英语演讲与辩论1.

How to write effective speechesLearning how to write a speech needn't be a nail biting experience! First of all, you need the overview or outline of the speech. If you haven't gotten one, check these guidelines on how to prepare a speech outline. Before starting writing ,you should figure out the five major aspects:Who,When ,What, Where ,Why and How. They can be expanded in details as follows :1. Who ---am I speaking to --- audienceThe main consideration in a speech is always your audience. A good speech is never written from only the speaker's point of view.Make sure that you select someone who represents the majority. (you can call him John in your mindThat is they are struggling to comprehend you at the bottom of your scale or light-years ahead at the top. In a word, if a speaker is a salesman ,then audiences are the customers----your god! a Write down everything you know about the audience,such as age , education ,etc..b Understand what they will be interested in --- examples, content, stories, etc.c identify the number of people, age group, gender, ethnicity (if appropriate, common uniting factors, and specific interests they might have.2. What --- is the subject --- general or specificAs a speaker, you must make it clear that:a Are you positive or negative about it? Or neither?b What statement do you want to make?c What you are going to present?It may even include the effect you want to make on the audience3. How ---are you going to showa How long will the speech keep on? A short speech within 5 minutes or long speeche ? Or long speech?.b How will you clarify it? Which will you prefer to make it ,by one or more major themes?4. When --- is your speech? -9Am.? Just before lunch?Sometimes it seems nothing serious ,but if you take it into consideration ,you may keep yourself away from a lot of troubles. You can put yourself from the standpoint of audiences, and know more about their feelings through simulative thoughts in your mind. Finally you can adjust your speech.5. Where --- is the physical layout of the room and the speaking area?a Will they see me easily?b Will they hear my clearly?c Is the microphone needed?d Is there a place to put my note?e Are there technological resources?After having a clear goal of your work ,you can easily decide the theme of your speech. And the following is the steps to finish a prepared speech. Step1: looking for, selecting and refining the speech materials On the whole, the intention of the combination of materials is based on the keynote speaker.First, gather all relevant materials and arguments, including the presentation of the facts and other necessary materials, demonstration materials and reference materials.Second is the choice of material. Filter out to the point, the typical, interesting and fresh material; abandon the old, non-representative, overused ones.Then extract material. Before you put them as part of yourmanuscript ,you must verify the authenticity and accuracy of the material. You should tap the circumstances from these chosen materials, such as the character's language, action, heart activities ,etc.Step 2:extracting the title of speechIs the title of my presentation attractive? A good start is half done. So it is with speech. Lecture title reflects extraordinary head start. It appeals the audience and leaves the first impression on them. Audiences often want to hear a lecture because of the title.Title language should be simple, concise and easy to sing. Speech title does not mean the theme.If the theme is like the heart of the speech, then the title is like the eyes of speech.Step3: the writing of speechThis part includes the central argument of the speech, the sub-arguments, and the filtered materials to "pigtails" . It clarifies the logical link among the various points ,the size of the designed presentation level and the order to compile the summary . The vertical structure may be divided as follows:1 The beginning should be fascinating and unconventionalThe beginning of a speech should strive to get the audiences’ attention quickly .You can set it as a suspense ,or just get straight to the point . You can raise several questions ,or simply begin with an allegorical story, an aphorisms,an introduction of a relevant background, motivation or purpose of the speech.For example,clever as Martin, he begins his world famous speech "I Have A Dream" as "Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation... ." With no superfluous words,just get straight to the topic with backgrounds.2 The main body of the manuscriptAs important as the beginning and the ending ,the body is the leadingactor.You do not have to write down everything you're going to say but you do need to write down the sequence of ideas to ensure they are logical and easily followed.Remember to explain or illustrate your point with examples from your research.(*Tip: If this is your first speech, the safety net of having everything written down could be just what you need. It's easier to recover from a patch of jitters when you have a full set of notes than if you have nothing or just a bare outline.At least there are two special modes:mode of argument structure and narrative structure model.1 Argumentative structure model. That is arranged in the structure of ordinary paper. By asking the questions, analyzing arguments, and concluding that three parts. The problem is usually the order structure, analysis and demonstration in the middle.2 Narrative structure model. Psychologist clues to the audiences that the structure of the arrangements mainly impress the audiences in the fun, emotion , like the story beginsin a novel. Obvious separation of issues, arguments and conclusions of the various parts in the narrative thrust of the proposal revealed; describe a few things or timesequence, or space-order, proceeding from the purpose of engagingarrangements. Speech may be composed of several paragraphs, according to time order, alphabetical order parts. Put it in the general pattern of speech, compared with the structure. Do not assume because you know what you're talking about the person you've chosen to represent your audience will know too. a Check the tone of your language. Is it right for the occasion, subject matter and your audience? b Check the length of your sentences. If they're too long or complicated you risk losing your listeners. Will everybody well understand your words? There are 5 cent words and $5.00 words. Why use a $5.00 one when a 5 cent one tells it better?' Example: He 'spat' = 5 cents. He'expectorated' = $5.00.Read what you've written out loudly.If it flows naturally, continue the process with your next main idea. If it doesn't, rework.Remember that you are writing oral language. You are writing as if you were explaining, telling or showing something to someone. It doesn't have to be perfect sentences. We don't talk like that. We use whole sentences ,part ones and we mix them up with asides or appeals. For example, 'Did you get that? Of course you did.Right...Let's move it along. I was saying ...' 3 The ending The ending of the entire speech to the audience is left to a full, clear idea, and strive to be revealed. It should point the subject and wok as induction.The basic requirement of a good ending is to mention hope and express passion. According to theme of your speech ,you can make it as a summary style, a call type, or oath ceremony as well as a wished the ceremony. A provoking ending may win extra credits for your speech. Example: The desired outcome of a speech persuading people to vote for you in an upcoming election is that they do so. You can help that outcome along by calling them to register their support by signing a prepared pledge statement as they leave.。