Paradox_Oxymoron1(矛盾分析法)
词汇学 Paradox Oxymoron Irony 举例1
ParadoxDefinition: A statement that seems impossible at first but actually makessense.ExamplesDark knows daylight"Dark knows daylight" is an example of paradox because dark and daylight are opposites, and yet here they have something in common.Hot understands Cold"Hot understands cold" is an example of paradox because hot and cold are opposites, but yet the stanza says that they understand each other. This is a paradox because the stanza doesn't seem to make sense. However, a paradox poem will explain how two opposite or very unlike things can be related in some way.Dark and lightDark remembers light,The day they separated,They try to be friends, butcan't.Dark doesn't like lightTheir friendship no longer exists.By AlexNIGHT REMEMBERS LIGHTNight remembers the light of anewbornstar.Night remembers how he heldthe littlestar,And now you can seethe star,Much bigger nowfor now it isthe sun.By RachelFor example: "I know that I know nothing." Knowing "know nothing" is knowing something thus cannot be "know nothing". This logic is self-contradictory, but one can know that they know nothing.IronyTo say something that is the opposite of the truth. In a scary movie when the audience knows that a killer is in the house, but the owners in the house don't know it.At a restaurant there is a fly floating in a customer's soup and the customer says, "Mmmmm. Insect soup, my favorite!"When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover.You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go out to the concession stand, you run into your date who is there with another guy.You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"Your boyfriend shows up in ripped jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh!I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a nice restaurant!"The average cost of rehabilitating a seal after the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska was $80,000. At a special ceremony, two of the most expensively saved animals were released back into the wild amid cheers and applause from onlookers. A minute later, they were both eaten by a killer whale.A boy and his friends are talking trash about the principal, and the principal is standing right around the corner listening.Terrorist Khay Rahnajet didn't pay enough postage on a letter bomb. It came back with "return with sender" stamped on it. Forgetting it was the bomb, he opened it and was blown to bits.Two animal rights activists were protecting the cruelty of sending pigs to a slaughterhouse in Bonn. Suddenly the pigs, all two thousand of them, escaped through a broken fence and stampeded, trampling the two hapless protestors to death.Irony: a leading part of humor. Irony is using words to express somethingcompletely different from the literal meaning. Usually, someone says the opposite of what they mean and the listener believes the opposite of what they said.Verbal irony, including sarcasmVerbal irony is distinguished from situational irony and dramatic irony in that it is produced intentionally by speakers. For instance, if a speaker exclaims, “I‟m not upset!” but reveals an upset emotional state through her voice while truly trying to claim she's not upset, it would not be verbal irony by virtue of its verbal manifestation (it would, however, be situational irony). But if the same speaker said the same words and intended to communicate that she was upset by claiming she was not, the utterance would be verbal irony. This distinction gets at an important aspect of verbal irony: speakers communicate implied propositions that are intentionally contradictory to the propositions contained in the words themselves. There are examples of verbal irony that do not rely on saying the opposite of what one means, and there are cases where all the traditional criteria of irony exist and the utterance is not ironic.Ironic similes are a form of verbal irony where a speaker does intend to communicate the opposite of what they mean. For instance, the following explicit similes have the form of a statement that means P but which conveys the meaning not P:as hard as puttyas funny as canceras clear as mudas pleasant as root canal treatmentas sharp as a marbleas straight as a circleThe irony is recognizable in each case only by using stereotypical knowledge of the source concepts (e.g., mud, root-canals) to detect an incongruity.A fair amount of confusion has surrounded the issue regarding the relationship between verbal irony and sarcasm, and psychology researchers have addressed the issue directly (e.g,Lee & Katz, 1998). For example, ridicule is an important aspect of sarcasm, but not verbal irony in general. By this account, sarcasm is a particular kind of personal criticism leveled against a person or group of persons that incorporates verbal irony. For