雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.6 A Persistent Myth
雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)
智课网IELTS备考资料雅思阅读真题附答案（完整版）摘要：雅思阅读真题是考生练习雅思阅读的必备资料。
不少考生在网上寻求雅思阅读真题，今天小编汇总了里面雅思阅读真题附答案版，方便考生复习。
雅思阅读真题是历年雅思考试中出现的雅思阅读题目，练习雅思阅读真题对于考生提升雅思阅读答题能力有很大的帮助。
小编整理了历年雅思阅读真题附答案，帮助考生复习雅思阅读。
雅思阅读真题附答案版(部分内容)：题型:人名观点配对他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo 女子是被火葬的 A持怀疑态度的教授对一些化石的DNA 进行了可靠的分析 E教授测定的人的年龄要比62000 年前年轻的多的结果 A确定Mungo 人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源 B在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现尼安德特人 C年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的 D多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源 B史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝 A判断题Mungo 湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据True在Mungo 湖发现Mungo 使用的武器Not givenMungo 人是在复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的考古证据之一，如埋葬仪式TrueMungo 男人和女人的骨架是被发现在同一年False澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判Not given以上就是关于雅思阅读真题附答案的相关汇总，考生可以通过上方下载完整版历年雅思阅读真题解析，提升资深雅思阅读能力。
相关字搜索：雅思阅读真题附答案人生中每一次对自己心灵的释惑，都是一种修行，都是一种成长。
相信我们常常用人生中的一些痛，换得人生的一份成熟与成长然⋯⋯生活里的每个人，都是我们的一面镜子，你给别人什世界上的幸福，没有一处不是来自用心经营和珍惜。
当你一味的去挑剔指责别人的时候，有没有反思过是否？假如你的心太过自我不懂得经营和善待，不懂得尊重他人感受，那你永远也不会获得真和幸福 ⋯ ⋯人生就像一场旅行，我们所行走的每一步都是在丰富生命的意义。
雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.2 the brith of sicentific english
the brith of sicentific englishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages , including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science(Introduce the topic: English as the language of science). This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.麦考瑞雅思The European Renaissance( 指欧洲文艺复兴运动，运动提倡复古，召唤古希腊精神，所以这篇文章是按时间线索写的，Sub-topic: English Renaissance ) (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).麦考瑞雅思England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language -John Wall's and John Wilkins - helped Found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research. (这篇文章是谈科技英语的，所以在这里陈述了英国的科学作为铺垫, Sub-topic: Science in England )麦考瑞雅思Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science (开始探讨科学语言的发展) . In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.麦考瑞雅思There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. (一开始占主导的是拉丁语，以下陈述原因)The first was simply a matter of audience . Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a sociallywider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.麦考瑞雅思A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author' . This growing concern about intellectual properly rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though inte national, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.麦考瑞雅思A third reason why the wriling of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.麦考瑞雅思Fortunately (指示词，作者在转换话题) , several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little,the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English (英语开始受到重视) and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.麦考瑞雅思In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. (进一步发展，举例子) Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century (近代科学英语的发展) was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had beenestablished as opposed to 96 inFrance and 50 inEngland. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.。
雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.CLASSIFYING SOCIETIESAlthough humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.ClanThese are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild(undomesticated)food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Qan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.TribeThese are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital”or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town ofin modern Turkey.ChiefdomThese operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages(a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor)are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no truestratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.Early StateThese preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler(perhaps a king or sometimes a queen)has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue(often in the form of taxes and tolls)and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.This rather simple social typology set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1．There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.A．真B．假C．Not Given正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“clan”和“economic difference”定位于原文Clan部分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status amongtheir members”。
雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.11 In a Polyglot Place, the Most Welcome of Voices
In a Polyglot Place, the Most Welcome of Voices 多国语目的地万，最受欢迎的声音The United Nations building would be little more than a glass Tower of Babel without them.没有他们，联合国大厦只不过是一座玻璃巴别塔。
But the United Nations* core of inter-preters, who sit tucked away in badly ventilated glass booths overlooking the General Assembly hall, are to most delegates hardly more than disembodied voices that come piped in through white plastic earphones.但是，联合国核心口译员隐蔽地坐在能俯视大会大厅的通风不好的玻璃小房间里，对干大多数代表来说，他们只不过是从白色塑胶耳机里传过来的脱离实体的声音。
“We are al l performers at heart，” said Monique Corvington, who has worked as an interpreter since 1968. “We get stage fright and the rush of adrenaline. Unfortunately, we do not pick the script.”“我们实质上都是表演者，”自1968 年就开始做口译工作的莫妮克•考温特说道：“我们得了怯场症和肾上腺素涌出症。
不幸地是，我们不挑选剧本。
”The United Nations Interpretation Service has been sorely tested of late by the crush of world leaders who have shown up here for the General Assembly session and the recent World Summit for Children, which was attended by more than 70 heads of state and government.联合国口译服务中心已接受了出席联合国大会会议和最近召开的世界儿童问题首脑会议的世界各国领导人的严峻考验，大会有70多个国家元首和政府首脑参加。
雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)
智课网IELTS备考资料
雅思阅读真题附答案（完整版）
摘要：雅思阅读真题是考生练习雅思阅读的必备资料。
不少考生在网上寻求雅思阅读真题，今天小编汇总了里面雅思阅读真题附答案版，方便考生复习。
雅思阅读真题是历年雅思考试中出现的雅思阅读题目，练习雅思阅读真题对于考生提升雅思阅读答题能力有很大的帮助。
小编整理了历年雅思阅读真题附答案，帮助考生复习雅思阅读。
雅思阅读真题附答案版(部分内容)：
题型:
人名观点配对
他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo女子是被火葬的A
持怀疑态度的教授对一些化石的DNA进行了可靠的分析E
教授测定的人的年龄要比62000年前年轻的多的结果A
确定Mungo人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源B
在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现尼安德特人C
年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的D
多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源B
史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝A
判断题
Mungo湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据True
在Mungo湖发现Mungo使用的武器Not given
Mungo人是在复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的考古证据之一，如埋葬仪式True
Mungo男人和女人的骨架是被发现在同一年False
澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判Not given
以上就是关于雅思阅读真题附答案的相关汇总，考生可以通过上方下载完整版历年雅思阅读真题解析，提升资深雅思阅读能力。
相关字搜索：雅思阅读真题附答案。
揭秘三大雅思阅读真题题源
揭秘三大雅思阅读真题题源经常会发现有的童鞋总是说雅思阅读时间不够，经常做不完。
那么，怎么样才能很好的解决这样的问题呢?其实，只要在练习过程中，着重通过雅思阅读真题题源来做练习，才能够在考试中做到游刃有余。
下面，小编将为大家分享这一雅思阅读机经：雅思阅读的题源主要从以下几个方面来出题：(1关于欧洲及世界社会发展，经济状况，科学动向以及文化交流的文章。
自1995年考试的题型做出重大改革以后，有两条原则就被命题的剑桥大学考试委员会反复强调——非专业原则和国际化原则。
为了使不同地域，不同政治经济体制，不同肤色，不同文化背景的人能平等且毫无理解困难地参与，法律及专业性较强的医学，生物学，哲学，文学，艺术等的文章已经不再作为的考查范围。
就可能涉猎的文章类型而言，以下几个方面的雅思阅读真题题源经常作为考点出现(有一点提醒大家注意，只有类型的重复而不大可能有内容上的重复，但今年国内出现了文章及题型完全重复的现象通过加强练习大家的雅思阅读时间不够问题也会逐渐解决的。
1、世界范围的就业状况2、世界范围内的教育状况，经济发展的问题，机遇及挑战(粮食，能源3、语言学，考古学，生物学，简单医学(单词量不会影响对文章的理解4、女权注意及女性歧视问题5、环境保护(海洋，生物，陆地，森林等及环境污染(化学，石油泄漏等6、种族，民族问题7、人口爆炸及居住问题，城市化及相关问题(交通拥挤，设施缺乏，噪声等(2关于地球，自然界的科学现象及地理现象的文章。
这种文章类型在卷中最为普遍，其涵盖面之广无从细分，但就最近一年以来考试文章分析，主要还是以下几种类型：1、太空，宇宙概况，以及外星生物探讨等2、全球气候变暖，厄尔尼诺，洋流异常，臭氧层破坏3、地球灾难，火山爆发，地震，彗星撞地球，森林大火，生物灭绝(3人类历史发展中重要事件，重要人物及重要标志性产品。
这也是卷中经常出现的一种重要的文章类型，但自1998年开始对重要人物的考查总是和重要事件交织在一起，不再单独罗列。
雅思阅读模拟题16篇(附答案)
雅思阅读实战16篇（附答案）★How to increase salesPublished online: Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.(644 words)Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. U smani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon,a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, othercustomers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys:1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. （第1段第2行：Shoppers know that fillinga store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.）2. 答案：expensive. （第1段第4行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.）3. 答案：impulse buying. （第2段第1句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.）4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. （第2段第2句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.）5. 答案：screen. （第3段第4行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods,a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.）6. 答案：discounts. （第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves”model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.）7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. （在文中没有提及该信息）9. 答案：YES。
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7（题后含答案及解析）
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7（题后含答案及解析）雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.New Zealand SeaweedCall us not weeds; we are flowers of the sea.Section ASeaweed is a particularly nutritious food, which absorbs and concentrates traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the body’s health. Many elements may occur in seaweed—aluminium, barium, calcium, chlorine, copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few—traces normally produced by erosion and carried to the seaweed beds by river and sea currents. Seaweeds are also rich in vitamins: indeed, Eskimos obtain a high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds they eat.The nutritive value of seaweed has long been recognized. For instance, there is a remarkably low incidence of goiter amongst the Japanese, and for that matter, amongst our own Maori people, who have always eaten seaweeds, and this may well be attributed to the high iodine content of this food. Research into old Maori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds, fresh fruit and nuts, fuchsia and tutu berries, cape gooseberries, and many other fruits which either grew here naturally or were sown from seeds brought by settlers and explorers.Section BNew Zealand lays claim to approximately 700 species of seaweed, some of which have no representation outside this country. Of several species grown worldwide, New Zealand also has a particularly large share. For example, it is estimated that New Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina, a close relative of carrageen or Irish moss. These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens. The gel-forming substance called agar which can be extracted from this species gives them great commercial application in seameal, from which seamealcustard is made, and in cough mixtures, confectionery, cosmetics, the canning, paint and leather industries, the manufacture of duplicating pads, and in toothpastes. In fact, during World War II, New Zealand Gigartina were sent to Australia to be used in toothpaste.Section CYet although New Zealand has so much of the commercially profitable red seaweeds, several of which are a source of agar(Pterocladia, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gigartina), before 1940 relatively little use was made of them. New Zealand used to import the Northern Hemisphere Irish moss(Chondrus crispus)from England and ready-made agar from Japan. Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas according to species, it is only on the east coast of the North Island that its occurrence is rare. And even then, the east coast, and the area around Hokiangna, have a considerable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also available. Happily, New Zealand-made agar is now obtainable in health food shops. Section D Seaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour—red, brown and green—and each tends to live in a specific location. However, except for the unmistakable sea lettuce(Ulva), few are totally one colour; and especially when dry, some species can change colour quite significantly—a brown one may turn quite black, or a red one appear black, brown, pink or purple. Identification is nevertheless facilitated by the。
