跨文化交际(二)
跨文化交际学-2
2.1.6 过去取向 / 将来取向Past / Future
中：“性本善”→过去取向→圆式时间观 →充裕的时间意识，使用时间随意，节奏 慢。 圆形时间观：时间的变化协调与自然状态， 向自身复归以及始终沿着自身运动的周期 性成圆弧运动。 西：“性本恶”→未来取向→线式时间观 →时间紧缺意识，使用时间精确。
西：“天人相立”→企图征服、战胜自然 → “做事”有所成就 Social attitudes as expressions of this value Achieve specific goals Show the world what you can do Pay attention to actions back
2.1.1 天人合一 / 天人相分
中：天人合一 人对自然规律的顺从和对自然的崇拜。 西：天人相分 人与自然相分对立，人处在支配和改造 自然的位置。
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
中国园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
欧洲园林
2.1.3 求变 / 求稳
美：“变化”---打破常规，不断创新 体现在不同形态的流动方面：职业、社会 地位，地域等的流动。 体现在家庭危机，婚姻解体等方面。 中：“稳定”---家族、家庭、社会和国家 乃至个人社会地位、地域、社会关系等方 面的稳定。 back
2.1.4 做人 / 做事 Being/Doing
Basically Good: Protect people’s virtue Reward good behavior Find the most virtuous people Basically Evil: Expect to find evil and fight against it Punish bad behavior Save people from their evil nature
跨文化交际第二PPT课件
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文化定势的特征
首先，定势和归类有一定的联 系，是过分简单化的归类。 其次，定势有不可避免性 再者，定势具有稳定性和延续 性。
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第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
4、亚文化
在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。 也就是说，文化的概念具有层次性，一种整体文化中往往包含 了各种不同的次范畴“变体”，形成某种文化圈内的亚文化圈。
3
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
后来“文化”一词被日语借入，到近代作为英 语culture的对译词。再后来“文化”作为日语借词 又被现代汉语吸收，于是“文化”就同英语的 culture有了直接的词源关系，并衍生出“文明”、 “教育”等含义。
4
什么是文化？
文化离不开 人，是某一 群体的生活 方式。
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念 二 关于交际的概念 三 关于语言的概念
1
第一章 跨文化交际概述
第一节 文化、交际和语言
一 关于文化的概念
（一）文化的定义
1.中西文化探源
“文化”的概念古已有之，指与“武力”相对的文德教化。
圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力。凡武之兴，为不服也；文化不
第一节 文化、交际和语言
在文化学或文化人类学中，“文化”一词通常指人
类社会区别于其他动物的全部活动方式以及活动的产品。
就这一概念的核心内涵而言，它的意义是明确的。然而
专家们给“文化”所下的定义可以说各有千秋。在众多
的关于文化的定义中，文化人类学家泰勒（Tylor）和马
林诺夫斯基（Malinowski）的定义比较受人推崇。前者
跨文化交际第二章文化与跨文化交际
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
Generation. ❖ Culture Is Based on Symbols. ❖ Culture Is Subject to Change. ❖ Culture Is an Integrated System. ❖ Culture Is Ethnocentric.
Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned.
❖ The English admire good manners, courtly behavior, and dignity, as is reflected in the “Canterbury Tales”.
❖ The Japanese learn about the importance of duty, obligation, and loyalty from “The Tale of the Forty-Seven Ronin”.
Proverbs
❖ "One does not make the wind blow but is blown by it."
❖ "Order is half of life."
❖ "The mouth maintains silence in order to hear the heart talk."
