雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.6 A Persistent Myth
雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)
智课网IELTS备考资料雅思阅读真题附答案（完整版）摘要：雅思阅读真题是考生练习雅思阅读的必备资料。
不少考生在网上寻求雅思阅读真题，今天小编汇总了里面雅思阅读真题附答案版，方便考生复习。
雅思阅读真题是历年雅思考试中出现的雅思阅读题目，练习雅思阅读真题对于考生提升雅思阅读答题能力有很大的帮助。
小编整理了历年雅思阅读真题附答案，帮助考生复习雅思阅读。
雅思阅读真题附答案版(部分内容)：题型:人名观点配对他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo 女子是被火葬的 A持怀疑态度的教授对一些化石的DNA 进行了可靠的分析 E教授测定的人的年龄要比62000 年前年轻的多的结果 A确定Mungo 人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源 B在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现尼安德特人 C年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的 D多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源 B史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝 A判断题Mungo 湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据True在Mungo 湖发现Mungo 使用的武器Not givenMungo 人是在复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的考古证据之一，如埋葬仪式TrueMungo 男人和女人的骨架是被发现在同一年False澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判Not given以上就是关于雅思阅读真题附答案的相关汇总，考生可以通过上方下载完整版历年雅思阅读真题解析，提升资深雅思阅读能力。
相关字搜索：雅思阅读真题附答案人生中每一次对自己心灵的释惑，都是一种修行，都是一种成长。
相信我们常常用人生中的一些痛，换得人生的一份成熟与成长然⋯⋯生活里的每个人，都是我们的一面镜子，你给别人什世界上的幸福，没有一处不是来自用心经营和珍惜。
当你一味的去挑剔指责别人的时候，有没有反思过是否？假如你的心太过自我不懂得经营和善待，不懂得尊重他人感受，那你永远也不会获得真和幸福 ⋯ ⋯人生就像一场旅行，我们所行走的每一步都是在丰富生命的意义。
雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.2 the brith of sicentific english
the brith of sicentific englishWorld science is dominated today by a small number of languages , including Japanese, German and French, but it is English which is probably the most popular global language of science(Introduce the topic: English as the language of science). This is not just because of the importance of English-speaking countries such as the USA in scientific research; the scientists of many non-English-speaking countries find that they need to write their research papers in English to reach a wide international audience. Given the prominence of scientific English today, it may seem surprising that no one really knew how to write science in English before the 17th century. Before that, Latin was regarded as the lingua franca for European intellectuals.麦考瑞雅思The European Renaissance( 指欧洲文艺复兴运动，运动提倡复古，召唤古希腊精神，所以这篇文章是按时间线索写的，Sub-topic: English Renaissance ) (c. 14th-16th century) is sometimes called the 'revival of learning', a time of renewed interest in the 'lost knowledge' of classical times. At the same time, however, scholars also began to test and extend this knowledge. The emergent nation states of Europe developed competitive interests in world exploration and the development of trade. Such expansion, which was to take the English language west to America and east to India, was supported by scientific developments such as the discovery of magnetism (and hence the invention of the compass), improvements in cartography and - perhaps the most important scientific revolution of them all - the new theories of astronomy and the movement of the Earth in relation to the planets and stars, developed by Copernicus (1473-1543).麦考瑞雅思England was one of the first countries where scientists adopted and publicised Copernican ideas with enthusiasm. Some of these scholars, including two with interests in language -John Wall's and John Wilkins - helped Found the Royal Society in 1660 in order to promote empirical scientific research. (这篇文章是谈科技英语的，所以在这里陈述了英国的科学作为铺垫, Sub-topic: Science in England )麦考瑞雅思Across Europe similar academies and societies arose, creating new national traditions of science (开始探讨科学语言的发展) . In the initial stages of the scientific revolution, most publications in the national languages were popular works, encyclopaedias, educational textbooks and translations. Original science was not done in English until the second half of the 17th century. For example, Newton published his mathematical treatise, known as the Principia, in Latin, but published his later work on the properties of light - Opticks - in English.麦考瑞雅思There were several reasons why original science continued to be written in Latin. (一开始占主导的是拉丁语，以下陈述原因)The first was simply a matter of audience . Latin was suitable for an international audience of scholars, whereas English reached a sociallywider, but more local, audience. Hence, popular science was written in English.