example, a person reports to her friend that rather than going to a medical doctor to treat her ovarian cancer, she has decided to see a spiritual healer instead. In response her friend says sarcastically, "Great idea! I hear they do fine work!" The friend could have also replied with any number of ironic expressions that should not be labeled as sarcasm exactly, but still have many shared elements with sarcasm.Most instances of verbal irony employ sarcasm, suggesting that the term sarcasm is more widely used than its technical definition suggests it should be (Bryant & Fox Tree, 2002; Gibbs, 2000). Some psycholinguistic theorists suggest that sarcasm ("Great idea!", "I hear they do fine work."), hyperbole ("That's the best idea I have heard in years!"), understatement ("Sure, what the hell, it's only cancer..."), rhetorical questions ("What, does your spirit have cancer?"), double entendre ("I'll bet if you do that, you'll be communing with spirits in no time...") and jocularity ("Get them to fix your bad back while you're at it.") should all be considered forms of verbal irony (Gibbs, 2000). The differences between these tropes can be quite subtle, and relate to typical emotional reactions of listeners, and the rhetorical goals of the speakers. Regardless of the various ways theorists categorize figurative language types, people in conversation are attempting to decode speaker intentions and discourse goals, and are not generally identifying, by name, the kinds of tropes used.[edit] Dramatic ironyIn drama, the device of giving the spectator an item of information that at least one of the characters in the narrative is unaware of (at least consciously), thus of placing the spectator a step ahead of at least one of the characters. Dramatic irony has three stages - installation, exploitation and resolution (sometimes called preparation, suspension and resolution) - producing dramatic conflict is produced in what one character relies or appears to rely upon a fact, the contrary of which is known by observers (especially the audience; sometimes to other characters within the drama) to be true.For example:In City Lights, we know that Charlie Chaplin's character is not a millionaire, but the blind flower girl (Virginia Cherill) does not.In Cyrano de Bergerac, we know that Cyrano loves Roxane and that he is the real author of the letters that Christian is writing to the young woman; Roxane is unaware of this.In North by Northwest, we know that Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) is not Kaplan; Vandamm (James Mason) and his acolytes do not. We also know that Kaplan is a fictitious agent invented by the CIA; Roger and Vandamm do not.In Oedipus the King, we know that Oedipus himself is the murderer that he is seeking; Oedipus, Creon and Jocasta do not.In Othello, we know that Desdemona has been faithful to Othello, but he doesn't. We also know that Iago is pulling the strings, a fact hidden from Othello, Desdemona, Cassio and Roderigo.In Pygmalion, we know that Eliza is a woman of the street; Higgins's family does not.[edit] Tragic ironyTragic irony is a special category of dramatic irony. In tragic irony, the words and actions of the characters belie the real situation, which the spectators fully realize.Ancient Greek drama was especially characterized by tragic irony because the audiences were so familiar the legends that most of the plays dramatized. Sophocles' Oedipus the King provides a classic example of tragic irony at its fullest.Irony threatens authoritative models of discourse by "removing the semantic security of …one signifier: one signified‟";[2] irony has some of its foundation in the onlooker‟s perception of paradox which arises from insoluble problems.For example:In the William Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged death-like sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet kills herself with his knife.[edit] Situational ironyThis is a relatively modern use of the term, and describes a discrepancy between the expected result and actual results when enlivened by 'perverse appropriateness'.For example:When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.[3]Monty Python's last comedy album The Hastily Cobbled Together for a Fast Buck Album was continuously delayed from release for various reasons, having yet to see an official release, and has since been made available online for free by the group, thus making the album neither hasty nor earning the group any income.The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a story whose plot revolves around irony. Dorothy travels to a wizard and fulfills his challenging demands to go home, before discovering she had the ability to go back home all the time. The Scarecrow longs for intelligence, only to discover he is already a genius, and the Tin Woodsman longs to be capable of love, only to discover he already has a heart. The Lion, who at first appears to be a whimpering coward turns out to be bold and fearless, The people in Emerald City believe the Wizard to have been a powerful deity, only to discover he was a bumbling eccentric old man.In "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya is ordered by Harun al-Rashid to find the culprit behind a murder mystery within three days or else be executed. It is only after the deadline has past, and as he prepares to be executed, that he discovers that the culprit was his own slave all along.