跨文化交际之第2讲符号与语言
学好外语的重要性 故事： 故事：两只老鼠
思考与作业
1学好外语就能进行完美的跨文化交际了吗？ 学好外语就能进行完美的跨文化交际了吗？ 学好外语就能进行完美的跨文化交际了吗 2看图片，观察我们身边的用错外语的情况 看图片， 看图片
符号的本质特征
符号的可感知的形式与其所代表的事物或现 象没有必然联系，而是取决于“约定俗成” 象没有必然联系，而是取决于“约定俗成”。 约定俗成”的双重含义： “约定俗成”的双重含义： 1形式和意义的结合从本质上来说是任意的 形式和意义的结合从本质上来说是任意的 2特定的名称和意义结合后有理据可推究性 特定的名称和意义结合后有理据可推究性
为什么人类使用声音作为符号的形式？ 为什么人类使用声音作为符号的形式？
1使用方便 使用方便 2容量最大 容量最大 3效果最佳 效果最佳 那么有声语言有什么缺陷呢？ 那么有声语言有什么缺陷呢？
辅助交际工具
1文字 文字
2盲文、手语 盲文、 盲文
3旗语、灯语、号语 旗语、灯语、 旗语
什么是语言？
语言是人类最重要的交际工具
语言与文化
1语言是文化的重要组成部分，是部分与整体 语言是文化的重要组成部分， 语言是文化的重要组成部分 的关系， 的关系，二者不可分割 2语言是用于记录文化的符号体系，是文化的 语言是用于记录文化的符号体系， 语言是用于记录文化的符号体系 主要载体 3语言与文化相互依附、促进和制约 语言与文化相互依附、 语言与文化相互依附
第二讲 符号与语言
什么是符号？
货币是一种一般等价物，纸币是货币的符号. 符号是用某种能感知的形式代表某种事物或 现象的结合体。 现象的结合体。 符号两要素： 符号两要素：形式和意义
下面那些是符号？
1看到炊烟知道那里有人家 看到炊烟知道那里有人家 2看云识天气 看云识天气 3鸡毛信上的鸡毛 鸡毛信上的鸡毛 4犯罪现场的指纹 犯罪现场的指纹 5病人的舌苔、脉象 病人的舌苔、 病人的舌苔 6烧开的水冒泡沸腾 烧开的水冒泡沸腾
跨文化交际Unit 2 Daily verbal communication 1
Parting
The difficulties to say good-bye lie in:
How
long it is appropriate to stay;
to say to the host and hostess; far should people see guests off?
What How
e way to address colleagues (of the Chinese to westerners)
A
B
C
D
Total
To superiors % To peers % To Subordin ates %
26
31.71
8
9.76
42
51.22
6
7.32
82
100
6 7.32 6
18 21.95 16
Unit 2 Daily Verbal Communication (1)
Susan: Mrs. Zhang, come to New York if you want. Husband’s translation: 妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。 Mother: 不去了，给你们添麻烦。 Husband’s translation: Oh, it depends on the physical condition. Susan: Yes, oh thanks for your delicious food, I like them very much. Husband’s translation: 谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多好吃的 Mother: 自家人谢什么，苏珊，你以后可不要再减肥了， 身体健康才最重要哪！ Husband’s translation: It’s my pleasure, Susan, I hope you become even more beautiful. Susan: Thank you! The same to you.
跨文化交际第二章
Chapter 2: Language Use and CommunicationCommunication----our ability to share our ideas and feelings----is the basis of human contact.The results and the methods of communication might be different, but the process is the same.Human Communication•Intentional and Unintentional Behavior•Gerald Miller and Mark Steinberg think communication is not a random activity that happens by chance, but rather something that is systematic and planned•while other scholars believe communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. •Communication occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.•The Components of Communication1.The Source2.Encoding3.The Message4.The Channel5.The Receiver6.Decoding7.Feedback•A Source: is a person who has a need to communicate. This need may be conscious or unconscious.•Encoding:Because feelings and ideas cannot be shared directly, we must use symbolic representations. we select and arrange verbal and nonverbalsymbols according to our rules of grammar and syntax.•The Massage: encoding produces a message ,which is a set of verbal and nonverbal symbols that a source’s state of being at a par ticular moment. The message is external to the source, while encoding goes on inside the source.•The Channel: the means by which the message move from one person to another is the channel,and the primary channels are sound and sight.•The Receiver: is a person or persons who take the message into account .•Decoding: The receiver decodes the raw energy he or she takes in from the external world and converts it into meaningful experiences. It is information processing. Decoding permits the receiver to attach meaning to the source’s behavior.•Feedback: This is information generated by the receiver and made available to a source that allows the source to make qualitative judgments about the communication while it is taking place.Pragmatics:Language Use•The ProblemLinguistic communication is easily accomplished but not so easily explained.Problems with the message model•1. Disambiguation•2.Under-determination of reference•3.Under-determination of communicative intent•4.Non-literality•5.indirection•6.non-communicative acts•Disambiguation: The message model must be supplemented by principles of contextual appropriateness to compensate for the pervasive ambiguity of natural language.•Example: Flying planes can be dangerous•At an airport zoning, this sentence means the planes flying overhead is dangerous.•At the Pilot’s Insurance Board, this sentence means the risk of piloting planes.