语言学复习资料 音系学(英语)

Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.2 If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments andthey distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementarydistribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writingin terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties ofthe stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in threeimportant areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech soundscalled voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types intowhich the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: theposition of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified intoclose vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified intodifferent categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see ifsubstituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. 18. When two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are languagespecific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running overa sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22． A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how theydiffer.23． The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common,i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24． Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25． English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26． When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________. <![endif]> 27． S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc. 28．The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules.29． The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbolstogether with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription. 30．When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asi_________.31．P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds ofa particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningfulunits to effect linguistic communication.32． The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33． T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes. <![endif]>34． Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35． Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38．The assimilation rule assimilate s one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39． Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementarydistributionC. the allophonesD.minimal pair40． The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodentalfricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tonguemaintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two ormore phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above thelevel of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD.semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is anabstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD.phoneme44． The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones <![endif]>IV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. internationalphonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basicthan writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affectmeaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T10.F11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25.place26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. Phonology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentenceIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D44.DIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particularlanguage; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unitof distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme indifferent phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized andinternationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.50. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium oflanguage; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages51. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer'spoint of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.52. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at thesound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.53. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use whenspeaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.54. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation betweentwo phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.55. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differingrates of vibration of the vocal cords.56. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every wayexcept for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basicthan writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role thanwriting in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquireshis mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?1) Vowels may be distinguished as front, central and backin terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.2) According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classifythe vowels into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, and open vowels.3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are dividedinto rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.4) The English vowels can also be classified into longvowels and short vowels according to the length of the sound. 59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics? They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affectmeaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning,such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, buta black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives ,adverbs,etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as thefour tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see ifsubstituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If。