Number of Nouns
4．兼作可数和不可数的名 词
• ② 少数抽象名词也可兼作可数和不可数名词，但词 义不同。如： Mr. Robert is a teacher of ten years’ experience. Climbing over the mountain is an exciting experience. On a hot day, a cool swim is a joy. She was filled with joy. I find it an honor to make a speech here. The athlete tried to win honor for his country
3．单、复数同形的名词
• ① 以-ese结尾的专有名词，如a Japanese, two Japanese, a Chinese, two Chinese。 • ② 单、复数同形的可数名词，如 sheep，deer，means，aircraft，etc. • ③ 一些表示定量的音译词,如 jin, li, yuan
Thank you!
5．专有名词的复数形式
• the Browns, the Smiths
6．可数和不可数名词的不 定量表示
• ① a great/good many, (a) few, a large/great/good number of等可以修饰可 数名词的复数。 • ② much, (a) little, a large/small/great deal of等可以修饰不可数名词。 • ③ some, any, plenty of, a lot of, a large quantity of(quantities of)等可以修饰可数与 不可数名词。
Number of Nouns
1、可数名词的数
•
• • • • •
⑴规则变化① ຫໍສະໝຸດ 名词词尾直接加-s。② 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，去y加-ies；以元音字母+y结尾的名词， 直接加-s。 ③ 以-s，-x，-ch，-sh结尾的名词，加-es。 ④ 以-f，-fe结尾的名词，去f或fe加-ves。但也有在其后直接加-s的， 如roof---roofs等。更有少数名词有两种复数表示方式，如 handkerchief---handkerchiefs---handkerchieves等。 ⑤ 以-o结尾的名词，在词尾加-es，但如果名词为元音字母+o结尾或 本身是缩略词，则直接加-s，如zoo---zoos，kilo---kilos等。
4．兼作可数和不可数的名 词
• ① 这类名词主要来自于物质名词。当它表示数的形 式不同时，所产生的意义也不同。如： Our country has a large number of metals which are useful to man. The wines of France are among the best in the world. Please send me two coffees and five lemonades. The children are playing on the sands. 其他常用的词还有：paper a paper soup two soups fish three fishes black hair a few white hairs
2．集体名词的单、复数， 关注主谓一致
•
• •
• • •
• • •
① 不可数名词。如：clothing，furniture，pottery，luggage， merchandise等。 How much new machinery has been installed? ② 对于大多数集体名词来说可按句子本身的意思来决定它的单数或 复数意义。如：group, government, audience, chorus, party, crowd, crew, committee等。 My family are early risers. (members of the family) My family is a large one. The government are discussing the proposal. (members of the government) The government has welcomed the proposal. ③ 还有一些集体名词一般只用作复数意义的名词。如police, youth, people, cattle等。 The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.
1、可数名词的数
• • • •
⑵不规则变化
tooth---teeth, man---men, mouse---mice, ox---oxen
⑶复合名词的单、复数变化
① 如果复合名词包含主体名词，则将主体名词变为复数，如 daughter-in-law---daughters-in-law等。 • ② 如果复合名词不包含主体名词，则在词尾加上-s，如 grown-up---grown-ups等。 • ③ 如果复合名词由两个不分主次的名词组成，则将两个名词 都变成复数形式，如woman-doctor---women-doctors等。
Gr02 Nouns and NPs
• Mass nouns are always singular. • Some nouns can be mass or countable depending on their meaning. • Iron is a strong, malleable material. (mass) • I need an iron to press my shirt. (countable)
Uncountable
Good stew must contain rrot. Would you like some lamb （羔羊肉）or pork?
Countable
They grow their own carrots. There are a few lambs（小 羊） in the zoo.
Topic Two
Nouns and Noun Phrases
1.Definition and Classification
• Task 1 • Fill in the blanks with proper words. • A noun names something (a person, place, thing, or idea). Your own name is a __________. The name of your state is a _______. The names of things that you cannot see or touch are ______: for example, sympathy, fairness, width, generosity, magic, truth.