[4][5]After astronaut Gus Grissom's first flight into space, the hatch on his spacecraft accidentally blew off while Grissom was waiting for a rescue helicopter to fish the capsule out of the ocean, causing the capsule to fill with water and sink and Grissom to nearly drown. The hatch system was re-designed in later spacecraft to prevent similar accidents, and, while training for his third spaceflight, a fire broke out inside Grissom's spacecraft, causing Grissom and two other astronauts to suffocate. The hatch redesign triggered by the accident with Grissom's first spacecraft, meant to help save astronaut's lives, prevented Grissom from being rescued in the subsequent accident.[edit] Irony of fate (cosmic irony)The expression “irony of fate” stems from the notion that the gods (or the Fates) are amusing themselves by toying with the minds of mortals, with deliberate ironic intent. Closely connected with situational irony, it arises from sharp contrasts between reality and human ideals, or between human intentions and actual results.For exampleIn art:In O. Henry's story The Gift of the Magi, a young couple are too poor to buy each other Christmas gifts. The man finally pawns his heirloom pocket watch to buy his wife a set of combs for her long, beautiful, prized hair. She, meanwhile, cuts off her treasured hair to sell it to a wig-maker for money to buy her husband a watch-chain.In the ancient Indian story of Krishna, King Kamsa is told in a prophecy that a child of his sister Devaki would kill him. In order to prevent it, he imprisons both Devaki and her husband Vasudeva, allowing them to live only if they hand over their children as soon as they are born. He murders nearly all of them one by one, but the eighth child, Krishna, is saved and raised by a cowherd couple, Nanda and Yasoda. After growing up and returning to his kingdom, Kamsa is eventually killed by Krishna, as was originally predicted by the self-fulfilling prophecy. It was Kamsa's attempt to prevent the prophecy that led to it becoming a reality.Rakesh Roshan's 2006 Indian film Krrish is a modern take on the story of Krishna.In history:In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed. [6]Importing Cane Toads to Australia to protect the environment only to create worse environmental problems for Australia.Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.[edit] Historical irony (cosmic irony through time)When history is seen through modern eyes, it sometimes happens that there is an especially sharp contrast between the way historical figures see their world and the probable future of their world, and what actually transpired. For example, during the 1920s The New York Times repeatedly heaped scorn on crossword puzzles. In 1924 it lamented "the sinful waste in the utterly futile finding of words the letters of which will fit into a prearranged pattern;" in 1925 said "the question of whether the puzzles are beneficial or harmful is in no urgent need of an answer. The craze evidently is dying out fast;" and in 1929 judged that "The cross-word puzzle, it seems, has gone the way of all fads." Today, no U.S. newspaper is more closely identified with the crossword than The New York Times.[citation needed] In a more tragic example of historical irony, what people now refer to as "World War I" was originally called "The War to End All Wars" or "The Great War". Historical irony is therefore a subset of cosmic irony, but one in which the element of time is bound up.Other examples:"They couldn't hit an elephant at this distance." Nearly the last words of American Civil War General John Sedgwick before being shot through the eye by a Confederate sniper.[7] In Dallas, in response to Mrs. Connolly's comment, "Mr. President, you can't say that Dallas doesn't love you," John F. Kennedy said, "That's very obvious." He was assassinated immediately afterwards.