Molecular Modeling of Chemicals Products Inhihitors of Growth Struvite Crystal
化学及化工专业英语词汇(U-Z)_生物化学英语词汇

ubbelohde method 乌伯娄德法ubbelohde viscometer 乌伯娄德粘度计ubiquinone 乌比醌类udex process 伍德克思法ullmann reaction 乌尔曼反应ultimate analysis 元素分析ultimate effect 后效应ultimate vacuum 极度真空ultra accelerator 超促进剂ultra high molecular weight polymer 超高分子量聚重物ultra red ray drying 红外线干燥ultracentrifuge 超离心机ultracentrifuge method 超离心法ultrafilter 超滤器ultrafilter membrane 超过滤膜ultrafiltration 超细过滤ultrafine fiber 超细纤维ultrafine particle 超细粒子ultrafine powder 超细粉ultramarine 群青ultramicro analysis 超微分析ultramicrochemistry 超微量化学ultramicron 超微粒子ultramicroscope 超倍显微镜ultrasonic flowmeter 超声波量计ultrasonic fractography 超声波断层显微分析ultrasonic wave 超声波ultraviolet absorber fixative 紫外线吸收固定剂ultraviolet photography 紫外线照相ultraviolet radiation 紫外辐射ultraviolet ray microscope 紫外线显微镜ultraviolet ray transmitting glass 紫外线透过玻璃ultraviolet rays 紫外线ultraviolet spectrophotometry 紫外线分光光度测定法ultraviolet stabilizer 紫外线稳定剂umber 棕土umpire analysis 仲裁分析unbleached pulp 未漂白纸浆unbranched molecule 无支链分子unburned brick 砖坯uncertainty principle 测不准原理uncertainty relation 测不准关系uncharged species 无电荷化学种undecanal 十一醛undecane 十一烷undecanoic acid 十一酸undecyl alcohol 十一醇undecylenic acid 十一碳烯酸undecylenic alcohol 十一碳醇undecylic acid 十一酸undercoat 底涂undercooling 过冷undercure 欠硫化underexposure 照射不足underglaze color 釉底颜料underground gasification 地下气化underground water 地下水undervulcanization 欠硫化uneven dyeing 染色不匀unhairing 去毛uniaxial crystal 单轴晶体uniaxial orientation 单轴取向uniform convergence 均匀收敛uniform motion 等速运动uniformity 均质性uniformity coefficient 均匀系数unimolecular layer 单分子层unimolecular reaction 单分子反应uninflammability 不燃性union colorimeter 联合比色计union yarn 混纺纱unit cell 单位晶格unit matrix 单位矩阵unit of heat 热量单位unit operation 单元操作unit process 单元过程unit time 单位时间unitary matrix 幺正矩阵univalent 一价的univariant system 单变系universal bridge 万用电桥universal constant 通用常数universal developer 万用显影剂universal gas constant 通用气体常数universal indicator 通用指示剂unpaired electron 不成对电子unsaponifiable matter 不皂化物unsaturated bond 不饱和键unsaturated compound 不饱和化合物unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱烃unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液unsaturation 不饱和unshared electron pair 未共享电子对unstable compound 不稳定化合物unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unsteady state 非稳定态untreated oil 未处理油料unusual valency 异常原子价unvulcanized rubber 未硫化橡胶upflow 上流上升气流uramil 乌拉米尔uranate 铀酸盐uranic acid 铀酸uranic oxide 三氧化铀uranine 荧光素钠uraninite 晶质铀矿uranium 铀uranium dioxide 二氧化铀uranium fluoride 氟化铀uranium glass 铀玻璃uranium oxide 氧化铀uranium series 铀系uranium tetrafluoride 四氟化铀uranium trioxide 三氧化铀uranyl acetate 醋酸双氧铀uranyl chloride 氯化双氧铀uranyl compound 铀酰化合物uranyl nitrate 硝酸双氧铀uranyl salt 铀酰盐uranyl sulfate 硫酸双氧铀uranyl uranate 八氧化三铀urate 尿酸盐urea 尿素urea adduct 尿素加合物urea anhydride 氨基氰urea chloride 氨基甲酰氯urea formaldehyde resin 脲醛尸urea nitrate 硝酸脲urea resin 尿素尸urea resin varnish 尿素尸清漆urease 尿素酶ureide 酰脲urethane 尿烷urethane resin 尿烷尸uric acid 尿酸uridine 尿核甙uridine diphosphate glucose 尿甙二磷酸葡糖甙uridylic acid 尿甙酸urobilin 尿胆素urobilinogen 尿胆素原urocanic acid 尿刊酸urochrome 尿色素urokinase 尿激酶uronic acid 糖羰酸uropepsin 尿胃蛋白酶uroporphyrin 尿卟啉urotropine 乌洛托品ursodeoxycholic acid 胆烷酸ursolic acid 乌酸urushiol 漆酚used oils 废油usnic acid 松萝酸uviol glass 透紫外线玻璃uzarigenine 乌沙甙元vacancy 空格点vacant lattice point 空格点vaccine 菌苗vacuole 液泡vacuum apparatus 真空装置vacuum condensing point 真空冷凝点vacuum crystallizer 真空结晶器vacuum desiccator 真空干燥器vacuum distillation 真空蒸馏vacuum dryer 真空干燥器vacuum drying 真空干燥vacuum evaporation 真空蒸发vacuum evaporation coating 真空镀膜vacuum evaporator 真空蒸发器vacuum filter 真空过滤器vacuum filtration 真空过滤vacuum flask 真空瓶vacuum forming 真空成型vacuum gage 真空计vacuum plating 真空镀膜vacuum pump 真空泵vacuum pump oil 真空泵油vacuum technique 真空技术vacuum tube glass 真空管玻璃vacuum type insulation 真空式绝缘vadose water 渗廉vagotonine 迷走紧张素valence 价valence angle 价角valence bond 价键valence bond method 价键法valence electron 价电子valence fluctuation 原子价起伏valence force field 价力场valence isomerism 价异构性valence state 价态valence valence 离子价valency 价valency angle 价角valency control 原子价控制valentinite 锑华valeraldehyde 戊醛valeramide 戊酰胺valerianic acid 戊酸valeric acid 戊酸valerolactam 戊内酸胺valerolactone 戊内酯valeronitrile 戊腈valine 缬氨酸value of isotope mixture 同位素混合物价值valve oil 润阀油vamidothion 蚜灭多van der waals' equation of state 范德瓦耳斯状态方程van der waals' force 范德瓦耳斯力van der waals' molecule 范德瓦耳斯分子van slyke method 范斯莱克测定法vanadate 钒酸盐vanadic acid 钒酸vanadinite 钒铅矿vanadium 钒vanadium carbide 碳化钒vanadium compound 钒化合物vanadium dichloride 二氯化钒vanadium oxide 氧化钒vanadium oxytrichloride 三氯氧化钒vanadium sulfide 硫化钒vanadyl chloride 氯化氧钒vanillin 香草醛vapor bath 蒸汽浴vapor liquid equilibrium 气液平衡vapor lock 汽封vapor loss 蒸汽损失vapor nozzle 蒸汽喷嘴vapor phase 汽相vapor phase cracking 汽相热裂vapor phase polymerization 汽相聚合vapor phase reactor 汽相反应器vapor pressure 蒸汽压vapor pressure curve 蒸气压力曲线vapor pressure thermometer 蒸汽压式温度计vaporization 蒸发vaporization heat 蒸发热vaporizer 汽化器variable resistance 变阻器variational method 变分法variational principle 变分原理variety 变种varnish 清漆vaseline 凡士林vaseline oil 凡士林油vasotocin 加压催产素vat acid 隐色酸vat color 瓮染料vat dye 瓮染料vat dyeing 瓮染vector product 矢积vegetable acid 植物酸vegetable