•Under-determination of reference:The message model must be supplemented by mechanisms for successfully recognizing the intention to refer to a specific person, place,or thing•Example: the shrewd politician.•Under-determination of communicative intent:•Example:I’ll be there tonight•It might be a prediction, a promise, or even threat, depending upon the speaker’s intentions in the appr opriate circumstances.•Non-literality: we may not mean what our words mean.•Example:Oh that’s just great.•Indirection:A speaker can use the very same sentence to convey quite different messages depending on the context•Example:My car has a flat tire.•It might means requesting a help.•Non-communicative acts: per-locutionary act.Example:•“Raise your hands if you agree!”Dr.William N.Brown begs his Chinese graduate students.•No response.•“Then raise your hands if you disagree!”•Still nothing•“How about raising your hands if you’re awake?”•Some glance about awkwardly, but none dare raise their hands, or break the silent vigil they’re since primary school.•An Inferential adj.可以推论的，据推论得出的Approach to Communication proposes提出four presumptions as the basis of an account of successful linguistic communication.•1.Linguistic Presumption•municative Presumption•3.Presumption of Literalness•4.Conversational Presumptions•Conversational Presumptions:•Relevance : the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation.•Sincerity: the speaker’s is being sincere.Truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say something true. •Quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information.•Quality: the speaker has adequate evidence for what she says.Four characteristics of human language•1.Symbolic•2.rule-govern3.subjective(the meaning of language are reside in people not in words) •4.dynamic•Language is a part of culture ,culture is carry on by language.The Characteristics of Communication 8•No direct mind-to-mind contact•We can only infer•Communication is symbolic•Time-binding links us together•We seek to define the world•Communication has a consequence•Communication is dynamic•Communication is contextual•Communication is self-reflectiveThe Brain is an open system•Each of us can learn new ideas throughout life,what we know at any one instant is a product of what the brain has experienced.•We can learn from each other•Learning is a lifelong endeavor, we can use the information to which we are exposed to change the way we perceive and interact with the world. We are alike and we are different•We are identical in numerous physiological and chemical ways. We all have a heart, lungs,brain,and the like.we are also literally made of the same stuff:water,salt,and so on. We also seek emotional pleasure and flee injury to our feelings. We are also alike because all of us, regardless of our culture,must eventually face four fundamental issues: 1.life is finite 2.we are isolated from all other human beings 3.we need to make choices 4.the world is a meaningful world•We are different, because each of us is unique and is shaped by countless factors. Our experience of the world is internal, therefore, we each respond to the world differently.In a word, a common beginning, gender, age, culture and the like may bind us, but our isolated minds and unique experience keep us apart. Cultural differences also keep us apart. While the four philosophical issues of death, isolation, free choice and meaning confront everyone, the resolutions we decide upon have their roots deep in each culture.。
关世杰跨文化交际-第二节价值观
理论的（重经验、理性）、经济的（重实用、功利）
奥尔波特 六种基本
价值观
政治的（重权力和影响）
社会的（重利他和情爱）
审美的（重形式、和谐） 宗教的（重宇宙奥秘）
罗基切分类法
终极性价值观 工具性价值观
霍夫斯特德分类法
个人主义集体主义
权力差距
回避不确定性
男性化ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ性化
其他分类法
代表人物:
莫里斯-生活方式问卷 西特朗和科格代尔对比 了5种不同的文化
第二节 价值观
一、价值观定义和要素
定义：不同的世界观、人 生观使人们对人类生存的 价值和意义看法不同，形 成了衡量“真、善、美” 的不同的价值标准，它成 为人们在作出选择和解决 争端作为依据的一套社会 标准。
价值观要素
（常见分类法）
01.奥尔波特分类法 02.罗基切分类法 03.霍夫斯特德分类法 04.其他分类法
体
-
中国
美国
注重互助和依靠
注重自立和独立
注重集体作用 注意保住“面子” 注重亲密无间
重视突出个人 不留“面子” 注重隐私
喜好共性 偏好人际和谐 集体至上
喜好个性 喜欢个人竞争 个人至上
感谢各位观看
Thank you for your criticism
二、价值观的特点和分类
特点
变化性 阶级性和民族性 不同价值观有相同 和不同成分
价值观分类
积极、消极和中性的价值观
非常重要、重要、不重要 和无所谓的价值观
前常规式、常规式和后常规 式的价值观
三、中外文化价值观异同
权力差距衡量 人们接受权力 不平等状况的
程度
性别的二元性是 人类社会的基本 事实，而不同的 文化对此采取不 同的态度
跨文化交际完整第二章文化与跨文化交际
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
❖ Some people shake hands when introduced to a stranger, but other people bow at such an encounter. Why?
