英语语言学复习题
语言学试题11套
第一部份选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、 psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、 mouthB、 lipsC、 tongueD、 vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、 bound morphemeB、 bound formC、 inflectional morphemeD、 free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、 coordinatorB、 particleC、 prepositionD、 subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、 is synonymous withB、 is inconsistent withC、 entailsD、 presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the wayspeakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、 semanticsB、 pragmaticsC、 sociolinguisticsD、 psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、 elaborationB、 simplificationC、 external borrowingD、 internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、 Lingua francaB、 CreoleC、 PidginD、 Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、 Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally indaily communicative situations.A、 learningB、 competenceC、 performanceD、 acquisition第二部份非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, ,they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure ofwords and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's),Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is givenmore emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish. ()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer t he following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（1）参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判定改错题（本大题共10小题，每题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词说明题（本大题共10小题，每题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→ /faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：总分值为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
成人教育《英语语言学》期末考试复习题及参考答案
一、单项选择题1.The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same company.DA、would not workB、will not workC、does not workD、did not work2.Mike promised to keep me ______ how our business was going on.BA、informedB、informed ofC、to be informedD、to be informed of3.I have no objection ______ for a hike on the mountains with Cynthia.CA、to goB、goingC、to goingD、of going4.____ a teacher in our college, it is necessary to have at least a master’s degree.AA、To becomeB、One becomesC、Becoming ofD、Who becomes5.All the task ______ ahead of time, we planned to go on holiday for a week.DA、had fulfilledB、having fulfilledC、were fulfilledD、having been fulfilled6.Not until the game had begun ______ the sports ground.AA、did Peter arrive atB、Peter arrived atC、didn’t Peter arrive atD、Peter didn’t arrive at7.I didn’t send out my application form last week, but I ________.DA、had toB、might have toC、have hadD、should have8.I will give the ticket to _______ wants to have it.BA、whomeverB、whoeverC、some oneD、anyone9.The reason _______ I did not go to the lecture yesterday was that I had something important to do.DA、whichB、for thatC、becauseD、why10.Be careful with those explosives _______ end up killing ourselves.CA、then we won’tB、but we won’tC、or we willD、and we will11.The two scholars worked at the task of writing a preface to the new dictionary for three hours ____ last night.CA、at lengthB、in fullC、on endD、in time12.I don’t play basketball any more, _________ when I was a child.AA、but I used toB、I used toC、but I used to doD、I used to do13.Living here at the top of the mountain with no one else near, the old man must be very ____. DA、onlyB、aloneC、loneD、lonely14.I can’t read the marks and notes Jim made in the margin. They are too____.AA、faintB、foggyC、transparentD、misty15. A highly organized system of irrigation is ____ Chinese agriculture.AA、typical ofB、consistent withC、famous forD、subject to16.Jack is very ____ about wines.BA、awareB、knowledgeableC、learnedD、informed17.As for Ann, I am not sure about her ____ in Italian.AA、fluencyB、clarityC、coherenceD、excellency18.It was _____ that we went for a picnic in the country.CA、such nic e a dayB、such nice dayC、so nice a dayD、so nice day19.By the end of next month I ______ here for five years.DA、will workB、have been workingC、have workedD、will have been working20.Much research _______ into the possible causes of the disease in the past few years.AA、has been doneB、was doneC、have been doneD、were done21.The teacher told us that we didn’t have to _____ every new word we ran into when reading. CA、look overB、look throughC、look upD、look into22.When he wrote to his father that he wanted to ____ his education and get married, his father cut off his allowance.AA、give upB、give outC、give inD、give away23.His speech was warmly received. It was several minutes before the applause _______.AA、died downB、died ofC、died outD、died off24.Mr. Zhang makes _____ a point to keep up with the latest development in his field.CA、thisB、thatC、itD、these25.In many countries now seat belts are _____ for the driver and front seat passengers at least.。
完整word版语言学复习题及答案
完整word版语言学复习题及答案I. Choose the best answer.1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human__________A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according tothe functions of language?—A nice day, isn't it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal3. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole4. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics5. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB.Anthropological linguisticsD. Applied linguisticsC. Sociolinguistics6. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice7. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme8. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are__________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD.allophones9. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as__________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD.uvula10. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tonguetowards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering11. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD.allophones12. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speechsounds?B. Articulatory phoneticsA. Acoustic phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above13. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]14. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]15. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD.Consonant16. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as__________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words17. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case arecalled __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational18. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six19. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stemsThe three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.20.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD.back-formation21. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed fromalready existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD.addition22. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD.blending23. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by__________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD.acronymy24. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement25. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph26. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical27. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.D. infinite C. finite B. small A. large28. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational29. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conformto the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD.ungrammatical30. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator31. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional32. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. all of the above.33. The head of the phrase “the city Rome”is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city RomeThe phrase “on the shelf”belongs to __________ construction. 34.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate35. The sentence “They w ere wanted to remain quiet and not to exposethemselves.”is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex36. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth37. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes38. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis39. “Alive”and “dead”are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above40. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense41. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy42. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemiesC. hyponymsD. synonyms43. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD.context44. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentenceis often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual45. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the courseof communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive46. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50's of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950'sC. in the late 1960'sD. in the early 21stcentury47. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.B. An illocutionary actA. A locutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act48._____ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.49.A. Syntax B. Grammar C. MorphologyD. Morpheme50._____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences51.“-s”in the word “books”is _______.52.A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a root53. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ___ affix ____ and __bound root________.54. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.55. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. HyponymyThe grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. 56.A. grammatical rulesB. selectional restrictionsC. semantic rulesD. semantic features57. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whetherin the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD.context58. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of asentence isoften studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual59. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive60. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.65. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50's of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950'sC. in the late 1960'sD. in the early 21stcentury66. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by theutterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act67. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.A. to get the hearer to do somethingB. to commit the speaker to something's being the caseC. to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs68. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose,but they differ __________.A. in their illocutionary actsB. in their intentions expressedC. in their strength or forceD. in their effect brought about69. __________ is advanced by Paul GriceA. Cooperative PrincipleB. Politeness PrincipleC. The General Principle of Universal GrammarD. Adjacency Principle70. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted,_______ might arise.B. contradictionsA. impolitenessC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicatures71. The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics”is__________..A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky72. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system73. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is__________.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris74. Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certaintagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion75. __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StructuralC. FunctionalD. Generative76. __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M.Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague77. In Halliday's view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative78. The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane”is __________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane79. Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behaviorismC. relationalismD.mentalism80. TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.A. threeC. fiveD. sixII. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. linguistics2. competenceCompetence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker's knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.3. Synchronic linguisticsSynchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, thestudy of a language over a period of time.4. Sound assimilationSound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.5. AllomorphAllomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.6. phonologySyntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.8. referential theory9. PerformativePerformative: In speech act theory an utterance which performs an act, such as Watch out (= a warning).10. Locutionary actLocutionary act: A locutionary act is the saying of something which is meaningful and can be understood.11. phonetics12. Complementary distributionComplementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.13. displacement14. sociolinguisticssociolinguistics: Defined in its broadest way, sociolinguistics, a subdiscipline of linguistics, is the study of language in relation to society. It is concerned with language variation, language use, the impact of extra-linguistic factors on language use, etc.15 Phoneme20 assimilation21 synonymy22 semanticsIII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo anumber ofmodification to acquire the quality of a speech sound. T2. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for theother does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation. T3. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop. F4. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds tothe number of morphemes. F5. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations. F6. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations. F7. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. F8. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb. T9. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. F 10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.T．11. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all itscomponents. F。