casein 植物性酪素vegetable dye 植物染料vegetable fiber 植物纤维vegetable gum 植物胶vegetable oil 植物油vegetable parchment 植物羊皮纸vegetable wax 植物蜡vehicle 载色料vellum 羊皮纸vellum paper 羊皮纸velocimeter 临仪velocity constant 速度常数velocity indicator 速度指示器veneer 胶合板vent hole 通气孔ventilation 换气ventilator 风扇venturi meter 文丘里测量计venturi scrubber 文丘里除尘器veratrine 藜芦碱veratrole 藜芦醚verdigris 铜绿verification 检验vermiculite 蛭石vermilion 银珠veronal 佛罗那vertical boiler 竖式锅炉very low temperature 超低温vesicant agent 糜烂性毒气vesicant gases 糜烂性毒气vessel 容器vetiver oil 香根草油vibrating screen 振动筛vibrating sieve 振动筛vibration 振动vibration separation 振动分级vibration viscometer 振动粘度计vibrational energy 振动能vibrational quantum number 振动量子数vibronic coupling 振动耦合vickers hardness tester 维克硬度试验机victoria green 维多利亚绿vinalon 维尼龙vinegar 醋vinometor 酒度计vinyl acetate 醋酸乙烯酯vinyl alcohol 乙烯醇vinyl chloride 氯乙烯vinyl chloride copolymer 氯乙烯共聚物vinyl cyanide 丙烯腈vinyl ester 乙烯基酯vinyl ester resin 乙烯基酯尸vinyl ether 乙烯醚vinyl fluoride 氟乙烯vinyl formate 甲酸乙烯酯vinyl isobutyl ether 乙烯基异丁基醚vinyl polymer 乙烯基聚合物vinyl resin 乙烯基尸vinyl salicylate 水杨酸乙烯酯vinylacetylene 乙烯基乙炔vinylamine 乙烯胺vinylation 乙烯化vinylidene chloride 偏二氯乙烯vinylon 维尼纶vinyltoluene 甲苯乙烯vinyon 维尼昂vioform 氯碘喹啉violanthrone 蒽酮紫violet pigment 紫色颜料viomycin 紫霉素virial 维里virial coefficient 维里系数virial expansion 维里展开virtual memory 虚存储virus 病毒visbreaking 减粘裂化viscoelasticity 粘弹性viscoelastometer 粘弹计viscometer 粘度计viscometric degree of polymerization 粘度法聚合度viscose 粘胶液viscose process 粘胶法viscose rayon 粘胶法人造丝viscose yarn 粘胶丝viscosity 粘度viscosity breaking 减粘裂化viscosity gravity constant 粘度比重常数viscosity index 粘度指数viscosity index improver 粘度指数改善剂viscosity law 粘度法则viscosity stabilization 粘度稳定化viscous flow 滞流粘性流viscous fluid 粘滞铃viscous force 粘力viscous liquid 粘性液体visible rays 可见光线visual colorimeter 目测比色计visual method 目视法visual pigment 视色素vitamin 维生素vitamin b26 潘氨酸vitamin b3 核黄素vitamin d 钙化醇vitamin k2 叶绿醌vitamin k4 甲萘醌vitamin pp 烟酰胺vitamine b2 硫胺素vitellin 卵黄磷朊vitrain 镜煤vitreous state 玻璃态vitrification 玻璃化vitrification range 瓷化温度范围vitrified brick 烧结砖vitrit 镜煤型vivianite 蓝铁矿void 空隙voidage 空隙度volatile acid 挥发酸volatile matter 挥发物volatile oil 精油volatile solvent 挥发性溶剂volatility 挥发度volatility product 挥发度积volatilization 挥发volcanic ash 火山灰volcanic rock 火山岩volta cell 电池voltage 电压voltage drop 电压降voltage stabilizer 电压稳定器voltammetry 伏安测量法voltmeter 电压表voltol oil 高压电油volume 容积volume density 体积密度volume elasticity 体积弹性volume fraction 体积分率volume percent 容积百分数volume resistance 体积阻力volume viscosity 体积粘性volumeter 体积计volumetric analysis 容量分析volumetric factor 容量因数volumetric flask 量瓶volumetric solution 滴定液vomiting gas 呕吐性毒气vortex 涡流vorticity 涡度vulcanite 硬橡胶vulcanizate 硫化橡胶vulcanization 硫化vulcanization accelerator 硫化促进剂vulcanization coefficient 硫化系数vulcanization curve 硫化曲线vulcanization rate 硫化速率vulcanization retarder 阻硫化剂vulcanized fiber 硬化纸板vulcanized oil 硫化油vulcanized rubber 硫化橡胶vulcanizer 硫化器硫化装置vulcanizing agent 硫化剂vulcanizing apparatus 硫化器硫化装置vulcanizing press 加压硫化机vultex 硫化橡浆wagner meerwein rearrangement 瓦米重排酌wagner reagent 瓦格纳试剂wake 尾流walden's inversion 瓦耳登转化walden's law 瓦尔登规则wall friction 墙面摩擦wall lining 墙衬wall paint 墙漆wall plaster 刷墙粉wallach reaction 瓦拉赫反应wallach rearrangement 瓦拉赫换位wallantoin 尿囊素walnut oil 核桃油wandering of zero point 零点偏移war gas 毒气战剂warfarin 杀鼠灵wash oil 洗油washed coal 洗煤washed ore 洗矿washer 洗涤器washing 洗涤washing agent 去垢剂washing bottle 洗涤瓶washing effect 洗涤效应washing liquid 洗涤液washing powder 洗涤粉washing soap 洗衣皂washing soda 苏打晶体waste 废物waste acid 废酸waste gas 废气waste heat 废热waste heat boiler 废热锅炉waste lye 废液waste oil 废油waste oil regeneration 废油再生waste paper 废纸waste product 废产物waste rubber 废橡胶waste water 废水watch glass 表面皿watch oil 钟表油water absorbing capacity 吸水本领water absorbing power 吸水能力water absorption 吸水率water absorption tube 吸水管water analysis 水分析water bacteria 水生细菌water bath 水浴water cement ratio 水灰比water circulation 水循环water color 水合颜料water content 含水量water cooler 水冷却器water cooling 水冷却water coulombmeter 水解电量计water electrolyser 水电解槽water electrolysis 水电解water equivalent 水当量water gage 水位指示器water gas 水煤气water gas generator 水煤气发生器water gas reaction 水煤气反应water glass 水玻璃water jacket 水冷套water level 水准water line paint 水线涂料water measuring tube 量水管water meter 水量计water of crystallization 结晶水water of hydration 水合水water paint 水性漆water permeability 渗水性water pipe 水管water purification 水的净化water purifier 净水器water purifying plant 净水设备water repellent 防水剂water resistance 抗水性water seal 水封water separator 水分离器water softener 软水剂water softening 水的软化water softening apparatus 水软化器water soluble oil 水溶性油water soluble vitamin 水溶性维生素water solution 水溶液water tank 水槽water test 水的试验water tube boiler 水管锅炉water vapor 水蒸汽water vapor permeability 水蒸汽渗透性waterproof agent 防水剂waterproof paint 防水涂料watt 瓦wave equation 波动方程wave function 波动函数wave height 波高wave number 波数wave optics 波动光学wavelength 波长wavellite 银星石wax 蜡wax bleaching 蜡漂白wax candle 蜡烛wax cement 蜡胶粘剂wax fractionation 蜡分馏wax paper 蜡纸waxing 上蜡weak acid 弱酸weak base 弱碱weak complex compound 弱络合物weak electrolyte 弱电解质wear 磨耗weatherability 耐气候性weathering 风化酌weathering test 风化试验weaving 编织weed killer 除草剂weighing 称量weighing accuracy 称量准确度weighing bottle 称瓶weighing buret 量滴定管weight distribution curve 