[8]Further examples of irony in history:Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.Fritz Haber was the patriotic German Jewish creator of Zyklon B. Initially used as a pesticide, it was later used in the Holocaust.In the Kalgoorlie (Australia) gold rush of the 1890s, large amounts of the little-known mineral calaverite (gold telluride) were identified as fool's gold, and were (foolishly, as it later turned out) discarded. The mineral deposits were used as a building material, and for the filling of potholes and ruts. (Several years later, the nature of the mineral was identified, leading to a minor gold rush to excavate the streets).Ibn al-Haytham of Basra invented the modern camera obscura, as described in his Book of Optics in 1021. Nearly a thousand years later, his hometown of Basra was attacked using camera-guided missiles during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[9]Several inventors were killed by their own creations, including Haman, Ismail ibn Hammad al-Javhari,[10] William Nelson,[11] Alexander Bogdanov, William Bullock, Marie Curie, Otto Lilienthal, and others.Oxymorons!An oxymoron is a phrase consisting of two contradicting words, that make sense when put together.Here are a few of our favorite oxymorons. Do you think you've got a better one?Airline FoodAlone TogetherCivil WarFriendly ArgumentJumbo ShrimpMedium LargeMinor DisasterOld NewsPretty UglyStudent Teacher。
oxymoron词根词缀
oxymoron词根词缀《oxymoron词根词缀》1. 单词概述单词：oxymoron含义：oxymoron是一种修辞手法，指的是将两个看似矛盾、相反的词组合在一起，产生一种独特的、富有深意的表达效果。
比如“jumbo shrimp”（巨型虾，“jumbo”表示巨大的，“shrimp”表示小虾），“living dead”（活死人）等。
这种表达在文学作品、日常用语中都很常见，可以创造出一种诙谐、讽刺或者引人深思的效果。
2. 词根词缀解析词根：oxy - 来源于希腊语，有“尖锐、敏锐”的意思。
例如在“oxygen”（氧气）这个单词中，oxy - 表示氧原子的活性很强，就像尖锐的东西容易产生作用一样。
词缀：- moron，它在希腊语里原本有“愚蠢、迟钝”的意思。
合成逻辑：“oxy -”（尖锐、敏锐）和“- moron”（愚蠢、迟钝）组合在一起，形成了oxymoron这个词，表示一种矛盾的组合，就像把尖锐和迟钝放在一起一样矛盾又奇特，“尖锐的愚蠢= 矛盾组合”。
3. 应用短文与场景应用短文1：English:I was reading a book the other day, and I came across this really interesting oxymoron - "bittersweet". It got me thinking about how life is full of these oxymoronic situations. I was chatting with my friend Tom about it. "Tom," I said, "isn't it crazy how we have words like 'bittersweet'? It's like saying something is both good and bad at the same time." Tom laughed and replied, "Yeah, it's like that time I got a promotion at work but had to move to a new city away from all my friends. It was a happy - sad moment, just like 'bittersweet'." We started coming up with more examples. "What about 'deafening silence'?" I asked. "Oh, that's a great one!" Tom exclaimed. "It's like when you're in a big empty room, and there's no sound at all, but the lack of noise is almost overwhelming. It's as if the silence is so loud it deafens you." This made me realize how oxymorons can really capture the complexity of our feelings and experiences.Chinese translation:前几天我在看书的时候，碰到了一个非常有趣的矛盾修饰法的词——“苦乐参半”。
Paradox
（似非而是的隽语）
Definition of paradox (1)
Paradox --- a statement which seems impossible, bacause it says two opposite things, but which has some truth in it.
邃精辟
意味深长 语
隽语（paradox）的构成因素
（1）显而易见是自相矛盾的，是悖逆于公认 的价值标准的。 （2）表层含义和深层含义的背离，往往令人 惊讶或怀疑。 （3）蕴含的潜在真理或解决问题的方法，通 常被认为是不可接受，甚至惊世骇俗的。
隽语的运用使那些富有人生哲理的警句、格言、谚语更加生动活泼， 言简意赅，能鲜明的表现人物特殊的性格，情操；能生动的刻画人物 的心理，气质和情状；还可用于广告，文章的题目，吸引读者，耐人 寻味。
For example:
John McEnroe： the Champ You love to Hate(约翰.麦肯罗：你既喜
欢又不喜欢的冠军)
这一文章标题诙谐的表达了多数球迷对这位世界闻名的网球运动员的感情：他 们喜欢他高超的球艺，但他们不喜欢他在球场上发脾气。
The cruelest lies are often told in silence.（最伤人的谎言往往是安静
• Function
• It can be made into sentence as aphorism ['æfərizəm]格言；警句 which is thought-provoking, can clearly express personally special character, sentiment and vividly portray personal psychology ,mentality, temperament, etc; moreover, it plays a role of philosophy, and strategy. It not only can add brilliant literary, but also force listeners, readers to do an unconventional thinking and explore deep understanding, thus it has the meaning of epistemology [ɪ,pɪstɪ'mɒlədʒɪ ].
Oxymoron,Antithesis,Transferred Epithet
Soul Sister
Two forms:
Group1: Comparison between two aspects of one thing （一物两面对照）
Group2: Comparison between two things（两物对照）
7/14/2013
Soul Sister
Group1: Comparison between two aspects of one thing（一物两面对照） Examples：
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Group 3: adj. + sb. / sth. →adj. + another thing
Examples：
1.the noisy friendliness of a pub ①The child was noisy in the morning. ②It’s a noisy place.
《愤怒的葡萄》
Soul Sister
Three forms:
Group 1: adj. + sb.→ adj. + sth. Group 2: adj. + sth. → adj. + another thing Group 3: adj. + sb. / sth. → adj. + another thing
Soul Sister
Group 1: adj. + sb. → adj.+ sth. Examples: 1. a murderous knife a knife used by a murderous villain 2. my wild days, my mad existence the days when I was wild and mad
英语文学体 矛盾表达法
Paradox 荒谬的理论
Example Still waters run deep. 静水深流。 Sometimes you have to be cruel to be kind. More haste, less speed (haste makes waste) If we want peace, be prepared for war. There’s nothing permanent in life but change. 变是唯一的不变。 A creaking gate hangs long. 病夫多长命。
Difference between oxymoron and paradox
More: 1)condensed type (紧缩型)：oxymoron 2）enlarged type (展开型)：paradox
Thank you !ຫໍສະໝຸດ Oxymoron 矛盾修饰法
1）是保护，还是破坏？ Some radical environmentalists are trying to save trees with sabotage (破坏).
