英语演讲及辩论期末考试复习重点
初二英语期末复习重点
初二英语期末复习重点这是我为您倾心整理的初二英语期末复习学问点，经典管用，盼望看完之后对大家能有所协助，感谢您的支持，更多英语学问点，请接着收看【初二英语】栏目。
一、重点词组go away 走开fix up 修理，修补work out 做大运动量的熬炼get together 聚会，联欢play the piano 弹钢琴be strict with sb 对某人要求严格play the violin 拉小提琴play the guitar 弹吉它on vacation 在休假on the farm 在农场be afraid of 胆怯on the weekend 在周末lots of 很多listen to the music 听音乐a member of 成员之一，一分子enjoy oneself 过得开心，玩得开心get ready for 为做好打算，打算做take photos 拍照，摄影take a course(class) 学一门课程go shopping 去购物on ones own 靠自己;单独rock climbing 攀岩in the summer vacations 暑假stay with 和呆在一起on a farm 在农场a summer camp 夏令营a lot of 很多go swimming 去游泳talk to sb. 和某人谈话after school 放学后do ones homework 做家庭作业play tennis 打网球be free 有空go shopping 购物go out for a meal 出去吃饭have a party 开宴会go to the movies 去看电影on time 按时，准时;于指定时间stay up 不睡觉;熬夜grow up 长大成人，成长sports car 跑车in general 通常，大体上at the same time 同时first of all 首先find out 发觉，查明pocket money 零用钱make progress 取得进步little by little 慢慢地in front of 在前面at least 至少take advantage of 利用worry about 担忧be responsible for 对负责prepare for 预备，为做打算how about 怎么样(后接名词或动词-ing形式等) be famous for 以闻名/出名make a mistake/mistakes 做错，犯错误save up 储蓄，贮存keep fit 保持安康the Great Sphinx 狮身人面像at least 至少speak in English 用英语交谈;讲英语concentrate on 聚精会神于get married 结婚graduate from high school 中学毕业at college 在大学里part-time job 兼职工作travel around the world 环游全世界ask for help 求援;恳求协助in front of 在前面prepare for an exam 打算考试make progress 取得进步take part in 参与go to college 上大学be famous for 因闻名the Amazon River 亚马孙河the Nile River 尼罗河the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠the Gobi Desert 戈壁滩Mount Qomolangma 珠穆朗玛峰Lake Baikal 贝加尔湖the Caspian Sea 里海the Pacific Ocean 太平洋the Atlantic Ocean 大西洋the Indian Ocean 印度洋in terms of 依据，遵照a bit 一点儿comparewith 与相比used to 过去经常dust storm 沙尘暴no longer 不再lift up 提起来on the other hand 另一方面New Zealand 新西兰the South Pacific Ocean 南太平洋the total area 总面积the largest city 最大的城市both of 两者都the longest river 最长的河the total population 总人口square kilometer 平方公里closer to the beach 面临海滩make a big mistake 犯一个大的错误in turns 依次members of the class 班级成员at the end 在最终put on 穿上in English 用英语说in the past 在过去win the game 赢得竞赛just now 刚刚look for 找寻think about 考虑look at 看put out 扑灭，熄灭take care of 照看be good at 擅长at the age of 在岁look like 像go out 出去，出门at home 在家at school 上学，在学校at ones house在某人家a piece of music 一支音乐write down 写下，登记design computer programs 设计电脑程序in the end 最终，最终well-known 众所周知的lots of 很多at ones house 在某人家work out 制订出;算出;消耗完enjoy doing sth 喜爱干某事be born 出身于such as 例如written by 由撰写play the violin 拉小提琴wait for 等come back 回来speak to 对说be expert in 在精彩be good at 擅长于at the mall 在商场at home 在家at school 在学校in a library 在图书馆talk to 和谈话look after 照看at the moment 此刻have a point 有道理deal with 支配，处理put off 推迟;拖延tell lies 说谎absent-minded 心不在焉的self-centered 自我中心的take place 发生a number of 很多的keep a secret 保守隐私take notes 做笔记be careful with当心tell jokes 讲笑话save electricity 节电make sure 确定think about 考虑，回想，回忆tooto 太以至不on ones own 独立地，单独地both of 两者都grow up 成长，开展a little 一点儿have problem with 在(方面)有问题pick up 捡起shout at sb. (向某人)大声喊叫heavy metal music 重金属音乐all the time 始终talk about 谈论;谈及complain about 埋怨after school 放学后play sports 进展体育运动chess club 相棋俱乐部tooto 太以致不能take some medicine 吃药shout at 朝大喊/叫listen to 听a sore throat 喉痛fast food 快餐stop talking 不要说话enjoy oneself 玩得开心on the other hand 另一方面part-time job 兼职go to college 上大学at the top of 在顶端Christmas Eve 圣诞节前夕Christmas Day 圣诞节Jesus Christ 耶稣基督Christmas tree 圣诞树Christmas cards 圣诞卡Happy New Year 新年好from top to bottom 从头至尾be supposed to 应当look up at 向上看out of breath 上气不接下气window frame 窗框send sth. to sb. 给某人寄某物，给某人送某物wake up 叫醒，醒来be born 诞生get ready 做打算get together 聚会tell sb. about sth. 告知某人某事thousands of 成千上万的take care of 照看，看管，保管on ones birthday 在某人的生日(宴会上)take off 脱下，摘下，起飞in the morning 在早上，在上午arrive(at, in) 到达Its time for 是的时间jack-o`lantern 杰克灯，空心南瓜灯roast turkey 烤火鸡set off 燃放(焰火，爆竹)cut out 切掉;割掉arrive at/in 到达each other 相互good luck 好运气play a trick on sb 戏弄某人English-speaking countries 说英语的国家visit friends 访友at midnight 在半夜call the police 报警watch TV 看电视just now 刚刚Happy birthday 生日欢乐birthday presents 生日礼物play cards 玩牌the China Central Television Station 中心电视台(CCTV) put on 上演stay up 守岁make a loud noise 弄出大噪音二、重点词汇hobby, single, strict, violin, piano, guitar, model, collect, coin, stamp, form, vacation, ant, farm, milk, cow, country, newspaper, away, course, ride, accident, camp, tent, check, win, afraid, invite, score, except, enormous, weekend, nothing, till, probably, article, accept, refuse, reason, tonight, guest, future, poor, college, though, why, energy, discover, percent, ticket, coffee, pocket, boat, key, ring, luck, term, progress, grammar, rule, improve, skill, habit, advantage, mistake, language, camel, India, western, mountain, ancient, famous, high, mile, foot, bit, compare, hometown, toy, traditional, modern, beach, clean, thousand, basic, happen, nobody, danger, during, reach, separate, government, become, plant, clear, fisherman, sand, everybody, condition, agree, soon, promise, village, bring, another, itself, service, conference, business, worth, story, could, already, invent, night, memory, count, beat, act, card, shine, front, wait, steal, gold, explain, return, reply, myself, lady, trust, garden, appear, paper, side, silence, mirror, cry, inside, knock, waste, empty, die, light, save, burn, smoke, place, truck, maybe, noise, knife, fork, kill, hero, officer, murder, death, perhaps, fair, motorcycle, seem, stupid, moment, point, anyway, yourself, until, lie, honest, lonely, helpful, laugh, rather, loud, shout, test, mouse, experiment, horse, treatment, secret, feed, goat, note, wonder, pretty, guard, careless, complete, patient, tidy, careful, rubbish, metal, plastic, right, ugly, operation, gift, last, celebrate, silver, common, send, message, greeting,include, wise, festival, clap, suppose, dumpling, spare, certain, cheer, arrive, shoulder, culture, somewhere, surprise, notice, candle, direction, doll, candy, public.。
英语期末复习要点