重量分布曲线weight loss on heating 加热失重weight percent 重量百分数weights 法码weissenberg effect 韦森堡效应welding 焊接welding process 焊接法wernerite 方柱石weston normal cell 韦斯顿标准电池wet analysis 湿法分析wet and dry bulb hygrometer 干湿球湿度表wet assay 湿分析法wet blending 湿掺和wet box 湿气箱wet bulb thermometer 湿球温度表wet cell 湿电池wet collodion process 湿珂珞酊法wet gas 湿气wet grinder 湿磨机wet grinding 湿磨wet grinding mill 湿磨机wet process 湿法wet purification 湿式提净wet quenching 湿淬火wet rotary mill 湿式转磨碎机wet spinning 湿法纺丝wet steam 湿蒸汽wet sterilization 蒸汽杀菌wet strength 湿强度wet vapor 湿蒸汽wettability 可湿性wetting 润湿wetting agent 湿润剂wetting power 润湿力whale oil 鲸油wheat starch 小麦淀粉wheel ore 车轮矿whey 乳清whirepool elutriation 涡液洗浮分析法white arsenic 砒霜white bole 瓷土white cement 白水泥white discharge 拔白印花white factice 白油膏white garnet 白榴石white gold 白金white heat 白热white lead 铅白white lead ore 白铅矿white liquor 白液white oil 白油white pigment 白色颜料white precipitate 白降汞white spirit 石油溶剂white sugar 白糖whiting 白垩whole milk 全乳whole pipet 移液吸管wide mouthed bottle 广口瓶wild rubber 野生橡胶wild yeast 野生酵母willemite 硅锌矿williamson's synthesis 威廉逊合成wilson cloud chamber 威尔逊云室wine vinegar 葡萄酒醋winkler gas generator 温克勒煤气发生器winkler gasifier 温克勒煤气发生器winkler titraion 温克勒滴定winter oil 耐冻油wintergreen oil 冬青油wire 金属丝wire brush 钢丝刷wire gauze 铁丝网wire glass 铁丝网玻璃wire screen 网筛wire sieve 网筛witherite 碳酸钡矿witt theory 威特理论wohl ziegler reaction 沃尔齐格勒反应wolfram 钨wolframate 钨酸盐wolframic acid 钨酸wolframite 钨锰铁矿wollastonite 硅灰石wood adhesive 木材胶粘剂wood alcohol 木精wood ash 木灰wood cellulose 木纤维素wood charcoal 木炭wood chemistry 木材化学wood distillation 木材干馏wood fiber 木纤维wood flour 木粉wood gas 木气wood meal 木粉wood oil 桐油wood pitch 木沥青wood preservative 木材防腐剂wood pulp 木浆wood stain 木染料wood sugar 木糖wood tar 木焦油wood turpentine oil 木材松节油wood vinegar 木醋酸wood's alloy 伍德合金wood's metal 伍德合金woodward hoffmann rule 伍德沃德霍夫曼定则wool 羊毛wool fat 羊毛脂wool grease 羊毛脂wool washing 洗毛wool wax 羊毛脂woolen yarn 粗纺毛纱work hardening 加工硬化workability 和易性working electrode 工诅极working temperature 操茁度working voltage 工诅压wormwood oil 苦艾油wort 麦芽汁woulff's bottle 沃尔夫瓶wrapping 包装wrapping machine 包装机wrapping paper 包装纸writing paper 书写纸wulfenite 钼铅矿wulff process 伍尔夫法wurtz reaction 孚兹反应wurtzite 纤维锌矿x ray analysis x 射线分析x ray astronomy x 射线天文学x ray crystallography x 射线晶体学x ray diagram x 射线图x ray diffraction x 射线衍射x ray diffraction analysis x 射线衍射分析x ray diffraction camera x 射线衍射照相机x ray diffractometer x 射线衍射仪x ray diffration pattern x 射线衍射图x ray flourescence analysis x 射线荧光分析x ray goniometer x 射线测角仪x ray intensity x 射线辐射强度x ray interferometer x 射线干涉仪x ray microanalyser x 射线微区分析器x ray protected glass 防 x 射线玻璃x ray spectrograph x 射线摄谱仪x ray spectrometer x 射线分光计x ray spectrometry x 射线光谱分析法x ray spectrophotometer x 射线分光光度计x ray spectroscopic analysis x 射线光谱分析x ray spectroscopy x 射线分光术x ray spectrum x 射线光谱x ray tube x 射线管x rays x 射线xanthation 黄原酸化xanthene 口山烃xanthine 黄质xanthineoxidase 黄嘌呤氧化酶xanthogenate 黄原酸盐xanthogenic acid 氧荒酸xanthone 氧杂蒽酮xanthophyll 叶黄素xanthoprotein 黄朊xanthoprotein reaction 黄色蛋白反应xanthopterin 黄蝶呤xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xanthydrol 口山吨氢醇xenocryst 捕获晶xenon 氙xenon lamp 氙灯xerogel 干凝胶xylan 木聚糖xylene 二甲苯xylenol 二甲苯酚xylenol blue 二甲酚蓝xylenol orange 二甲酚橙xylenol resin 二甲苯酚尸xylidine 二甲代苯胺xylitol 木糖醇xylol 二甲苯xylose 木糖yarn 纱线yeast 酵母yeast strain 酵母菌株yellow enzyme 黄酶yellow mercuric oxide 黄色氧化汞yellow phosphorus 黄磷yellow pigment 黄色素yellow precipitate 黄降汞yellow prussiate 亚铁氰化钾yellow wax 黄蜡yellow wood 黄颜木yellowing 黄色化yield 收得率yield phenomenon 屈服现象yohimbine 育亨宾yolk 蛋黄yperite 芥子气ytterbium 镱ytterbium chloride 氯化镱ytterbium hydroxide 氢氧化镱ytterbium metaphosphate 偏磷酸镱ytterbium nitrate 硝酸镱ytterbium oxide 氧化镱ytterbium oxychloride 氯氧化镱ytterbium sulfate 硫酸镱yttrium 钇yttrium bromide 溴化钇yttrium carbonate 碳酸钇yttrium chloride 氯化钇yttrium fluoride 氟化钇yttrium hydroxide 氢氧化钇yttrium iodide 碘化钇yttrium nitrate 硝酸钇yttrium oxide 氧化钇yttrium phosphate 磷酸钇yttrium sulfate 硫酸钇yttrium sulfide 硫化钇zaffer 花绀青zeeman effect 塞曼效应zein 玉米朊zeolite 泡沸石zeotrope 非共沸混合物zero adjustment 零点蝶zero group 零族zero method 零位法zero order reaction 零级反应zero point energy 零点能zero position 零位zero potential 零电势zerogel 零凝胶zeta potential 界面动电势ziegler catalyst 齐格勒催化剂zinc 锌zinc acetate 醋酸锌zinc acid 锌酸zinc arsenate 砷酸锌zinc blende 闪锌矿zinc bromide 溴化锌zinc carbonate 碳酸锌zinc chlorate 氯酸锌zinc chloride 氯化锌zinc chromate 铬酸锌zinc dust 锌粉zinc fume 锌蒸汽zinc iodide 碘化锌zinc nitrate 硝酸锌zinc oxide 氧化锌zinc oxide paper 氧化锌纸zinc peroxide 过氧化锌zinc phosphate 磷酸锌zinc phosphide 磷化锌zinc plate 锌板zinc powder 锌粉zinc sulfide 硫化锌zinc sulfite 亚硫酸锌zinc vitriol 锌矾zinc white 锌白zincate 锌酸盐zincing 镀锌zincite 红锌矿zineb 代森锌zinkenite 辉锑铅矿zircon 锆石zircon porcelain 锆英石瓷zircon refractory 锆英石耐火材料zirconate 锆酸盐zirconia 氧化锆zirconium 锆zirconium carbide 一碳化锆zirconium chloride 氯化锆zirconium dioxide 二氧化锆zirconium hydroxide 氢氧化锆zirconium nitrate 氢氧化锆zonal structure 带状构造zoochemistry 动物化学zoosterol 动物甾醇zwitter ion 两性离子zymase 酶zymogen 酶原zymology 酶学zymometer 发酵计zymosterol 霉菌甾醇。
哈伯法制合成氨

Chemicals
Explosives Fibres & plastics Refrigeration
Ammonium nitrate, NH4NO 3 nylon, -[(CH2)4-CO-NH-(CH2)6-NH-CO]-, and other polyamides. Used for making ice, large scale refrigeration plants, air-conditioning units in buildings and plants.
Chemical Reaction and Equilibrium
Ammonia synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen is a reversible reaction and can be described by the overall reaction – (1) .
Haber invented a large-scale catalytic synthesis of ammonia from elemental hydrogen and nitrogen gas, reactants which are abundant and inexpensive. By using high temperature (around 500oC), high pressure (approximately 150-200 atm), and an iron catalyst, Haber could force relatively unreactive gaseous nitrogen and hydrogen to combine into ammonia. This furnished the essential precursor for many important substances, particularly fertilizers and explosives used in mining and warfare. Bosch, with his technical ingenuity, developed suitable high-pressure equipment and production methods for large-scale production of ammonia. The collaborative efforts of Haber and Bosch made the commercial high-pressure synthesis of ammonia possible by 1913. The first commercial plant with a capacity of 30 tons/day was set up by the German chemical giant BASF (Badashe Analine und Soda Fabrik) in Oppau, Germany [2]. This energy-intensive process has undergone considerable modification in recent years, resulting in prices which have not escalated as rapidly as energy prices in general. Today, synthetic ammonia produced from reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is the base from which virtually all nitrogen-containing products are derived. The worldwide production of ammonia exceeds 130 million tonnes [3] and is the sixth largest chemical produced (Chemical and Engineering News, 1996). Ammonia is a major raw material for industry and agriculture as summarized in Table 1.
气体泄漏及扩散计算

学号: 07412225 常州大学毕业设计(论文)(2011届)题目重气泄漏扩散模拟及应急救援学生薛云龙学院环境与安全工程学院专业班级安全072班校内指导教师王新颖专业技术职务讲师校外指导老师专业技术职务二○一一年六月重气泄漏扩散模拟及应急救援摘要:重气泄漏扩散事故是经常发生且危害较大的一种事故形式,由于重气的密度大于空气,因此重气往往沿地面扩散,泄放物质进入人体将引起中毒事故,若泄放物质被点燃或引爆将引起大规模的燃烧爆炸事故。
虽然人们对重气泄漏扩散所造成的危害十分重视,但由于缺乏足够有效的数据来提供人们作风险评估及预防改善措施,因此采用数学模型进行模拟是必要的。
应在生产过程中,加强管理,强化生产者的安全生产教育。
分析了泄漏扩散事故的七大影响因素,提取并建立了泄漏事故模式,并对各种事故模式的泄漏机理和发生条件进行了研究分析。
通过试验研究得出在实际环境中大气主导风的风速,泄漏方向对气体扩散浓度分布有重大的影响,泄漏气体在下风向扩散的最快。
静风时,随着时间的增加,空间各点的浓度有升高的趋势;在稳定风流中,空间各点的浓度随时间的变化不明显,可以认为是稳态的。
泄漏的气体在下风向扩散的最快,在现场一旦发生天燃气泄漏,应综合考虑泄漏源的方向和该点当时的风向,风速等因素,及时准确预测泄漏气体可能扩散到危险区域,做好应对措施。
关键词:相似理论;泄漏模型;泄漏扩散模式;示踪法;重气;应急救援;Heavy gas leak dispersion modeling and emergency rescueAbstract : As it is well-known, many industrial and domestic gases are toxic and flammable are stored in highly-pressurized vessels at liquefied state with ambient temperature. If there is by chance a sudden release, it often forms heavy-than-air vapour. The accident release and dispersion of toxic and flammable heavy gas can present a serious ris k to the public’s safety and to the environment. Disease may be caused when the flammable heavy gases are lit. Although great attention has been paid to the hazard of heavy gas dispersion, effective data of filed experiments are still insufficient to make risk assessment and precaution. Through the statistical analysis, draw a conclusion that chemical system in production, transportation and storage process, should first consideration and control of hazardous chemicals, and summarizes the characteristics of the leak diffusion process performance. Subjective factors, equipment inherent defect caused by leakage on China's chemical system is the main reason of the accident. In the process of production, should be strengthen management, strengthen the education of production safety producer. Analysis of the seven factors affecting diffusion of leakage accident, to extract and established the patterns of the leakage accident, and various and leakage accident modes mechanism and the conditions were studied and analyzed. Through the experimental study on practical environment atmosphere that dominated the wind, the wind of gas leakage direction spread concentration distribution, has enormous influence on the spread of gas leakage next wind fastest. Static, as time flies, the space increased concentration of the each point of the trend. In the stable romantic, space the concentration of each point does not change significantly over time, can be considered a steady. Leak gas diffusion next wind fastest, on the site once produce natural gas leak, should be taken into account in the direction and point source leaking the wind direction, wind speed at factors such as timely and accurate prediction leakage, gas may be spread to dangerous area, completes the countermeasures.Key words:Theory of similarity; Leakage model;Leakage diffusion mode;Trace method; heavy gas;Emergency rescue摘要 (Ⅰ)目次 (Ⅲ)1 绪论 (1)1.1 研究背景 (1)1.2 研究意义 (2)1.3 国内外研究现状 (3)1.4 课题的研究方法和内容 (4)1.4.1 研究方法 (5)1.4.2 研究内容 (5)1.5 论文的关键技术及难点 (5)2 重气的泄漏扩散过程 (7)2.1重气的定义 (7)2.2 重气云的形成 (7)2.3 重气的扩散过程 (8)2.4 危险气体泄漏扩散模型 (9)2.4.1 高斯模型 (9)2.4.2 LAB模型 (10)2.4.3 Sutton模型 (11)2.4.4 FEM3模型 (11)2.4.5 箱式重气模型 (12)2.5 小结 (14)3重气泄漏事故原因分析 (15)3.1 重气泄漏事故分析的必要性 (15)3.2 重气的危害性特点 (15)3.3 重气泄漏事故分析 (16)3.3.1 泄漏的主要设备 (16)3.3.2典型化学事故泄漏源类型 (16)3.3.3 泄漏原因分析 (17)3.3.3.1 基于人的因素进行分析 (17)3.3.3.2基于人的因素进行分析 (17)3.4 重气扩散的基本模式及影响因素 (18)3.4.1 重气泄漏扩散的基本模式 (18)3.4.2 影响重气扩散的因素 (18)3.5 小结 (19)4 试验模型设计以及试验过程 (20)4.1 模型设计和构建的基本内容 (20)4.2 模型材料的选择 (20)4.2.1 模型材料的选择原则 (20)4.2.2 模型材料的选取 (20)4.3 油气储运安全综合试验平台的构建 (21)4.3.1 试验模型的设计研究思想 (21)4.3.2 试验模型的构建 (21)4.3.2.1 建造试验模型的基本原则 (21)4.3.2.2 试验模型 (22)4.4 试验方案 (25)4.4.1 试验方法的选择 (25)4.4.2 试验的指导思想 (25)4.4.3 试验材料及仪器 (26)4.4.4 试验方案 (26)4.4.5 试验的技术路线 (26)4.4.6 试验的检验 (26)4.5 试验过程 (27)4.5.1 定性试验 (27)4.5.1.1 试验材料及仪器 (27)4.5.1.2 试验装置示意图 (28)4.5.1.3 定性试验过程 (28)4.5.2 定量试验过程 (32)4.5.2.1实验方法及步骤 (32)4.5.2.2实验数据处理及泄漏扩散规律分析 (33)4.6 小结 (38)5 危化品泄漏扩散事故应急救援 (39)5.1 危化品泄漏扩散事故应急救援的基本原则、基本任务及其特点 (39)5.1.1 危化品泄漏扩散事故应急救援的基本原则 (39)5.1.2 危化品泄漏扩散事故应急救援的基本任务 (39)5.1.3 危化品泄漏扩散应急救援的特点 (39)5.2 实施危化品泄漏扩散事故应急救援的核心问题 (40)5.2.1 通过立法确定应急计划的法律地位,建立市级应急体系 (40)5.2.2 直接、快速的报告制度 (40)5.2.3 泄漏扩散事故的分析评估 (40)5.2.4 畅通无阻的通讯联络 (40)5.2.5 快速的应急行动 (40)5.3 危化品泄漏扩散事故应急响应系统 (41)5.3.1 危化品泄漏扩散应急响应程序 (41)5.3.2危化品泄漏扩散应急组织系统 (41)5.3.3 应急通讯系统 (42)5.3.4 应急防护和救援 (42)5.3.5 应急预案 (43)5.3.6 应急状态终止 (43)5.4 危化品泄漏扩散事故应急监测系统 (43)5.4.1 应急监测管理 (43)5.4.2 应急监测组织保证 (43)5.4.3 应急监测技术支持 (44)5.5 本章小结 (44)6 结论与展望 (45)6.1 结论 (45)6.2 展望 (46)参考文献 (47)致谢 (49)1 绪论1.1 研究背景现代科学技术和工业生产的迅猛发展,为人类提供更好的物质生活条件的同时,也存在着极为严重的潜在的危害。
药物化学中的抑制剂药物设计与合成

药物化学中的抑制剂药物设计与合成在药学领域中,抑制剂药物的设计和合成是一项重要的工作。
这些药物能够通过与特定的分子靶点相互作用,阻碍或降低分子活性,从而治疗疾病或减缓病情的发展。
本文将对药物化学中抑制剂药物的设计和合成进行讨论。
第一节:抑制剂药物的设计原理抑制剂药物的设计涉及到多种原理和方法。
一种常见的设计原理是利用分子的立体化学性质与靶点分子发生相互作用。
在合成化学中,药物设计者会利用分子模型和计算机辅助设计技术,预测分子的立体构型,并将其与靶点分子进行对接模拟,以确定最佳的相互作用模式。
第二节:抑制剂药物的结构特点抑制剂药物的结构特点多种多样,但常见的有以下几个方面。
首先,抑制剂药物通常具有较高的亲合力,能够与靶点结合形成稳定的复合物。
其次,抑制剂药物的结构中通常含有一定的功能基团,以提高药物与靶点的亲和力和选择性。
最后,抑制剂药物的结构也需要具备一定的溶解度和生物利用度,以确保药物能够被有效地吸收和分布到目标组织中。
第三节:抑制剂药物的合成方法在药物化学中,抑制剂药物的合成涉及到多种方法和技术。
其中,有机合成化学是一项重要的手段,通过有机合成反应,可以构建出具有抑制活性的分子骨架。
此外,还可以利用计算机辅助合成技术,在设计和合成过程中进行结构优化和筛选。
第四节:抑制剂药物的应用案例抑制剂药物在临床上具有广泛的应用。
以慢性疾病治疗为例,肿瘤抑制剂药物能够干扰癌细胞的增殖和生存,起到治疗作用。
此外,抑制剂药物还可用于治疗病毒感染、代谢性疾病等多种疾病。
结论:抑制剂药物的设计与合成在药物化学领域中具有重要意义。
通过合理的设计和优化合成路线,我们可以开发出更加高效和具有选择性的抑制剂药物,为疾病治疗带来新的希望。
同时,结合前沿科学和技术的发展,相信在未来,我们将能够不断改进和完善抑制剂药物的设计与合成方法,为人类健康事业作出更大的贡献。
参考文献:1. Li, J., & Corey, E. J. (2012). Enantioselective total synthesis of protease inhibitors and other biologically active peptides and peptidomimetics. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 51(33), 8139-8152.2. Arico-Muendel, C. C., Benjamin, J., & McDonald, O. B. (2016). Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics modeling of the inhibition mechanism of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase by nonnucleoside inhibitors. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 120(2), 221-227.3. Copeland, R. A. (2013). Evaluation of enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery: a guide for medicinal chemists and pharmacologists. John Wiley & Sons.4. Shaw, D. (2019). The discovery of small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 62(15), 6774-6791.。
生态毒理学2009复习

* 化合物的结构特性与其生物活性之间存在的定量关系,被称为定量结构活性关系(QSARs)。因此可以用这种关系,由结构参数来推测活性参数
* QSARs在环境独立学研究中得到广泛应用,尤其在预测水生生态中毒物的分布、生物有效浓度和毒效方面非常有效,而且对那些很少进行生物降解的亲脂性化合物,非常成功。
* 两相分配——Freundlich方程
CA=KCB1/n logCA=logk+1/nlogCB
K是分配系数,n是非线性常数,CA和CB分别为物质在A相和B相中的浓度。
部分情况下或大部分化合物在低浓度下n=1, 即:CA=KCB K=CA/CB
分配系数可以通过实验获得,关键是达到平衡,化合物稳定,无吸收现象。
* 半衰期Half-life
半衰期是化合物降解转化一半所需要的时间t1/2
由于:ln(C0/Ct)=kt,所以:t=ln(C0/Ct)/k
故: t1/2 =ln(2/1)/k= ln2/k=常数
在特定环境的特定降解过程中,不同化合物具有其固定的半衰期。但环境中实测数据常变异较大,主要因为受环境酸度、温度、有效的水和氧、以及其他一些因子变异的影响。
四、生物有效性Bioavailability
* 是指环境中的化合物能否被生物吸收的性能。
* 分布进入环境相的化合物都可以被环境相中的生物接触,但只有部分化合物被生物吸收。
* 在生态毒理学研究中,必须考虑毒物的生物有效性,因为这样才能获得进入靶标位点的浓度,而不是进入环境相中的浓度。
五、定量结构活性关系Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships (QSARs)
适合表面活性剂理论计算投稿的一些期刊-自己整理

1. Langmuir 影响因子4.186 (ACS)Langmuir is an interdisciplinary(多学科)journal publishing articles in the following subject categories:(1)Colloids: Surfactants and self-assembly, dispersions, emulsions, foams(2)Interfaces: Adsorption, reactions, films, forces.(3)Biological Interfaces: Bio-colloids, bio-molecular and bio-mimetic materials(生物仿生材料)(4)Materials: nano - structured and meso-structured materials(纳米和中间结构材料), polymers, gels, liquid crystals(5)Electrochemistry: Interfacial charge transfer (界面电子转移), charge transport, electro-catalysis(电催化作用), electro-kinetic phenomena(电动力学现象), bio-electrochemistry(生物电化学)(6)Devices and Applications: Sensors(传感器), fluidics(射流技术), patterning (仿生), catalysis(催化), photonic crystals(光电子晶体)期刊地址:/journal/langd52. JPC (A)影响因子2.946(ACS)The Journal of Physical Chemistry A (Isolated Molecules, Clusters, Radicals(自由基), and Ions; Environmental Chemistry, Geochemistry(地球化学), and Astrochemistry(天体化学); Theory) publishes studies on kinetics and dynamics; spectroscopy, photochemistry, and excited states(激发态); environmental and atmospheric chemistry, aerosol processes(气溶胶过程), geochemistry, and astrochemistry; and molecular structure, quantum chemistry, and general theory期刊地址:/journal/jpcafh3. JPC (B)影响因子3.696(ACS)The Journal of Physical Chemistry B (Biophysical Chemistry, Biomaterials, Liquids, and Soft Matter) publishes studies on biophysical chemistry and biomolecules; biomaterials, surfactants, and membranes(细胞膜); liquids; chemical and dynamical processes in solution; glasses, colloids, polymers, and soft matter期刊地址:/journal/jpcbfk4. JPC (C)影响因子4.805(ACS)The Journal of Physical Chemistry C (Energy Conversion and Storage, Optical and Electronic Devices, Interfaces, Nanomaterials, and Hard Matter) publishes studies on energy conversion and storage; energy and charge transport; surfaces, interfaces, porous materials, and catalysis; plasmonics(等离子体), optical materials, and hard matter; physical processes in nanomaterials and nanostructures.