音标教材(五天速成)
48个音标教学(打印版)完整版
48个音标教学(打印版)完整版48个音标教学（打印版）完整版英语语音发音表：国际音标（英语语音）一、元音前元音：i: ]。
[ i ]。
[ e ]。
[ æ]i: ]音标特征：前元音舌位高不圆唇长元音。
发音要诀：嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，嘴角向两边张开，露出微笑的表情，与字母E的发音相同。
注意：“:”是长音符号，长元音往往比它相应的短元音长两倍以上。
发音组合：e。
ee。
ea。
ie。
ei代表单词：me。
he。
we。
even。
beef。
feel。
breeze。
deep。
free。
seat。
beat。
lead。
tea。
eat。
reason。
grief。
believe。
achieve。
receive。
conceivei ]音标特征：前元音半高音扁平唇短元音。
发音要诀：嘴唇微微张开，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，嘴形扁平。
发音组合：i代表单词：sit。
bit。
kick。
pick。
wish音标对比：[ i: ]。
[ i ]seat。
sitbeat。
bitsheep。
shipe ]音标特征：前元音半高音不圆唇短元音。
发音要诀：嘴形扁平，舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起。
发音组合：e。
ea。
a代表单词：pen。
ten。
best。
beg。
egg。
net。
bread。
heaven。
marry。
any。
many。
音标特征：后元音高音圆唇长元音发音要诀：唇形圆起，嘴巴张大，舌平放，舌尖轻抵下齿。
发音组合：oo。
ou。
u。
ew代表单词：blue。
true。
fruit。
rule。
school。
tooljuice。
suit。
musicu]音标特征：后元音高音不圆唇短元音发音要诀：嘴唇稍稍张开，舌尖抵下齿，舌后部稍稍抬起。
发音组合：u。
o代表单词：put。
full。
could。
should。
woman。
wolfɔ:]音标特征：后元音半高音圆唇长元音发音要诀：唇形圆起，嘴巴稍稍张开，舌尖轻抵下齿，舌后部稍稍抬起。
发音组合：or。
oor。
英标表48个发音教学
英标表48个发音教学一、元音（20个）1. 长元音（5个）- /ɑ:/：发音时口张大，舌身压低并后缩，舌尖不抵下齿，双唇稍收圆。
例如：car（汽车），far（远的）。
- /ɔ:/：由/ɔ/滑向/:/，双唇收得又圆又小，并向前突出，舌尖不触下齿，舌身往后缩。
如：dog（狗）中的“o”字母在英式发音中发/ɔ:/。
- /ɜ:/：舌身尽量向硬腭尽量抬起，舌尖不触下齿，舌位接近半高，双唇向两旁伸开，成扁平形。
例如：bird（鸟），nurse（护士）。
- /u:/：双唇收圆，突出成小孔，并尽量突出，舌尖尽量后缩，舌尖不触下齿，舌身后缩。
如：blue（蓝色），ruler（尺子）。
- /əʊ/：由/ə/滑向/ʊ/，由扁平到收圆。
例如：go（去）。
2. 短元音（7个）- /ʌ/：舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，舌身向硬腭尽量抬起，嘴唇向两旁伸开，成扁平形。
如：bus（公共汽车），cup（杯子）。
- /ɒ/：双唇收圆，稍突出，舌尖不触下齿，舌身尽量往后缩。
例如：box（盒子），hot（热的）。
- /əʊ/：由/ə/滑向/ʊ/，由扁平到收圆。
例如：go（去）。
- /u/：双唇收圆，稍突出，舌尖离开下齿，舌身后缩，舌尖不触下齿。
例如：book（书），look（看）。
- /e/：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭尽量抬起，嘴唇向两旁伸开，成扁平形。
例如：pen（钢笔），red（红色）。
- /æ/：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部向硬腭尽量抬起，嘴唇向两旁伸开，成扁平形。
例如：cat（猫），map（地图）。
3. 双元音（8个）- /eɪ/：由/e/滑向/ɪ/，舌尖抵住下齿，舌前部向硬腭尽量抬起，由扁平到收窄。
例如：cake（蛋糕），name（名字）。
- /aɪ/：由/a/滑向/ɪ/，舌尖抵住下齿，舌身尽量向硬腭抬起，由张大到收窄。
例如：bike（自行车），ice（冰）。
- /ɔɪ/：由/ɔ/滑向/ɪ/，双唇由扁平到收圆。
例如：boy（男孩）。
- /əʊ/：由/ə/滑向/ʊ/，由扁平到收圆。
英语音标学习教材小学新版
英语音标学习教材小学新版英语国际音标教材金榜教育编写（适合音标初学者）我们为什么要学习音标？作为英语老师，常常遇到这样的尴尬场面：课堂上教学生读单词，老师读一遍，学生跟着读一遍，下课布置学生们回去复习单词。
可是到了第二天早读，大部分同学都忘记单词是怎么读的。
这样的情况常常发生在小学和初中阶段，甚至是在高中、大学阶段也会出现！为什么出现这样的情况呢？不懂国际音标！其实，学习音标并不难，但是，意义却非常深远！1. 发音准确，说地道的英语学习音标能帮助我们准确发音，快速提高听、读英语的能力。
学习好48个国际音标，为日后的学习打下坚实的基础。
英语在生活中说的机会比中文少得多，很多中小学生说英语像香港人说普通话一样，听他们说的英语需要伸长脖子、不断重复。
学会了音标，发音地道了、纯正了，听力也随之提高，中考、高考的应试能力大大加强了。
2. 拼读法记忆单词很多同学老是花很多时间记单词，但又很快忘记了。
原因就是靠死记硬背字母，这种死板的记忆方法是不科学的。
英语的发音具有强大的规律，学会了国际音标是完全可以用来背单词。
记忆单词的时候，发音的规律自然产生作用，使得同学只要知道读音就基本可以拼写出单词，还可以检验拼写的单词是否错误，大大的节省了记忆单词的时间。
3. 提高学生的自主学习性，增加词汇量在没有学习音标之前，我们都是很依赖老师。
老师读一个单词，我们跟着读一个，有时怕自己忘了就用中文或者奇怪的符号标注，过一段时间后，发现自己又不会读了。
但是学会了音标可以轻松解决这些问题，即使老师没有教你读音，自己也可以根据音标拼读出来。