2.2. Mass Nouns
• Mass nouns usually refer to things that do not have a definite shape. These are easier to measure than count. For example, coffee, air, ice, aluminum. • Many mass nouns refer to abstract ideas, concepts, or qualities. For example, beauty, freedom, knowledge, progress. • Mass nouns can also refer to fields of study, activities. For example, Computer science, economics, dancing, football, traveling
英语语法大全(超全)
英语语法大全(超全)English Grammar GuideXXX understand the different parts of speech and their XXX。
Here are the ten parts of speech:1.Nouns: XXX。
places。
things。
or ideas.2.Adjectives: XXX.3.Adverbs: XXX modify verbs。
adjectives。
or other adverbs.4.Pronouns: Words that take the place of nouns.5.Numbers: XXX.6.XXX: Words that express n or state of being.7.ns: Words that connect words。
phrases。
or clauses.8.Articles: XXX.9.ns: XXX.10.ns: XXX.English has sixteen XXX。
including:1.Present Simple: XXX or true in the present.2.Present Continuous: XXX.3.Present Perfect: XXX unspecified time in the past and havea n to the present.4.Present Perfect Continuous: XXX.5.Past Simple: XXX at a specific time in the past.6.Past Continuous: XXX.7.Past Perfect: XXX before another n in the past.8.Past Perfect Continuous: XXX before another n in the past.9.Future Simple: XXX future.10.Future Continuous: XXX future.11.Future Perfect: XXX at a specific time in the future.12.Future Perfect Continuous: XXX up to a specific time in the future.13.Present XXX: XXX.14.Past XXX: XXX.15.Modal Verbs: Used to XXX。
Unit 4 Nouns and noun phrase
3. Number forms of material nouns 1) When used to mean the material itself, they are uncountable,but when used in other senses, they are countable. Coffee, two coffees=two cupfuls of coffee 2) Some nouns can take plural endings, but their meanings have changed. These nouns , though ending in –s, remain uncountable. water—waters, sand-sands, food, fruit 3) Some nouns can act as both individual nouns(countable) and material nouns (uncountable) egg, stone, rubber, lamb, onion
3) In the case of some abstract nouns, the mere addition of a plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base. For instance, the word “experience” in “We meet once a year to exchange our teaching experience” is used in the sense of “经验”, while the plural form “experiences” means “经历” in “We told each other our experiences in foreign countries.” Relation, youth, worry, distraction, business, kindness
Noun and Noun Phrase
is little agreement about how best to reach this goal. Over the years， parents have tried dramatically different ways. They have put their baby on a schedule, or they have fed on demand; they have let their baby cry himself to sleep，or they have picked him up as soon as he cried; they have given their child whatever he wants，or they have taught him to get everything through his own efforts. These contrasting parenting strategies arise from quite different views of the nature of children and childhood and the roles of parents. Some parents view their child as naturally social. To them，their job is to allow him the space to succeed. Others think that their child should be taught how to act. There are probably positives and negatives to each method. None of them guarantees that your child will become the loving individual you want him to be. But some things are certain－a child will be more likely to be loving if you show him love，more successful if you give him examples of success，and happier if you are happy.
Noun(Number)讲义
I. Nouns (Number)1.It is so unusual work of art that everyone wants tohave a look at it.2.Despite the clean-up campaign, there are still manygarbages and litters lying in the streets.3.They were praised for good behaviors at school.4. W e should advise our young people to pay attentionto good manner.5. I am sorry I haven’t got any small changes on me.6. The teacher asked the students not to use slangs intheir compositions.7.Somehow, in the panic, the crews of the airplanewere able to rescue nearly all of the passengers.8. His uncle is a man of high literary attainment.9. W e are busy making arrangement for the Englishevening.10. Y ou may apply to the authority concerned for apassport.11.She wore expensive fur in winter.12.He was all smile at the news.13.Her husband’s arrogance and jealousy knew nobound.14. A wolf will show itself in its true colour.15. He declined their invitation on ground of ill health.16. A painting in oil often looks better at a distance.17.