包括化学热力学、化学动力学、电化学、界面化学与胶体化学等。
要求考生熟练掌握物理化学的基本概念、基本原理及计算方法，并具有综合运用所学知识分析和解决实际问题的能力。
一、指导思想及大纲依据1、指导思想为正确、客观、真实、公平的考核研究生入学前本科层次的物理化学基础，为研究生入学选拔和今后的研究生教育提供依据，采用此大纲对考生进行物理化学知识水平考试。
2、大纲依据（1）天津大学物理化学教研室编，物理化学(第五版)。
高等教育出版社出版:北京，2009年（2）中华人民共和国国家标准GB3102·8物理化学和分子物理学的量和单位。
二、考试题型主要题型可能有：是非题、选择题、填空题、简答题、计算题、综合题、作图与析图题等。
三、考试方式、考试所需时间和改卷方式1、考试方式：书面笔答形式。
2、卷面总分：150分。
3、考试时间：3小时。
4、改卷方式：封闭流水改卷。
四、考试内容（一）热力学第一定律及其应用1、热力学概论2、热力学第一定律3、准静态过程与可逆过程4、焓5、热容6、热力学第一定律对理想气体的应用7、实际气体8、热化学9、赫斯定律10、几种热效应11、反应热和温度的关系—基尔霍夫定律（二）热力学第二定律1、自发过程的共同特征—不可逆性2、热力学第二定律3、卡诺定理4、熵的概念5、克劳修斯不等式与熵增加原理6、熵变的计算7、热力学第二定律的本质和熵统计意义8、亥姆霍兹自由能和吉布斯自由能9、变化的方向和平衡条件10、 G的计算示例11、几个热力学函数间的关系12、单组分体系的两相平衡—热力学对单组分体系的应用13、多组分体系中物质的偏摩尔量和化学势14、热力学第三定律与规定熵（三）溶液—多组分体系热力学在溶液中的应用1、溶液组成的表示法2、稀溶液中的两个经验定律3、混合气体中各组分的化学势4、理想溶液的定义、通性及各组分的化学势5、稀溶液中各组分的化学势6、理想溶液和稀溶液的微观说明7、稀溶液的依数性8、非理想溶液9、分配定律—溶质在两互不相溶液相中的分配（四）相平衡1、多相体系平衡的一般条件2、相律3、单组分体系的相图及其应用4、二组分体系的相图及其应用（五）化学平衡1、化学反应的平衡条件和化学反应的亲和势2、化学反应的平衡常数与等温方程式3、平衡常数的表示式4、复相化学平衡5、平衡常数的测定和平衡转化率的计算6、标准生成吉布斯自由能7、温度、压力及惰性气体对化学平衡的影响8、同时平衡9、反应的耦合（六）电解质溶液1、电化学的基本概念与法拉第定律2、离子的电迁移和迁移数3、电导4、强电解质溶液理论简介（七）可逆电池的电动势及其应用1、可逆电池和可逆电极2、电动势的测定3、可逆电池的书写方法及电动势的取号4、可逆电池热力学5、电动势产生的机理6、电极电势和电池的电动势7、浓差电池和液体接界电势的计算公式8、电动势测定的应用9、生物电化学（八）电解与极化作用1、分解电压2、极化作用3、电解时电极上的反应4、金属的电化学腐蚀、防腐与金属的钝化5、化学电源（九）化学反应动力学基础1、化学反应速率表示法和速率方程2、具有简单级数的反应3、几种典型的复杂反应4、温度对反应速率的影响5、链反应6、拟定反应历程的一般方法7、碰撞理论8、过渡态理论9、单分子反应理论10、溶液中进行的反应11、光化学反应12、催化反应动力学（十）界面现象1、表面吉布斯自由能和表面张力2、弯曲表面下的附加压力和蒸气压3、液体界面的性质4、不溶性表面膜5、液-固界面现象6、表面活性剂及其作用7、固体表面的吸附8、吸附速率—吸附和解吸速率方程式9、气-固相表面催化反应（十一）胶体分散体系和大分子溶液1、胶体和胶体的基本特性2、溶胶的制备和净化3、溶胶的动力性质4、溶胶的光学性质5、溶胶的电学性质6、溶胶的稳定性和聚沉作用7、乳状液8、大分子概说9、大分子的相对分子质量10、唐南平衡11、天然大分子五、考试要求（一）热力学第一定律及其应用明确热力学的一些基本概念，如体系、环境、功、热、变化过程等。
【考博真题】中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题+答案
中南大学2019年博士研究生英语入学考试试题试卷一（A）Part I Use of English ( 20% )Section A Vocabulary and Structure ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence, thereare four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completesthe sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.1.Johnson vows that if I the connection, he will settle in the village forthe rest of his life, and you know it is impossible to submit to such an extremitywhile any other alternative remains.A)stay on B)wait up C)indulge in D)persist in2.Paradoxically, Robinson's excessive denials of the worth of early works of sciencefiction suggest that she has become quite_________ them.A）offended by B) enamored ofC)unconvinced of D)encouraged by3.Even those who disagreed with Carmen's views rarely faulted her for expressingthem. for the positions she took were as _______ as they were controversial.A)thoughtful B)political C)subjective D)commonplaceually the first to spot data that were inconsistent with other findings, in thisparticular experiment she let a number of _________ results slip by.A)inaccurate B)verifiable C)redundant D)anomalous5.While Parker is very outspoken on issues she cares about, she is not ______; sheconcedes thestrength of opposing arguments when they expose weaknesses inherentin her own.A)fickle B)arrogant C)fanatical D)unyielding6.Because no comprehensive _______ exist regarding personal reading practices. wedo not know. for example. the greatest number of books read in an individuallifetime.A)records B)instincts C)remedies D)proposals7.Before about 1960, virtually all accounts of evolution assumed most adaptation tobe a product of selection at the level of populations: recent studies of evolution, however. have found no ______this pervasive view of selection.A)departures from B)basis forC)bias toward D)precursors of8.As serious as she is about the bullfight. she does not allow respect to hersense of whimsy when painting it.A)inspire B)provoke C)suppress D)satisfy9.Whether you are male or female, if you your early and middle teenageyears you will probably recall many times when you stood in front of a mirror looking at yourself or worrying about your height, weight, or body shape.A)think back to B)considerate aboutC)trace backward D)in memory about10.Any government that governs the interests of the people is capable ofsolving various problems both at home and abroad.A)in association to B)by stick toC)in accord with D)in the case of11.The universal _________with all its profound and melancholy meaning assailedheavily Razumov, who, amongst eighty million of his kith and kin, had no heart towhich he could open himself.A)aspiration B)inspiration C)attraction D) tenacity12.She is one of the few politicians who her principles, even though it makesher unpopular with the voters.A)strays around B)stays true toC)believes about D)conceals around13.To be sure I dawdled over a great many books that I had read before, and a numberof memoirs and ________, but I had no intense pleasure from reading in that time and have no passions to record of it.A)biographies B)novels C)documents D)fictions14.Ken his earlier poor performance by scoring two goals in the second half ofthe match.A)paid for B)shifted with C)redeemed D)stabbed into15.Philadelphia's rapid expansion in the nineteenth century gave it a wonderfully richlegacy of "Victorian" buildings and indeed the city has been described as "a museum of American