雅思阅读真题
雅思阅读真题雅思阅读真题还在为雅思考试熬夜奋战的小伙伴们看过来!为了帮助你们更好进行复习，店铺特地整理了历年考试结束后网友的真题回忆，希望大家通过自己的努力最终拿下满意的成绩!一、考试概述本次考试的文章是三篇旧文章，难度中等。
包含考古科学、生物科学以及商业三个领域的文章。
二、具体题目分析Passage 1题目：Ahead of the time题号：旧题参考文章：Mammoth KillMammoth is any species of the extinct genus Mammoths, proboscideans commonly equipped with long，curved tusks and in northern species, a covering of long hair. They lived from the Ptiocene epoch from around 5 million years ago，into the Hotocene at about 4，500 years ago，and were members of the family Elephantidae, which contains, along with mammoths, the two genera of modern elephants and their ancestors.ALike their modern relatives，mammoths were quite large. The largest known species reached heights in the region of 4m at the shoulder and weights up to 8 tonnes, while exceptionally large males may have exceeded 12 tonnes. However，most species of mammoth were only about as large as a modem. Asian elephant. Both sexes bore tusks. A first, small set appeared at about the age of six months and these were replaced at about 18months by the permanent set. Growth of the permanent set was at a rate of about 1 to 6 inches per year. Based on studies of their close relatives, the modem elephants, mammoths probably had a gestation period of 22 months, resulting in a single calf being born. Their social structure was probably the same as that of African and Asian elephants, with females living in herds headed by a matriarch, whilst hulls lived solitary lives or formed loose groups after sexual maturity.BMEXICO CITY-Although it’s hard to imagine in this age of urban sprawl and auto mobiles. North America once belonged to mammoths，camels，ground sloths as large as cows, bear-size beavers and other formidable beasts. Somel 1,000 years ago，however, these large bodied mammals and others-about 70 species in all-disappeared. Their demise coincided roughly with the arrival of humans in the New World and dramatic climatic change-factors that have inspired several theories about the die-off. Yet despite decades of scientific investigation, the exact cause remains a mystery. Now new findings offer support to one of these controversial hypotheses: that human hunting drove this megafaunal menagerie (巨型动物兽群)to extinction. The overkill model emerged in the 1960s，when it was put forth by Paul S. Martin of the University of Arizona. Since then, critics have charged that no evidence exists to support the idea that the first Americans hunted to the extent necessary to cause these extinctions. But at the annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Mexico City last October, paleo ecologist John Alroy of the University of California at Santa Barbara argued that, in fact, hunting-driven extinction is not only plausible, it was unavoidable. He has determined, using acomputer simulation that even a very modest amount of hunting would have wiped these animals out.CAssuming an initial human population of 100 people that grew no more than 2 percent annually, Alroy determined that if each band of, say, 50 people killed 15 to 20 large mammals a year, humans could have eliminated the animal populations within 1,000 years. Large mammals in particular would have been vulnerable to the pressure because they have longer gestation periods than smaller mammals and their young require extended care.DNot everyone agrees with Alroy’s assessment. For one, the results depend in part on population-size estimates for the extinct animals-figures that are not necessarily reliable. But a more specific criticism comes from mammologist Ross D. E. Mac Phee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, who points out that the relevant archaeological record contains barely a dozen examples of stone points embedded in mammoth bones (and none, its hould be noted, are known from other mega faunal remains)-hardly what one might expect if hunting drove these animals to extinction. Furthermore, some of these species had huge ranges the giant Jefferson's ground sloth’ for example, lived as far north as the Yukon and as far south as Mexico which would have made slaughtering them in numbers sufficient to cause their extinction rather implausible, he says.EMacPhee agrees that humans most likely brought about these extinctions (as well as others around the world that coincided with human arrival), but not directly. Rather hesuggests that people may have introduced hyper lethal disease, perhaps through their dogs or hitchhiking vermin，which then spread wildly among the immunologically naive species of the New World. As in the overkill model, populations of large mammals would have a harder time recovering. Repeated outbreaks of a hyper disease could thus quickly drive them to the point of no return. So far Mac Phee does not have empirical evidence for the hyper disease hypothesis, and it won't be easy to come by: hyper lethal disease would kill far too quickly to leave its signature on the bones themselves. But he hopes that analyses of tissue and DNA from the last mammoths to perish will eventually reveal murderous microbes.FThe third explanation for what brought on this North American extinction does not involve human, beings. Instead, its proponents blame the loss on the weather. The Pleistocene epoch witnessed considerable climatic instability, explains paleontologist Russell W. Graham of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. As a result, certain habitats disappeared, and species that had once formed communities split apart. For some animals, this change brought opportunity. For much of the megafauna, however, the increasingly homogeneous environment left them with shrinking geographical ranges-a death sentence for large animals, which need large ranges. Although these creatures managed to maintain viable populations through most of the Pleistocene, the final major fluctuation-the so-called Younger Diyas event pushed them over the edge, Graham says. For his part, Alroy is convinced that human hunters demolished the titans of the Ice Age. The overkill model explains everything the disease and climate scenariosexplain, he asserts, and makes accurate predictions about which species would eventually go extinct.