“Have you had enough cake?”“I’d like one more,please.”18.Peanuts grow in long, bright green rows on18-inches-high bushes.19.The President was greeted with a great ceremony atthe airport.20. The chance is ten to one that he will come today.21. The content of his suitcase is doubtful.22. Bill was knocked down and hurt by a car, and heclaimed damage from the driver.23. He has deposited his saving in the saving-bank.24. She told me gossips about all her relatives.26. Please give your parents my best regard.27. On hearing the message I was sunk in deepthoughts.28.W e must change train at Shanghai for Nanjing.29.Y ou may arrange the matter at your conveniences.30.The accident took place at a crossroad.31.The reputation of “Double Coins”brand tyres hasspread far and wide.32.V acations total about two and half a months out ofthe year.33.She is always ready to give her hands to the poor.34.She is good at expressing herself in graceful andcorrect English proses.35. The sceneries of Hangzhou are beautiful beyond description.36.Even if the child is of uncommon brilliance, heshould not have been praised to the sky.37.Are you going to run at the school sport meet?38.The store sells several thousands dresses every(Genitive)Theory:✧Form of Genitive: N+’s✧Meanings of Genitive:1)Possessive genitive (所有关系)Mr. Brown’s suitcase has been taken downstairs.2)Subjective genitive (主谓关系)The Prime Minister’s arrival is reported in the morning paper.3)Objective genitive (动宾关系)The enemy’s defeat brought the war to an end.4)Genitive of origin (来源)Mary’s letter = a letter from Mary5)Descriptive genitive (类别)a winter’s day = a day in winter6)Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc.(时间\ 度量\价值等)an hour’s worka pound’s weightone dollar’s worth of meatUse of Genitive1)as determiner and modifier2)genitive case and of-phrase38.Cliff’s and Al’s car broke down again, but luckilythey knew how to fix it.39.To make space in the bedroom, she put away herwinter’s clothes in the upstairs bedroom.40.Only last week I called at my aunt.41.He is a brother of John.42.Take the dirty hands of yours off my nice cleandress.43.I’d like a steak, a salad, and a corn’s ear with butter.(Subject-verb concord)Theory:Three principles of Subject-V erb Concord 语法一致原则Grammatical Concord / Basic principle Both boys have/*has their own merits.Few students are/*is really lazy.Notional Concord 意义一致原则The government have/*has asked the country to decide by a vote.Fifteen miles seems/*seem like a long walk to me. Principle of Proximity 就近原则Either my brothers or my father is/*are coming.Not only the switches but also the old wiring has/*have been changed.44.The kind of books an author writes depend on thekind of man who he is.45.Our secretary and treasurer are coming.47. Curry and rice are his favorite dishes.48. The German and the English language has something in common.49.Every hour and every minute are important.50.The teacher, in addition to his students, are in thelibrary.51.He or his servants is to blame.52.Not only he, but also his parents is very kind to me.53.The teacher, as well as the students, wish for aholiday.54.Many a man have saved themselves by counsel.55.“Three killers” were written by Hemingway.56.There was a large number of people at theexhibition.57.No one except memebers were admitted.58.The Chinese W omen football team is full ofenthusiasm.59.To send food and clothing to the flood victims werehis first thought.60.What appears to be specks on the moon’s surface isactually large craters.61.The children each has a picture-story book.62.There are no lack of suggestions on this subject.63.One and a half cakes of soap are left to the rack.64.Playing the pi-pa and singing simultaneously arenot easy for beginners.65.Neither Sam Atkins nor Henry Miller, salesrepresentatives for the company, presented their summary of sales before the deadline for doing so.66.Ten thousand dollars seem a large sum of money forone who is in need.67.At the bus stop was a soldier and two young peopleon their way to North Carolina.68.The hostess dressed in her finest costume togetherwith the guest of honour were seated comfortably in the living room.69.Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has beenfound in central and eastern Canada.70.The majority of boys likes football and basketball.71.A body of volunteers have been organized to aid thehelpless in their struggle for survival.72.Although the first part is easy, the rest is difficult.73.Either Xiao Zhang or his father are going to thetheatre, but one of them has to stay home.74.No administrator or supervisor can enter aclassroom unless they are invited by the teacher. 75.A series of debates between the lecturers werescheduled for the next weekend.。