英语世界数十万单词，不可能每个都依赖老师，遇到不懂的单词可以通过拼读轻松把它记下来。
4. 整体语感提高掌握音标之后，学校的课文可以很流畅地朗读。
语感也随着这样的日常训练逐步提高，对学生应对语法选择、完形填空和阅读理解等题目有一种无形的助力。
(一)认识英语国际音标英语音标一共有48个，其中元音有20个，辅音有28个。
国际音标教程教材完美版(杂项)
国际音标教程什么是国际音标：国际音标是由国际语音协会要求的一套音标，用来记录世界各主要语言的语音。
开音节：) 辅音元音辅音: , , , , ,) 辅音元音: , , , , , , ,闭音节：) 辅音元音辅音: , , , , , ,)元音辅音: , , , , , ,重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
元音和辅音的定义：发音时声带振动，呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍，这样形成的语音称为元音。
不论声带振动与否，发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍，这样形成的语音称为辅音。
发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音。
发音声带振动的辅音称为浊辅巧记个国际音标单元音共十二，四二六前中后双元音也好背，合口集中八个辅音共计二十八八对一清又七浊，四个连对也包括。
有气无声清辅音，有声无气浊辅音，发音特点应掌握元音音标学习元音概述：元音是有噪音的语音。
形成元音时，声带振动，气流经由咽腔和口腔逸出时，不受到任何阻碍，没有可以听得到的摩擦声。
英语里共有个元音（单元音２个，双元音８个）。
元音之间的差异，是由发音时各发音器官所采取的不同位置形成的。
所谓“不同位置”，指的是舌头的高低与前后，牙床的开合程度，以及唇形的大小和圆扁。
但其中决定的因素是舌头的位置：舌头是在口腔的前部、中部或者后部，决定所发的音是前元音、中元音还是后元音。
舌身隆起的高度以及舌的哪一部分隆起最高，决定发出的元音是开口元音、半开元音、合口元音、还是半合元音。
牙床开合的程度是由舌位的高低所决定的，而双唇的圆扁和大小对形成不同的元音也有相当的影响。
因此，描述一个元音的发音部位，主要是描述它的舌位和唇形。
辅音爆破音：[][][] [][][]摩擦音：[] [] [] [] [θ] [ð]破擦音：[] [] [] [] [∫] []鼻辅音：[] [] [η]舌侧音：）出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音）出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音半元音：擦音中气流较弱，摩擦较小，介于元音跟辅音之间的音[] [][] [∫][] [][:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合:根据发音规则，圈出下列单词中元音字母组合发音相同的两个词。
巧记48个音标顺口溜写法和读法
巧记48个音标顺口溜写法和读法示例文章篇一：《巧记48个音标顺口溜写法和读法》音标就像是英语世界的小密码，掌握了它们，我们就能更准确地读出那些奇怪又有趣的单词啦。
那48个音标看起来好像很多，不过要是有个顺口溜，就像有了魔法一样，能让我们轻松记住它们的写法和读法呢。
先来说说元音音标吧。
元音就像是英语单词里的小明星，很重要哦。
长元音[ɑ:]就像张大嘴巴的大老虎，“啊——”，你看它的写法，是不是有点像张大的嘴巴呢？[ɔ:]这个音标呀，读的时候感觉像是在模仿老黄牛叫“哦——”，写法上也是弯弯的，像个小山洞。
[ɜ:]这个音读起来有点难，不过你想象自己在惊讶的时候发出的“呃——”，它的写法也比较特别，像是个反过来的e再加个小尾巴。
[u:]就简单多啦，像吹口哨一样“呜——”，写法就像个弯弯的小火车轨道。
[əʊ]这个双元音就像是从低到高滑滑梯，先“哦”再“乌”，写法就是把两个音标符号连起来啦。
我记得有一次我和我的小伙伴小明在学音标。
小明总是把[ɑ:]和[ɔ:]弄混。
我就跟他说：“你看啊，大老虎[ɑ:]的嘴巴张得更大，就像个大盆子能装好多东西，老黄牛[ɔ:]的嘴巴虽然也大，但是没有那么夸张呀，就像个小盘子。
”小明听了之后，眼睛一下子就亮了，说：“哎呀，这样就好记多啦！”再说说辅音音标。
[p]这个音标就像是气球突然被扎破的声音“噗”，写法就是个小圆圈加一竖。
[b]就不一样啦，它是浊辅音，读的时候喉咙要震动，就像小鼓被轻轻敲了一下“啵”，写法和[p]很像，但是[b]更像是个胖胖的小圆圈加一竖。
[t]这个音读起来很干脆，“特”，写法就是一横加一竖。
[d]呢，和[t]相反，是浊辅音，读的时候感觉像是有东西重重地落下来“得”，写法也是一横加一竖，但是要注意和[t]的区别哦。
有一回，英语课上老师让我们比赛读音标。
我前面的小红在读[t]和[d]的时候老是读错。
我就悄悄跟她说：“你就想[t]是轻轻敲一下小铃铛，很清脆，[d]是重重敲一下大钟，声音很厚重。
国际音标速成教学Michael共8课48个
音标教学：第一课（单元音）编写：孙瑜/Michael英语里有26个字母和48个音标。
我们知道，在汉语里，学会拼音就可以拼出所有的汉字；同样，在英语里，只要学会了音标，就可以自己拼读所有的英语单词。
是不是很神奇呢？下面我们一起来学习。
首先，按气流的受阻与否英语音标可分为元音和辅音，根据音标组合的多少元音又分为单元音和双元音，根据发音对声带的震动影响辅音可分为清辅音和浊辅音。
（如下图）今天，从元音音标的单元音学起。
单元音：〔i 〕，〔i:〕，〔e 〕，〔æ〕，〔ə〕，〔ə：〕一、〔i 〕1、发音特点：发音时，舌前部抵住下齿，舌尖稍抬高，舌中后部两侧抵住上齿两侧，口型成扁平状。
2、例词：it , big , sit , hit , fish , is , sick , Jim3、例句：It is a big fish.Have a sit Jim, you are sick.4、反复练习（游戏等）二、〔i:〕1、发音特点：发音时，舌前部抵住下齿，舌尖尽量抬高，舌中后部抵住上颚及上齿两侧，口型成扁平状。