英语期末复习要点一、重点专业词汇1睦邻运动 the settlement movement 2人际距离3结构式访谈structured interview 4济贫法The Elizabeth Poor Law5归属需要 6 文化惰性cultural inertia 7弱势群体 Vulnerable groups\disadvantaged groups8抽样偏差sampling bias9刻板效应effect of stereotype10人在情境中Person in situation 11教育不平等12 情绪失常emotional disorder 13社会政策Social Policy14 归属感15 攻击行为aggressive behavior16单亲家庭 a single-- parent family17潜意识冲突18情感交流affective interaction 19农民工Migrant workers20态度改变 attitude change21职业发展制度career development program22社会排斥social exclusion 23威信型父母authoritative parent24就业辅导career guidance 25社会融合social integration 26权力社会authoritative society 27情感教育affective education28功能主义functionalist perspective 29平均寿命30职业认同career identity 31镜中我 looking-glass self 32正强化刺激 positive reinforcing stimulus33情感纽带affectional tie 34机械团结mechanical solidarity35第一印象 primary impression36知觉防卫机制perceptual defense mechanism37积累经验 gather experience38个人特征 individual characteristics39情感性依附affectional attachment40能力发展 41质量保证42 反社会行为antisocial behavior 43青少年危机44相对剥夺理论 relative deprivation theory45趋近行为advent behavior 46样本观察sample observation 47 行为社会化behavior socialization 48行为塑behavior shaping49被抽样总体sampled population50身心问题Body-mind problem51 样本显著性水平sample significance level52随机抽样sampling at random53 犯罪人格criminal personality二、问答题1、Please list at least three activities or three organizations in the development of social work.答;1.慈善组织协会:the Charity Organization Society2.全美社会工作者协会：the National Association of Social Workers3.汤恩比馆:Toybee Hall2、Based on the knowledge you have learned from this course, give a definition to social work.答：：Social work is the professional activity of helping individuals, groups, or communities to enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and to create social conditions favorable to their goals;3、Illustrate at least four roles that social workers may play in helping people.答：1.ENABLER;2.BROKER;3.ADVOCATE;4.ACTIVIST;ENABLER：In this role a worker helps individuals or groups to articulate their needs, to clarify and identify their problemsto explore resolution strategies, to select and apply a strategy, and to develop their capacities to deal with their own problems more effectively. This role model is perhaps the most frequently used approach in counseling individuals, groups, and families. The model is also used in community organization primarily when the objective is to help people to help themselves.BROKER：A broker links individuals and groups who need help with community services. For example, a wife who is frequently physically abused by her husband might be referred to a shelter home .Nowadays even moderate-sized communities have 200 or 300 social service agencies/organizations providing community services.Even human services professionals are often only partially aware of the total service network in their community.ADVOCATE：The role of an advocate has been borrowed from the law profession. It is an active directive role in which the social worker is an advocate for a client or for a citizen’s group.When a client or a citizen’s group is in need of help and existing institutions are uninterested in providing services, then the advocate’s role may be appropriate.ACTIVIST：An activist seeks basic institutional change;often the objective involves a shift in power and resources to a disadvantaged group. An activist is concerned about social injustice, inequity,and deprivation. Tactics involve conflict, confrontation, and negotiation. Social action is concerned with changing the social environment in order to better meet the recognized needs of individuals.4、What are three levels of social work practice?答：Social workers practice at three levels:☆micro-working on a one to one based with an individual；（一对一的方式）☆mezzo-working with families and other small groups；（为家庭和其他小群体）☆macro：['mækrəu] -working with communities or seeking changes in statutes and social policies；（与各类组织和社区打交道，或寻求改变章程，法律和社会政策）5、What are the contents of basic knowledge of social work ?答：theory, models, wisdom, and specialized knowledge.6、Describe the traditional focus of sociology.答：sociology is the study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions. It is a social science which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social actions, social structure and functions.7、Contrast absolute poverty with relative poverty.答：Absolute poverty；Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the state of severe deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care, education and information.Relative povertyRelative poverty refers to as being below some relative income threshold, where this threshold differs for each society or country. One may be relatively poor, without being in the state of absolute poverty; relative poverty is often considered as an indirect measure of income inequality.8、Which forms can Social welfare take?答：Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing. Welfare can be provided by governments, non-governmental organizations, or a combination of the two. Welfare programs may be funded directly by governments, or in social insurance models, by the members of the Welfare scheme.9、Summarized the different culture between China and America.答：1Collectivism and Individualism2Independence and Teamwork3Table manners4The concept of friendship10、Talk about your outlook on social work.答：11、Give a definition to social worker.答A social worker is a person whose job is to do social work. Social workers are health professionals who use counseling to help people function in their environment, improve their relationships with others, and solve personal and family problems. They also help people locate and access appropriateresources for their particular needs.12、which several strategies does the process of social work include?答13、What are the goals of Social Work Practice?答Goal 1: Enhance the Problem-Solving, Coping, and Developmental Capacities of People.（提高人们解决问题、应对环境和发展自己的能力）Goal 2: Link People with Systems That Provide Them with Resources, Services, and opportunities.（把人和为人们提供资源、服务和机会的系统联系起来）Goal 3: Promote the Effectiveness and Humane Operation of Systems That Provide People with Resources and Services；（促进系统高效、人道地为人们提供服务）Goal 4: Develop and Improve Social Policy（制定和修订社会政策）（注：文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，供参考。
最新英语3期末复习考试知识点复习考点归纳总结