语言学导论课后习题答案
Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphology?The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structur e and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable n ouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irreg ular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitut e words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. The distinct i on between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morpheme sInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. English affixes a re divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a wo rd by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of E nglish compounds are the combination of words from the three classes –nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a pol y syllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television asthat suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbrevia tions are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of org anizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86983.html Chapter 3 PhonologyWhat is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses o n three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Pho nemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the sam e position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual subs titution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinc tive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as exam ples.[+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.Every syllable h as a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accident a l gaps but they will never fillsystematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress. If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a sec ondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distin guish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.ToneTone is the variation of pitch to disting uish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86123.html Chapter 2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the cavities?O ral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcripti o n (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of conson ant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationV oicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [ ] [ ]Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [ ] [ ] [t ] [d ] [j]Velar: [k] [g] [ ]Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [f] [v] [ ] [ ] [h]Affricates: [t ] [d ]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] [ ]V oicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.V oiced soundsV oiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises i n the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features a re called natural classes.Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。
number意思的用法总结
number意思的用法总结number的意思n. 数字,数量,号码,编号v. 标号,总计,把…算作变形：过去式: numbered; 现在分词：numbering; 过去分词：numbered;number用法number可以用作名词number的基本意思是“数字”,引申可作“编号,电话号码,房间号码”解,是可数名词。
常缩写为No.或no.。
number也可作“数目,数量”解,其后常与介词of连用,引申可表示语法上名词或动词的“数”或“数词”。
number的单数形式也可指“一群人,一帮人”。
number用作名词的用法例句He picked a winning number on the first draw.他第一次便抽到一个中奖号码。
I slipped up and gave you the wrong phone number.我粗心大意给错了你电话号码。
The number of fish in coastal waters has decreased.沿海鱼的数量已减少了。
number可以用作动词number用作动词意思是“数,算”,引申可作“编号”“加号码于…”“总共,共计”等解。
number可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词。
用作及物动词时接名词或代词作宾语。
number作数数的“数”解,其宾语只能是复数名词。
number作“算作”解时可接as〔among,with〕引起的介词短语作宾语补足语。
number用作动词的用法例句The students of our department numbered in the hundreds.我们系的学生总共有几百人。
That record numbers among the top ten.那张唱片列入前十名之中。
This procedure can be used to number any type of document.此过程可用于对任何类型的文档进行编号。