Architecture".A)individually B)justly C)widely D)orderly16.The recent educational development has set the scene for our universities tothe notion that students are our most important clients.A)embrace B)refunding C)dispute D)interrupt17.It's hard to believe that in this country of, hunger could be a serious problem.A)productive B）prosperityC)promiscuous D)promptitude18.There can be no collapse in the property market because sellers have a real tosell if they can't make last year's prices.A)reluctance B)manipulationC)recommendation D)justification19.Even as it is, she was quite right: she was suffering and that was her _____, so tospeak, her capital which she had a perfect right to dispose of.A)rhythm B)fame C)asset D)morale20.I suppose it would be profanation to eat anything in this spick-and-span bower, soas I'm tremendously hungry, I propose an(a) ________," he added presently.A)postponement B)adjournmentC)adjustment D)compromiseSection B Cloze Test ( 10%，每题0.5分)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.race does certain During recent years we have heard much about “race”: how this things and that race believes certain things and so on. Yet, the (21) phenomenon of race consists of a few surface indications.We judge race usually (22) the coloring of the skin: a white race, a brown race, a yellow race and a (23) race. But if you were to remove the skin you could not (24) anything about the race to which the individual belonged. There is (25) in physical structure, the brain or the internal organs to (26) a difference.There are four types of blood. All (27) are found in every race, and no type is distinct to any race. Human brains are the (28) . No scientists could examine a brain and tell you the race to which the individual belonged. Brains will (29) in size, but this occurs within every race. (30) does size have anything to do with intelligence. The largest brain (31) examined belonged to a person of weak(32). On the other hand, some of our most distinguished people have had(33) brains.Mental tests which are reasonably (34) show no differences in intelligence between races. High and low test (35) both can be recorded by different members of any race. (36) equal educational advantages, there will be no difference in average standings, either on account of race or geographical location.Individuals of every race (37) civilization to go backward or forward. Training and education can change the response of a group of people, (38) enable them to behave in a (39) way.The behavior and ideals of people (40) according to circumstances, but they can always go back or go on to something new that is better and higher than anything in the past.21.A) complete B)full C)total D)whole22.A) between B)from C)at D)with23.A) black B)green C)pink D)yellow24.A) speak B)talk C)tell D)mention25.A) something B)everything C)anything D)nothing26.A) display B)indicate C)demonstrate D) appear27.A) types B)ranks C)classes D)sorts28.A) same B)identical C)similar D)alike29.A) remain B)increase C)decrease D)vary30.A) Only B)Or C)Nor D)So31.A) ever B)then C)never D)once32.A) health B)body C)mind D)thought33.A) big B)small C)minor D)major34.A) true B)exact C)certain D)accurate35.A) results B)reports C)factors D)details36.A) Provided B)Concerning C)Given D)Following37.A) make B)cause C)move D)turn38.A) and B)unless C)though D)hence39.A) ordinary B)peculiar C)usual D)common40.A) change B)charge C)challenge D)cheerPart II Reading Comprehension ( 40%，每题2分)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choicesmarked A, B, C and D. You should decide which is the BEST choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1 (Questions 41-44)The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting from discovery to economics. The past year has seen a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain: the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could enrich us all.But before the miners start firing up their rockets, we should pause for thought. At first glance, space mining seems to sidestep most environmental concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids, and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences ---both here on Earth and in space---merit careful consideration.Part of this is about principles. Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine. Others will suggest that glutting ourselves on space's riches is not an acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable ways of earthly life.History suggests that those will be hard lines to hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public that such barren environments are worth preserving. After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even fewer people will experience them than have walked through Antarctica's icy landscapes.There's also the emerging off-world economy to consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different to those we prize on Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely been broached---and the relevant legal and regulatory framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are often reluctant to engage with such