英语复习题第一部分交际用语1．May I help you,madam?Yes,I’d like 2 kilos of orange2．May I know your address?Sure,Here you are3．Well,Mary.how are you?I’m fine4．I don’t like the spots programs on Sundays.Neither do I5．Will you go on a picnic with us tomorrow?Sorry,I have an appointment with Dr.Brown6．Nice weather,isn’t it?Yes,it is7．What about going for a walk?Why not?A good idea8．Would you mind if I open the window for a better view? Of course not9．Excuse me,how can I get to the nearest supermarket? Sorry,sir.I’m a stranger here myself10．What’s the problem,Harry?I can’t remember where I left my glasses11．Hello,may I talk to the headmaster now?Sorry,he is busy at the moment12．Would you like to have dinner with us this evening? Sorry,but this evening I have to go to the airport to meet my parents13．Oh,sorry to bother you.That’s okay14．Can you turn down the radio,please?I’m sorry,I didn’t realize it was that loud15．Would you like to see the nenu?No,thanks.I already know what to order16．What kind of TV program do you like best?It’s hard to say,actually17．Hello, could I speak to Don please?Who’s speaking18．How’s the movie?Interesting?Far from.I should have stayed home watching TV 19．What if my computer doesn’t work?Ask Anne for help20．Let’stake a walkYes,let’s21．Is this the motel you mentioned?Yes,it’s as quiet as we expected22．I think the Internet is very helpful.Yes,so do I23．What subjects are you studying?I’m studying philosophy24．Which language do you speak at home?English,most of the time25．Must we hand in our homework now?No,you need n’t 26．Do you think the exam will be put off?Not likely27.In my opinion,you’d berrer take a couple of days off.I’ll take your advice第二部分词汇与结构1.It happened on a winter night2.I know it isn’t important but I can’t help thinkingabout it3.That’s all settled. It needn’t be talked about4.Her parents died when she was very young, so she wasbrought up by her aunt5.What he said is quite right6.Don’t worry.There is enough room for all your bookshere7.What’s happened to Tom?He’s been taken to hospital8.I don’t suppose he will attend the meeting, will he?9.What fine weather it is!10.Not only I but also Jane and Mary are tired of havingone examination after another11.Which do you like better,real movies or cartoons?I prefer cartoons to real movies12.What a fool I have been!Why didn’t I think of thatbefore?13.Time is money!We should make good use of our time.14.You must explain to us how they succeeded in theexperiment15.Of all the stories here, I like this one least.It’s notinteresting at all16.We must make a difference between spoken languageand written language17.I think all these are main points being worthy of muchattention18.They watched the train until it disappeared in thedistance19.Can I get you a couple of tea?That’s very nice of you.20.Mary forgot to write a letter to her mother, so shewrote to her just now21.I prefer classic music to pop music22.All the team members tried their best.We lost the game,however.23.When we were having a meeting,the director was toldthe had news by telephone.24.Silk has been used by Chinese for thousands of yearsnow25.You ought to lock the door at night26.Before I got to the cinema,the film had begun.27.The patient acted on the doctor’s advice and finallyrecovered.28. A lecture hall is one where students attend lectures.29.I’m tired.I have been working very hard.30.Let me look into the ease carefully before I draw aconclusion.31.He is very keen on football.32.Let’s go to the cinema, shan’t me?33.He asked me where I came from.34.The teacher told me off for being late for class.35.He was over the moon about his new job.36.Are you still here?You were here half an hour ago.whowere you waiting for?37.What I enjoy most is that I can have a holiday fromwork.38.You ought to exercise more.39.They have been driving for hours.40.Spending all your money in the first week is not asensible strategy.41.He is looking forward to writing his thesis.42.I asked her to marry me and she agreed.43.You like playing football, don’t you?44.Exercise every day for 20 minutes.45.If he was fitter,he would live longer.46.I regret to say that I’m unable to help you.47.I have given up eating meat.48.She comes from the People’s Republic of China.49.The boy has been taken to school already.50.Most of these children know the answer.51.The definition leaves much room for disagreement.52.Ancient Greece is the origin of western civilization.53.It is very convenient living here.54.The sun heats the earth, which is very important toliving things.55.More and more people in China now drive to workregularly.56.I have lived here since1997.57.He keeps looking at himself in the mirror.58.The bedroom needs decorating.59.Before she left on the trip, she had trained hard.60.He is the man whose dog bit me.61.He was over the moon about his new job.62.Everything would have been destroyed if Alberthadn’t called the fire brigade.63.On his first sea voyage,he was still quite young butshowed great courage to face the storm.64.I broke my leg when I was skiing in America.65.She was convicted of murder.66.He,as well as I, is a student.67.Mother was busy.Although she was not watching thebaskerball on TV,she was listening to it on the radio.68.Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.69.The majority of people agree with him.70.When I was a child,we had to wear a uniform forschool.71.When was the building completed?72.I can do that job by myself.73.Those cakes look nice.Can I have one?74.My car was being repaired when it was stolen. 75.The next train to Beijing is due here at 3’o colck.76.I am leaving for New York in three days’ time.第四部分完型填空一：A study has shown that fitness is the key to long life,irrespective of body shape or even smoking habits. Researchers discovered that people who exercise live longer than those who do not ,even if they are overweight and smoke.The study found that the least fit of the 6,000 middle-aged men in the study were five times more likely to die within six years of the start of the research than the fittest.This was true whether or not the men bad heart problems,smoked or were overweight.Scientists concluded that it was better to be fat and active than skinny and sedentary.Dr ken cooper,a fitness expert,said,”You are better off smoking a packet of cigarettes a day and exercising regularly than being a non –smoker and sedentary.”Although he adds,”But don’t misunderstand me.I an not endorsing smoking ,I am trying to tell you how dangerous it is to be sedentary.”The British Government is putting pressure on manufacturers to reduce high levels of sugar in food and to restrict the hard-sell of junk food to children in order to improve the naion’s health.But the new study suggests the Government should encourage more people to exercise .