(答案)英语语言学复习资料
RevisionI. Multiple choices.1. _C_________ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.A. StressesB. V oicingsC. TonesD. Intonations2. ______C____ plays the performative function.A. Hello, do you hear me?B. You’d better go to the clinic.C. Can’t you see people are dying?D. What a blessing!3. The ____B______ nature of language explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention.A. dualityB. arbitraryC. productivityD. displacement4. The two words petrol and gasoline are ___A_______.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. synonyms that differ in their emotive meaningD. collocative synonyms5. _____C_____ is not a design feature of language.A. ArbitrarinessB. CreativityC. CommunicabilityD. Duality6. Syntactic deep structure was developed to _______B___.A. explain relations between sentences with the same meaningB. explain a single sentence with more than one meaningC. explain relations between sentences with different meaningsD. both A and B7. Promises and offers are characteristic of the group of ____C______ of illocutionary acts.A. representativesB. declarativesC. commissivesD. expressives8. –ish in the word boyish is _______D___.A. a free morphemeB. a rootC. a stemD. an affix9. ____D______ does NOT belong to semantic changes.A. BroadeningB. BorrowingC. NarrowingD. Class shift10. The two words suite and sweet are ______D____.A. hyponymsB. relational antonymsC. homographsD. Homophones11. According to ____A______ rule, the word sign should pronounced as [saIn].A. deletionB. sequentialC. assimilationD. suprasegmental12. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is ______A____.A. whether in the study of the meaning the context of use is consideredB. whether it studies the meaning or notC. whether it studies how the speakers use language to effect communicationD. whether it is a branch of linguistics13. The sentence John likes linguistics, but Mary is interested in history is a __B________.A. simple sentenceB. coordinated sentenceC. complex sentenceD. clause14. _____C_____ is an error caused by negative transfer..A. goedB. comedC. footsD. He tomorrow come15. In general, linguistic change in ___D_______ of a language is the more noticeable than in other systems of the grammar.A. the sound systemB. the vocabularyC. the syntaxD. the sound system and the vocabulary16. ____D______ manifests various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.A. RootsB. StemsC. Derivational affixesD. Inflectional affixesII. Blank-filling.1. _______ is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular type of language and its context of use.2. One of the design features termed as ___displacement _______ means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.3. Foreign language learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning the foreign language and this is called language ___transfer _______.4. In injustice and imperfect, in- and im- are supposed to be the __affix_______ of the same morpheme.5. Chomsky defines _competence_________ as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents: argument____ and predicate__________.7. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __utterance______.8. If you tell someone the time instead of the price that is inquired by the person, you violate the maxim of___relation_______.9. The experience and his study of Hopi, an American Indian language, helped Whorf develop his unique understanding of linguistic _relativity_________, which is widely known as the SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESE.10. Evidence in support of lateralization for language in the left hemisphere of the brain comes from researches in __dichotic________ listening tasks.11. __ Componential________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.12. Transformational rules are those rules which relate or transform _deep structure_________ ofa sentence into __surface structure________.13. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech community________.14. _ Interpersonal_________ function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser’s attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.15. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “_voicing_________”.16. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey __meaning________.17. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called __bound________ morphemes.18. _ Reference_________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience.19. The notion of __ context________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.20. John believes (that the airplane was invented by an Irishman). The part in the bracket is a __ complement________ clause.III. True or False.1. A root is not always a free form.2. Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of stimulus-response reinforcement.3. The idea of doing something while speaking can certainly be broadened to include all the non-conventional acts such as stating, promising, requesting, and suggestion.4. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be a diachronic study.5. The creativity of language originates from duality because by duality the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences.6. The examples of semantic narrowing include wife, girl, fowl and bird.7. There is no absolute synonymy.8. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound and cannot be further analyzed.9. Consciously or unconsciously, people’s social background exerts a shaping influence on their choice of linguistic features that are appropriate to their social identities.10. In the transformation of the sentence He doesn’t sleep well, do insertion comes first.IV. Definition1.categoryIt refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.plementary distributionallophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.3.contrastive analysisa method of analyzing languages for instructional purposes whereby a native language and target language are compared with a view to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficultiesfor learners.4.conversational implicatureThe use of conversational maxims to imply meaning during conversation.5. Cooperative PrincipleThe principle that the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate in making conversation, otherwise, it would be impossible to carry on the talk.6.the critical period