某些激进的环境保护主义者为拯救树木而不惜进 行破坏，用含义相反的词概括起来。以破坏来拯 救，看似矛盾，但是这正是激进的环保主义者的 逻辑。这里采用矛盾修饰法，使事态的荒谬性更 加突出
Difference between oxymoron and paradox
2)relationship In oxymoron, the two contradictory words are put together. One is used to modify the other. E.g. parting is such sweet sorrow. In paradox, there is no such a relationship. E.g. deep hate comes from deep love.
Irony&Oxymoron
Oxymoron can be formed in seven ways:
1. adj. + n.
proud humility
骄傲的谦卑
a thunderous silence 雷声般的沉默 a living death
活受罪
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. The mother is undergoing the joyful pain, and the painful joy of childbirth.
changelessly changing
不变地变化 令人愉快地疼痛
deliciously aching
6. v. + adv.
shine darkly die merrily hasten slowly
暗淡地发光 快乐地死去
慢慢地快起来
7.of-phrase
the feather of lead the sound of silence
Oxymoron is a kind of compressed
paradox or antithesis that links together two sharply comtrasting : terms, which, in spite of their incogruity, actually contain a certain truth or a significant point.
• Innuendo involves implication, but not all implications are innuendos. Innuendo is generally used to criticize, satirize or ridicule a person or thing, though in an indirect and a mild way. But not all implications are intended for this purpose.
对_第二十二条军规_中矛盾修辞法的语用分析_杨盼
矛盾修辞
中燃起了爱火融融）
In the thought there was a bitter sweetness. 想到这里，她是甜中带苦，苦中有甜。
I fear and hope, I burn and freeze like ice. 我恐惧,但也怀有希望;我燃烧,但也冻得象冰一样。
4、矛盾修饰法的语义关系
a) 交融 两词意义难分主从，交错融合，即所谓“你中有 我，
我中有你”。如：
a desperate longing 令人绝望的渴望 bitter sweet meomories 痛苦而甜蜜的 回忆
b) 反衬
修饰词从反面衬托、突出被修饰词的语义，以 此烘托人所处的某个特定的环境或状态，使人耳 目一新。如：
an honest thief 诚实的贼 an assiduous truant 勤奋好学的逃学者
d) 深化
被修饰词反映的是表层的东西，而修饰词反映 的却是深层的东西。由表及里，由浅入深，表现 出人或事物的实质。这种语义关系在词语构成方 式上有个明显的特点，即修饰词由被修饰词加反 义后缀而成。如：
eg：Beautiful tyrant ！Fiend angelical！Dovefeather’d raven! Wolvish-ravening lamb! Despised substance of divinest show!(美丽的暴 君！天使般的魔鬼！披着白鸽羽毛的乌鸦！豺狼 一样残忍的羔羊！圣洁的外表包覆着丑恶的实 质！） -----Shakespears：Romeo and Juliet
There was an audible stillness, in which the common voice sounded strange.
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语言是生活的一面镜子，矛盾修辞法
是人的思想在一定的情况下充满矛盾和对
立的反映。
矛盾修辞手法的妙用在于揭示客观事
物的辩证规律，以及人们内心世界复杂心
理的矛盾和人生哲理。
表面上看，这种手法似乎不合情理， 相互矛盾，但仔细琢磨，则能领悟其深刻 的内在含意，给人耳目一新的感觉，具有 出奇制胜的艺术感染力。
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矛盾修辞法的构成及理解
由于矛盾修辞手法表层意思和深层含
义背离，理解矛盾修辞法有助于我们充分
领会文字或情感所暗含的复杂性。
下面主要就矛盾修辞法的结构形式以
及对它们的理解做一简单的介绍。
精品课件
在大多数的矛盾修辞法中, 两个看似矛盾的 词或词组紧密相联, 存在着修饰与被修饰, 说明与被说明的关系。但是在少数结构比如 形容词+ 形容词, 名词+ 名词的情况下, 这 种关系会弱化, 表现为并列的关系。从其构 成来看, 主要有以下几种方式:
3.副词+ 形容词 这种结构通常用来表示事态发展的性质、
状态、程度等, 用以衬托人物矛盾, 复杂 的思想感情。 idly busy 无事忙; falsely true 似是而非 / 似真还假 deliciously tired 美滋滋的疲倦 bitterly happy 苦涩的快乐
精品课件
精品课件
(1) bitter-sweet memories
又苦又甜的回忆
(2) proud humility
不卑不亢
(3) a miserable, Merry Christmas
又悲又喜的圣诞节
精品课件
Definition
An Oxymoron is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining of two contrasting, contradictory terms.