二：Although intermational travel is usually an exciting and plteasant experience,travellers should take steps to ensure that their health does not suffer either from their time in the air or from their time abroad.Before you go,check with your doctor or local travel clinic which injections are mecessary for the areas you are travelling to .Allow sufficient time to have these injections before you leave because they may take time to become effective.Be sure that the information on health is up-to-date.Check on the Internet if you are not sure.Don’t go to bed late the day before you fly.Your body has a natural daily sleep pattern.It takes time to adjust to a new time zone.There are many different effects of jet lag: you may not be able to sleep,you may not want to eat or you may feel sick and tired.You nay not be able to concentrate for some days after you arrive.There are several things you can do to lessen the effects of jet lag:-Do your best to relax during the flight;-Sleep as much as you can on the e a nild sleeping pill if necessary;-Drink as much water as you can;-Don’t drink alcohol and caffeine;-Take nild sleeping pills for the first new days in the newtime zone if you need them.三：Peter Blake is a successful businessman,but he used to be very poor. He had nowhere to live and was working in a pub when he decided to start his own business.Peter had always been interested in plants and flowers,so he decided to set up a company which cared for the plants in big office.At first he worked on his own ,but soon he took on two people to help him.The company has been growing -----for the last ten years.Peter is now very rich,but he complains that now he doesn’t work with plants but with a computer every day!四：The ancient Olympic Games were part of a religious festival in honour of the Greek god Zeus, the father of all Greek gods and goddesses.The festival and games were held in Olympia, a religious sanctuary.In the ancient games, athletes received prizes worth large amounts of money. In fact the word “athlete” is an ancient Greek word, meaning “one who competes for a prize”. The marathon was not an event of the ancient Olympic Games. The marathon is a modern event that was first introduced in the Olympic games in 1896. It was named after a village called marathon where the Persians were defeated by a small Greek army. The news of the victory was brought to Athens by a soldier, who ran the 26 miles from the village of marathon to the capital. 26 miles was therefore adopted as the distance of the modern marathon race.五：Traffic in India means a mixture of all kinds of vehicles on the road. About 700,000 new cars have been sold in India in the last twelve months, and about twice that many used cars have been traded.The country’s 35 million motorcycles and scooters make it the world’s largest two –wheel market. But because there are still big differences in people’s incomes, the roads are full of a whole variety of vehicles ,lots of them not motorized.A ride with a taxi driver in New Delhi gives a flavour of a typical Indian-style traffic with all kinds of vehicle held up in city streets or in long lines on narrow country lanes. Cars, lorries and buses back up behind a cart pulled by one animal or another. “India has everything on the roads,” the taxi driver says. “You have to watch out for pedestrians, bicycles, carts, cows, donkeys and even elephants. Three things are recommended to drive here, a horn, brakes and good luck.” Just then we were stopped by a young boy and his cow.Given the hazards, it’s not surprising what special ceremonies are held for new car owners in which the steering wheel and the driver are both blessed.六：In the UK,in business situations,when you meet someone for the first time you shake hands and say,”How do you do?”.This is not re-ally a question,and the reply to it is another greeting such as “How do you do?” or “Hello” or “I’m very pleased to meet you”or,if you have met the person sometime before,”It’s good to see you again”.You don’t shake hands every time you meet someone,you just greet them.If you are invited to someone’s house for dinner,it is usual to take a present-some chocolates or flowers or,if you know them quite well,a bottle of wine.If you do not know the host well,don’t be the last person to leave.Telephone the next day to thank the host for the meal.English people don’t like to talk about personal things,and tend to avoid religion,politics and money. Good topics for small talk are the weather,holidays,weekend activi-ties,gardens and architecture,especially houses and homes.When you go to a pub or bar,it’s usual to take turns to buy a drink for every-one in your group and pay for the drinks when you get them from the bar and before you drink them.试卷七：T here are advantages and disadvantages to both Asian and Western educational methods. For example, one advantage to the education in Japan is that students there learn much more math and science than American students. They also study more hours each day than Americans do . The study is difficult, but it prepares students for a society that values discipline and self-control. There is, however, a disadvantage. Memorization is an important learning method in Japanese schools, yet many students say that after an exam, they forget much of the information that they have memorized.The advantage to the education in North America, on the other hand, is that students learn to think by themselves. The system prepares them for a society that values new ideas. There is, however, a disadvantage. When students graduate from high school, they haven’t memorized as many basic rules and facts as students in other countries have .八：More and more people have to install burglar alarms in their houses if they want to get insurance. Insurance companies have been asking people in certain areas to install the alarms before they will give them insurance for the fast year. This is due to increasing crime in some parts of the country. This can be a problem for people who are struggling to make–(不填)ends meet. The alarms, which can be very expensive, need to be installed by an electrician. It is estimated that 20% of homes have alarms installed, and that another 20% of people plan to have them installed but have not installed them yet The insurance companies told people to install the alarms on all doors and windows.