hypothesisThe critical period Hypothesis：says that there is a period when language acquisition can take place naturally and effortlessly, but that after a certain age the brain is no longer able to process language input in this way.7. displacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.8. entailmentthe relationship between two sentences where the truth of one is inferred from the truth of the other.9. illocutionary actThe act of expressing the speaker’s int ention and performed in saying something.10. negative transferthe mistaken transfer of features of one’s native language into a second language.V. Discussion1. Describe with examples the classification of morphemes.2. Describe the major ways of word formation with some examples.3. Describe major sense relations with examples.4. What are the three metafunctions proposed by Halliday?5. What does Chomsky mean by Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?In Chomsky's Innateness Hypothesis, it is held that, in human brain, there is innate UniversalGrammar which lies in one part of human brain called language acquisition device (LAD).6. What category/ categories of CP does the following exchange violate?A: Are you going to use your laptop this evening?B: I ha ven’t finished my assignment yet.7. Distinguish the following case of ambiguity by tree diagrams.Sentence: The magician touched the child with the wand.。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案（10套题）有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features.Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learnerfactors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basicprinciple is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It isgenerally used in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In mostpeople, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language,while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English,its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, butit does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
语言学试题及答案英文
语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。
答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。
3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。
答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。
6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。
答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。
8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。
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1.What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.2. What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Design features of language:Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.(1)Arbitrariness is the core feature of language, which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Arbitrariness is a matter of degree.(2)Duelity of structure refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning.At the first level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningfulunits(such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second , lower level, it is seen as sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning.(3)Productivity refers to the ability to construct and understand an difinitely large number of sentences in one's language, including those that one has never heard before.(4)Displacement refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present.(5)Cultural transmission shows that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but have to be learned and taught.(6)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.3. The orgin of language(1)The bow-bow theory: in primitive times people imitated the sounds of animal calls in the wild enironment they lived and speech developed from that. Onomatopoetic words seem to be a convenient evidence for this theory.(2)The pooh-pooch theory: in the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger, and joy.(3)The "yo-he-yo" theory: as primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.4. Functions of language(1)The informative function is regarded as the most important function of language(2)The interpersonal function is the most important sociological use of language by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.(3)The performative function is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies. the language used is quite formal and even ritualized.(4)The emotive function changes the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is similar to expressive function but the latter can be totally without any implication of communication to others.(5)the phatic communion enables people to maintain a comfortable relationship without involving any factual content.(6)the recreational function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby's babbling or a chanter's chanting.(7)The metlingual function means that we can use language to talk about language.5. What is linguistics?Linguistics is the study scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language , but is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. The four principles that make linguistics a science are exhausiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity.6. Some basic distinctions in linguistics(1)Speech and WritingOne general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope and uses that speech doesnot have(2)Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavour.(3)Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时)The description of a language at some point of in time is a sychronic study and the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.(4)Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)This is the distinction made by the Swiss linguistist F. De Saussure early last century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized language, or the realization of langue.(5) Competence(能力) and Performance(行为)Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).(6)linguistic potential/linguistic behavior7. The scope of linguistics(1) General linguistics is the study of language as a whole.(2) Phonetics is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.(3) Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.(4) Morphology is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.(5) Syntax is the branch of linhguistics which studies the rules of governing the combination of words into sentences.(6) Semantics is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.(7) Applied linguistics is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.(8) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.(9) Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.(10)Historical linguistics is the study of language changes.(11)Anthropological linguistics uses the thoeries and mathods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of mman.(12)Neurolinguistics studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.