questions. One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that regulation should be avoided. But miners have much to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made insecure. It is in all ofour long-term interests to seek one out.41.The central claim of the passage is that space mining has positive potential but____.A)it will end up encouraging humanity's reckless treatment of the environment.B)its effects should be thoughtfully considered before it becomes a reality.C)such potential may not include replenishing key resources that are disappearingon Earth.D)experts disagree about the commercial viability of the discoveries it could yield.42.As used in the sentence underlined (Paragraph 4), "hold" most nearly means________.A)maintain B)grip C)restrain D)withstand43.According to the passage the off-planet economy such as the future of space miningin future _______.A)is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space resources.B)will be difficult to bring about in the absence of regulations.C)cannot be attained without technologies that do not yet exist.D)seems certain to affect Earth's economy in a negative way.44.Which of the following statements provides the best evidence for the answer to theprevious question?A)Some will argue that space's "magnificent desolation" is not ours to despoil, justas they argue that our own planet's poles should remain pristine.B)The resources that are valuable in orbit and beyond may be very different tothose we prize on Earth.C)One speaker at last week's space-mining forum in Sydney, Australia, concludedwith a plea that regulation should be avoided.D)Without consensus, claims will be disputed, investments risky, and the gainsmade insecure.Passage 2 (Questions 45-48)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is his first duty to follow his intellect to whatever conclusions it may lead. Truth gains more evenby the errors of one who, with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than bythe true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Not that it is solely, or chiefly to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is required. On the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been, and may again be, great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any people has made a temporary approach to such a character, it has been because the dread of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended. Where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed; where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periodsof history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundations and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.He who knows only his own side of the case knows little of that. His reasons maybe good, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if he is equally unable to refute the reasons on the opposite side; if he does not so much as know what they are, he has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for him would be suspension of judgment, and unless he contents himself with that. he is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which he feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that he should hear the arguments of adversaries from his own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments. or bring them into real contact with his own mind. He must be able to hear them from persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest and do their very utmost for them. He must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form: he must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; else he will never really possess himself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated men are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know: they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently from them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess. They do not know those parts of it which explain and justify the remainder; the considerations which show that a fact which seemingly conflicts with another is reconcilable with it,or that, of two apparently strong reasons, one and not the other ought to be preferred.45.The best title for this passage is_____________.A)The Age of ReasonB)The Need for Independent ThinkingC)The Value of RefutationD)How People Think46.According to the author, it is always advisable to_________.A)have opinions which can not be refutedB)adopt the point of view to which he feels the most inclinationC)be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which hedisagreesD)ignore the accepted opinions of the vast majority47.According to the author, which of the following statements is true?A)Most educated people study both sides of a question.B)Heterodox speculation will lead to many errors in thinking.C)The vast majority of people who argue fluently are acquainted with only oneside of an issue.D)It is wise to get both sides of a debatable issue from one's teachers.48.