英语语言学语用学共46页文档
语言学教程语用学
in which it is actually uttered or used. ③So it is
possible to tell if The dog is barking is a sentence or an
each other. ④Context determines the speaker’s use of
language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is
said to him. ⑤Without such knowledge, linguistic
utterance. ④It can be either. ⑤It all depends on how
we look at it and how we are going to analyze it.
⑥If we take it as a grammatical unit and consider it as
第 8 章 语用学1
Language in Use / Pragmatics
8.0 语用学入门 自设
8.1 Speech Act Theory 言语行为理论
8.0
语用学入门
Definitions of Pragmatics
①Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. ②
s, pragmatics is concerned with the ways language is
used to communicate rather than the way language is
第六章 语用学
第六章 语用学 Chapter 6 Pragmatics
1．什么是语用学 What is pragmatics? 2．言语行为理论 ． Speech act theory 3．会话原则 Principle of conversation
1．什么是语用学 What is pragmatics?
• 1．1定义 • 语用学研究的是语言使用者是如何使用句子成功进行交际的。 它不是孤立地去研究语义，而是把语义置于使用语境中去研究的 一门学科。 • Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.语 用学研究的是说某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。 • As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. It places the study of meaning in the context in which language is used. 由于交际的 过程从本质来说是在一定的语境中表达意义的过程，因而语用学 的本质是一种意义研究。它是一种将语言置于使用的语境中去的 意义研究。
(完整版)语用学
语用学概论（1）丈夫：我去办公室啦。
（2）妻子：老公，今天是星期天。
（1）父亲：今天哪儿也不想去。
（2）女儿：老爸，今天是星期天。
（1）下午踢球去吗？（2）晚上还有考试。
（昨天把腿拉伤了。
）（1）小王：怎么样？（2）小李：资料都拿走了。
（1）老师：现在几点了？（2）学生：路上自行车没气啦。
第一讲什么是语用学一、语用学的起源❑“语用学”术语的提出1938年美国哲学家莫里斯在著作《符号理论基础》（Foundation of the theory of signs）中首次使用了“语用学”这一术语（Pragmatics）。
这个术语是莫里斯参照pragmatism（实用主义）和pragmaticism（实效主义）创造出来的。
符号学（semiotics）包括：句法学（syntax）、语义学（semantics）、语用学（pragmatics）三分。
句法学（Syntactics or syntax）研究“符号之间的形式关系”；语义学（semantics）研究“符号及其所指对象的关系”；语用学（Pragmatics ）研究“符号和使用者的关系”（Morris,1938）《符号、语言和行动》（1946 ）语用学是符号学的一个部分，它研究符号的来源、应用及其在行为中出现时所产生的作用或效果。
⏹语用学与符号学⏹语用学与语言哲学自20世纪30年代末开始，皮尔斯、莫里斯和卡纳普等把语用学作为符号学的一部分，其研究仅限于哲学，这可算是语用学发展的第一个阶段。
从20世纪50年代初到60年代末，以希勒尔、奥斯汀、塞尔和格赖斯等为代表的语言哲学家对言语行为和会话含意理论的探索，使语用学有了突破性的进展，他们的研究成果基本上奠定了语用学的理论基础，这可算是语用学发展的第二个阶段，此时的语言学研究仍限于哲学范围内。
正式因为哲学家对语言的探讨，为70年代语用学成为语言学的一门独立学科准备了条件。
70年代以后，特别是1977年在荷兰正式出版发行了《语用学学刊》以后，语用学作为语言学的一门新兴学科才得到确认。
语言学知识_语用学
语用学一．语用学（Pragmatics）的定义：语用学是用以研究语言使用者如何使用句子成功进行交际的学问。
语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）虽然都涉及对语言意义的研究，但是语义学（Semantics）只是将语言视作一个独立的系统来研究，而语用学（Pragmatics）则是将语言置于语境（context）之中。
所以，语用学（Pragmatics）与语义学（Semantics）本质区别在于是否将语境（context）因素纳入考量范围之内。
二．句子意义与话语意义（Sentence Meaning Vs. Utterance Meaning）：1) 句子意义（Sentence Meaning）：句子意义指的是独立于语境的句子本身所传达的字面意义。
2）话语意义（Utterance Meaning）：话语意义指的是将句子的意义置于特定语境中以表达言者某种意图的意义。
三．指示现象（Deixis）：指示现象指的是说话人利用语言形式表达说话内容所涉及的人员、事物、时间、地点等方面。
指示现象是连接语言形式及其发生语境的桥梁。
指示语主要分为以下三类：1）人称指示语（person deixis）：用于表达言语交际的参与者。
2）空间指示语（spatial deixis）：用于指代言语活动中所涉及的人、物或事的相对位置。
3）时间指示语（temporal deixis）：用于表达言语交际活动中的时间点和时间段。
四．言语行为理论（Speech Act Theory）：1) 约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）的言语行为模式：英国哲学家约翰·奥斯汀（John Austin）于20世纪50年代提出的言语行为模式区分了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）。
随后，他又对原先的理论进行了发展，放弃了言有所述（constative）和言有所为（performative）的区分，发展出了新的言语行为模式。
语用学——精选推荐
语⽤学英语语⾔与⽂化A班刘⾦球2009010341361、Definitions for the Following terms:(5×3ˊ)1)Indirect speech acts: can be defined as the kind of speech acts in which one illocutionary actis performed indirectly by way of performing another. An indirect speech act can be seen as consisting of a primary illocutionary act (indirect force) and a secondary illocutionary act (literal force)2)Natural meaning: we understand that if x means p. x entails or denotes p3)Presupposition: semantic presupposition is another kind of semantic relation that linguistsare interested in. It refers to the semantic relation between two propositions of which one is the premise or pre-condition of the other.Pragmatics presupposition covers everything that the speaker assumes to be in existence or true prior to making an utterance. It concerns not only actual information but also expectations, desires, claims, fears and beliefs.4)Presequences: When we make a request, send an invitation, or announce some news, wesometimes refrain from doing it immediately. Rather, we may use one turn or two to pave the way. After this initial exchange has been concluded, we may decide whether to proceed with the request, invitation, or announcement. The sequences resulting from the preliminary exchange are called presequences.5)Negative face: the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-interference_—i.e. to the freedom of action and freedom from imposition2、Judge Whether Each of the Following Statement Is True or False.