(13)Mathematical linguistics studies the mathematicaol features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.(14)Computational linguistics is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts areapplied, often with the aid of a computer.8. How are semantics and pragmatics different from each other?Traditional semantics studied meaning, butte meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic, and inherent, i.e. a property attached to language itself. Therefore, meanings of words, meanings of sentences were all studied in an isolated manner, detached from the context in which they were used. Pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context. The essential distinction between semantics and pragmatics is whether the context of use is considered in the study of mean­ ing. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics9. How does a sentence differ from an utterance?A sentence is a grammatical concept. It usually consists of a subject and predicate. An utterance is the unit of communication. It is the smallest linguistic unit that has a communicative value. If we regard a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an utterance. Whether “Mary is beautiful.” is a sentence or an utterance de­ pends on how we look at it. If we regard it as a grammatical unit or a self-contained unit in isolation, then it is a sentence. If we look at it as something uttered in a certain situation with a certain purpose, then it is an utterance. Most utter­ ances take the form of complete sentences, but some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences.10. speech organsSpeech organs are the human body involved in the production of speech, including the lungs, the trachea, the throat, the nose, and the mouth.When the vocal folds are apart , the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be VOICELESS. When they are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other and the resultant sound is said to be VOICED.When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them. THe result of this gesture is the glottal stop[?].11. Morpheme and Morphology(1) Morpheme is the smallest unit of language, a unit that cannot be divided into futher smaller units without detroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.(2) Morphology studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed, including inflection and word formation.12. Major branches of phoneticsPhonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. Phonetics is the study of all speech sounds used in human languages whereas phonology is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute a language and express meanings.There are three branches of phonetics, articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics.13. Allophone : the different members of a phoneme, sounds that are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are allophone. For example, the phoneme /l/ in English can be realized as dark〖l〗,clear〖l〗, which are allophones of the phoneme /l/.Phone: a phonetic unit or segment which occurs in the language is called a phone.Compare: Morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme-phone-allophoneThe relationship between a morpheme and its morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship betweena phoneme and its phones and allophones.A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphsare called allomorphs.A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones (phonetic sounds) in different environments. These phonesare called allophones.14.what is miminal pair and what is minimal set? Why is it important to identify them in a language? Minimal pairs are two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segments that occurs in the same position in the string. So in english ,Pill and Bill are a minimal pair, and so are pill and till, till and kill, kill and dill. Accordingly, we can conclude that /p/ ,/b/,/t/,/d/ are phonemes in english. Then all these sound combinations together constitute a minimal set; they are identical in form except for the initial consonant. By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a linguists can identify its phonemes.15. How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?Phonetics and phonology both study the same aspect of language---- speech sounds, there is a fair degree of overlap in what concerns the two subjects. Without the knowledge of speech sounds provided by phonetic studies, any study of the sound system of a particular language would have been almost impossible.However, the two subjects approach speech sounds from different points of view.A) Phonetics provides methods for the description, transcription of sounds for all languages; phonology studies the sound system of a particular language. Therefore, phonetics is general, descriptive, and classificatory; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, etc. phonological study is particular and functional. It is particular to one language and the conclusion we reach about the phonology of one language should not be generalized into the study of another language. Phonology deals with how human being use speech sounds to express meaning.B) The basis unit of phonetic study is phone, while that of phonological study is phoneme.C) A phonetic study is a static one, since it tells us how a sound of a language is made, transmitted and received, whereas a phonological study is a dynamic one, telling how sounds are used to convey meaning.16. What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to the phoneme? Phone refers to the speech sound we use when speaking a language. Phoneme is the smallest sound unit that can distinguish meaning. However, phoneme is an abstract unit, i.e. it is not a sound, it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. In actually speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone.A phoneme can be realized by one or more than one phone. The different phones which represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. Allophones are actualizations of a phoneme in a particular language that never affect the meaning.17. What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set? Why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?Minimal pair refers to two expressions (words or morphemes) of a language with different meanings that are distinguished by only one phoneme, e.g. {pig: big}; {tip: dip}; {ship, sheep}.Minimal set refers to more than two expressions of a language with different meanings that are distinguished by only one phoneme, such as {said: says: set: sell}; {pat: bat: mat}.Contrasting minimal pairs is a basic procedure in establishing the phonemic inventory of a language.18. What is the main task for a linguist? State the importance of linguistics.The main task of a linguist is to discover the nature of the underlying language system, such as how each language is conducted, how it is used by its speakers, and how it is related to other languages, etc.。