期刊地址:/journal/jpccck5. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 影响因子3.070(Elsevier)The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science publishes original research findings and insights regarding the fundamental principles of colloid and interface science, and conceptually novel applications of these principles in chemistry, chemical engineering, physics, applied mathematics, materials science, polymer science, electrochemistry, geology, agronomy, biology, medicine, fluid dynamics, and related fields The Journal of Colloid and Interface Science emphasizes fundamental scientific innovation within the following categories:A. Colloidal Materials and NanomaterialsB. Surfactants and Soft MatterC. Adsorption, Catalysis and ElectrochemistryD. Interfacial Processes, Capillarity(毛细管作用)and WettingE. Biomaterials and NanomedicineF. Novel Phenomena and Techniques期刊地址:/journal-of-colloid-and-interface-science/ 6. Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 影响因子1.545(Springer)Journal of Surfactants and Detergents(洗涤剂), a journal of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) publishes scientific contributions in the surfactants and detergents area. This includes the basic and applied science of petrochemical(石油化学)and oleochemical(油化学)surfactants, the development and performance of surfactants in all applications, as well as the development and manufacture of detergent ingredients(材料)and their formulation into finished products. Manuscripts involving performance, test method development, analysis, and the environmental fate of surfactants and detergent ingredients are welcome.期刊地址:/chemistry/journal/117437. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 影响因子0.628(Taylor & Francis Group content )Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology is an international journal covering fundamental and applied aspects of dispersions, emulsions, vesicles(囊泡), microemulsions, liquid crystals, particle suspensions(悬浮液)and sol-gel processes. Fundamental areas that are covered include new surfactants, polymers and indigenous stabilizers; surfactant and polymer association as well as phase equilibria (相平衡)in systems water and oil; surfactant and polymer films, monolayers and interfacial films; adsorption and desorption onto solid surfaces; stability and destabilization of dispersions, emulsions and particle suspensions; collodal templates and sol-gel processing. Industrial applications cover chemicals (surfactants, polymers, stabilizers, inhibitors), crude oils, food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, nanotechnology, and soft condensed materials.期刊地址:/action/aboutThisJournal?show=aimsScope&journalCode =ldis208. Journal of Molecular Modeling (J MOL MODEL,JMM)影响因子1.797The Journal of Molecular Modeling was founded in 1995 as the first purely electronic journal in chemistry with the aim of publishing original articles on all aspects of molecular modeling. One reason for the electronic format was the ability to publish in full color at no extra cost and to be able to provide multimedia features or supplemental material electronically. From January 1st 2003 the Journal of Molecular Modeling is also published six times per year as a classical, but still full color, print journal. The electronic publication in advance of the printed issues continues as for the purely electronic journal. Electronic supplementary material will also be available from Springer's internet service as before. To our knowledge, the Journal of Molecular Modeling is the first scientific journal to make the move from purely electronic (with subsequent publication of the Molecular Modeling Annuals) to a more classical print format. We have decided to use the opportunity of the birth of the print edition of theJournal of Molecular Modeling to redefine the aims and scope of the journal to fit the fast-changing field of molecular modeling.The Journal of Molecular Modeling publishes all quality science that passes the critical review of expert reviewers and falls within the scope of the journal coverage, including:Life Science Modeling· Computer-aided molecular design· Rational drug design, de novo ligand design, receptor modeling and docking· Cheminformatics(化学信息学), data analysis, visualization and mining(采矿)· Computational medicinal chemistry· Homology modeling(同源建模)· Simulation of peptides, DNA and other biopolymers· Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR)· Quantitative structure-property relationships (QSAR) and ADME-modeling· Modeling of biological reaction mechanisms·Combined experimental/computational studies in which calculations play a major roleMaterials Modeling· Classical or quantum mechanical modeling of materials· Modeling mechanical and physical properties· Computer-based structure determination of materials· Catalysis-modeling· Modeling zeolites(沸石), layered minerals(矿物)etc.