语法术语中英文
语法术语中英文1. Noun （名词）countable uncountable （可数名词、不可数名词）Number of N （名词的数）Irregular plurals （不规那么复数）Genitive case of N （名词的所有格）Double genitive （双重所有格）2.Pronoun （代词）Personal pronoun （人称代词）Possessive pronoun （物主代词）Reflexive pronoun （反身代词）Interrogative pronoun （疑问代词）Indefinite pronoun （不定代词）3.Numeral （数次）Cardinal 、ordinal numbers （基数词、序数词）Percentage （百分数）Fraction （分数）Decimal （小数）Multiple （倍数）4.Determiner （限定词）Definite, indefinite, zero articles （定冠词，不定冠词，零冠词）Quantifiers （数量词）5.Preposition （介词）6.Adjective （形容词）Attributive 定语Predicative 表语Adverb clause equivalent 副词性从句7. Adverb （副词）Modifier of Adj / Adv / Prep-phrase / N-Phrase / Adverb-clause （形容词、副词、介词短语、副词性从句的修饰语）The comparative and superlative degrees of Adj / Adv （形容词和副词的比较级和最高级）9. Verb classes （动词）Transitive and intransitive verbs（及物动词和不及物动词）Auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries（助动词和情态动词）Semi-auxiliaries （半助动词）Phrasal verbs （短语动词）10. Tense （时态）Simple present, past, future and with modals （一样此刻时，一样过去时，一样以后时和情态助动词加动词）Present and past progressive（此刻进行时和过去进行时）Future progressive and with modals（以后进行时和情态动词加进行时）Present and past perfect（此刻完成时和过去完成时）Future perfect and with modals （以后完成时和情态动词加完成时）Present perfect progressive（此刻完成进行时）Past perfect progressive （过去完成进行时）voice （被动语态）Passive voice in simple tense（被动语态的一样时态）Passive voice in perfect and progressive tenses （被动语态的完成和进行时态）Passive voice of phrasal verbs （短语动词的被动语态）12.Subjunctive mood （虚拟语气）13.To V （Infinitive 动词不定式）as subject, object and complement （用作主语，宾语和补足语）Indicating purpose / result （表示目的和结果）Modifying adjective （修饰形容词）as post modifier in a noun phrase （后位修饰名词）to be + V-ed2, to have + V-ed2, to be + V-ing （不定式的被动式，完成式和进行式）14.V-ing （Gerund 动名词）object, subject and predicative （宾语, 主语和表语）N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing as subject and object （名词/ 代词或其所有格加动名词作主语和宾语）Prep + N / Pronouns or their possessive + V-ing （介词加名词/代词或其所有格加动名词）being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as a noun equivale nt （动名词的被动式,完成式和完成被动式起名词作用）15pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 此刻分词和过去分词）as complement （补足语）as an adverb clause equivalen t（作状语）When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 （When / While 等加此刻分词或过去分词）（with） N + V-ing / V-ed2 （ [ with ] 名词加此刻分词或过去分词）Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalen t（无归属此刻分词作状语）being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalen t（此刻分词的被动式、完成式和完成被动式作状语或定语）16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements （大体句型和句子成份）Pattern 1: S + VPattern 2: S + V + CsPattern 3: S + V + OPattern 4: S + V + Oi + OdPattern 5: S + V + Od + Co17. Interrogative form （疑问形式）Negative form （否定形式）Passive form （被动形式）relative clause （定语从句）Restrictive and non-restrictive （限制Pare nt hesis （插入语）Omission （省略）Omission through coordination （并列结构中的省略）Negation （否定）Total negation （全数否定）Partial negation （部份否定）Double negation （双重否定）Transferred negation （转移否定）性和非限制性定语从句）Appositive clause （同位语从句）Noun phrase appositive to clause（名词短语作句子的同位语）Clause of time and space（时刻从句和地址从句）Clauses of condition, concession and con tras t （条件从句、妥协从句和对照从句）Clauses of cause, result and purpose（缘故从句、结果从句和目的从句）Clauses of manner and comparison（方式从句和比较从句）Clauses of proportion and other types（比例从句和其它从句）3rd person pronouns, and plurals of the 1st and 2nd person pronouns （第三人称代词，第一、二人称代词的复数）indefinite pronouns （不定代词）（+ of + N / Pron）Subjec t-verb inversion（主语与谓语倒装）朗文高级英语语法》第一章动词时态概述(Overview Of Verb Tenses)1- 1 一样时态(The Simple Tenses)1- 2 进行时态(The ProgressiveTenses)31- 3 完成时态(The Perfect Tenses)1- 4 完成进行时态(The PerfectProgressive Tenses)1-5 时态用法总结(Summary Chart ofVerb Tenses)1- 6 -ing 和-ed 形式的拼写(Spelling of -ing and -ed Forms)第二章一样此刻时，一样过去时，此刻进行时和过去进行时(Present And Past,Simple And Progressive)2- 1 一样此刻时(Simple Present) 2- 2 此刻进行时(Present Progressive)2- 3 静态动词( Stative Verbs)2-5 规那么动词和不规那么动词(Regular and Irregular Verbs)2-6 规那么动词：-ed的发音(RegularVerbs: Pronunciation of -ed Endings)2-7 不规那么动词表(Irregular Verbs: an Alphabetical List)2-8 易混淆的动词：raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie (Troublesome Verbs: raise/rise, set/sit, lay/lie)2-9 一样过去时(Simple Past)2-10 过去进行时(Past Progressive)2-11进行时态与always连用表示抱怨(Using Progressive Verbs with always to Complain)2-12 进行时态中地址状语的用法(Using Expressions of Place with Progressive Verbs) being + Adjective)3- 1 