2、例词：eat , bee , he , me , sea , see , feet3、例句：He eats many peas.Dear me! I can see a big sea!4、反复练习三、〔e 〕1、发音特点：发音时，舌尖抵住下齿，舌前部稍抬起，舌位比/i/低，口型比/i/大。
2、例词：bed , let , pen , wet , set , end , leg3、例句：Put the wet leg on the end of the bed.音标48个 元音20个 辅音28个 单元音12 双元音8 清辅音8 浊辅音20Jed, let Kelly use your pen.4、反复练习四、〔æ〕1、发音特点：发音时，舌尖抵住下齿，舌前中部抬起，牙床打开，腮部往后面收缩，舌位较低。
个国际音标快速记忆口诀
48个国际音标快速记忆口诀8个国际音标通常是国内学生学习英语、学好英语发音必须掌握的发音基础,48个国际音标中有20个元音、28个辅音;我们该如何去记住这48个音标的发音呢小编为大家精心准备了48个国际音标快速记忆口诀,赶快一起来看一看吧
口诀1
英语音标四十八,元音二十辅二八;
元音又分单和双,单元十二双元八,
单元又分长和短,长5短7就是它,
合口集中是双元,合5集3音好发;
辅音发音有6种,清浊10对相对搭,
爆破破擦各3对,破擦/t//d/后附加;
摩擦4对加/h//r/,摩擦十个别混啦,
鼻3舌1半元2,学会音标顶呱呱;
口诀2
国际音标四十八,个个都要记清它,
元音成双二十整,辅音成对有十双,
有气无声清辅音,有声无气浊辅音,
剩下若我喝也乐,还有鼻音/m/、/n/、/
,/r,/w/,/h/,/j/,/l/
口诀3
单元音共十二,四三五前中后;
双元音也好背,合口集中八个整;
辅音共计二十八,八对一清又七浊,
四个连对也包括;有气无声清辅音,
有声无气浊辅音,发音特点应掌握;
其实,英语的学习也重在平时的练习,这48个国际音标的发音一定要掌握,是学习英语的基础;想更快的掌握一口流利的英语,也可以选择速恩英语的外教一对一课程,会有专业的老师教你最实用的方法技巧,帮助你在英语学习的道路上事半功倍;。
自编国际音标教材(带音标)
英语音标英语国际音标表（48个）元音（20个）音标分为元音（20）和和辅音（28），元音又分为单元音和双元音；辅音又分为清辅音和浊辅音。
第一课时学习目标：掌握前元音的读法前元音/i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ//i:/舌尖抵下齿背，双唇平展或自然微开。
ee tr ee [tri:] gr ee n [ɡri:n]ea l ea f [li:f]s ea [si:]试着拼读吧/bi:/ /mi:/ /hi;/ /ti:/ /si:/ /i:t/ /ti: θ/ /gri:n/ /pi:s/ /ni:s/ /ki:/精品句练习There’s a bee in the tree.Seeing is believing.The Chinese is a great people./ɪ/舌尖抵下齿背，唇平展，口较开。
i s i t[sɪt]w i ll[wɪl]f i sh[fɪʃ]y cit y ['sɪtɪ]carr y ['kærɪ]试着拼读吧English [ˈɪŋglɪʃ]gift [ɡɪft]guitar [gɪˈtɑ:(r)]ticket ['tɪkɪt] difficult ['dɪfɪkəlt] hill [hɪl]精品句练习I want to have a ticket to the moon.She is always as busy as a bee.I’m sick of this weather.This guitar is cool. I love it./e/口半开半合，舌尖抵下齿。
e b e d [bed] p e n [pen]g e t [ɡet]ea h ea d [hed] f ea ther ['feðə(r)]a m a ny['menɪ]a ny['enɪ]试着拼读吧respect [rɪ'spekt]sweater [ˈswetə(r)]friend [frend]bell [bel] head [hed] better ['betə(r)]rest [rest]精品句练习Make the bed yourself.Never let your parents down.We have a test next Wednesday. I’d better study./æ/舌尖抵下齿背，口张得较开，有一种舌头将下巴用力下顶的感觉。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Lesson One1Eat let’s eat out tonight.Need I need your help.Thief they caught the thief.Extremely that movie was extremely funny.Feeling I have a feeling that things are not so simple. Believe I don’t believe you.Conceive first conceive, then achieve.2Sit sit down, please.Fit this shirt doesn’t fit me.Give give me a cup of tea. Can you give me a lift? Difficulty did you have any difficulty?Busy I’m pretty busy.Business how’s your business going?3Lake he lives by the lake.Make I’ll make coffee for you.Later I’ll be back later.May May I have your name?Amazing that’s amazing!Afraid I’m afraid it’s going to rain.4Bed you should go to bed.Let let me go!Pen can I use your pen?Remember