麦考瑞雅思A second reason for writing in Latin may, perversely, have been a concern for secrecy. Open publication had dangers in putting into the public domain preliminary ideas which had not yet been fully exploited by their 'author' . This growing concern about intellectual properly rights was a feature of the period - it reflected both the humanist notion of the individual, rational scientist who invents and discovers through private intellectual labour, and the growing connection between original science and commercial exploitation. There was something of a social distinction between 'scholars and gentlemen' who understood Latin, and men of trade who lacked a classical education. And in the mid-17th century it was common practice for mathematicians to keep their discoveries and proofs secret, by writing them in cipher, in obscure languages, or in private messages deposited in a sealed box with the Royal Society. Some scientists might have felt more comfortable with Latin precisely because its audience, though inte national, was socially restricted. Doctors clung the most keenly to Latin as an 'insider language'.麦考瑞雅思A third reason why the wriling of original science in English was delayed may have been to do with the linguistic inadequacy of English in the early modern period. English was not well equipped to deal with scientific argument. First, it lacked the necessary technical vocabulary. Second, it lacked the grammatical resources required to represent the world in an objective and impersonal way, and to discuss the relations, such as cause and effect, that might hold between complex and hypothetical entities.麦考瑞雅思Fortunately (指示词，作者在转换话题) , several members of the Royal Society possessed an interest in language and became engaged in various linguistic projects. Although a proposal in 1664 to establish a committee for improving the English language came to little,the society's members did a great deal to foster the publication of science in English (英语开始受到重视) and to encourage the development of a suitable writing style. Many members of the Royal Society also published monographs in English. One of the first was by Robert Hooke, the society's first curator of experiments, who described his experiments with microscopes in Micrographia (1665). This work is largely narrative in style, based on a transcript of oral demonstrations and lectures.麦考瑞雅思In 1665 a new scientific journal, Philosophical Transactions, was inaugurated. (进一步发展，举例子) Perhaps the first international English-language scientific journal, it encouraged a new genre of scientific writing, that of short, focused accounts of particular experiments.The 17th century (近代科学英语的发展) was thus a formative period in the establishment of scientific English. In the following century much of this momentum was lost as German established itself as the leading European language of science. It is estimated that by the end of the 18th century 401 German scientific journals had beenestablished as opposed to 96 inFrance and 50 inEngland. However, in the 19th century scientific English again enjoyed substantial lexical growth as the industrial revolution created the need for new technical vocabulary, and new, specialised, professional societies were instituted to promote and publish in the new disciplines.。
雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.CLASSIFYING SOCIETIESAlthough humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.ClanThese are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild(undomesticated)food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Qan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.TribeThese are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital”or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town ofin modern Turkey.ChiefdomThese operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages(a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor)are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no truestratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.Early StateThese preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler(perhaps a king or sometimes a queen)has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue(often in the form of taxes and tolls)and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.This rather simple social typology set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1．There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.A．真B．假C．Not Given正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“clan”和“economic difference”定位于原文Clan部分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status amongtheir members”。