在College English Book 中有这样一句:
“How you shot the goat and frightened the tiger to death ,”said Miss Melin, with her disagreeably pleasant laugh.
在这一句子中,disagreeably pleasant laugh 是矛盾修饰语,其中laugh 是关键词,这里laugh 同时具有disagreeable (令人不愉快的) 和 pleasant (愉快的) 两种性质,即她很愉快地笑 但却让别人很不愉快，所以可以理解成“自鸣 得意却令人讨厌的笑 ”。
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生活中cruel (心狠)和 kindness (仁慈) 就象一对形影不离的兄弟一样互为依存 “相辅相成“，它们之间是辩证关系。 过 于心狠就是残忍毒辣，过分仁慈又无异于 溺爱放纵，都会导致严重后果，不宜提倡。 “严师出高徒”、“娇惯出恶子”的事例 在生活中处处可见。 cruel kindness看起 来似乎是自相矛盾的，实质上揭示了现实 生活中对立而又统一的两种倾向! 两者表 面上是冲突的，实不尽然!
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这句话当中, parting 这一词既充满了 sweetness, 同时又充满了sorrow, 这两词 虽然是对立的, 但又融合在一起。
这种说法是也辩证的,是合乎人们生活逻辑 的, 我们也常说“苦中有甜,甜中有苦”和 “有苦有甜”等这样的话语。
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a wise fool（聪明的傻瓜）也不太难理解, 因为我们有“智者千虑必有一失,愚者千虑 必有一得”和“大智若愚”的说法。只要 对照一下,我们便会发现这些表达大同小异:
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2.形容词+ 形容词 用两种无法调和或意义相反的特征来描述一
件事情, 以产生某种强烈的语言效果。
a cold warm embrace 不冷不热的拥抱
a miserable and merry Christmas 又悲又喜的圣诞节 cold and pleasant manner 既冷淡又友好的态度 bad good news 令人沮丧的好消息 poor rich guys 精神贫穷的富人 精品课件
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1. 形容词+ 名词
这种偏正结构在矛盾修辞中最为常见，表现 了修饰词与被修饰的中心词之间既相互排斥 又合二为一的本质特征。
a pious fraud
虔诚的骗子 a wise fool 聪明的傻瓜 victorious defeat 胜利的失败
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cruel kindness 害人不浅的仁慈 painful pleasure 悲喜交集 living death 虽生犹死/半死不活
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Juliet….. Good night, good night, parting is
such sweet sorrow. (Shakespeare) 离别总是这样甜蜜的忧伤。 罗密欧与朱丽叶花园相会，私定终身，分
手时产生了一种欢乐与惆怅交错织的心情； 初恋是甜蜜的，而快亮了，两人得分开了， 这种离别又是痛苦的。这种悲喜交集、苦 甜参半的心理就是sweet sorrow.
A fool is sometimes wise or clear.
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victorious defeat 这个词的理解,相对来 说就难了一点,因为在我们每个人的常识和 概念中,失败就是失败,胜利就是胜利,两者 泾渭分明,毫不含糊。那么为什么原作者要 这么说呢?
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在这个词语中defeat 是肯定的,而 victorious 可能是原作者(或当事人) 的 态度,认为失败是失败了,但失败之中可能 还包含着许多胜利因素,这里着重指精神方 面的(道义的) ,比如:失败者的精神状态、 风度、失败者在失败过程中的表现,对周围 人或事的影响等等。
Chapter 7
Oxymoron Paradox 矛盾修辞法
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英语矛盾修辞法比较复杂，可以从不同的 侧面进行分析研究。从形式上看，英语矛 盾修辞法可以分为两种：
一是浓缩型condensed type, 二是舒展型enlarged type
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浓缩型
Oxymoron 对立统一矛盾修辞