(10×2ˊ)1)All speech acts comply with the five types of felicity conditions. F2)Grace proposed that the Cooperative Principle of conversation may consist of fivecategories . F3)Other consider the maxim of quantity is too inclusive, while the maxim of manner is toovague. T4)In all normal cases, the hearer is assumed to be the center of a speech event. F5)Semantic entailment is explicitly communicated whereas semantic presupposition isimplicitly conveyed. F6)The turn-taking system of conversation makes it unnecessary for people to overlap witheach other in conversation. F7)Face can be threatened but not saved. F8)Relevance Theory proposed by Dan Sperber and Deidre Wilson in the 1980s purports todescribe and explain linguistic communication from a cognitive point of view. T9)Communication is impossible even when encoding decoding is imperfect. F10)Background knowledge must be shared in order to conduct successful communication.F3、Answer in Short.（3×15ˊ）1)、Implicatures are “the property of utterances, not of sentences and therefore the same words carry different Implicatures on different occasions”(Thomas,1995:80). Compare thedifferent situations in which A1-B1, A2-B2 and A3-B3 take place respectively:a. A1: Your mother is a doctor. What about your father?B1: He is a lawyer.b. A2: I’ve got some trouble with my contract with the bank. Can your father help me?B2: He is a lawyer.c. A3: Your dog is serious ill. Can you ask your father for help?B3: He is a lawyer.Ask:(1) What does B implicate in b and c?(2) Can you think of one more context in which B, by saying the same thing, (He is a lawyer.) may convey some other implicature?Answer：（1）B implicate in b ：My father is a lawyer. He can help you deal with this kind of problems. B implicate in c: He can not, because he is a lawyer instead of a pet doctor.(2) d: A4:The speaker is so great, can you father deliver such a speech?B4: He is a lawyer.2)、What is Lawrence Horn’s two competing forces?Answer: Lawrence Horn’s two competing forces include：a. the force of unification, or speaker’s economy;b. the force of diversification, or auditor’s economy.3)、What’s the relationship between the Cognitive Effects and the Processing Effects of relevance?Answer: the relationship of the Cognitive Effects and the Processing Effects is the more/stronger the cognitive effects, the greater the relevance (given the same amount of processing effort) and the less processing effort, the greater the relevance (given the same cognitive effects).4、Discuss Topic（1×20ˊ）Unlike Static Conversation Analysis which works on the description of conversational structure and exchange system, pragmatics can provide a dynamic perspective on conversation, touching upon such issues as the motives and strategies beneath people’s conversational behavior. For instance, when approaching pre-sequences in a dynamic manner, we are concerned with why they are used, how they advance the speaker’s conversational goal, and what outcome they bring forth. Use an example of pre-sequence to develop a dynamic analysis.Answer: The following exemplify the corresponding types of presequences:A.pre-invitationA: Say, what are you doing?B: Well, we’re going out. Why?A: Shall we go out for a walk?B.Pre-requestA: Are you free this afternoon?B: Yes.A: Can you help me with my computer? It has gone wrong again.C.Pre-announcementA: Oh, guess what?B: What?A: John won a big prize!Presequences are independent of the act-oriented sequence structure and are often composed of a question-answer pair. Their main function is to make sure, from the point of the addressee, that the request or invitation to be made is feasible, or the news to be announced is worthy of attention..。
语言学Pragmatics语用学
Fresh salad refers to the customer who ordered fresh salad.
Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare. Waiter: the ham sandwich left without paying. Nurse: The hernia（疝气）in room 5 wants to talk to the
A: Can I look at your Chomsky?
B: Sure, it’s on the shelf over there.
Chomsky refers to the book written by Chomsky. Waiter 1: Where’s the fresh salad sitting?
Person
Person
deixis
deixis
• You’ll have to bring
it
back
tomorrow Temporal deixis
because she isn’t Person deixis
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
here today.
All the deictic expressions have to be interpreted in terms of which person, place or time the speaker has in mind. We make a broad distinction between what is marked as close to the speaker(this, here, now) and what is distant(that, there, then), we can also indicate whether movement is away from the speaker’s location(go) or toward the speakers location(come).
语用学演示文稿
How to distinguish performatives and constatives
• 1. Conditions: true or false (constative) • felicity conditions (合适条件） • 2. grammatical criterion: (performative) • first person singular sub. • simple present tense • indicative mood • active voice • 3. lexical criterion: “state” (constative) • “hereby” (performative)
In the 40’s and 50’s, it was commonly held that the study of language should be concerned only with the truth-conditional meaning of the proposition, and not with the situations of the utterance. However, it had been observed that sometimes people are using words to do things. And in such cases, what is of more importance is not the truth conditional-meaning, but the action of doing things.
Performatives施为句
• Two Types of sentences:
Constatives: sentences which
英语语用学概述
英语语用学概述概要：语用学作为微观语言学六大分支（语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学）之一，强调语言在具体语境中的使用。
本文将通过简要概述英语语用学及其著名理论，希望对语用学研究方向学生或语用学爱好者在今后的学习或研究中有所帮助。
关键词：英语、语用学、概述1.绪论语用学作为语言学重要分支，其相关的著名理论有很多。
本文将主要概述语用学和语用学中影响最深远的言语行为理论、会话含义理论和关联理论的定义和特点等。
2.语用学概述2.1.语用学的定义关于语用学，很多语用学家都给出了不同定义，综合所有定义可以看出语用学是研究语言的使用或语言交际，研究利用语境来推断语义或研究讲某种语言的人怎样用句子去实现成功的交际。
总而言之，语用学是研究语言实际运用的学科，集中研究说话人意义、话语意义或语境意义。
说起语用学，就一定要将它和语义学区分开来。
虽然语用学和语义学都是研究语言意义的学科，但是它们有着很大的差别：语义学—研究句子的字面意义（不考虑语境），而语用学—研究说话者想要表达的意义（把语境考虑在内）。
2.2.言语行为理论2.2.1.施为句和表述句言语行为理论最早是由英国哲学家约翰・奥斯订二十世纪五十年代在他的«如何以言行事»一文中提出的，是对语言交流性质的哲学阐释。
这个理论认为,我们说话的同时是在实施某种行为，其目的在于回答“用语言干什么”这个问题。
奥斯汀的首要主张是这一理论有两种句子形式：施为句和表述句。
像“I name this ship the Queen Elizabeth(我将这艘船命名为伊丽莎白号)”这样的句子我们称之为施为句。
它们不描写事物,没有真假。
说出这样的句子就被认为是实施一种行为,因此像name这样的动词,我们叫做“施为动词”。
与施为句相反,像“I pour some liquid into the tube(我往试管里倒一些液体)”这样的句子是对说话人正在做的事情的描写。