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agreewith which of the following statements?A)Excessive controversy prevents clear thinking.B)Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of heterodox speculation.C)The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one's own teachers.D)In a period of mental slavery. no true intellectual thought is possible.Passage 3 (Questions 49-52)Contending for the rights of woman, my main argument is built on this simple principle, that if she be not prepared by education to become the companion of man,she will stop the progress of knowledge and virtue; for truth must be common to all, orit will be inefficacious with respect to its influence on general practice. And how can woman be expected to co-operate unless she knows why she ought to be virtuous? unless freedom strengthen her reason till, she comprehends her duty, and see in what manner it is connected with her real good? If children are to be educated to understand the true principle of patriotism, their mother must be a patriot; and the love of mankind, from which an orderly train of virtues spring, can only be produced by considering the moral and civil interest of mankind; but the education and situation of woman, at present, shuts her out from such investigations .... .Consider, sir, dispassionately, these observations---for a glimpse of this truth seemed to open before you when you observed, "that to see one half of the human race excluded by the other from all participation of government, was a political phenomenon that, according to abstract principles, it was impossible to explain." If so, on what does your constitution rest? If the abstract rights of man will bear discussion and explanation, those of woman, by a parity of reasoning, will not shrink from the same test: though a different opinion prevails in this country, built on the very arguments which you use to justify the oppression of woman---prescription.Consider---I address you as a legislator ---whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, itbe not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge, if woman partake with him the gift of reason?In this style, argue tyrants of every denomination, from the weak king to the weak father of a family; they are all eager to crush reason; yet always assert that they usurpits throne only to be useful. Do you not act a similar part, when you force all women,by denying them civil and political rights, to remain immured in their families gropingin the dark?49.According to the passage, in order for society to progress, women must______.A)enjoy personal happiness and financial security.B)follow all currently prescribed social rules.C)replace men as figures of power and authority.D)receive an education comparable to that of men.50.In the passage, the author claims that freedoms granted by society's leaders have___.A)privileged one gender over the other.B)resulted in a general reduction in individual virtue.C)caused arguments about the nature of happiness.D)ensured equality for all people.51.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements aboutwomen in the eighteenth century?A)Their natural preferences were the same as those of menB)They needed a good education to be successful in society.C)They were just as happy in life as men were.D)They generally enjoyed fewer rights than men did.52.The intention for the passage is to dispute the idea_____A)women seem to be not naturally suited for the exercise of civil and politicalrights.B)men and women possess similar degrees of reasoning ability.C)women do not need to remain confined to their traditional family duties.D)the principles of natural law should not be invoked when considering genderroles.Passage 4 (Questions 53-56)The history of mammals dates back at least to Triassic time. Development was retarded. however, until the sudden acceleration of evolutional change that occurred in the oldest Paleogene. This led in Eocene time to increase in average size. larger mental capacity, and special adaptations for different modes of life. In the Oligocene Epoch, there was fun her improvement, with some appearance of some new lines and extinction of others. Miocene and Pliocene time was marked by culmination of severalgroups and continued approach toward modem characters. The peak of the career of mammals in variety and average large size was attained in the Miocene.The adaptation of mammals to almost all possible modes of life parallels that ofthe reptiles in Mesozoic time. and except for greater intelligence, the mammals do not seem to have done much better than corresponding reptilian forms. The bat is doubtless a better flying animal than the pterosaur. but the dolphin and whale ore hardly more fishlike than the ichthyosaur. Many swift-running mammals of the plains, like the horse and the antelope. must excel any of the dinosaurs. The tyrannosaur was a more ponderous and powerful carnivore than any flesh-eating mammal, but the lion or tigeris probably a more efficient and dangerous beast of prey because of a superior brain. The significant point to observe is that different branches of the mammals gradually filled themselves for all sorts of life, grazing on the plains and able to run swiftly (horse, deer, bison), living in rivers and swamps (hippopotamus, beaver). dwelling in trees (sloth, monkey). digging