if you want to remember English words, practice everyday! Weather the weather is very pleasant today.Never never let your parents down.5Bad he is a bad boy.Dad my dad speaks English well.Matter what’s the matter with him?Passion he has a passion for teaching English.Exactly you’re exactly right!Fantastic my trip to USA was fantasic.6Lock lock the door, please.Hot it’s very hot today.Stop stop crying!impossible nothing is impossible! Just try your best.Honest you must be honest with me.Problem No problem!Lesson two7Hard English is not hard.Artist his sister is an artist.Far so far, so good.Smart she is a smart girl.Pardon I beg your pardon.Heart don’t break my heart.8Law you should obey the law. Always the rich are not always happy. Hall I will meet you at the concert hall. Daughter I’d like you to meet my daughter. Abroad he is famous at home and abroad. Cost how much will it cost?9Born he was born 2 years ago.For I did it for you.Warning you should listen to his warning. Order are you ready to order now?may I take your order?Sport what sports are you good at? Force force yourself to do more. 10Boy the boy is angry.Toy he bought me a toy.Soil the soil is rich.Enjoy I hope you enjoy your stay here. Avoid are you trying to avoid me? Disappoint don’t disappoint me.11Coat put on your coat.Soap use soap to wash your hands. Open open the door, will you?OK are you feeling OK now? Moment wait a moment.Hope I hope so.Lesson three12Too he is happy too.Mood she is in a bad mood.Food do you enjoy the food?Improve this is not good enough. I wanna improve it. Blue she looks blue.Through she is a liar through and through.13Book whose book is this?Good too much television is not good for children. Would would you do me a favor?Push don’t push him too hard.Full I’m full. I can’t eat anymore.Could I would help you if I could.14Tour we will tour this city, today.Your how’s your business going?Poor he is poor but happy.Pure the water in the stream is very pure.Sure are you sure about it?I’m sure you can make it. 15Bus the bus is coming.Money I need some money.Tough I don’t think the job is tough.Love love me, love my dog.Blood blood is thicker than water.Enough enough! I don’t wanna hear anymore!16Ago he left home 2 years ago.Seven there are seven members in my family. Sofa there is a sofa by the window. Introduce let me introduce my good friend. Suppose I suppose you are right there. Decision it’s a hard decision.17Bird I see a bird in the cage.Her her sister loves music very much. Worry don’t worry about me.World we should all work for world peace. Prefer I prefer reading books to watching TV.I prefer not to wear this dirty shirt.Lesson four18Letter don’t forget to mail this