“Personally，I’m a vegetarian,” he remarks, “and I find all of this kind of gross 一bubelievable.”Passage 2 ：题目：Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological Control题型：判断题+配对题题目：旧题类似原文：Chinese Yellow Citrus Ant for Biological ControlAIn 1476 , the farmers of Berne in Switzerland decided, according to this story, there was only one way to rid their fields of the cutworms(糖蛾)attacking their crops. They took the pests to court. The worms were tried, found guilty and excommunicated by the archbishop (大主教).In China, farmers had a more practical approach to pest control. Rather than rely on divine intervention (神学的调停),they put their faith in frogs, ducks and ants. Frogs and ducks were encouraged to snap up (吃下)the pests in the paddies (稻田)and the occasional plague of locusts (蝗虫).But the notion of biological control began with an ant. More specifically, the story says，it started with the predatory yellow citrus (柑橘)ant Oecophylla smaragdina , which has been polishing off (打败)pests in the orange groves of southern China for at least 1700 years. The yellow citrus ant (黄蚁)is a type of weaver ant, which binds leaves and twigs with silk to form a neat, tent-like nest. In the beginning, farmers made do with the odd ants’nest here and there. But it wasn’t long before growing demand led to the development of a thriving trade in nests and a new type of agriculture—ant fanning.B Foran insect that bites, the yellow citrus ant is remarkably popular. Even byant standards, Oecophylla smaragdina is a fearsome predator. It’s big, runs fast and has a powerful nip—painful to humans but lethal to many of the insects that plague the orange groves of Guangdong and Guangxi in southern China. And for at least 17 centuries. Chinese orange growers have harnessed these six-legged killing machines to keep their fruit groves healthy and productive. The story explains that citrus fruits evolved in the Far East and the Chinese discovered the delights of their flesh early on. As the ancestral home of oranges, lemons and pomelos, China also has the greatest diversity of citrus pests. And the trees that produce the sweetest fruits，the mandarins—or kan—attract a host of plant-eating insects, from black ants and sap-sucking mealy bugs to leaf-devouring caterpillars (毛毛虫). With so many enemies, fruit growers clearly had to have some way of protecting their orchards.CThe West did not discover the Chinese orange growers' secret weapon until the early 20th century. At the time, Florida was suffering an epidemic of citrus canker (相橘溃疡)and in 1915 Walter Swingle，a plant physiologist working for the US Department of Agriculture, was, the story says, sent to China in search of varieties of orange that were resistant to the disease. Swingle spentsome time studying the citrus orchards around Guangzhou, and there he came across the story of the cultivated ant. These ants, he was told, were “grown”by the people of a small village nearby who sold them to the orange growers by the nestful (—整窝的).DThe earliest report of citrus ants at work among the orangetrees appears in a book on tropical and subtropical botany written by His Han in AD 304. “The people of Chiao-Chih sell in their markets ants in bags of rush matting. The nests are like silk. The bags are all attached to twigs and leaves which, with the ants inside the nests, are for sale. The ants are reddish-yellow in colour, bigger than ordinary ants. In the south if the kan trees do not have this kind of ant, the fruits will all be damaged by many harmful insects, and not a single fruit will be perfect.EInitially, farmers relied on nests which they collected from the wild or bought in the market where trade in nests was brisk. ‘It is said that in the south orange trees which are free of ants will have wormy fruits. Therefore the people race to buy nests for their orange trees, ‘wrote Liu Hsun in Strange Things Noted in the South, written about AD 890. The business quickly became more sophisticate. From the 10th century, country people began to trap ants in artific ial nests baited with fat. “Fruit growing families buy these ants from vendors who make a business of collecting and selling such creatures, “wrote Chuang Chi-Yu in 1130. “They trap them by filling hogs 'or sheep’s bladders with fat and placing them with the cavities open next to the ants 'nests. They wait until the ants have migrated into the bladders and take them away. This is known as ‘rearing orange ants’. “Fanners attached the bladders to their trees, and in time the ants spread to other trees and built new nests. By the 17th century, growers were building bamboo walkways between their trees to speed the colonization of their orchards. The ants ran along these narrow bridges from one tree to another and established nests “by the hundreds of thousands”.FDid it work? The orange growers clearly thought so. One authority, Chi TaChun，writing in 1700，stressed how important it was to keep the fruit trees free of insect pests, especially caterpillars. “It is essential to eliminate them so that the trees are not injured. But hand labour is not nearly as efficient as ant power...”Swingle was just as impressed. Yet despite this reports, many Western biologists were skeptical. In the West, the