第四部分阅读理解白(A.B.C选择)一：A funny thing happened on the way to the communication revolution: we stopped talking to each other.I was walking in the park with a friend recently, and his mobile phone rang, interrupting our conversation. There we were, walking and talking on a beautiful sunny day and – poof! – I was cut off as if I had become absent from the conversation.The park was filled with people talking on their cell phones. They were passing people without looking at them, saying hello, noticing their babies or stopping to pat their dogs. It seems that the limitless electronic voice is preferred to human contact.The telephone used to connect you to the absent. Now it makes people feel absent. Recently I was in a car with three friends. The driver hushed the rest of us because he could not hear the person on the other end of his cell phone. There we were, four friends driving down the highway, unable to talk to each other because of the small thing designed to make communication easier.Why is it that the more connected we get, the more disconnected I feel? Every advance in communications technology is a setback (退步) to the closeness of human interaction. With e-mail and instant message over the Internet, we can now communicate without seeing or talking to one another. With voice mail, you can make entire conversations without ever reaching anyone. If my mom has a question, I just leave the answer on her machine.As almost every contact between human beings gets automatic, the emotional distance index goes up. Pumping gas at the station? Why say good-morning to the assistant when you can swipe you credit card at the pump and save yourself the bother of human contact? Making a deposit at the bank? Why talk to the clerk who lives in the neighborhood when you can put your card into the ATM?More and more, I find myself hiding behind e-mail to do a job meant for conversation or being relieved that voice mail picked up because I didn’t really have time to talk. The technology devoted to helping me keep in touch is making me lonelier.I own a mobile phone, an ATM card, a voice-mail telephone, and an e-mail account. Gi ving them up isn’t a choice. They are great for what they are intended to do. It’s their unintended results that make me upset. What good is all this gee-whiz technology if there is no one in the room to hear you crying out “Gee whiz”?1. The author’s expe rience of walking in a park with a friend recently made him feel unhappy2. According to the author, human contact in a park means both A and B3. According to the author, the more connected we get in communications technology, the more disconnected we are.4. What are the examples the author gives to explain his idea that every advance in communications technology is a setback to the closeness of human interaction? All of the above.5. What is the unintended result of communication technology, according to the author? It makes human contacts limitless with electronic voices everywhere二：People all over the world today are beginning to hear and learn more and more about the problem of pollution. Pollution is caused either by man’s release of completely new and often artificial (人造的) substances into the environment, or by releasing greatly increased amounts of a natural substance (物质)，such as oil from oil tankers into the sea.Whatever its underlying reasons, there is no doubt that much of the pollution caused could be controlled if only companies, individuals and governments would make more efforts. In the home there is an obvious need to control litter and waste. Food comes wrapped up three of four times in packages that all have to be disposed of; drinks are increasingly sold in bottles or tins which can’t be reused. This not only causes a litter problem, but also is a great waste of resources, in terms of glass, metal and paper. Advertising has helped this process by persuading many of us not only to buy things we neither want nor need, but also to throw away much of what we do buy. Pollution and waste combine to be a problem everyone can help to solve by cutting out unnecessary buying, excess use and careless disposal (处理) of the products we use in our daily lives.1. The main cause of pollution is the release of artificial or natural substances into the environment2. Much of the pollution could be controlled if only all sides concerned would make more efforts3. Food packages, bottles and tins for drinks can cause. both a litter problem and a waster of resources4. Which of the following can not help solving the problem of pollution? Eating.5. What does the underlined word “litter” mean in paragraph 2? bits of waste things三：Benjamin Disraeli, the famous nineteenth century primeminister, said, “London is not a city,- it is a nation.” Today this is an understatement; London, with its vast range of different ethnic groups, is a world.Certainly, London is the most culturally diverse city in the world. The city was founded by the Romans and since then new arrivals have constantly added to its character and prosperity.Within 10 years 40% of Londoners will be from ethnic minority groups, including the growing number of Londoners of mixed ethnic origin, but most of them will have been born in Britain.Children of Caribbean-Chinese marriages will go to school with children of Russian-Irish couples. None of them will be English but all of them will be Londoners.Most of Britain's ethnic minority residents live in the capital, speaking over 300 languages.Nearly all of the African population and many of the Caribbean population of Britain live in London (83% and 58% respectively); 39% of the Chinese population of Britain and 36% of the Asian population of Britain live in London.The largest migrant community is from the Irish Republic with 256,000 people, 3.8% of the total population of London. There are an estimated 330,000 refugees and asylum seekers living in London, with most recent arrivals coming from Eastern Europe, North Africa and Kurdistan.Young people, in particular, are skilled at dealing with a large number of different and hybrid cultures.They themselves often have several different ethnic identities since their parents and grandparents may come from several different backgrounds and their friends and partners do also. They are “skilled cross-cultural travellers” without leaving their home-town.1.Why does the writer think that Benjamin Disraeli’s statement is an understatement?Because he thinks London is a miniature world thanks to its great cultural diversity2. London is regarded as the most culturally diverse city in the world due to the following facts EXCEPT that many young people are immigrants from different backgrounds3. Ethnic minority groups will make up_40%_of the London population in the future.4. The last paragraph mainly tells us in London young people feel at ease with a large number of diversified