underground (mole, rodent), feeding on flesh in the forest (tiger) and plain (wolf), swimming in the sea (dolphin, whale, seal) and flying in the air (bat). Man is able by mechanical means to conquer the physical world and to adapt himself to almost any set of conditions.This adaptation produces gradual changes of form and structure. It is biologically characteristic of the youthful, plastic stage of a group. Early in its career, an animal assemblage seems to possess capacity for change, which. as the unit becomes old and fixed, disappears. The generalized types of organisms retain longest the ability to make adjustments when required, and it is from them that new, fecund stocks take origin---certainly not from any specialized end products. So, in the mammals. we witness the birth, plastic spread in many directions, increasing specialization, and in some branches. the extinction. which we have learned from observation of the geologic record of life is a characteristic of the evolution of life.53.In chronological order, the geologic periods are________ .A)Paleogene. Miocene, Triassic, MesozoicB)Mesozoic. Triassic, Paleogene. MioceneC)Miocene. Paleogene, Triassic, MesozoicD)Triassic', Mesozoic, Paleogene, Miocene54.From this passage, we may conclude that the pterosaur_______.A)resembled the batB)was a mammal that lived in the Mesozoic periodC)was a flying reptileD)evolved during the Miocene period55.That the mammals succeeding the reptile in geologic time were superior isillustrated by the statement that the__________.A)tiger has a brain that surpasses that of the tyrannosaurB)deer run. more swiftly than the lionC)whale is more fishlike than the ichthyosaurD)tiger is more powerful than the carnivorous reptiles56.The statements made by the writer are based on evidence ________A)found by studying fossil remainsB)found by comparing animals and reptilesC)found by going to different time periodsD)that cannot be definitely establishedPassage 5(Questions57-60)Socrates gives us a basic insight into the nature of teaching when he compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwife. Just as the midwife assists the bodyto give birth to new life, so the teacher assists the mind to deliver itself of ideas, knowledge, and understanding. The essential notion here is that teaching is a humble, helping art. The teacher does not produce knowledge or stuff ideas into an empty, passive mind. It is the learner, not the teacher, who is the active producer of knowledge and ideas.The ancients distinguish the skills of the physician and the farmer from those ofthe shoemaker and the house builder. Aristotle calls medicine and agriculture cooperative arts, because they work with nature to achieve results that nature is able to produce by itself. Shoes and houses would not exist unless men produced them; but the living body attains health without the intervention of doctors, and plants and animalsgrow without the aid of farmers. The skilled physician or farmer simply makes healthor growth more certain and regular.Teaching, like farming and healing, is a cooperative art which helps nature do what it can do itself --- though not as well without it. We have all learned many things without the aid of a teacher. Some exceptional individuals have acquired wide learning and deep insight with very little formal schooling. But for most of us the process of learning is made more certain and less painful when we have a teacher's help.One basic aspect of teaching is not found in the other two cooperative arts that work with organic nature. Teaching always involves a relation between the mind of one person and the mind of another. The teacher is not merely a talking book, a living phonograph record, broadcast to an unknown audience. He enters into a dialogue with his student. This dialogue goes far beyond mere "talk," for a good deal of what is taught is transmitted almost unconsciously in the personal interchange between teacher andstudent. We might get by with encyclopedias, phonograph records, and TV broadcasts if it were not for this intangible element, which is present in every good teacher-student relation.Speaking simply and in the broadest sense, the teacher shows the student how to find out, evaluate, judge, and recognize the truth. He does not impose a fixed content of ideas and doctrines that the student must learn by rote. He teaches the student how to learn and think for himself. He encourages rather than suppresses a critical and intelligent response.The student's response and growth is the only reward suitable for such a labor of love. Teaching, the highest of the cooperative arts, is devoted to the good of others. It is an act of supreme generosity. St. Augustine calls it the greatest act of charity.57.Socrates compares the art of teaching to the ancient craft of the midwifebecause______.A)both teaching and midwifery are lowly professionsB)the teacher delivers knowledge while the midwife delivers the babyC)both the body and the mind are of equal importanceD)both the teacher and the midwife playa helping role58.The skills of the physician and the farmer differ from those of the shoemaker andthe house builder in that_________.A)healing and fanning demand greater skillB)healing and fanning playa more important role in societyC)healing and farming need the cooperation of natureD)healing and farming command more respect59.The chief difference between a teacher and a farmer is that_________.A)teaching involves interaction between two mindsB)farming involves working with organic natureC)teaching transmits knowledge which is intangibleD)farming produces crops which are tangible60.According to the passage the role of a teacher is________.A)to evaluate, judge, and recognize the truthB)to make the student memorize what he teachesC)to impose his ideas and doctrines on the studentD)to encourage critical thinking in the student。