idea of using one insect to destroy another was new and highly controversial. The first breakthrough had come in 1888，when the infant orange industry in California had been saved from extinction by the Australian vedalia beetle. This beetle was the only thing that had made any inroad into the explosion of cottony cushion scale that was threatening to destroy the state’s citrus crops. But, as Swingle now knew，California’s “first，’was nothing of the sort. The Chinese had been expert in biocontrol for many centuries.GThe story goes on to say that the long tradition of ants in the Chinese orchards only began to waver in the 1950s and 1960s with the introduction of powerful organic (I guess the authormeans chemical insecticides). Although most fruit growers switched to chemicals, a few hung onto their ants. Those who abandoned ants in favour of chemicals quickly became disillusioned (幻想破灭). As costs soared and pests began to develop resistance to the chemicals, growers began to revive the old ant patrols. They had good reason to have faith in their insect workforce. Research in the early 1960s showed that as long as there were enough ants in the trees，they did an excellent job of dispatching some pests—mainly the larger insects—and had modest success against others. Trees with yellow ants producedalmost 20 per cent more healthy leaves than those without. More recent trials have shown that these trees yield just as big a crop as those protected by expensive chemical sprays.HOneapparent drawback of using ants—and one of the main reasons for the early skepticism by Western scientists—was that citrus ants do nothing to control mealy bugs， waxy-coated scale insects which can do considerable damage to fruit trees. In fact，the ants protect mealy bugs in exchange for the sweet honeydew they secrete. The orange growers always denied this was a problem but Western scientists thought they knew better. Research in the 1980s suggests that the growers were right all along. Where mealy bugs proliferate under the ants ‘protection they are usually heavily parasitized and this limits the harm they can do. Orange growers who rely on carnivorous ants rather than poisonous chemicals maintain a better balance of species in their orchards. While the ants deal with the bigger insect pests, other predatory species keep down the numbers of smaller pests such as scale insects and aphids(蚜虫). In the long run， ants do a lot less damage than chemicals—and they’re certainly more effective than excommunication.Questions 14-18Use the information in the passage to match the year (listed A-G) with correct description below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.NB you may use any letter more than onceA 1888B 1476C 1915D 1700E 1130F 304 ADG 195014 First record of ant against pests written.15 WS studied ant intervention method in China.16 First case of orange crops rescued by insect in western world.17 Chinese farmers start to choose chemical method.18 A book wrote mentioned ways to trap ants.Questions 19-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this19 China has the most orange pests in the world.20 Swingle came to China in order to search an insect for the US government.21 Western people were impressed by Swingle’s theory of pest prevention.22 Chinese farmers realised that price of pesticides became expensive.24 Trees without ants had more unhealthy fallen leaves than those with.25 Yield of fields using ants is larger a crop than that using chemical pesticides.26 Chinese orange farmers proposed that ant protection doesn’t work out of China.14 F15 C16 A17 G18 E19 TRUE20 FALSE21 FALSE22 TRUE23 TRUE24 NOT GIVEN25 TRUE26 NOT GIVEN(答案仅供参考)Passage 3 ：题名：The Persuaders题型：选择+匹配类似文章：AWe have long lived in an age where powerful images, catchy sound bite sand too-good-to miss offers bombard us from every quarter. All around us the persuaders are at work. Occasionally their methods are unsubtle--the planting kiss on a baby’s head by a wannabe political leader，or a liquidation sale in a shop that has been “closing down” for well over a year，but generally the persuaders know what they are about and are highly capable. Be they politicians, supermarket chains, salespeople or advertisers，they know exactly what to do to sell us their images, ideas or produce. When it comes to persuasion, these giants rule supreme. They employ the most skilled image-makers and use the best psychological tricks to guarantee that even the mostcautious among us are open to manipulation.BWe spend more time in them than we mean to, we buy 75 percent of our food from them and end up with products that we did not realize we wanted. Right from the start, supermarkets have been ahead of the game. For example，when Sainsbury introduced shopping baskets into its 1950s stores, it was a stroke of marketing genius. Now shoppers could browse and pick up items they previously would have ignored. Soon after came trolleys, and just as new roads attract more traffic, the same applied to trolley space. Pro Merlin Stone, IBM Professor of Relationship Marketing at Bristol Business School，says aisles are laid out to maximize profits. Stores pander to our money-rich, time-poor lifestyle. Low turnover products—clothes and electrical goods are stocked at the back while high---turnover items command position at the front.CStone believes supermarkets work hard to “stall” us because the more time we spend in them, the more we buy. Thus, great efforts are made to make the environment pleasant. Stores play music to relax us and some even pipe air from the in-store bakery around the shop. In the USA，fake aromas are sometimes used. Smell is both the most evocative and subliminal sense. In experiments, pleasant smells are effective in increasing our spending. A casino that fragranced only half its premise saw profit soar in the aroma一 filled areas. The other success story from the supermarkets' perspective