美国文学史选读1
美国文学史及选读作品作者
一、殖民主义时期 The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰•史密斯 Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “ A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮•布莱德斯特 Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》 “Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗•哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus”
《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》 “General History of Virginia”
2．威廉•布拉德福德 William Bradford
美国文学选读1
美国文学选读Lecture 1 American Literature:An Introduction♦What is Literature?♦The Purposes of Reading Literature♦How to Approach a Literary Work?♦What Does It Mean by American Literature?♦Some Characteristics of American Literature♦The Development of American Literature♦Benjamin Franklin: The AutobiographyWhat is Literature?♦comes from human interest in telling stories♦14th century : polite learning through reading. A man of letters meant a man of wide reading♦Mid-18th century: the practice and profession of writing♦Since the 19th century: the high skills ofwriting in the special context of high imaginationFor more details, seeWu DingBo. An Outline of American Literature. P1.The Random House Dictionary definition of the word “literature”:1. writing regarded as having permanent worth through its intrinsic excellence;2. the entire body of writing of a specific language, period, people, etc.;3. writing dealing with a particular subject;4. the group of imaginative writing including ficti on, poetry, drama…The four main categories of literature:1.fiction: novel, novella, short stories,myth, legend, folktale…2. poetry: epic, ballad, free verse,lyrics, psalm, eulogy, sonnet…3. drama: play, opera, radio/TV/film scripts…4. prose: essay, criticism, literary theory, (auto)biography…The Purposes of Reading Literature:♦Reading for pleasure♦Reading for relaxation♦Reading for acquiring knowledge♦Reading for sharing human experience♦Reading for professional criticismHow to Approach a Literary Work?♦Analyticale.g. the elements of fiction: plot, character, setting, point of view, theme, symbol, allegory, style, tone, etc.♦ThematicWhat is it about? e.g. love, freedom, courage, alienation, etc.♦HistoricalThe historical development of literature, e.g. romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism, post-modernism.What Does It Mean by American Literature?♦By the literature of the United States, we mean all written and oral literary works produced in that part of the world has become the United States of America.See Emory Elliott, et al eds. Columbia Literary History of the United States. Columbia University Press, 1988.pxix.Some Basic Characteristics of American Literature:♦Short history but great achievement♦Began with oral myths, legends, tales♦Poetry, fiction, drama, essay all highly developed♦Female, ethnic literature came into the centre♦Drawn immense interest from Chinese readersThe Development of American Literature:1.The Colonial Period: 1609—17762.The Revolutionary Period: 1776—18203.The Romantic Period: 1820—18654.The Realism and Naturalism: 1865—19205.The Modern Period: 1920—19606.The Post-modern Period: since 1960Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography:♦ a second-generation immigrant of English descendent♦Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, statesman, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time.♦Benjamin Franklin recorded his early life in his famous book The Autobiography.♦He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age♦supported the cause of independence,, and aided Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence.♦Practical yet idealistic, hard working and enormously successful.♦the Scottish philosopher DavidHume called him America's "firstgreat man of letters”.Major Works:Franklin’s place in literature owes much to hisalmanac and autobiography♦Poor Richard’s Almanac (1732)（格言历书）♦Published from 1732 to 1758 under the name of Richard SaundersFull of proverbs which teach people thrift, carefulness, and independencePoor Richard’s Almanac:♦lost time is never found again”♦“a penny saved is penny earned”♦“God helps those that help themselves”♦“Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise”The Autobiography:♦Franklin wrote the first five chapters of the book in England in 1771, resumed again thirteen years later (1784-85) in Paris and later in 1788 when he returned to America. He ends the account of his life in 1757 when he was 51 years old.♦Although Franklin worked on the Autobiography at four different times (1771,1784, 1788, and 1788----1789) and revised the completed portions extensively, it remained unfinished at his death.♦It is now widely considered to be the greatest autobiography of its kind.Part One:•Franklin gave the work a rough structural unity, dividing it into four parts.•The first part is an entertaining description of his life up to early manhood. This earlier part dealt with his boyhood, his difficulties in finding an appropriate vocation, his conflicts with his brother, his employers, his friends and with his unreliable patrons, success in printing industry and marriage.•The young Franklin possesses numerous faults, but he eventually succeeds because of his talent, industry, and capacity for learning from error.Part Two:•Franklin focuses on his rise to prosperity, his scientific studies, andespecially on his work as philanthropist and statesman.