此刻完成时(Present Perfect)2-4 am/is/are being+形容词(am/is/are第三章完成时和完成进行时(Perfect And Perfect Progressive Tenses)3- 2 此刻完成进行时(Present Perfect Progressive) 3- 3 过去完成时(Past Perfect)3- 4 过去完成进行时(Past Perfect Progressive)第四章以后时(Future Time)4- 1 一样以后时：will 和be going to (Simple Future: will and be going to)4- 2 will 与be going to 的比较(will vs. be going to)4- 3 历时刻状语从句表示以后(Expressing the Future in Time Clauses)4-4 用一样此刻时和此刻进行时表示以后(Using the Present Progressive and the Simple Present to Express Future Time)4- 5 以后进行时(Future Progressive)4- 6 以后完成时(Future Perfect)4-7 以后完成进行时(Future Perfect Progressive)第五章时刻状语从句和时态的温习(Adverb Clauses Of Time And Review Of Verb Tenses)5- 1 时刻状语从句：形式(Adverb Clauses of Time: Form)5- 2 历时刻状语从句表示时刻关系(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time Relationships)第六章主谓一致(Subject-verbAgreement)6-1以-s或-es结尾的词：用法、发音和拼写(Final -s/-es: Use, Pronunciation, and Spelling)6-2 大体的主谓一致问题(BasicSubject-verb Agreement)6-3 主谓一致：表达数量(Subject-verb Agreement: Using Expressions of Quantity)6-4 主谓一致：there be的用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Using there + be)6- 5 主谓一致：不规那么用法(Subject-verb Agreement: Some Irregularities)第七章名词(Nouns)7- 1 名词复数形式的规那么和不规那么转变(Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns)7- 2 所有格(Possessive Nouns)1037- 3 名词作修饰语(Using Nouns as Modifiers)7-4 可数名词和不可数名词(Count andNoncount Nouns)7- 5 不可数名词(Noncount Nouns)7- 6 常见不可数名词(Some Common Noncount Nouns)7-7 冠词的大体用法(Basic ArticleUsage)7-8 冠词用法的大体原那么(General Guidelines for Article Usage)7-9 数量的表达(Expressions of Quantity)7-10 a few 和few, a little 和little 的用法(Using a few and few; a little and little)7-11 带of 的数量表达(Using of in Expressions of Quantity)7-12 all (of)和both (of)〔All (of) and both (of) 7-13 单数的数量表达：one, each, every (Singular Expressions of Quantity: one, each, every)第八章代词(Pronouns)8- 1 人称代词(Personal Pronouns)8- 2 人称代词：与类属名词、不定代词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Generic Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns)8-3 人称代词：与集合名词的一致性(Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns)8- 4 反身代词(Reflexive Pronouns)8-5 you, one 和they 用作非人称代词(Using you, one, and they as Impersonal Pronouns)8- 6 other 的形式(Forms of other)8-7 other 的常见表达(CommonExpressions with other)第九章情态动词(一) (Modals, Part 1)9- 1 概述(Introduction)9-2 I作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with I as the Subject)9-3 you 作主语的礼貌请求(PoliteQuestions with you as the Subject)9- 4 would you mind 用作礼貌请求(Polite Requests with would you mind)9- 5 表示必需：must, have to, have got to (Expressing Necessity: must, have to, have got to)9-6 没必要要和禁止：have to和must的否定形式(Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: have to and must in the Negative)9-7 忠告：should, ought to, had better (Advisability: should, ought to, had better)9-8 should 的过去式(The Past Form of should)9-9 期望:be supposed to (Expec tatio ns: be supposed to)9-10 提议:let's, why don't, shall I/we(Making Suggestions: let's, why don't, shall I/we)9-11 提议：could与should的比较(Making Suggestions: could vs. should) 第十章情态动词(二) (Modals, Part 2)10- 1 表示确信程度：此刻时(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time)10-2 表示确信程度：此刻时的否定形式(Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative)10-3 表示确信程度：过去时(Degrees of Certainty: Past Time)10-4 表示确信程度：以后时(Degrees of Certainty: Future Time)10-5 情态动词的进行式(Progressive Forms of Modals)10-6 表示能力：can 和could (Ability:can and could)10-7 would 表示过去重复性的动作(Using would to Express a RepeatedAction in the Past)10-8 表示偏向： would rather(Expressing Preference: would rather)10-9 情态动词和短语情态动词的结合(Combining Modals with Phrasal Modals)10-10 情态动词和类似表达的总结表(Summary Chart of Modals and Similar Expressions)第十一章被动语态(The Passive)11-1 被动语态的组成(Forming the Passive)11-2 被动语态的用法(Using thePassive)11-3 间接宾语用作被动语态的主语(Indirect Objects Used as Passive Subjects)11-4 情态动词与短语情态动词的被动语态(The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals)11-5 静态被动语态(Stative Passive)11-6 常见静态被动语态动词 + 介词(Common Stative Passive Verbs + Prepositions)11-7 get 与被动语态(The Passive with get) 11-8 分词形容词(Participial Adjectives)第十二章名词性从句(Noun Clauses)12-1 概述(Introduction)12-2 以疑问词开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word)12-3以whether或if开头的名词性从句(Noun Clauses Beginning with whether or if)12-4疑问词后接不定式(Ques tion Words Followed by Infinitives)12-5 以that 开头的名词性从句(NounClauses Beginning with that)12-6 直接引语(Quoted Speech)12-7 间接引语：名词性从句中动词的形式(Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses)12-8 名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法(Using the Subjunctive in Noun Clauses)12-9 带有-ever的辞汇的用法(Using -ever Words)第十三章定语从句(Adjective Clauses)13- 1 概述(Introduction)13-2 定语从句的关系代词作主语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Subject)13-3 定语从句的关系代词作动词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Verb)13-4 定语从句的关系代词作介词的宾语(Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the Object of a Preposition)13-5 定语从句的经常使用句型(UsualPatterns of Adjective Clauses)13-6 whose 的用法(Using whose)13-7定语从句中where的用法(Using where in Adjective Clauses)13-8 定语从句中when的用法(Using when in Adjective Clauses)13-9 定语从句修饰代词的用法(Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns)13-10 定语从句中标点符号的利用(Punctuating Adjective Clauses) 13-11 定语从句中数量的表示方式(Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective Clauses)13-12 名词+of which 的用法(U sing Noun + of which)28613-13 which修饰整个句子的用法(Using which to Modify a Whole Sentence)28613-14 将定语从句简化为形容词短语：概述(Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases: Introduction)13-15 将定语从句转变成形容词短语(Changing an Adjective Clause to an Adjective Phrase)第十四章动名词和不定式(一) (GerundsAnd Infinitives, Part 1)14- 1 动名词：概述(Gerunds: Introduction)14-2 动名词作介词的宾语(Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions)14-3 后面接动名词的常见介词短语(Common Preposition CombinationsFollowed by Gerunds)14-4 后面接动名词的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Gerunds)14-5 go+动名词(go + Gerund)14-6后面接动词-ing形式的固定搭配(Special Expressions Followed by -ing)14-7 后面接不定式的常见动词(CommonVerbs Followed by Infinitives)14-8 后面既可接不定式又可接动名词的常见动词(Common Verbs Followed by either Infinitives or Gerunds)14-9 后面接动名词的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed byGerunds) 14-10 后面接不定式的动词列表(Reference List of Verbs Followed by Infinitives)14-11 it +不定式；动名词和不定式作主语(it + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects) And Infinitives, Part 2)15-1 表示目的的不定式：in order to (Infinitive of Purpose: in order to)15-2 后面接不定式的形容词(Adjectives Followed by Infinitives)15-3 不定式与too和enough连用(Using Infinitives with too and enough)15-4 不定式和动名词的被动语态和完成式(Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and Gerunds)15-5 need 后接动名词或不定式的被动语态形式(Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives Following need)15-6 所有格修饰动名词(Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund)15-7 感官动词的用法(Using Verbs of Perception)15-8 let和help后接动词原形(Using the Simple Form after let and help)15-9 使役动词的用法：make, have, get(Using Causative Verbs: make, have, get)第十五章动名词和不定式(二) (Gerunds第十六章并列连词(Coordinating16-1 平行结构(Parallel Structure)16-2 成对连词：both・・・and; not only… but also; either … or; neither … nor (Using Paired Conjunctions: both . . . and; not only . . . but also; either . . . or; neither . . . nor)16- 3 用并列连词连接独立分句(Combining Independent Clauses with Coordinating Conjunctions)第十七章状语从句(Adverb Clauses)17- 1 概述(In troduc tion)17-2 缘故状语从句(Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and Effect)17-3表达对照(意外的结果)：even though 的用法〔Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): Using even though〕17-4 表达直接对照：while和whereas (Showing Direct Contrast: while and whereas)17-5条件状语从句：if从句(Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: 17-6 条件状语从句：whether or not和even if 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using whether or not and even if)17-7 条件状语从句：in case和in the event that 的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using in case and in the event that)17-8 条件状语从句：unless的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using unless)17-9 条件状语从句：only if的用法(Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using only if)第十八章将状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Reduction Of Adverb Clauses To Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18- 1 概述(In troduc tion)18-2 将时刻状语从句简化为修饰性的副词短语(Changing Time Clauses to Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-3 用修饰性的副词短语表达“与此同时”的概念(Expressing the Idea of “During the Same Time” in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-4 用修饰性的副词短语表示因果关系(Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)18-5 在修饰性的副词短语中利用“upon + -ing” (Using upon + -ing in Modifying Adverbial Phrases)第十九章表示因果、对照和条件关系的关联词(Connectives That Express Cause And Effect, Contrast, And Condition)19-1 because of 和due to 的用法(Using because of and due to)19-2用过渡词表示因果关系：therefore 和consequently (Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: therefore and consequently)19-3 句型和标点符号小结(Summary ofPatterns and Punctuation)19-4其它表示因果关系的方式：such… that 和so …that (Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: such . . . that and so . . . that)19-5 表示目的：so that的用法(Expressing Purpose: Using so that)19-6 表示对照(意料之外的结果) 〔Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result)〕19-7 表示直接对照(Showing Direct Contrast)19-8 表示条件：otherwise 和or (else) 的用法〔Expressing Conditions: Using otherwise and or (else)〕19-9 关联词小结：因果、对照和条件关系(Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, Contrast, Condition)第二十章条件句和表达愿望的方式(Conditional Sentences And Wishes)20- 1 条件句中一样动词形式概述(Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in Conditional Sentences)20-2 此刻和以后的真实条件句(True in the Present or Future)20-3 此刻和以后的非真实条件句(与事实相反)〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or Future〕20-4 过去的非真实条件句 (与事实相反) 〔Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past〕20-5 在条件句中利用动词的进行时形式(Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences)20-6条件句中“混合时刻”的用法(Using“ Mixed Time ” in ConditionalSentences)42420-7 if 的省略(Omitting if)20-8 暗含的条件(Implied Cond it ions)20-9 as if / as though 的用法(Using as if/as though) 20-10 wish后面的动词形式(Verb Forms Following wish)20-11 用would 表达关于以后的希望(Using would to Make Wishes about the Future)434and Objects)A-2 介词和介词短语(Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases) A-3 形容词(Adjectives)A-4 副词(Adverbs)A-5 be 动词(The Verb be)A-6 系动词(Linking Verbs)B单元：疑问句(Questions)B-1 一样疑问句和特殊疑问句的形式(Forms of Yes/No and Information Questions)B-2 疑问词(Ques tion Words)B-3 简化的一样疑问句(Shortened Yes/No Questions)B-4 否定疑问句(Negative Questions) B-5 反意疑问句(Tag Questions)附录增补语法单元(Supplementary Grammar Units)A 单元：大体语法术语(Basic GrammarTerminology)C 单元：缩写(Contractions) D单元：否定句(Negatives)D-1 not与其它否定词的用法(Using not and Other Negative Words)A-1 主语、动词和宾语(Subjects, Verbs,D-2 幸免“重复两次否定” (Avoiding Double Negatives)D-3 以否定词开头的句子(Beginning a Sentence with a Negative Word)E 单元：介词搭配(Preposition Combinations)E 形容词和动词的介词搭配(Preposition Combinations withAdjectives and Verbs)F 单元：用来举例和延续观点的关联词(Connectives To Give Examples And To Continue An Idea)F-1 用来举例的关联词(Connectives to Give Examples)F-2 用来延续观点的关联词(Connectives to Continue the Same Idea)G 单元：动词形式的回忆练习(Verb Form Review Exercises)。
新东方英语语法新思维-名词的数(一)：可数与不可数
名词的数（一）：可数与不可数对于英语中名词的“数（number）”的概念，我们将主要从两个角度来讨论：一是名词的可数性，即区分可数名词（countable noun，在词典中标注为［C］），这一角度侧重于名词的意义方面而不是构成形式方面；二是名词的单数与复数形式，这一角度侧重于名词的构成形式方面。
所以，这两个角度分别是从意义（meaning）与形式（form）两个方面来讨论名词。
形式是由意义决定的，是为意义的表达而服务的。
另一方面，特定的意义是通过相应的形式来传递的。
这其实就是哲学上说的形式与内容的统一。
因此，我们首先从意义的角度来考察可数名词与不可数名词，然后从形式构成的角度来考察名词的单复数变化规则。
在本节讨论名词的可数性的过程中，我们重点放在对不可数名词的讨论上，因为搞清楚了不可数名词，也就意味着分清了可数名词。
这就如同油与水的分离，滤出油之后，剩下的自然就是水了。
所以，本节主要从意义上来界定英语不可数名词的特点，而下一节主要是从形式上来总结可数名词的复数变化规则。
对于这样的逻辑思路，读者不妨了解一下。
在本节中，我们首先总结出常用的不可数名词，在此基础上，随后立即提出可数与不可数的“相对论”，即一个名词是可数还是不可数关键在于它所表达的意义，与它所使用的上下文语境密切相关，因而不能孤立地来看待名词的可数性。
这是有关名词可数性的重要理念。
然后，我们将从英汉思维差异的角度来告诫读者，不能按汉语的思维来理解英文名词的可数与不可数。
最后，介绍如何表示不可数名词的数量关系。
1.1常用作不可数的名词英文中的不可数名词很不易把握，因为我们不能完全按照汉语的思维方式去判断一个名词到底是可数还是不可数。
但总的来说，不可数名词有以下规律，笔者这里将其分为五组：第一组：对于一些无法分割的名词，我们将其看作一个整体，因而作为不可数名词，没有复数变化（nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole）。
英语语法--名词单复数总结
名词与名词词组——重点是名词的“数”名词的数(number)——单数(singular number)和复数(plural number)noun （名词） word formationsimple noun (简单名词), compound noun (复合名词) derivative noun (派生名词) lexical meaning (词汇意义) common noun (普通名词) individual noun(个体名词)collective noun(集体名词)material noun(物质名词)abstract noun(抽象名词)proper noun(专有名词) 表个人、国家、地方、机构、组织、山川河海等的专有名称，如British Airways(英航公司), the People's Congress(人民代表大会), the DemocraticParty, Global Times(环球时报)grammatical features(语法特征) count/ countable noun (可数名词) non-count/ uncountable noun (不可数名词) 个体名词的复数形式(读音及形式)o 结尾 有生命的加es ；无生命的加s ；oo 结尾加s ；例外情况，热恋中的男子们(Romeos)是菲律宾人(Filipinos)，他们对鱼雷(torpedoes)的使用持否决（vetoes ）态度，喜欢在山谷中大喊欣赏自己的回声（echoes ），还喜欢听女高音(sopranos)和女低音(altos)。
embryos 胚胎）-fe,-f 结尾以-fe,-f 结尾分为：多数把-fe,-f 变为-v ，再加-es ；少数直接加-s ，如有人说Mary 偷偷把两个保险箱(safes)搬到房顶(roofs)，用直升机运走了，但是Mary 很委屈很伤心(griefs)，她坐在悬崖边(cliffs)用手帕(handkerchief)拭泪，而且人们坚信(beliefs)她是清白的！ child---children ox---oxen mouse---mice louse(虱子)---licefoot---feet goose---geese tooth---teeth man---men woman---women与 man 和 woman 构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women 。