· Modeling catalytic reaction mechanisms and computational catalysis optimization · Polymer modeling· Nanomaterials, fullerenes(富勒烯)and nanotubes· Modeling stationary phases in separation scienceNew Methods· New classical modeling techniques and parameter sets·New quantum mechanical techniques, including ab inito DFT and semiempiricalMO-methods, basis sets etc.· New hybrid QM/MM techniques· New computer-based methods for interpreting experimental data· New visualization techniques· New statistical methods for treating biopolymers· New software and new versions of existing software· New techniques for simulating environments or solventComputational Chemistry· Classical and quantum mechanical modeling of chemical structures and reactions · Molecular recognition· Modeling sensors· New desktop modeling software and techniques· Theories of chemical structure and reactions· Neural nets and genetic algorithms in chemistry期刊地址:/chemistry/journal/894。
以分子印迹电聚合膜为仿生受体检测辛可宁

V o l.26高等学校化学学报 N o.6 2005年6月 CH E M I CAL JOU RNAL O F CH I N ESE UN I V ERS IT IES 1049~1051 [研究简报]以分子印迹电聚合膜为仿生受体检测辛可宁刘志航,宦双燕,沈国励,俞汝勤(化学 生物传感与计量学国家重点实验室,湖南大学化学化工学院,长沙410082)关键词 分子印迹;邻氨基硫酚;辛可宁;传感器;仿生受体中图分类号 O657 文献标识码 A 文章编号 025120790(2005)0621049203结合分子印迹技术和电聚合自组装技术制备了以辛可宁为模板的印迹聚合膜.膜的厚度可通过改变扫描次数和速度加以控制[1~4],因此可在一定程度上克服传统印迹材料固有的传质较慢等缺点.实验中采用铁氰化钾作为探针分子.当模板分子被洗脱后,铁氰化钾小分子可以自由通过聚合膜所形成的识别孔穴,并在电极表面发生氧化还原反应.当识别孔穴捕获辛可宁分子后,影响了铁氰化钾的传质过程,使其氧化还原电流降低,从而可间接测定辛可宁分子.本文对聚合过程、聚合膜的特异选择性及分子识别的主要作用力等进行了探讨.1 实验部分1.1 仪器与试剂 电化学检测采用M270软件控制下的Po ten ti o stat Galvano stat M odel273电化学分析系统(EG&G P rinceton A pp lied R esearch,U SA),三电极体系:自制的金电极(裸表面积约为01001c m2)为工作电极,铂电极为对电极,饱和甘汞电极为参比电极.邻氨基硫酚(浙江寿尔福化学试剂有限公司);辛可宁(上海化学试剂有限公司);其它试剂均为分析纯;聚合液为含有5mmo l L辛可宁模板分子、5mmo l L四丁基高氯酸铵支持电解质和30mmo l L 邻氨基硫酚的CH2C l2溶液;采用10mmo l L铁氰化钾溶液作为背景溶液;实验用水为二次蒸馏水. 1.2 印迹电极的制备 将聚合液通入99%N2气除氧5m in.按文献[2]方法将预处理过的金电极在此溶液中自组装12h.再将电极放入25mmo l L辛可宁盐酸盐溶液中,在-110V电位下处理10m in,并于-014V~+114V电位范围内,在上述的聚合液中循环扫描30次(扫描速度为100mV s),即得邻氨基硫酚聚合膜.将此膜在+012V电位下于012mo l L HC l溶液中处理5m in,再在110mo l L HC l 溶液中超声洗涤10s,以洗去模板分子.作为比较,在相同条件下以萘分子代替模板分子制备控制电极.1.3 检测步骤 将印迹电极浸入50mL背景溶液中,当背景电流达到稳定后,向其中注入待测的辛可宁溶液.以恒电位计时电流法记录铁氰化钾还原峰电流值与不同辛可宁溶液浓度间的关系,间接测定辛可宁的含量.2 结果与讨论2.1 分子印迹聚合 当电极浸入聚合液时,由于邻氨基硫酚分子中末端H S键与金表面的强结合作用,邻氨基硫酚可以自组装到金表面[5,6],并通过非共价键作用,如氢键、共平面的苯环相互作用等,使模板分子辛可宁一定程度地吸附聚集到电极表面.电聚合前,先将电极浸入0125mmo l L辛可宁盐酸盐溶液中,在-110V电位下处理10m in,使电极表面带负电,而盐酸溶液中的辛可宁带正电,此时辛可宁分子可在电极表面富集.当电极被浸入聚合溶液后,溶液又提供了相同混合比例的可聚合的邻收稿日期:2004207214.基金项目:国家自然科学基金(批准号:20075006,20105007和20375012)和博士点基金(批准号:20010532008)资助.联系人简介:沈国励(1938年出生),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事化学与生物传感器研究.E2m ail:glshen@氨基硫酚单体和辛可宁模板分子.由于在电位扫描过程中产生了自由基负离子,很容易引发聚合反应,在模板分子周围逐步生成低导电性的邻氨基硫酚聚合膜.因模板分子辛可宁在所选的电位范围内无电活性,其分子结构在印迹过程中不发生改变,由此辛可宁模板分子可被包埋于聚合膜中.2.2 电位诱导洗脱模板分子 铁氰化钾作为分子探针已普遍用于测试电极表面状态.聚合以后,由于低导电性的邻氨基硫酚聚合膜与电极结合紧密,铁氰化钾分子不能通过聚合膜发生氧化还原反应,法拉第电流很小.模板分子洗脱以后,在聚合膜内形成了辛可宁的识别位点孔穴,这些识别位点逐个相连并与电极表面接触,所以探针分子可通过聚合膜发生氧化还原反应.辛可宁响应后,一些识别位点被占据,阻碍铁氰化钾的传质,使氧化还原电流强度减弱.而在控制电极上,由于聚合膜内未形成识别孔穴,印迹分子识别前后引起的铁氰化钾还原电流强度几乎无变化.2.3 聚合液配比的影响 聚合单体与模板分子的浓度比对聚合膜的形状和性能均有影响[7,8].通过改变邻氨基硫酚与辛可宁摩尔浓度比(从8∶1到4∶1,即聚合液中分别含有40,30,20mmo l L 邻氨基硫酚和5mmo l L 辛可宁),制备了不同的印迹聚合膜.在这些聚合膜上得到的检测结果表明,当聚合液中邻氨基硫酚(30mmo l L )与辛可宁浓度比为6∶1时,制备的印迹膜具有较低的检测限、较好的响应性能、较短的响应时间和较高的回归系数.因此,实验中选用邻氨基硫酚与辛可宁浓度比为6∶1.2.4 分析性能与选择性 恒电位计时安培法可以用来快速检测辛可宁在印迹薄膜中的响应.随着辛可宁的逐渐加入,铁氰化钾的还原峰电流逐渐降低,4m in 内在每个浓度阶段都会出现一个平台(见图1).与采用分子印迹技术的Q C M 和光化学检测比较[1],该印迹电极的响应时间较短.可见,这种较薄的电聚合膜可以消除目标分析物的扩散阻碍,改善识别位点与转换器之间的电信号交换.在510×10-6~410×10-5mo l L 浓度范围内,铁氰化钾的峰电流值随辛可宁的浓度增加而线性降低.浓度大于410×10-5mo l L 时,趋于饱和,表明此时识别位点几乎均被占据.而控制电极对辛可宁几乎没有响应(见图2).说明在印迹聚合膜中形成的识别位点在识别过程中起着重要作用. F i g .1 Course of the observed curren t respon seof the i m pr i n ted electrode w ith c i n cho -n i n e soluti on i n jecti on s F i g .2 Ca l i bra ti on curves for c i n chon i n e (a ),qui n i e (b ),cholesterol (c ),naphtha l i n (d ),cam phor (e ),theophyll i n e on i m pr i n ted electrode (f )and c i n -chon i n e on con trol electrode (g )为证明聚合膜内的识别位点对模板分子具有特异选择性,实验中采用一些结构类似的化合物进行验证,测定结果如图2所示.由于奎宁的结构与辛可宁极为相似,其选择性系数约为1150.由于胆固醇的碳原子数与辛可宁相当,且具有较强的疏水结构,有可能通过疏水作用与疏水的邻氨基硫酚聚合膜发生非特异性吸附,在印迹电极上引起的响应较小.由于樟脑和萘与辛可宁分子的部分片段的结构相似,可进入识别孔穴并与聚合膜内单体上的苯环发生共平面作用,占据少量位点,引起的响应值更小.而茶碱表现出较强的亲水性,在印迹电极上引起的响应最小.从实验结果可以推测,识别过程中的主要作用力是疏水作用、空腔匹配作用及印迹膜内单体上的苯环与印迹分子上的萘基之间的Π2Π作用.识别过程中响应分子通过疏水作用靠近印迹膜.只有那些与印迹孔穴匹配完好的分子才能进入膜相,通过与单体发生Π2Π作用达到稳定响应.0501 高等学校化学学报V o l .26为了验证印迹电极用于辛可宁分析的可行性,分别对浓度为015×10-6,10×10-6,15×10-6,25×10-6,40×10-6mo l L 的辛可宁进行回收实验,回收率分别为10816%,10516%,9714%,98196%和93133%.每次测量后,采用电位诱导和超声震荡相结合的方法洗脱模板分子,使背景电流恢复初始值,然后再进行测量,电极可重复使用25次以上,最终响应值变为初始值的80%.参 考 文 献[1] Peng H .,L iang C .D .,Zhou A .H .et al ..A nal .Chi m .A cta [J ],2000,423(2):221—228[2] H uan S .Y .,H u S .Q .,Shen G .L .et al ..A nal .L ett .[J ],2003,36(4):2401—2416[3] D eore B .,Chen Z .D .,N agaoka T ..A nal .Che m .[J ],2000,72:3989—3994[4] Peng H .,Yin F .,Zhou A .D .et al ..A nal .L ett .[J ],2002,35(3):435—450[5] Sagiv J ..J .Am .Che m .Soc .[J ],1980,102:92—98[6] H illW.,W ehling B..J.Phys .Che m.[J ],1993,97:9451—9455[7] H utchins R.S .,Bachas L.G ..A nal .Che m.[J ],1995,67:1654—1660[8] Dong S .J.,Sun Z .S .,L u Z .L..A nalyst[J ],1988,113:1525—1528D etecti on of C i n chon i n e Usi n g M olecularly I m pr i n ted Electrosyn thesi zedPoly m er a s Bi o m i m eti c Receptor LayersL I U Zh i 2H ang ,HUAN Shuang 2Yan ,SH EN Guo 2L i 3,YU R u 2Q in(S tate K ey L aboratory of Che m o B iosensing and Che m o m etrics ,Colleg e of Che m istryand Che m ical E ng ineering ,H unan U niversity ,Chang sha 410082,Ch ina )Abstract A n atte mp t w as m ade to com bine mo lecular i m p rin ting techn ique and the electropo lym erizati on of self 2asse m bled o 2a m ino th i opheno l (o 2A T )to p repare i m p rin ted fil m using cinchon ine as the model te m 2p late analyte.T he p rocedure of fo r m ing recogn iti on cavity and the effect of the rati o of monom ers to te m 2p lates on the i m p rin ted fil m ,together w ith sen sitivity and selectivity to cinchon ine on the i m p rin ted elec 2trode ,w ere de mon strated .A n indirect and rap id detecti on w as carried out using po tassium ferricyande as ap robe .Stable res pon se is ach ieved w ith in 4m in ,covering a linear range 5.0×10-6—4.0×10-5mo l L .F rom the results ,the m ain driving fo rce fo r recogn iti on is suppo sed to be hydrophobic in teracti on ,comp le 2m en tary cavity effect and phenyl group fo r Π2Πin teracti on s w ith the enaph thyl residue .Keywords M o lecular i m p rin ting ;o 2Am ino th i opheno l ;C inchon ine ;Sen s o r ;B i om i m etic recep to r(Ed .:K ,G )(上接第1042页)Chinese A nnals of M athe m atics Series BP rogress in Che m istry Chinese A stronom y and A strophysicsP rogress in N atural Science Chinese Che m ical L ettersRare M etalM aterials and Engineering Chinese Journal of A nalytical Che m istryRare M etals Chinese Journal of A stronom y and A strophysicsScience in China Series A 2M athe m atics Chinese Journal of CatalysisScience in China Series B 2Che m istry Chinese Journal of Che m ical EngineeringScience in China Series C 2L ife Sciences Chinese Journal of Che m ical PhysicsScience in China Series D 2Earth Sciences Chinese Journal of Che m istryScience in China Series E 2Technol ogical Sciences Chinese Journal of E lectronicsScience in China Series F 2Infor m ati on Sciences Chinese Journal of Geophysics 2Chinese Editi onScience in China Series G 2Physics A stronom y Chinese Journal of Inorganic Che m istrySpectroscopy and Spectral A nalysis Chinese Journal of O rganic Che m istryT ransacti ons of N onferrousM etals Society of China Chinese Journal of Polym er Science W orld of Journal of Gastroenterol ogy 3转载自中国科学技术信息研究所编《2003年度中国科技论文统计与分析》,科学技术文献出版社2005年第1版。
CHEMICALEORTHEPASTDOESITHAVEFUTURE化学EOR过去它有未来

KYPAM Polymers
Comb like with short branched chain to maintain effectiveness in high salinity brinesWide MW range for reservoirs with different permeabilitiesSuccessfully applied in some reservoirs in China
ASP Pilot Test Well Pattern, 2Z-B9-3 Well Group
Karamay Oil Field (SPE 64726)
ASP Slug Design and Injection Sequence
(SPE 64726)
PAM
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Modelling Core Flood - Karamay ASP Project
Harry L. Chang
Oil Production by Polymer Flooding
Daqing Oilfield, China
A Typical PF Field Performance
Typical Pressure and Polymer Production
Oil Production by Polymer Flooding
Harry L. Chang
EOR Chemicals
Polymers and related chemicalsSurfactantsCo-surfactantsCo-solvents
Harry L. Chang
Improvements on Polymers
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—
治疗 后 治疗 前 治疗 后
果 观察 『 J 1 . 中国实用护理杂志 , 2 0 0 7 , 2 3 : 1 4 — 1 6 . 【 2 ] 胡 昌菊 , 胡 世鸣 . 纳 洛酮 的临床应 用进展 . 中国实用 医药 , 2 0 0 8 , 3
B一内啡肽所致 的中枢性 呼吸抑制作 用 , 改善缺 氧和二 氧化碳
潴 留而发挥治疗作 用 】 。还抑制 呼吸道腺 体分泌 , 降低气 道阻
2 结 果
2 . 1 两 组 治 疗 效 果 见表 1 :
表 1
力使 气道通 畅 , 治疗 呼吸衰 竭伴肺性 脑病 有快 速促醒 作用 , 病 死率 明显下 降 】 。无创正压通气是 在压力支持通气 的基础上给 予吸气 箱和呼气箱 不同压力水平 的通气支持 , 吸气相 正压可克 服气 道 阻力 , 增 加潮 气量 , 改善 V / Q 比值 , 纠正 缺氧 ; 呼气 末较 低水平 正压可对抗 内源性 呼气末 正压 , 防止小气 道陷闭和肺泡 塌陷, 增 加通 气量 , 减 少二氧 化碳潴 留 , 降低 呼吸功 , 缓解 呼 吸
[ 3 ] 赵德芳 . 浅 谈慢性 呼吸衰竭 的药 物治疗及 进展 [ J I . 中 国现代 医生
杂志 , 2 0 0 7 , 4 5(1 1) : 1 2 7 — 1 2 8 Байду номын сангаас
3 讨论
C O P D是一种 以慢 性气道 炎症 为特征 的消耗性 疾病 , 机体 发生 Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭 时 , 体 内过量 的 B一内啡肽能抑制呼吸 中枢 , 减少 呼 吸冲动 , 导致 呼 吸困难 , 而缺 氧用 于脑桥 区或垂 体前 叶
K EY W O RD S I n hi b i t or s , St r u vi t e , M od e l i ng ,I n t e r a c t i o ns , Doc ki ng ,M M , DM
AB S T R AC T S t r u v i t e ( Mg N H4 P O4 6 H 2 0 ) c r y s t a l s w e r e p r o d u c e d b y i n f e c t i o n a s s o c i a t e d wi t h u r e a g e n e r a t i n g o r g a n — i s ms . T h e
a i m o f t h i s s t ud y i s t o e x a mi ne t h e i n t e r a c t i o ns be t we e n t he e nz ym e u r e a s e a n d w o t i n hi bi t o r s ,t he ir f s t i s a n i n hi bi t o r m on oa — t o mi c: Al um i num a n d t he s e c o nd i s a po l ya t o mi c :Ci t r a t e by t he me t hod s of mo l e c ul a r m od e l i ng:m ol e c ul a r me c h a ni c s ,m o-
2
1 . 4 统 计 学处 理
世 界最新 医学 信息文 摘 2 0 1 3年第 1 3卷第 1 期
等神经中枢 , 导致 B一内啡肽释放增多更加重呼吸衰竭 。
纳洛酮 是特异性 阿片受体 拮抗剂 , 可直接 、 有效 地拮抗 和逆转
应用 S P S S 1 2 . 0软件分析 , 资料用 均数 ±标准 差表示 , 资料 比较 的 t 检验 , P < 0 . 0 5为差 异有统计 学意义 。
( 6): 1 3 0 — 1 3 1 .
治疗 后
观 察组 4 6 . 3 ±O I 2 8 5 . 9 ±1 2 . 7 7 O . 2 ±2 . 8 9 2 . 3 ±3 . 9 7 0 . 6 ±9 . 8 3 6 . 7 ±1 2 . 3 对照组 4 6 . 7 ±0 . 5 6 0 . 7 ±9 . 7 7 2 . 3 ±3 . 6 8 2 . 4 ±3 1 7 0 . 4±1 0 . 3 5 8 3±1 1 . 8