• A bridge between Franklin’s youth and his adulthood, the section codifies the principles that Franklin learnedthrough experience were necessary for happiness and success, but it alsosatirizes the young Franklin’s naive arrogance and rationalizati on.Part Three and Part Four:♦Written in his hometown Philadelphia, about his life during the ages of 25 to 51♦His later life as a politician in Europe and America were scarcely mentioned♦So, The Autobiography did not record the complete life of Benjamin Franklin•Franklin now realizes the part he has played in American history and writes about himself “for the improvement of others”Section A: To His Son♦Page 2 to 3♦The opening part of the whole book♦Reasons for writing this autobiography♦“imagining it m ay be equally agreeable to you to know the circumstances of my life—many of which you are yet unacquainted with—and expecting a week’s uninterrupted Leisure in my present country retirement, I sit down t write them for you.”Section B: The Arrival in Philadelphia♦“Night approaching, we had no remedy but to have patience till the wind abated, and in the meantime the boatman and I concluded to sleep if we could, and so we crowded into the scuttle with the Dutchman who was still wet, and the spray breaking over the head of our boat leaked through to us, so that we were soon almost as wet as he. In this manner we lay all night with very little rest; but the wind abating the next day, we madea shift to reach Amboy before night, having been thirty hours on the water withoutvictuals or any drink but a bottle of filthy rum, the water we sailed on being salt. ” p6, para 2.♦“I sat down among them, and after looking round awhile and hearing nothing said, being very drowsy through labour and want of rest the preceding night, I fell fast asleep and continued so till the meeting broke up, when someone was kind enough to rouse me.This was therefore the first house I was in or slept in, in Philadelphia.” p7, the end. Summary♦Courage♦perseverance ♦Plain language ♦Smooth narration ♦Simplicity♦SincerityThe 13 Virtues:1.Temperance2.Silence3.Order4.Resolution5.Frugality6.Industry7.Sincerity 8.justice9.Moderation10.Cleanliness11.Tranquility12.Chastity13.HumilityComments:♦Franklin’s autobiography remains one of the classics of its kind. It shows Franklin as a man of versatile energy and new ideas, a man who represented American enlightenment and the fulfillment of American dream.♦It is a humorous and fascinating record of an old man’s reflections on his rise from a poor boy to a rich and famous personage through self-reliance and self-improvement.Questions:1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother whom he fad been apprenticed?3.How did he arrive in Philadelphia?4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?。
美国文学史及选读1.1
The origin of American Indians
• They were divided into a great number of tribes who spoke different languages. By the 15th century there were 15 to 20 million inhabitants in the Americas, some of them were quite primitive, while others were among the most advanced cultures in the world. But when the Europeans arrived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th centuries, the cultures of the American Indians began to change as they came into contact with Western culture and technology.
&
Mark Twain
SelecteEdarRneesat Hdeimnignsgwiany American Literature
Outline of American Literature ( 6 periods )
[1] Colonial Period ----Puritanism (1607-1775) Chapter 1
?这些英国人在安顿好新家以后为感谢在危难之时帮助支援过他们的印第安人同时也感谢上帝对他们的恩赐是年年11月第四星期四将猎获的火鸡制成美味佳肴盛情款待印第安人并与他们进行联欢庆祝活动持续了三天
美国文学选读 Class 1 - Literary Criticism Introduction
It’s like going on a bus in a new place but you don’t know what is important and what isn’t when you look out of the window…
But if you have a tour guide, they can show you the important things and explain all about them. That is like understanding literary criticism.
LITERARY CRITICISM
WHAT IS LITERARY CRITICISM?
There are many different ways of looking at something.
For example, here are some pictures of Beijing…
You’ll notice that Beijing looks very different each time.
However this new land Britain wanted to give to the Native Americans so that they could become British. The American British people didn’t want that, they wanted to expand and make new towns and farms instead.
美国文学史及选读第一册复习摘要
美文学摘要Puritanism(清教,清教徒主义): doctrines (dɔktrin n. 教条, 教义, 学说), values, features of Am. Puritans, influence on Am. Literature,Features of colonial poetsThe 1st Am. Writer：Captain John SmithKey Points of Enlightenment movement●Originated in Europe in the 17th century●Basic principles: Stressing education; Stressing Reason; Concerns for civil rights●Significance: Accelerating加速social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing(1．占优势的;主要的2．流行的;普遍的 )Puritanism; Making spiritual preparation for American Revolution Influence on literature:In form: imitating English classical writersIn content: utilitarian ([ju:ˌtɪlɪˌteəri:ən] adj. 1．有效用的;实用的 2．功利(主义)的 n. 功利主义者;实用主义者) tendency (for political or educational purpose)What lessons can we d raw from the poem “the wild honeysuckle”（野金银花）?The wild can also be beautiful. Everyone should take an active attitude toward life. Never avoid challenges for fear of losing something. One can’t achieve anything under the shelter（shelter －简明英汉词典D.J.[ˌʃeltə]n. 1．遮蔽; 保护 2．避难所; 庇护所vt. 掩蔽; 庇护, 保护vi. 躲避, 避难）and protection.Features of American Romanticisma. Imitative: Some of the American Romantic writings were modeled on English and European works. The Romantic Movement proved to be a decisive influence. Without it, the rise of Romanticism would have been impossible. Romanticism writers such as Scott, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron all made a stimulating impact on American literature.b. Independent: From the very beginning, American Romanticism exhibited（陈列，展览；显示，显出；展览品，陈列品，在法庭提出的证物）distinct（截然不同的，完全分开的；清晰的，明白的，明显的）features of its own. It originated from（来自，源于…）a mixture of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else. American Romanticism was in essence（本质上，大体上，事实）the expression of a real new experience and contained “an alien（外国的，外国人的，陌生的，性质不同的）quality”. E.g., the American national experience of pioneering（开发，创始）into the west is a rich fund of material for American writers. It is these Romanticism writers that created an indigenous（土生土长的，生来的，固有的）American literature.c. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize（vi论道德，说教）than writers in England.American Transcendentalism（超验主义，先验论；顿悟）Background:In 1836 a little book Nature came out. It was written by Emerson. It was considered “the Manifesto （ˌmænəˌfestəʊ宣言）of Transcendentalism（ˌtrænsenˌdentl超验主义）”.It started with Emerson’s Nature and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855) The Transcendentalists set up a club called “Transcendentalist（trænsen'dentlist] adj. 先验论者的,超越论者的)Club”. They expressed their views published their journal Dial. The center place is New England and Concord( concord －简明英汉词典D.J.[ˌkɔnˌkɔ:d, ˌkɔŋ-]n. 和谐, 一致, 和睦).Major features1) Emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe2) The individual as the most important element of society3) Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or GodLimitations:1) The shallow (shallow [ˌʃæləu] adj. 1．浅的2．肤浅的) optimism(n. 乐观, 乐观主义) made itimpossible for them to understand human suffering.2) They cut themselves from life and were trapped by empty talk. They stressed too much on human intuition (in tuition [ˌɪntjuˌiʃən] n.1.直觉2.凭直觉感知的知识).3) They failed to provide solution to problem they found.课后部分习题1. Early in the 17th century, the England settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.settlers in America included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and3. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.4. There was little of the religious ferment（骚乱，动荡）and zeal（热心，热忱，热情）that inspired such a tide of literature to flow Puritan New England.5. The Puritans had come to New England for the sake of religious freedom, while Virginia had been planted mainly as a commercial venture.6.Hard work，thrift（节约，节俭），piety（虔诚，虔敬）and sobriety（清醒，未醉，严肃，节制）were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing, including the sermons（布道，说教）,books , and letters of such noted Puritan clergymen as John Cotton and Cotton Mather.True or false: The first American literature was neither American nor really literature.（T）It was not American because it was the work mainly of immigrants from England. It was not literature as we know it---in the form of poetry, essays, or fiction---but rather an interesting mixture of travel accounts and religious writings. The earliest colonial travel accounts are records of the perils（极大危险；危险的事或环境）and frustrations that challenged the courage of America’s first settlers. (P2)1. What are the influences of American Puritanism on American Literature?①Basis of American literaturedreamed of living under a perfect order；worked with courage；hoped to build an Eden of Garden on earth；faced the worst of life with optimism--went into the making of American literatureAll literature is based on a myth--Garden of Eden②Contributing to the development of Symbolism（象征主义）: a technique, widely used。
美国文学选读
美国文学选读很实用的自考美国文学选读资料第一二册重难点History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年CaribbeanIslands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)includedDutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and injournals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America wasestablished at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with aDescription of the Country”.9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
美国文学选读复习
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)美国文学史及选读1、2PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学(at the beginning of 17th century)Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学(by the mid-18th century)1．Thomas Jefferson: Declaration of Independence 独立宣言(1776年18世纪中后期)（仔细阅读知道意思）Benjamin Franklin: The AutobiographyThomas Paine: The American Crisis*一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790Symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment殖民地时期作家。
独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.2．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.二、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment.2．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.3．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。
外研社美国文学史及选读(第三版)(第一册)教学课件Chapter 26 Sherwood Ander
Content
Chapter 21 Henry James Chapter 22 Kate Chopin Chapter 23 O. Henry Chapter 24 Theodore Dreiser Chapter 25 Jack London Chapter 26 Sherwood Anderson
Wing Biddlebaum, forever frightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts, did not think of himself as in any way a part of the life of the town where he had lived for twenty years. Among all the people of Winesburg but one had come close to him. With George Willard, son of Tom Willard, the proprietor of the new Willard House, he had formed something like a friendship. George Willard was the reporter on the Winesburg Eagle and sometimes in the evenings he
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History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠ)美国文学史及选读1PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学1. 17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2. 17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史3. 美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,Freunch ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portugueses (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4. 美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6. 船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes,myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
其破产后做为向导sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.10. 他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.11. 早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.12. 清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观；注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts 并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty. 3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through adirect and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England”. 1633年到Boston 开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。
他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.2．Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island。
对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土着居民语言指南》“A Key into the Language of America”or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。