桂林理工大学1001-英语-2019年考博真题
博士研究生入学考试专业课真题 2019年桂林理工大学考博专业课真题2019考试科目代码：1001考试科目名称：英语Part I Reading Comprehension (45%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Less than two months into her breast cancer treatment, Alexandra Jn-Charles was called into a new room at SUNY Downstate Medical Center, where two treating physicians, the chief medical officer and an attorney representing the hospital told her that mistakes had been made.The skin lesions (病变) on her chest, they said, had been caused not by her illness but by the machine that was supposed to cure her. The 32-year-old had received nearly 30 radiotherapy sessions, but at this point it didn’t really make sense to count them, because a programming error had caused each installment to deliver at least three times the prescribed amount of radiation.Jn-Charles, who died two and a half years after this meeting in 2005, would eventually come to exemplify the emergence of accidental over-radiation in U.S. hospitals. The worst off have reported skin damage, inexplicable hair loss and ribs(肋骨) buckling beneath their chests — debilitating injuries suffered while undergoing screening or treatment for something that would otherwise kill them. A steep price for survival.These tragedies go to the core of an issue as pressing as it is uncomfortable to think about: Have advances in technology, improved treatment methods and more comprehensive screening protocols led to systematic, excessive irradiation of patients?The answer, according to a growing number of health experts, is yes. For example, the CT scan, which has become commonplace in response to rising cancer rates, is itself thought to increase the likelihood that a person develops cancer. The scans deliver several hundred times more radiation than an X-ray — even when guidelines and dosages are followed precisely. “What we do as physicians arguably harms people,” James Ehrlich, a clinical associate professor at the University of Colorado and an adviser for Premier Micronutrient Corp., told Newsweek.A jarring example of that came in 2010, when Walt Bogdanich published an extensive review in The New York Times that listed numerous patients whose lives had been destroyed by mistakes in hospital imaging and radiotherapy. Shortly after the article series went to press, the Food and Drug Administration began to ramp up its efforts to limit excessive exposure, eventually launching its Initiative to Reduce Unnecessary Radiation Exposure From Medical Imaging.Along with organizations like the American College of Radiology, the FDA now supports a number of so-called dose registries that allow facilities to compare radiation dose indexes to regional and national values. To date, hundreds of facilities across the U.S. have enrolled.But the FDA’s regulatory authority is generally focused on equipment manufacturers, and compliance on the state level is never guaranteed. And even compliant facilities run the risk of over-radiating patients: A 2012 paper bythe Institute of Medicine found that medical imaging is one of the leading environmental causes of breast cancer.1. The skin damage on Jn-Charles’ chest was caused by ______.A) breast cancerB) advanced technologyC) over-radiationD) treatment methods1. What does the author want to explain by exemplifying Jn-Charles?A) There is no need to waste so much money for to treat breast cancer.B) Until now, breast cancer is still an incurable illness around the world.C) There is an increasing number of young people suffering from cancer.D) There are incidents of excessive irradiation of patients in America.3. What can be learnt about the CT scan?A) It is a double-edged sword in the term of cancer.B) It has been argued in the medical profession.C) It is much safer to be used to treat breast cancer.D) The radiation dosages can be controlled easily.4. What does the word “ramp up” (Para. 6) mean?A) Heat up.B) Draw out.C) Intensify.D) Put up.5. The author thinks FDA’s solution to reduce radiation exposure is ______.A) ineffectiveB) looseC) harmfulD) unnecessaryPassage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Like a tired marriage, the relationship between libraries and publishers has long been reassuringly dull. E-books, however, are causing heartache. Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant, but many publishers are too wary of piracy and lost sales to co-operate. Among the big six, only Random House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries. The others have either denied requests or are reluctantly experimenting. In August, for example, Penguin will start a pilot with public libraries in New York.Publishers are wise to be nervous. Owners of e-readers are exactly the customers they need: book-lovers with money (neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap). If these wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them, what then?Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient. Unlike printed books, which must be checked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live, book files can be downloaded at home. Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night, from a comfy sofa. The files disappear from the device when they are due (which means no late fees, nor worry about lost or damaged books).Awkwardly for publishers, buying an e-book costs more than renting one but offers little extra value. You cannot resell it, lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm. Owning a book is useful if you want to savour（品尝）it repeatedly, but who reads “Fifty Shades of Grey” twice?E-lending is not simple, however. There are lots of different and often incompatible e-book formats, devices and licences. Most libraries use a company called OverDrive, a global distributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in every format. Some 35m titles were checked out through OverDrive in 2011, and the company now sends useful data on borrowing behaviour to participating publishers. Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance, as the company can increasingly dictate fees and conditions.Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers, and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work. Many were cheered by a recent Pew survey, which found that more than half of Americans with library cards say they prefer to buy their e-books. But the report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries, and that popular titles often involve long waiting lists, which may be what inspires people to buy.So publishers keep tweaking（对……稍作调整）their lending arrangements in search of the right balance. Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year, and HarperCollins limits libraries to lending its titles 26 times. Penguin plans to keep new releases out of libraries for at least six months, and each book will expire after a year. The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.6. What can we learn about the big six publishers?A) They know they need to cooperate with libraries.B) They have recently sold e-books to most libraries.C) Most of them hesitate in cooperation with libraries.D) They stand out against selling e-books to libraries.7. What is the advantage of electronic borrowing?A) There is no need to worry about deadlines.B) It can pay for the late fees automatically.C) Readers can lend the book files to their friends.D) It is much cheaper than traditional printed books.8. Why are publishers and libraries worried about OverDrive’s market dominance?A) Publisher and libraries will lose their market shares of e-books.B) OverDrive provides various format of e-books and audio files.C) OverDrive will increasingly divide their profit of e-books.D) E-readers will not lend e-books or audio files from libraries.9. What was shown in Pew survey?A) The desire to collect popular books inspires people to buy them.B) E-readers in America prefer to buy their e-books from libraries.C) More than half of Americans are book borrowers and book buyers.D) People with library cards usually have to wait for popular e-books.10. What does the author mean by saying “The story of the library e-book is a nail-biter.” (Para. 7)?A) Many problems about e-book lending need to be solved.B) It is wise for publishers to cooperate closely with libraries.C) Cooperation between publishers and libraries is a win-win strategy.D) Libraries will dominant the book market by lending e-books.Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Across the board, American colleges and universities are not doing a very good job of preparing their students for the workplace or their post-graduation lives. This was made clear by the work of two sociologists, Richard Arumand Josipa Roksa. In 2011 they released a landmark study titled “Academically Adrift,” which documented the lack of intellectual growth experienced by many people enrolled in college. In particular, Arum and Roksa found, college students were not developing the critical thinking, analytic reasoning and other higher-level skills that are necessary to thrive in today’s knowledge-based economy and to lead our nation in a time of complex challenges and dynamic change.Arum and Roksa placed the blame for students’ lack of learning on a watered-down college curriculum and lowered undergraduate work standards. Although going to college is supposed to be a full-time job, stu- dents spent, on average, only 12 to 14 hours a week studying and many were skating through their semesters without doing a significant amount of reading and writing. Students who take more challenging classes and spend more time