cultures5. The passage mainly deals with the cultural diversity in London考试样题Anna is our only daughter.My wife and I have two sons,and Anna is the youngest in the family,but she’s twenty-five now.Anna was not well when she was little.It was a very worrying time and she stayed at home a lot.She was seen fist by the local doctors,and then she was sent to a spe-cialist in Cardiff where she was diagnosed as diabetic.It was my wife who mainly took care of her then.I am not very good at looking after little chil-dren.I suppose I am a bit traditional in that way.But when she grew up a bit,we spent a lot of time together.We loved walking and talking and dis-cussing life.We still love it today.We get on very well.Although she looks like me (tall,dark hair,dark eyes and dark skin),she takes after her mother:she is artistic and musical,and like her mother she’s attractive.She loves looking after animals-she has two dogs,three cats and a goat.She lives in a little house in the country.I like animals too.I like riding and hunting,but Anna hates hunting.She thinks it’s cruel.We discuss it a lot.She is quiet and a bit shy with strangers.I am more outgoing and I love meeting new people.But she’s not boring-actually,She’s very fun-ny.She always has lots of stories of her life in the country.She’s an art and music teacher in a little village school.She is very good-natured.Anna says we brought her up well,and she’s going to bring her children up to be honest and loyal.But I think she was easy to bring up.I don’t remember ever telling her off.1.According to the passage,when Anna was a child,she gotan illness .2.It can be inferred from the passage the author thinkslooking after little children is mainly a woman’s responsibility .3.What does “take after”mean in the first sentence ofpara.2?look like4.My daughter and I have little in common in terms ofcharacter .5.From the passage,we can see the author’s description ofhis daughter is affectionate.模拟试题Mrs. sharp, a large, red-faced woman in her late sixties, has lived in Greenleas, a “new town”in the countryside outside London, since 1958. before that she lived in Bethnal green, an area of inner London. She was moved to Greenleas by the local authorities when her old house was demolished.She came from a large family with six girls and two boys, and she grew up among brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, grandparents and cousins. When she married her boyfriend from school at eighteen, they went on living with her parents, and her first child was brought up more by her mother than by herself, because she always worked.As the family grew, they moved out of their parents’ house to a flat, it was in the next street, and their life was still that of the extended family. ”All my family used to live around Denby Street,”said Mrs. sharp, “and we were always in and out of each other’s houses.” When she went to the shops, she used to call in on her mother to see if she wanted anything. Every day she would visit one sister or another and see a nephew or niece at the corner shop or in the market.“You always knew 90% of the people you saw in the street everyday, either they were related to you or you were at schoolwith them.” she said.When her babies were born (she had two sons and a daughter), she said, “all my sister and neighbors would help-----they used to come and make a cup of tea, or help in some other way.”and every Saturday night there was a family party. It was at Mrs. Sharp’s mother’s house. “of course we all know each other very well. You have to learn to get on with each other. I had one neighbour who was always poking her nose into our business. She was forever asking questions and gossiping. But you had to put up with everyone, whatever they were like.”1.Why did Mrs. sharp have to move to greenleans?Because her house in the down area was knocked down2.When she got married, she lived together with her parents for some time3.Why did she know so many people?Because they were eitherher relatives or schoolmates4.The sentence “ I had one neighbour who was always poking her nose into our business.” in the last Para. Means I had one neighbour who always showed her in our private affairs.5.What doer this passage mainly deal with? What the extended family is like蓝When I was a little girl, my brother and I collected stamps for many years. My mother didn’t use to work during t he week, but she worked in the post office near our house on Saturdays, and she used to bring home all the new stamps as soon as they were issued.On the day of the world cup football final in London in 1966, we were very excited because England were playing West Germany in the final. When we were having lunch, my mother told us to go to the post office straightaway after the match if England won, but she didn’t tell us why. At 2 o’clock my mother went back to work as usual, while the rest of the family were watching the football on TV at home. Although she wasn’t watching the match, she was listening to it on the radio. England won 4:2 and so my brothers and I ran to the post office. As we burst in, my mother was standing behind the counter. She was waiting to sell us a very special limited edition with ENGLAND WINNERS on each stamp. We were over the moon.We still have it today, and perhaps it is worth a lot of money. 1.This passage mainly tells us The author and her brother had got an unforgettable experience in collecting stamps 2.According to the passage, her mother worked in the post office on Saturdays3.Their mother told them to go to the post office straightaway after the match if England won, but she didn’t tell us why. Do you think why she did that?She wanted to give them a surprise4.What does the sentence “we were over the moon.” mean? We were extremely happy about it5.What is the best title for this passage? A precious stamp短文理解2 (T&F&NG)白一：Lily is 70 years old and she takes care of her 91-year-old mother. She told us about caring for her mother.I wake up early every day, it’s usually about 6.30 am, and wait until I hear Tilly, my mum, moving about. Then I make her a cup of tea. At about half past seven she gets up and we have breakfast together. We normally just have toast, but on Sundays we always have bacon and eggs. After breakfast she reads the newspaper, then she sits by the window and waves to the neighbours as they walk by.She hardly ever goes out but she is very proud of her personal appearance, so she goes to the hairdresser