雅思阅读真题题源-人文1.11 In a Polyglot Place, the Most Welcome of Voices
In a Polyglot Place, the Most Welcome of Voices 多国语目的地万，最受欢迎的声音The United Nations building would be little more than a glass Tower of Babel without them.没有他们，联合国大厦只不过是一座玻璃巴别塔。
But the United Nations* core of inter-preters, who sit tucked away in badly ventilated glass booths overlooking the General Assembly hall, are to most delegates hardly more than disembodied voices that come piped in through white plastic earphones.但是，联合国核心口译员隐蔽地坐在能俯视大会大厅的通风不好的玻璃小房间里，对干大多数代表来说，他们只不过是从白色塑胶耳机里传过来的脱离实体的声音。
“We are al l performers at heart，” said Monique Corvington, who has worked as an interpreter since 1968. “We get stage fright and the rush of adrenaline. Unfortunately, we do not pick the script.”“我们实质上都是表演者，”自1968 年就开始做口译工作的莫妮克•考温特说道：“我们得了怯场症和肾上腺素涌出症。
不幸地是，我们不挑选剧本。
”The United Nations Interpretation Service has been sorely tested of late by the crush of world leaders who have shown up here for the General Assembly session and the recent World Summit for Children, which was attended by more than 70 heads of state and government.联合国口译服务中心已接受了出席联合国大会会议和最近召开的世界儿童问题首脑会议的世界各国领导人的严峻考验，大会有70多个国家元首和政府首脑参加。
雅思阅读真题附答案(完整版)
智课网IELTS备考资料
雅思阅读真题附答案（完整版）
摘要：雅思阅读真题是考生练习雅思阅读的必备资料。
不少考生在网上寻求雅思阅读真题，今天小编汇总了里面雅思阅读真题附答案版，方便考生复习。
雅思阅读真题是历年雅思考试中出现的雅思阅读题目，练习雅思阅读真题对于考生提升雅思阅读答题能力有很大的帮助。
小编整理了历年雅思阅读真题附答案，帮助考生复习雅思阅读。
雅思阅读真题附答案版(部分内容)：
题型:
人名观点配对
他在寻找古老的湖泊，这名Mungo女子是被火葬的A
持怀疑态度的教授对一些化石的DNA进行了可靠的分析E
教授测定的人的年龄要比62000年前年轻的多的结果A
确定Mungo人的年龄，争议了澳大利亚人的起源B
在澳洲，研究小组谁先恢复生物的证据，发现尼安德特人C
年代的支持者认为澳大利亚巨型动物的灭绝是由于古代人类狩猎造成的D
多区域的解释已经被提出，而不是坚持认为单一的起源B
史前人类活动导致气候变化而不是巨型动物的灭绝A
判断题
Mungo湖仍然为考古学家提供了图解说明人类活动的证据True
在Mungo湖发现Mungo使用的武器Not given
Mungo人是在复杂的文化世界上已知最古老的考古证据之一，如埋葬仪式True
Mungo男人和女人的骨架是被发现在同一年False
澳大利亚教授使用古老的研究方法对“走出非洲”支持者的批判Not given
以上就是关于雅思阅读真题附答案的相关汇总，考生可以通过上方下载完整版历年雅思阅读真题解析，提升资深雅思阅读能力。
相关字搜索：雅思阅读真题附答案。
揭秘三大雅思阅读真题题源
揭秘三大雅思阅读真题题源经常会发现有的童鞋总是说雅思阅读时间不够，经常做不完。
那么，怎么样才能很好的解决这样的问题呢?其实，只要在练习过程中，着重通过雅思阅读真题题源来做练习，才能够在考试中做到游刃有余。
下面，小编将为大家分享这一雅思阅读机经：雅思阅读的题源主要从以下几个方面来出题：(1关于欧洲及世界社会发展，经济状况，科学动向以及文化交流的文章。
自1995年考试的题型做出重大改革以后，有两条原则就被命题的剑桥大学考试委员会反复强调——非专业原则和国际化原则。
为了使不同地域，不同政治经济体制，不同肤色，不同文化背景的人能平等且毫无理解困难地参与，法律及专业性较强的医学，生物学，哲学，文学，艺术等的文章已经不再作为的考查范围。
就可能涉猎的文章类型而言，以下几个方面的雅思阅读真题题源经常作为考点出现(有一点提醒大家注意，只有类型的重复而不大可能有内容上的重复，但今年国内出现了文章及题型完全重复的现象通过加强练习大家的雅思阅读时间不够问题也会逐渐解决的。
1、世界范围的就业状况2、世界范围内的教育状况，经济发展的问题，机遇及挑战(粮食，能源3、语言学，考古学，生物学，简单医学(单词量不会影响对文章的理解4、女权注意及女性歧视问题5、环境保护(海洋，生物，陆地，森林等及环境污染(化学，石油泄漏等6、种族，民族问题7、人口爆炸及居住问题，城市化及相关问题(交通拥挤，设施缺乏，噪声等(2关于地球，自然界的科学现象及地理现象的文章。
这种文章类型在卷中最为普遍，其涵盖面之广无从细分，但就最近一年以来考试文章分析，主要还是以下几种类型：1、太空，宇宙概况，以及外星生物探讨等2、全球气候变暖，厄尔尼诺，洋流异常，臭氧层破坏3、地球灾难，火山爆发，地震，彗星撞地球，森林大火，生物灭绝(3人类历史发展中重要事件，重要人物及重要标志性产品。
这也是卷中经常出现的一种重要的文章类型，但自1998年开始对重要人物的考查总是和重要事件交织在一起，不再单独罗列。
雅思阅读模拟题16篇(附答案)
雅思阅读实战16篇（附答案）★How to increase salesPublished online: Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.(644 words)Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. U smani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon,a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, othercustomers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys:1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. （第1段第2行：Shoppers know that fillinga store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.）2. 答案：expensive. （第1段第4行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.）3. 答案：impulse buying. （第2段第1句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.）4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. （第2段第2句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.）5. 答案：screen. （第3段第4行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods,a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.）6. 答案：discounts. （第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves”model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.）7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. （在文中没有提及该信息）9. 答案：YES。
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7（题后含答案及解析）
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7（题后含答案及解析）雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.New Zealand SeaweedCall us not weeds; we are flowers of the sea.Section ASeaweed is a particularly nutritious food, which absorbs and concentrates traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the body’s health. Many elements may occur in seaweed—aluminium, barium, calcium, chlorine, copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few—traces normally produced by erosion and carried to the seaweed beds by river and sea currents. Seaweeds are also rich in vitamins: indeed, Eskimos obtain a high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds they eat.The nutritive value of seaweed has long been recognized. For instance, there is a remarkably low incidence of goiter amongst the Japanese, and for that matter, amongst our own Maori people, who have always eaten seaweeds, and this may well be attributed to the high iodine content of this food. Research into old Maori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds, fresh fruit and nuts, fuchsia and tutu berries, cape gooseberries, and many other fruits which either grew here naturally or were sown from seeds brought by settlers and explorers.Section BNew Zealand lays claim to approximately 700 species of seaweed, some of which have no representation outside this country. Of several species grown worldwide, New Zealand also has a particularly large share. For example, it is estimated that New Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina, a close relative of carrageen or Irish moss. These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens. The gel-forming substance called agar which can be extracted from this species gives them great commercial application in seameal, from which seamealcustard is made, and in cough mixtures, confectionery, cosmetics, the canning, paint and leather industries, the manufacture of duplicating pads, and in toothpastes. In fact, during World War II, New Zealand Gigartina were sent to Australia to be used in toothpaste.Section CYet although New Zealand has so much of the commercially profitable red seaweeds, several of which are a source of agar(Pterocladia, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gigartina), before 1940 relatively little use was made of them. New Zealand used to import the Northern Hemisphere Irish moss(Chondrus crispus)from England and ready-made agar from Japan. Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas according to species, it is only on the east coast of the North Island that its occurrence is rare. And even then, the east coast, and the area around Hokiangna, have a considerable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also available. Happily, New Zealand-made agar is now obtainable in health food shops. Section D Seaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour—red, brown and green—and each tends to live in a specific location. However, except for the unmistakable sea lettuce(Ulva), few are totally one colour; and especially when dry, some species can change colour quite significantly—a brown one may turn quite black, or a red one appear black, brown, pink or purple. Identification is nevertheless facilitated by the。
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A Persistent Myth 永远的神话Genius has a way of calling attention to itself. But then that’s only natural, considering its rarity and the dramatic manner in which it often manifests itself.天才总是能够引人注目。
但是意识到天才自身的稀有性以及本身通常表现出的戏剧性的行为举止，这很自然了。
We do not, however, always recognize it for what it is and frequently prefer to dismiss its more startling and extreme manifestations as heresy or antisocial behavior~or even as a touch of madness. One of our most persistent cultural myths, in fact, states that artistic genius generally remains unrecognized until well after those who possess it have departed this earth.然而，我们却并不是总能看到问题的实质，我们通常更喜欢对天才极端的令人惊讶的所作所为不肩一顾，把它们视为异端和有悖社会的行为，甚至看做是疯狂之举。