is the loyalty card. Punters may assume that they are being rewarded for their fidelity, but all the while they are trading information about their shopping habits. Loyal shoppers could be paying 30% more by sticking totheir favorite shops for essential cosmetics.DResearch has shown that 75 percent of profit comes from just 30 percent of customers. Ultimately, reward cards could be used to identify and better accommodate these “elite” shoppers. It could also be used to make adverts more relevant to individual consumers—rather like Spielberg’s futuristic thriller Minority Report, in which Tom Cruise’s character is bombarded with interactive personalized ads. If this sounds far-fetched, the data gathering revolution has already seen the introduction of radio—frequency identification—away to electronically tag products to what, FRID means they can follow the product into people homes.ENo matter how savvy we think we are to their ploys，the ad industry still wins. Adverts focus on what products do or on how they make us feel. Researcher Laurette Dube, in the Journal of Advertising Research, says when attitudes are base on “cognitive foundations” (logical reasoning), advertisers use informative appeals. This works for products with little emotional draw buthigh functionality, such as bleach. Where attitude are based on effect (i.e, 5 emotions), ad teams try to tap into our feelings. Researchers at the University of Florida recently concluded that our emotional responses to adverts dominate over “cognition”.FAdvertisers play on our need to be safe (commercials for insurance), to belong (make customer feel they are in the group in fashion ads) and for selfes— teem (aspirational adverts). With time and space at a premium, celebrities are often used as a quick way of meeting these needs—either because the celebepitomizes success or because they seem familiar and so make the product seem “safe”. A survey of 4,000 campaigns found ads with celebs were 10 percent more effective than without. Humor also stimulates a rapid emotional response. Hwiman Chung, writing in the International Journal of Advertising, found that funny ads were remembered for longer than straight ones. Combine humor with sexual imagery—as in Wonder bra，s “Hello Boys” ads and you are on t o a winner.GSlice-of-life ads are another tried and tested method they paint a picture of life as you would like it, but still one that feels familiar. Abhilasha Mehta, in the Journal of Advertising Research, noted that the more one’s self-image tallies with the brand being advertised, the stronger the commercial. Ad makers also use behaviorist theories，recognizing that the more sensation we receive for an object, the better we know it. If an advert for a chocolate bar fails to cause salivation, it has probably failed. No wonder advertisements have been dubbed the “nervous system of the business world”.HProbably all of us could make a sale if the product was something we truly believed in, but professional salespeople are in a different league——the best of them can always sell different items to suitable customers in a best time. They do this by using very basic psychological techniques. Stripped to its simplest level, selling works by heightening the buyer’s perception of how much they need a product or service. Buyers normally have certain requirements by which they will judge the suitability of a product. The seller therefore attempts to tease out what these conditions are and then explains how their products’ benefitcan meet these requirements.IRichard Hession，author of Be a Great Salesperson says it is human nature to prefer to speak rather to listen, and good salespeople pander to this. They ask punters about their needs and offer to work with them to achieve their objectives. As a result, the buye r feels they are receiving a “consultation” rather than a sales pitch. All the while，the salesperson presents with a demeanor that takes it for granted that the sale will be made. Never will the words “if you buy” be used, but rather “when you buy”.JDr. Rob Yeung, a senior consultant at business psychologists Kiddy and Partner, says most salespeople will build up a level of rapport by asking questions about hobbies, family and lifestyle. This has the double benefit of making the salesperson likeable while furnishing him or her with more information about the client’s wants. Yeung says effective salespeople try as far as possible to match their style of presenting themselves to how the buyer comes across. If the buyer cracks jokes, the salespeople will respond in kind. If the buyer wants detail, the seller provides it, if they are more interested in the feel of the product, the seller will focus on this. At its most extreme, appearing empathetic can even include the salesperson attempting to “mirror” the hob by language of the buyer.KWhatever the method used, all salespeople work towards one aim: “dosing the deal”. In fact, they will be looking for “closing signals” through their dealings with potential clients. Once again the process works by assuming success. The buyer isnot asked “are you interested?” as this can invite a negative response. Instead the seller takes it for granted that the deal is effectively done: when the salesman asks you for a convenient delivery date or asks what color you want, you will probably respond accordingly. Only afterwards might you wonder why you proved such a pushover.Passage1：日本画家介绍题型：匹配+填空+判断待回忆Passage2：纳米技术题型：匹配待回忆Passage3：中世纪英国儿童的娱乐活动题型：判断待回忆雅思阅读+听力考试真题阅读passage1 古代怎样传送信息莫斯电码发明后对现代人的信息交流产生了怎样的影响passage2 早期人类使用珠宝显示身份和地位，现代珠宝多用做装饰品及考古研究passage3 儿童智力发展听力2016年1月9日雅思听力真题解析A卷Section 1场景：电影院会员资格咨询及电影介绍题型：填空题1. No age limited2. How much per season membership: join fee ￡21.503. Discount for student membership card: ￡24. Offer three hours’ free parking5-10表格填空NameGenreYearDetailsThe soliderComedy1922A child ran away from hometown and came to Argentina, then won a big sum of money Piano lifeKids at singing competitionThe tigerCartoon aimed for adultsFollowing by a book talk of an editor分析：听力S1延续了一直以来的填空题题型出题，同时也配合了最常见生活娱乐方面的咨询场景作为背景，希望广大考鸭注意这一个section最重点需要掌握的场景词汇和预测。