letter. Temper she has a extremely bad temper. Nature I am a nature lover.Concert we went to a concert last night. Bother don’t bother!Performance that was a good performance19Life life is so boring.I’m still looking for the meaning of life. Child the child never studies.Idea the sounds like a good idea.Apply I wanna apply for the job.Fly time flies.20Down walk down the street.How how are you?house what a big house!About I know nothing about it.Lousy what a lousy day I’ve had!Proud I’m very proud of you. 21Dare I dare not try it.Air the air is fresh here.Careful be careful!Rare it’s a rare opportunity.Share children have to learn how to share. Wear I would never wear that ugly shirt.22Here here you are.Idea Good idea!Real tell me the real reason.Weird I have a weird feeling.Near do you live near hereClear is that clearLesson five23Put put the book on the desk.Pass pass me the book , please.Keep keep it up!Keep the change.Polite you should be polite to everyone.Progress you have made a lot of progress with your English.24Boy the boy loves his father very much.Before look before you leap.robber I hate robbers.Absorb she absorbs new ideas very quickly.Trouble the boy caused a lot of trouble to his parents. Better I have to find a better job.25Take take it easy.Take the garbage with you when you leave. Teacher my teacher has a good command of English.Hit don’t hit me!Talk can we talk it over?Pretty you look very pretty today. 26Day how many days are there in a week?Under ted is hiding under the table.Red his car is red.Order what would you like to order?Advice let me give you some advice.Cold you should wear a coat when it’s cold.27Key where are my car keys?Book he wrote a book on music.Quiet Be quiet!Cooperate if we cooperate well, the job will be finished soon. Take care take care of yourself.Kid are you kidding me?28Go let’s go to the movies tonight.Forget don’t forget to mail this letter.Dog he keeps a dog as a pet.Example he sets a good example.Hungry I’m hungry.Angry please don’t get angry!Lesson six29Food the food is tasty.Left turn left and go straight ahead. Fun have fun!Speak English is a lot of fun.Fulfill nothing is difficult for me to fulfill. Afford I cannot afford a new car.30Very I feel very tired today.Never he never tells lies.Give give me a kiss, honey.Clever you are so clever. I’m proud of you. Review let’s review the last lesson.Positive you must have a positive attitude.31Thank thank you very much for your help. Healthy he jogs every day to stay healthy. Both both he and I are students. Nothing it’s nothing serious.He is nothing to me.Breath calm down and take a deep breath. 