.
Culture
❖ Definitions of culture are numerous. ❖ We define culture as the deposit of knowledge,
❖ As the English writer Thomas Fuller wrote 200 years ago, "Culture makes all things easy."
.
Characteristics of Culture
❖ Culture Is Not Innate; It Is Learned. ❖ Culture Is Transmitted from Generation to
.
The Basic Function of Culture
❖ At the core of culture is the idea that it is intended to make life easier for people by “teaching” them how to adapt to their surroundings.
The formal teaching of a culture is far more structured and is often left to the various institutions of the culture, such as schools and churches.
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Communication
1. Defining Communication 2. Characteristics of Communication
Defining Communication
It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication. Dance and Larson: 126.
Some cultures believe that they share a common pool of history and many similar experiences, they do indeed know what their partners are feeling and thinking. Yet in Western cultures, the lack of direct access to another’s mind places great demands on such communication behaviors as asking questions, engaging in self-disclosure, and over-verbalizing.
1. No direct mind-to-mind contact
The earth is a beehive; we all enter by the same door but live in a different cells. --------African proverb
Although the inability to have mind-to-mind contact is universal, the methods used to adjust to this limitation are culturally based.
Chapter 3 Communication
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to anther person.
2. Intentional and unintentional behavior
Two schools of thought
The first one describes communication as the process whereby one person deliberately attempts to convey meaning to another. Communication is systematic and planed. The second one believes communication takes place whenever people attach meaning to behavior, even if the sender of the message does not expect his or her actions to be communicated. We claim that when you engage in intercultural
Chapter 3 Communication
Source
Encoding
Channel Message
Decoding
Receiver
F
ba eed
context
Resp onse
ck
Noise
Chapter 3 Communication
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Characteristics of Communication
be retracted.
Third, the word dynamic also testifies to the idea that all the elements of communication constantly interact with each other. Fourth, because inattention pervades communication behavior.
猫（mao）(Chinese) Neiko (Japanese) Koska (Russian) Gato (Spanish) Katze (German) Chat (French)
Although all cultures use symbols, they usually assign their own meanings for symbols. Culture also uses these symbols for different purposes.
Location (or place)——Church
墨西哥圣胡安大教堂
吉奥瓦尼· 多斯· 桑托斯· 拉米雷斯
伊朗伊玛目清真寺
Occasion——wedding
Time
Numbers of participants( or people)
Attribution of Meaning
The novelist Paves wrote, “We do not remember days, we remember moments.” In this sense, meaning is relative to each of us because we all have had unique moments. Communication happens whenever meaning is attributed to behavior. When someone observes the behavior and gives meaning to it, communication has taken place.
Communication becomes even more complex when we add cultural dimensions.
Most scholars concentrate on those aspects that are germane to their special interests. Our views and descriptions are concerned primarily with those elements that most influence communication when members of two different cultures come together in an interpersonal setting.
Communication is a dynamic process.
First, and perhaps most important, it means that communication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. Second, because once a word or action is employed, it cannot
communication, it is important to know your actions have the potential to convey many meanings.
Components of communication
Definition: Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.
Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际
Chapter 1
Communication and culture
Communication
Some anthropologists (as well as the authors of this book) believe communication and culture are virtually synonymous.
The human are symbol-making creatures. We employ symbols to share our internal states, but none of other animals has our unique communication capabilities.
We separate them here for purposes of our discussion.
We begin by examining communication because to understand intercultural interaction, you must first recognize the role of communication in that process. Later, we discuss culture. We open our study of intercultural communication with an analysis of human communication so that you will be better able to improve your own communication behavior and more fully appreciate that of others.