事实上，我们大部分文化中就存在这样一成不变的神话：艺术家们的天赋总是要等到他们去世之后才能被人们认可。
Like most myths, this one contains both truth and fiction. It stems partly from the 19th century's highly romanticized perceptions of the artist as a wonderfully free but tragically misunderstood individual. And partly from the facts of the careers of such artists as van Gogh and Gauguin.像大多数神话一样，其中包含真实和虚构成分。
从19世纪起，对于艺术家的极为浪漫的看法就是：他们是非常自由但被公众悲剧性地误解了的个体。
这个看法在某些方面源自于一些艺术家如梵高和高更的艺术生涯。
Van Gogh’s life story, in itself, gives considerable credibility to this myth. And there are several other important painters and sculptors whose worth remained largely or totally unacknowledged during their lifetimes. Even so, this notion of alienated genius remains largely unfounded—especially in this century, which devotes so much of its energies to ferreting out every hint of genius, no matter how novel its point of origin, or strange or unusual its form.梵髙的人生经历本身大大增加了这个神i舌的可信度。
还有其他一些画家和雕刻家们，他们在世时，只有少数人或者根本没有人认识到他们的价值。
即使是这样，这些得不到公众理解的天才们仍然全身心地投人创作，特别是在这个世纪，发挥出他们的毎一点才能，无论在公众看来他们的创作出发点是多么的新奇，形式是多么的怪异和非比寻常。
We may not fully understand or like what our geniuses produce, but we do at least acknowledge its importance. If anything, we tend to be awed by genius and forgiving of its shortcomings. Picasso's slightest doodle's, for instance, are highly sought after mainly because of his reputation. And the same, I suspect, applies to the lesser aspects of what Einstein, Stravinsky, and Joyce produced.我们可能无法完全理解或喜爱天才们的作品，但是我们至少要认可他们的重要性。
我们往往会敬畏这些天才，原谅他们的小瑕疵。
例如，很多人因为毕加索的名气而高价收藏毕加索的小幅涂鸦。
而且同时，我怀疑，对于爱因斯坦、斯特拉文斯基和乔伊斯在他们不是那么擅长领域内的作品，类似的情况也会发生。
We are so eager to uncover artistic genius that we increasingly acclaim its presence on the basis of intention rather than accomplishment. If an artist begins to move into miclmrted territory, we too often assume that genius is the motivation. (It may very well be, but then it could also be ambition to succeed through novelty, an inability to cope with existing styles, or merely an urge totry something different.)我们是如此热切的去发现这些艺术天才，以至干我们越来越多地因为他们想要尝试的目标而不是因为他们的成就而喝彩。
如果一位艺术家想要转向一个未知的领域发展，我们通常就会这样想：他的天赋就是他前进的动力(当然也很有可能是这样，然而也可能是他想通过创新而成功的野心在作祟，又或者是由于对目前的这种艺术形式感到无力应付，更有可能只是想要尝试一下新的东西)。
We also are so enamored of the notion that artistic importance derives primarily from doing something first that we tend to overlook the fact that it also derives from doing something best. There are at least a dozen largely unknown but excellent artists of superb quality in this country, and at least thatmany quite famous raw beginners whose main asset is the novel t v of their approach to art.我们也是如此地迷信这种说法：艺术的重要性主要源自于首先做某件事情，而忽视了它往往也来自于将某件事情做到最好。
在这个国家里有着至少一打寂寂无名但是素质极高的优秀艺术家们，和至少那么多非常有名的初入门者，他们的主要资本就是他们新颖的艺术手法。
The frantic scramble for fame, or at least for notoriety, continues to accelerate, producing an increasing assault upon our sensil)ilities that makes considered artistic judgment difficult. Art too often is absorbed as uncritically as the air we breathe, and is forced to make way for what is even newer and more insistent before it has a chance to be ftilly assimilated.对名望或者至少声名远播的疯狂追逐争夺，疯狂增长，越来越频繁地攻击了我们的鉴赏力，这使我们很难做出深思熟虑的艺术评价。
我们频繁地不加鉴别地接受艺术，就像我们呼吸空气一样自然。
这就迫使艺术在它有机会被完全理解前不断地寻找更新颖、更加显著的出路。
It’s all very confusing, especially since there is so much talent on view today.A great deal of the art in our galleries is accomplished and professional. And yet, oddly enough, genius has never been in shorter supply. For the first time in my memory, the so-called visual arts cannot claim one single living artist of genius.这所有的一切都让人迷惑不解，特别在有如此多人才的今天。
画廊里大批的艺术作品都是手法娴熟的专业之作。
但是，非常奇怪的是，天才从没有像今天这样稀缺。
在我记忆中是第一次，所谓的视觉艺术领域里，没有一个活着的人能被称为是天才艺术家。
In genius’s place, we have great energy, imagination, and discipline. Artists of all stylistic persuasions are producing remarkably high-quality work, and a few are fashioning some of the best art of the century. Major talents are producing major work, but, good as it is, such art lacks that overwhelming sense of wholeness, brilliance, and audacity that liaracterizrs the work of genius.作为一个天才，他有无穷的精力，无限的想像力和严格的自律。