32That this is good, but that is bad.Father his father is coming this week.With nobody likes to work with him.Than I know you better than he does. Together get yourself together.Let’s get together and talk about it.33Zebra have you seen a zebra before?Busy the line is busy.Is is he free now?Crazy I’m crazy about American movies. Apologize I apologize for my rudness.Present what is your present job?He gave me nice pen as a birthday present.Lesson seven34Ship I see a ship there.Show could you shw me the way to the station? Sure I’m sure she can do that.Education I finished my education in America.Sharp you look really sharp.Rush Don’t rush. We have plenty of time.35Pleasure it’s a pleasure to meet you.Usual he was late again as usual.Television I seldom watch television.Decision I have a very important decision to make.You have to make a decision right away. Occasion it is a occasion for all of us.36Church he goes to church every Sunday.Chase he does nothing but chase girls all day. Question raise your hand if you wanna ask a question. Change English changed my life.Catch you should catch every chance to speak English. Chilly it’s chilly today. You should put on your coat. 37Joke that is a funny joke.Danger the boy is in danger.Strange his behavior is strange.Imagine I cannot imagine what it looks like. Exaggerate don’t exaggerate; tell me what happened exactly. Job you really did a good job.39Me tell me the truth.Woman she is a beautiful woman.Time what time is it now?Mobile what’s your mobile phone number?Famous New York is famous for its museums.Improve I practice for an hour each day to improve my English.40Name may I have your name, please?Number I forgot my phone number.Son my son is your fan.Nonsense you’re talking nonsense.Nervous I always get nervous about exam.Confidence you should have confidence in yourself.Lesson eight41Bring bring me the book next time you come. Drink would you care for a drink?Think what are you thinking about? Language he can speak many foreign language. English English is a very useful language. Singer what is your favorite singer?42Read can you read this word?Red I like the red car over there.Part part of the answer is right.Spirit she has a crazy spirit in learning English. From I can tell right from wrong.For I respect you for your honesty.43You you can do it!Yes yes. I canYoung you’re too young for this job.Review let’s review what we have learned so far. Continue let’s continue our discussion tomorrow. Your your baby is so cute. 44He he plays tennis very well. Hat take off your hat, please. Hot it’s very hot today.Hope I hope you’ll be better soon. Have I haven’t decided yet.Hate I hate you for your behavior.45Wood the table is made of wood. Wind the wind is strong today. Work I don’t have any work to do.。