剑桥雅思阅读真题
剑桥雅思阅读真题剑桥雅思阅读真题及答案剑桥雅思阅读真题是英国剑桥大学考试委员会从当年考试中精选出来的考试原题，旨在让考生熟悉题型和考前练兵。
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下面给大家带来剑桥雅思阅读主题，希望对你们有所帮助。
剑桥雅思阅读真题OtterAOtters have long, thin bodies and short legs –ideal for pushing through dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and 30lbs. Females are smaller typically. The Eurasian otter’s nose is about the smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shallow ‘W’. An otter’s tail (or rudder, or stern) is stout at the base and tapers towards the tip where it flattens. This forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast underwater. Otter fur consists of two types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and under-fur which is dense and fine, equivalent to an otter’s thermal underwear. The fur must be kept in good condition by grooming. Seawater reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when saltwater in the fur. This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts off in pools and the squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.BThe scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger. Otterine sense of smell is likely to besimilar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and are probably short-sighted on land. But they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water. In clear water and good light, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter’s eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it can see and breathe even when the rest of the body is submerged. Underwater, the cotter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations. River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not to the very end. Giant otters and sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter has no webbing – they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they don’t need the swimming speed. Otter’s ears are tiny for streamlining, but th ey still have very sensitive hearing and are protected by valves which close them against water pressure.CA number of constraints and preferences limit suitable habitats of otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish. Being such shy and wary creatures, they will prefer territories where man’s activities do not impinge greatly. Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence –this has only become significant again recently as populations start to recover. Coastal otters have a much more abundant food supply and range for males and females may be just a few kilometres of coastline. Because male range overlaps with two or three females – not bad! Otters will eat anything that they can get hold of –there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs being gobbled. Apartfrom fish, the most common prey are crayfish, crabs and water birds. Small mammals are occasionally taken, most commonly rabbits but sometimes even moles.DEurasian otters will breed any time where food is readily available. In places where the condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs are born in spring. This ensures that they are well grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands, cubs are born in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female may have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of Lutra canadensis whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation. Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding to keep the cub’s warm mummy is away fe eding.EOtters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding (reeds, waterside plants, grass) to keep the cub’s warm while is away feeding. Litter Size varies between 1 and 5. For some unknown reason, coastal otters tend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes –a tiny cub of 700g. At seven weeks they’re weaned onto solid food. At ten weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim. After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she can chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax – until the next fella shows up.FThe plight of the British otter was recognised in the early 60s, but it wasn’t until the late 70s that the chief cause was discovered. Pesticides, such as dieldrin and aldrin, were first used in1955 in agriculture and other industries – these chemicals are very persistent and had already been recognised as the cause of huge declines in the population of peregrine falcons, sparrow hawks and other predators. The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain – micro-organisms, fish and finally otters, with every step increasing the concentration of the chemicals. From 1962 the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not –and continued to fall into the 80s. This was probably due mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on populations fragmented by the sudden decimation in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spell the end.GOtter numbers are recovering all around Britain –populations are growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to legislation, conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive-bred otters is seen by many as a last resort. The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and where there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able to expand into the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enoughimpetus for it to stabilise and expand, rather than die out. This is what the Otter Trust accomplished in Norfolk, where the otter population may have been as low as twenty animals at the beginning of the 1980s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely, great news because it means it is no longer