once a month.She doesn’t like being left on her own for very long, so I always arrange for a neighbour to come and sit with her when I go out. Now and again, my friend and neighbour, Joan, comes to spend the day with her, and I can go and have lunch with another friend, May, who lives in town.I have a brother, Syd. He comes to stay two or three times a year. He is very good and keeps in touch, but he lives 300 miles away. Once a year, he collects mum and takes her to stay with him in London for a week. She doesn’t really like going because it’s a long journey, but I need the rest.Sally, the nurse, comes to see mum regularly. My next-door neighbour, Jack, often calls in. In the evening we usually watch TV and we sometimes play cards. Mum is fantastic for her age. But I can never decide to go anywhere spontaneously.I always have to plan it, so I feel a bit trapped. But what is the alternative? An old people’s home? I couldn’t do that to my mother.T 1. Lily wakes before her mother.T 2. Joan sometimes spends the day with Lily’s mother.NG 3. Tilly is satisfied with her hairdresser.F 4. Lily’s brother comes to visit every three weeks.F 5. Lily and her mother play cards more than they watch TV.二：The ancient Olympic Games were part of a religious festival in honour of the Greek god Zeus, the father of all Greek gods and goddesses. The festival and games were held in Olympia, a religious sanctuary. The athletes came to Olympia from all parts of the Greek world, from as far as Spain in the west and Turkey in the east.The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won a 200-metre-long race. They took place for a period of 617 years until the last games were held in AD 393.In the ancient games, athletes received prizes worth large amounts of money. In fact the word “ athlete ” is an ancient Greek word, meaning “ one who competes for a prize ”. Although women did not compete in the games, there was a separate festival held at the same time in honour of Hera, wife。
英语演讲与辩论
英语演讲与辩论简介英语演讲与辩论是一种在英语国家相当流行的交流形式。
它涵盖了演讲和辩论两种技巧，既可以用于演讲比赛，也可以用于辩论赛事。
这种形式要求参与者用英语表达自己的观点和论证，以达到说服、交流和辩论的目的。
本文将介绍英语演讲与辩论的基本要素，以及如何提高自己在此领域的能力。
英语演讲英语演讲是通过口头表达来传达信息和观点的一种形式。
演讲者可以选择不同的主题，例如个人经历、时事问题或专业领域的知识。
一篇完整的英语演讲稿通常包括以下几个部分：开场白一篇好的英语演讲应该以一个引人入胜的开场白开始。
演讲者可以使用问候语、引用名人名言或者提出有趣的问题来吸引听众的注意力。
开场白应该简洁明了，同时能够激发听众对演讲内容的兴趣。
主体部分主体部分是演讲的核心，用于阐述和支持演讲者的观点。
演讲者应该清楚地组织自己的思路，用恰当的语言和逻辑来表达观点，并提供相关的事实、数据或例子来支持自己的论证。
同时，演讲者需要注意语速、语调和肢体语言等方面的表达，以增强演讲的效果。
结尾部分结尾部分是演讲的总结和呼吁。
演讲者可以回顾演讲的要点，并提出呼吁或建议，鼓励听众对演讲的内容进行思考或行动。
结尾部分应该简明扼要，给人留下深刻的印象。
英语辩论英语辩论是一种通过理性论证和辩论来解决争论的方式。
参与者通常被分为“正方”和“反方”，就某个议题展开辩论。
辩论过程需要参与者互相交流观点、质疑对方的论证，并试图说服听众支持自己的立场。
结构一场英语辩论通常分为准备时间和辩论时间两个阶段。
在准备时间，辩方和反方都有机会准备自己的论据和证据，以便在辩论时间中进行论述。
辩论时间中，每个参与者轮流发表自己的论述，可以提出观点、反驳对方观点或提供证据。
技巧在英语辩论中，掌握以下几个技巧可以提高自己的表现：1.逻辑思维：辩论需要有清晰的逻辑思考能力，能够从不同的角度来思考问题，并用合理的论证方式来表达自己的观点。
2.反驳能力：在辩论中，对方很可能提出质疑或反驳你的观点，你需要积极应对并寻求合理的解释或反驳。
《大学英语》期末考试复习指南
《大学英语》期末考试复习指南一、单选题内容介绍●共10个选择题，每题2分，共20分。
●这部分常考的语法点比较多，主要是：时态、被动语态、非谓语形式、情态动词、定语从句、虚拟语气、部分倒装、名词辨析、连词、代词、副词和一些固定搭配等。
常考点分析：常考点1：时态时态在任何英语考试中都是重点，非常重要，英语Ⅱ(1)考试也不例外。
英语中共有12种常用时态，但英语Ⅱ(1)考试中重点考查的时态有以下四种：过去进行时过去进行时描述过去某一时刻或过去某阶段正在进行的动作。
形式如下：肯定式否定式疑问式主语+was/were + 现在分词+…主语+was/were + not + 现在分词+…Was/Were +主语+ 现在分词+…?过去进行时的时间状语有：this time yesterday, at that time, at nine yesterday morning, the whole afternoon, from 8 to 9 yesterday morning等以及when, while等引导的时间状语从句。
例如：Jane burnt her hand when she was cooking the dinner.简做饭的时候烫了手。
What were you doing at nine last night？昨晚九点时，你在做什么？This time yesterday Jack was not watching TV. He was repairing his bike.昨天这个时候,杰克不是在看电视，而是在修理自行车｡【注意】表示状态的动词通常不用进行时态。
如：be, like, want, love, hear, see, smell, sound, hate, believe, feel, know, think, understand, taste等。
过去完成时过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前完成的动作或事件，即“过去的过去”，动作发生的先后关系如下图：+（过去的过去）（过去）（现在）过去完成时的形式如下：肯定式否定式疑问式主语+ had +过去分词主语+ hadn’t +过去分词+…Had +主语+ 过去分词+…? +…通常可以使用连词after，before以及because来表示其所连接的两个句子中的动作发生的先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。
【推荐下载】高二下学年英语期末考试重点复习
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高二下学年英语期末考试重点复习
知识点在不断更新的同时也需要及时的归纳总结，才能更好的掌握，接下来高中频道给大家整理高二下学年英语期末考试重点复习，供大家参考阅读。
高二英语Unit18Inventions知识点总复习教案
SectionI课前准备、听力、口语
1.Neverthrowawayorwashchopsticksagain.千万不要扔掉再洗这些筷子。
(p.57A)
▲throw(threw，thrown)
(1)投，抛，扔Hethrewtheball20metres.他把球投出20米。
(2)摔倒Thepolicemanthrewthethieftotheground.警察把小偷摔倒在地面上。
(3)发射，射Chinahasthrowasatelliteintospacerecent-ly.中国最近向太空发射了一枚卫星。
辨析：throw...tosb.与throw...atsb.
throwsth.tosb.指把某物扔向某人，其目的在于传递(forsb.tocatch)介词to纯粹表示行为的方向，其动机是善意的;throwsth.atsb.指把某物打向某人，其目的在于打
1。
英语期末考试语法复习要点
英语期末考试语法复习要点一、名词（Noun）名词是指用来表示人、事物、地点、概念等具体或抽象事物或概念的名称。
名词可以用来做主语、宾语、表语、定语或宾语补足语等。
1. 可数名词（Countable Noun）和不可数名词（Uncountable Noun）：可数名词可以用单数或复数形式表示数量，不可数名词只能用单数形式，不能用复数表示。
例如：- 可数名词：book（书），books（书籍）；- 不可数名词：water（水），milk（牛奶）。
2. 名词所有格（Possessive Noun）：名词所有格用于表示所属关系。
一般情况下，名词所有格的形式为名词 + 's（所有格符号），如：Tom's book（汤姆的书）。
3. 可能性和一般性名词（Nouns of Possibility and Generality）：可能性名词用于表示某事可能发生的情况，如：chance（机会），possibility（可能性）；一般性名词用于表示事物的一般概念，如：fact （事实），idea（观念）。
二、代词（Pronoun）代词是指用来代替名词的词语，可以用来做主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
1. 人称代词（Personal Pronoun）：人称代词用于代替人或事物的名称，包括主格代词和宾格代词。
主格代词用于做主语，宾格代词用于做宾语。
例如：- 主格代词：I（我），you（你），he（他），she（她），we（我们），they（他们）；- 宾格代词：me（我），you（你），him（他），her（她），us （我们），them（他们）。
2. 反身代词（Reflexive Pronoun）：反身代词用于强调或表示动作的反射。
反身代词的形式为代词 + self/selves。
例如：- 单数形式：myself（我自己），yourself（你自己），himself（他自己），herself（她自己），itself（它自己）；- 复数形式：ourselves（我们自己），yourselves（你们自己），themselves（他们自己）。
高二英语期末复习知识点汇总
对于英语来说，英语单词的积累是学好英语的基础，星火一对一英语辅导时老师为同学们整理了高二英语中一些重点单词以及其词组的固定用法，希望能够更好地为高二同学们提供英语辅导，各位同学可以依此来复习，以迎接期末考试哦！单元一1）achieve表示“完成，到达”。
区别achieve，reach，gain：achieve着重表示达到一定目的的过程中所需要的技能，耐性和努力。
reach指达到任何目标、目的或指达到发展过程中的某个阶段。
gain强调经过奋斗才达到所期望的目标、优势或者有利地位。
2）condition表示“条件”，condition为单数时，表示人/物所处的“状态”。
conditions（复数）指一般情况，环境。
in good/poor condition状况好/不好。
out of condition状况不好。
on condition that在……条件下，假使。
on no condition决不。
3）connection表示“连接，关系”。
connections亲戚。
in connection with与……有关。
4）behave表示“举止，举动，行为表现”。
behave oneself表现良好，行为良好。
behave as起……作用，表现为……。
5）worthwhile表示“值得做的，值得出力的”。
句型It is worhtwhile doing/to do sth“干……是值得的”。
6）observe表示“观察，注意”，可接省略to的不定式的复合结构，当observe用被动语态时，其后的不定式应回复to。
observe后也可接由现在分词构成的复合结构。
后接that从句，表示“注意到，说”。
observe还可以表示“遵守，庆祝”。
7）respect作动词，后直接跟宾语。
respect oneself自重，自尊。
作名词，表示“尊重，尊敬”。
have/show respect for意为“对……尊重/尊敬”。
大一英语期末考试 知识点
大一英语期末考试知识点为了帮助大一学生更好地复习英语期末考试的知识点，本文将以以下几个重要知识点为主题展开讨论，包括词汇、语法、阅读和写作。
一、词汇（Vocabulary）词汇是语言运用的基础，大一英语期末考试中对词汇的考查相当重要。