studying do learn more. But the priorities of many undergraduates are with extracurricular activities, playing sports, and partying and socializing.Laura Hamilton, the author of a study on parents who pay for college, will argue in a forthcoming book that college administrations are overly concerned with the social and athletic activities of their students. In Paying for the Party, Hamilton describes what she calls the “party pathway,” which eases many students through college, helped along by various clubs that send students into the party scene and a host of easier majors. By sanctioning this watered-down version of college, universities are “catering to the social and educat ional needs of wealthy students at the expense of others” who won’t enjoy the financial backing or social connections of richer students once they graduate.These students need to build skills and knowledge during college if they are to use their degrees as a stepping-stone to middle-class mobility. But more privileged students must not waste this opportunity either. As recent graduates can testify, the job market isn’t kind to candidates who can’t demonstrate genuine competence, along with a well-cultivated willingness to work hard. Nor is the global economy forgiving of an American workforce with increasingly weak literacy, math and science abilities. College graduates will still fare better than those with only a high school education, of course. But a university degree unaccompanied by a gain in knowledge or skills is an empty achievement indeed. For students who have been coasting through college, and for American universities that have been demanding less work, offering more attractions and charging higher tuition, the party may soon be over.11. What is Arum and Roksa’s finding about higher education in America?A) It aims at stimulating the intellectual curiosity of college students.B) It fails to prepare students to face the challenges of modern times.C) It has experienced dramatic changes in recent years.D) It has tried hard to satisfy students’ various needs.12. What is responsible for the students’ lack of higher-level skills?A) The diluted college curriculum.B) The boring classroom activities.C) The absence of rigorous discipline.D) The outdated educational approach.13. What does Laura Hamilton say about college administrations?A) They fail to give adequate help to the needy students.B) They tend to offer too many less challenging courses.C) They seem to be out of touch with society.D) They prioritize non-academic activities.14. What can be learned about the socially and financially privileged students?A) They tend to have a sense of superiority over their peers.B) They can afford to choose easier majors in order to enjoy themselves.C) They spend a lot of time building strong connections with businesses.D) They can climb the social ladder even without a degree.15. What does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A) American higher education has lost its global competitiveness.B) People should not expect too much from American higher education.C) The current situation in American higher education may not last long.D) It will take a long time to change the current trend in higher education.Part II Translation (25%)Directions: For this part, you are to translate a passage from Chinese into English.西安是我国黄河流域古代文明的重要发源地之一，与雅典、罗马、开罗并称为世界四大古都。
湖南大学博士招生简章
湖南大学博士招生简章湖南大学位于中国历史文化名城长沙，坐落于湘江之滨、岳麓山下，起源于公元976年创建的岳麓书院，1926年正式定名为湖南大学，享有“千年学府，百年名校”之美誉，是教育部直属全国重点大学、国家“211工程”与“985工程”重点建设高校及国家“世界一流大学”建设高校。
一、招生计划湖南大学2022年计划面向全国招收博士研究生1000名左右（含少数民族高层次骨干人才计划、对口支援西部地区高校定向培养博士研究生计划和援疆博士师资计划），最终招生人数以教育部正式下达的招生计划为准。
二、学习方式和就业方式1.学习方式：除工程类专业博士和高校思想政治工作骨干在职攻读博士学位专项计划可招收非全日制学习方式的博士生外，其他专业只招收全日制学习方式的博士生。
2.就业方式：分为定向就业和非定向就业两种。
定向就业的博士生在录取前与我校和所在单位签订定向协议，毕业后按定向协议就业。
招收对象为“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”、“对口支援西部地区高校定向培养博士研究生计划”、“援疆博士师资计划”和“高校思想政治工作骨干在职攻读博士学位”四类专项计划以及工程类专业博士的考生。
非定向就业的博士生须将全部人事档案和工资关系转入我校，脱产在校学习。
报考前已工作的在职考生，在录取名单公示前应提供从原单位离职的证明材料。
毕业时自主择业，按国家和学校有关就业政策办理派遣手续。
三、学制申请-考核制博士生的学制为4年。
直接攻博生、硕博连读生的学制为5年（博士生阶段至少满3年）。
四、选拔方式选拔方式包括直接攻博、硕博连读和申请-考核制。
五、报考条件（一）以直接攻博方式报考博士生的条件1.拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。
2.已取得推免生资格的优秀应届本科毕业生。
3.身体和心理健康，符合普通高等学校招生体检标准。
（二）以硕博连读方式报考博士生的条件1.拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。
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湖南大学博士研究生学科综合考试
暂行规定
为保证博士研究生(简称博士生)的培养质量，博士生的基础理论课和专业课必须进行学科综合考试。
为了做好此项工作，特作出如下规定：
博士生的学科综合考试，是在博士学位论文开始前或初始阶段，考查博士生在本学科上是否掌握坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，以及必要的相关学科知识。
二、考试内容
综合考试内容包含基础理论和专业知识两部分，覆盖本二级学科的三至四门基础理论与专业课程，并应有一定比例的跨二级学科的内容，也应包括导师虽未指定但作为博士生应该具备的知识。
三、考试时间
博士生必须在入学后的第三学期期末之前，进行学科综合考试。
相同二级学科、同一届的博士生应采用同一试卷、同时进行考试。
四、考试委员会的组成
综合考试由院系指定的考试委员会负责进行，考试委员会
由包括指导教师在内的三至五位教授组成。
考试委员会应在一个月前公布考试的范围、考核方法及时间，并负责命题、口试及评定成绩。
五、考试方式
综合考试的形式应为笔试和口试，考试时间为二至三小时，笔试与口试各占50
六、考试成绩的评定
考试完毕，考试委员会应就本次考试内容所涉及的领域、考生对这些领域知识掌握的程度，以及分析、解决问题的能力写出评语，并采用百分制记分，60分以下为不及格。
由秘书填写“湖南大学博士生学科综合考试成绩表”，考试委员会主席及委员审核无误后予以签名。
七、考试记录及材料保管
考试秘书应对学科综合考试的过程进行记录，要求详细记录，字迹清楚。
考试结束后，应将全部材料送交学院研究生秘书，经学院主管领导审阅后，妥为保存，待博士生申请学位论文答辩时，一并报研究生院。
八、考试及格方可进入(或继续)博士学位论文工作；不及格者可随下一轮重考一次。
再次不及格者应劝其退学。
由学院提出处理意见，经研究生院审批后上报校长批准。