needed.Questions 1-9The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-GWhich paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes 1-9 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.1 A description of how otters regulate vision underwater2 The fit-for-purpose characteristics of otter’s body shape3 A reference to an underdeveloped sense4 An explanation of why agriculture failed in otter conservation efforts5 A description of some of the otter’s social characteristics6 A description of how baby otters grow7 The conflicting opinions on how to preserve8 A reference to the legislative act9 An explanation of how otters compensate for heat lossQuestions 10-13Answer the questions below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBERfrom the passage for each answer10 What affects the outer fur of otters?11 What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters?12 Which type of otters has the shortest range?13 Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally?剑桥雅思阅读真题答案1. B2. A3. B4. F5. C6. E7. G8. G9. A10. Sea water/Salt water/Salt11. swimming speed12. Coastal otters13. Small mammals剑桥雅思阅读真题相关文章：。
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A Persistent Myth 永远的神话Genius has a way of calling attention to itself. But then that’s only natural, considering its rarity and the dramatic manner in which it often manifests itself.天才总是能够引人注目。
但是意识到天才自身的稀有性以及本身通常表现出的戏剧性的行为举止，这很自然了。
We do not, however, always recognize it for what it is and frequently prefer to dismiss its more startling and extreme manifestations as heresy or antisocial behavior~or even as a touch of madness. One of our most persistent cultural myths, in fact, states that artistic genius generally remains unrecognized until well after those who possess it have departed this earth.然而，我们却并不是总能看到问题的实质，我们通常更喜欢对天才极端的令人惊讶的所作所为不肩一顾，把它们视为异端和有悖社会的行为，甚至看做是疯狂之举。
事实上，我们大部分文化中就存在这样一成不变的神话：艺术家们的天赋总是要等到他们去世之后才能被人们认可。
Like most myths, this one contains both truth and fiction. It stems partly from the 19th century's highly romanticized perceptions of the artist as a wonderfully free but tragically misunderstood individual. And partly from the facts of the careers of such artists as van Gogh and Gauguin.像大多数神话一样，其中包含真实和虚构成分。
从19世纪起，对于艺术家的极为浪漫的看法就是：他们是非常自由但被公众悲剧性地误解了的个体。
这个看法在某些方面源自于一些艺术家如梵高和高更的艺术生涯。
Van Gogh’s life story, in itself, gives considerable credibility to this myth. And there are several other important painters and sculptors whose worth remained largely or totally unacknowledged during their lifetimes. Even so, this notion of alienated genius remains largely unfounded—especially in this century, which devotes so much of its energies to ferreting out every hint of genius, no matter how novel its point of origin, or strange or unusual its form.梵髙的人生经历本身大大增加了这个神i舌的可信度。
还有其他一些画家和雕刻家们，他们在世时，只有少数人或者根本没有人认识到他们的价值。
即使是这样，这些得不到公众理解的天才们仍然全身心地投人创作，特别是在这个世纪，发挥出他们的毎一点才能，无论在公众看来他们的创作出发点是多么的新奇，形式是多么的怪异和非比寻常。
We may not fully understand or like what our geniuses produce, but we do at least acknowledge its importance. If anything, we tend to be awed by genius and forgiving of its shortcomings. Picasso's slightest doodle's, for instance, are highly sought after mainly because of his reputation. And the same, I suspect, applies to the lesser aspects of what Einstein, Stravinsky, and Joyce produced.我们可能无法完全理解或喜爱天才们的作品，但是我们至少要认可他们的重要性。
我们往往会敬畏这些天才，原谅他们的小瑕疵。
例如，很多人因为毕加索的名气而高价收藏毕加索的小幅涂鸦。
而且同时，我怀疑，对于爱因斯坦、斯特拉文斯基和乔伊斯在他们不是那么擅长领域内的作品，类似的情况也会发生。
We are so eager to uncover artistic genius that we increasingly acclaim its presence on the basis of intention rather than accomplishment. If an artist begins to move into miclmrted territory, we too often assume that genius is the motivation. (It may very well be, but then it could also be ambition to succeed through novelty, an inability to cope with existing styles, or merely an urge totry something different.)我们是如此热切的去发现这些艺术天才，以至干我们越来越多地因为他们想要尝试的目标而不是因为他们的成就而喝彩。
如果一位艺术家想要转向一个未知的领域发展，我们通常就会这样想：他的天赋就是他前进的动力(当然也很有可能是这样，然而也可能是他想通过创新而成功的野心在作祟，又或者是由于对目前的这种艺术形式感到无力应付，更有可能只是想要尝试一下新的东西)。
We also are so enamored of the notion that artistic importance derives primarily from doing something first that we tend to overlook the fact that it also derives from doing something best. There are at least a dozen largely unknown but excellent artists of superb quality in this country, and at least thatmany quite famous raw beginners whose main asset is the novel t v of their approach to art.我们也是如此地迷信这种说法：艺术的重要性主要源自于首先做某件事情，而忽视了它往往也来自于将某件事情做到最好。
在这个国家里有着至少一打寂寂无名但是素质极高的优秀艺术家们，和至少那么多非常有名的初入门者，他们的主要资本就是他们新颖的艺术手法。
The frantic scramble for fame, or at least for notoriety, continues to accelerate, producing an increasing assault upon our sensil)ilities that makes considered artistic judgment difficult. Art too often is absorbed as uncritically as the air we breathe, and is forced to make way for what is even newer and more insistent before it has a chance to be ftilly assimilated.对名望或者至少声名远播的疯狂追逐争夺，疯狂增长，越来越频繁地攻击了我们的鉴赏力，这使我们很难做出深思熟虑的艺术评价。
我们频繁地不加鉴别地接受艺术，就像我们呼吸空气一样自然。
这就迫使艺术在它有机会被完全理解前不断地寻找更新颖、更加显著的出路。
It’s all very confusing, especially since there is so much talent on view today.A great deal of the art in our galleries is accomplished and professional. And yet, oddly enough, genius has never been in shorter supply. For the first time in my memory, the so-called visual arts cannot claim one single living artist of genius.这所有的一切都让人迷惑不解，特别在有如此多人才的今天。
画廊里大批的艺术作品都是手法娴熟的专业之作。
但是，非常奇怪的是，天才从没有像今天这样稀缺。
在我记忆中是第一次，所谓的视觉艺术领域里，没有一个活着的人能被称为是天才艺术家。
In genius’s place, we have great energy, imagination, and discipline. Artists of all stylistic persuasions are producing remarkably high-quality work, and a few are fashioning some of the best art of the century. Major talents are producing major work, but, good as it is, such art lacks that overwhelming sense of wholeness, brilliance, and audacity that liaracterizrs the work of genius.作为一个天才，他有无穷的精力，无限的想像力和严格的自律。