复习时，建议学生多进行记忆和运用。
1. 同义词与反义词（Synonyms and Antonyms）：在考试中，同义词和反义词常常用来测试学生对词汇的理解程度。
例如，给出一个单词，要求学生选择其最接近的意思或相反的意思。
2. 词根与词缀（Roots and Affixes）：掌握一些常见的词根和词缀能帮助学生更好地理解和记忆生词。
例如，"un-"表示否定，“pre-"表示之前。
3. 重点词汇积累（Key Vocabulary）：复习时，学生可以根据教材和课堂笔记整理出一份重点词汇表，重点记忆和运用这些词汇。
二、语法（Grammar）语法是学生提高英语水平的重要一环。
复习语法时，建议学生重点关注以下几个方面：1. 时态与语态（Tenses and Voices）：复习过去时、现在时和将来时等时态，并了解被动语态的使用情况。
2. 句型转换（Sentence Transformation）：学生需要掌握常见句型的转换规则，如一般疑问句、否定句和选择疑问句等。
3. 从句与连接词（Clauses and Conjunctions）：复习主从复合句的构成和连接词的使用方法。
三、阅读（Reading）阅读是提高英语综合能力的重要途径，期末考试中常常涉及到阅读理解题。
复习时，建议学生关注以下几个方面：1. 主旨理解（Main Idea）：学生需要能够快速抓住文章的主旨，了解作者的观点和意图。
2. 细节题（Detail Questions）：学生需要细致观察文章中的细节，并能准确回答相关问题。
3. 推理与推断（Inference）：学生需要通过文章中的线索，进行推理和推断。
高英期末复习资料
高英期末复习资料Lesson 1Paraphrase1.And it is an activity only of humans.And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.2.Conversation is not for making a point.Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view.3.In fact,the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to loss.Actually,a person who is good at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.4.Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed in each other’s lives.5.…it could still go ignorantly on.The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.6.They are cattle in the fields,but we sit down to beef(boeuf).These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed in the fields;but when we sit down at the table to eat,we call their meat beef.7.The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building theirFrench against his own language.The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of therulers.8.…English had come royally into its own.The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.9.The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously bythe lower classes.The phrase,the Ki ng’s English,has always been used disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.10.The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.There still exists in the working people,as in the early Saxon peasants,a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.11.There is always a great danger,as Carlyle put it,that “words will harden intothings for us.”As Carlyle pointed out,there is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.12.Even with the most educated and the most literate,the King’s English slips andslides in conversation.Even the most learned and the most literate people do not use standard,formal English all the time in their conversation.Translation1.However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do notindulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.而动物之间的信息交流，无论其方式何等复杂，也是称不上交际的。
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- - . - - 考试资料. 《英语演讲与辩论复习重点》 一、三种演讲的定义 Introductory speech: The speech is written in manuscript form and is designed to fulfill two purposes.The first is to give you a brief, initial exposure to speaking before an audience.The second is to provide a piece of original prose that can be used to help diagnose your strengths and weakness as a writer. Informative speech:is the one in which the speaker provide the audience with new and/or useful information about a significant topic. Persuasive speech: This is a speech designed to persuade the audience for or against a question or policy. 二、演讲稿三大板块 1、Introduction ① Relate topic to the audience ② Present the topic to the audience ③ Attract attention ④ Build credibility ⑤ Present main points 2、Conclusion——sum up 3、Body (1) Informative speech 1) Visual aids - - . - - 考试资料. A. Kinds of visual aid a. Objects and models b. Photographs and drawings c. Graphs d. Charts e. Videos f. The speaker g. PowerPoint B. Tips for preparing visual aids a. Keep visual aids simple b. Make sure visual aids are large enough c. Use fonts that are easy to read d. Use color effectively 2) Organization pattern a. Chronological order 时间顺序 b. Spacial order 空间顺序 c. Topical order 话题顺序 （2） Persuasive speech 1) Question of fact 2) Question of value 3) Question of policy（passive agreement & immediate action) a. Problem-solution pattern order 问题出路法
话题顺序 - - . - - 考试资料. b. Problem-cause-solution order 问题成因出路法 c. Comparative advantages order 优惠对比法(pros&cons） d. Motivated sequence 动机序列法 (seek immediate action and more detailed） Five steps of motivated sequence i. Attention ii. Need ‘ iii. Satisfaction iv. Visualization v. Action 三、Supporting material的运用 （分析题会用到） Problems: 1. Foreign languages,foreign laws,customs and regulations 2. Exchange rates varies 3. Numerous cultural differences 4. First-hand accurate information is comparatively hard to obtain.
简单例证 1. Examples 延展例证
假设
Brief example
Extended example Hypothetical example - - .
- - 考试资料. 2. Statistics .
a. Use representative statistics b. Identify the sources of statistics c. Use statistics from reliable sources d. Round off complicated statistics e. Explain statistics f. Use visual aids to clarify statistics
3. Testimony a. Decide whether to quote or paraphrase b. Quote or paraphrase accurately c. Use testimony from qualified sources
Single statistics
Multiple statistics
Expert
Peel - - .
- - 考试资料. d. Use testimony from unbiased sources e. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase
四、简答 1、Intercultural competence 2、Mental dialogue 3、使用visual aids 的好处` 4、为什么确定specific purpose特别重要 5、为什么道德标准很重要
五、Methods of persuasion 1. Building credibility 1) Factors of credibility a. Competence b. Character 2) Enhancing your credibility a. Explain your competence b. Establish common ground with your audience c. Deliver your speeches fluently.expressively and with conviction 2. Using evidence a. Use specific evidence b. Use novel evidence(新颖的） - - . - - 考试资料. c. Use evidence from credible sources d. Make clear the point of your evidence 3. Reasoning(is a process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence） 1) Reasoning from specific instance (from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion）（归纳） a. Avoid generalizing too hastily b. Make sure the instances you present are fair, unbiased and representative. c. Reinforce your argument with statistics or testimony. 2) Reasoning from principle ( from a general principle to a specific conclusion)（演绎） 注意： A. Causal reasoning B. Analogical reasoning C. Fallacies a. Red herring 转移话题（熏青鱼） （A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion) b. Ad Hominem 人身攻击 (A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute)