戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解-第6~8章【圣才出品】

第6章语用学

6.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. Speech act theory

言语行为理论

2. Cooperative principle and its maxims

合作原则及其准则

3. Gricean theory of conversational implicature

格莱斯会话含义理论

本章考点：

语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论(发话行为、行事行为和取效行为)；合作原则。实例分析言语行为、合作原则的违反和会话含义。

本章内容索引：

I. Pragmatics

1. Definition

2. Pragmatics vs. semantics

3. Context

4. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning

II. Speech act theory

1. Austin’s model of speech acts

2. Searle’s classificati on of speech acts

3. Indirect speech acts

III. Principle of conversation

1. Cooperative Principle and its Maxims

2. Violation of the Maxims

IV. Conversational Implicature

1. Definition

2. Characteristics of Conversational Implicature

(1) Calculability.

(2) Cancellability

(3) Non-detachability

(4) Non-conventionality.

V. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure

I. Pragmatics（语用学）

【考点：名词解释，与语义学的关系】

1. Definition（定义）

It is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

它是研究某一语言的言者是如何利用句子成功进行交际的。

2. Relation between pragmatics vs. semantics（语用学与语义学的关系）

(1) Once the notion of context was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics.

(2) What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

(3) If it is not considered，the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics；if it is considered，the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.

(1)一旦将语境的概念考虑在内，语义学就变成了语用学。

(2)语义学和语用学的本质区别在于在意义的研究中是否将运用的语境考虑在内。

(3)如果不加以考虑，那么研究就仅限于传统语义学的领域；如果考虑在内，那么研究就是在语用学的领域内进行的。

3. Context（语境）

(1) Definition（定义）

It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. Various components of shared knowledge have been identified, e. g. knowledge of the language. they use, knowledge of what has been said before, knowledge about the world in general, knowledge about the specific situation in which linguistic communication is taking place, and knowledge about each other.

一般认为它是由言者和听者的共享知识构成的。共享知识的各种成分已被确认，如他们所使用的语言知识，以前所说过的事物的知识，有关世界的总体的知识，有关语言交际产生

的具体场景的知识和对彼此的了解。

(2) Significance（意义）

Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him. Without such knowledge, linguistic communication would not be possible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a pragmatic sense.

语境决定着言者对语言的运用和听者对他所听到的话语的理解。没有这种知识，语言交际就不可能。而且不考虑这种知识，从语用含义的角度来看，语言交际就不可能得到满意的解释。

4. Sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning（句子意义与话语意义）

While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and de-contextualized，that of an utterance is concrete and context dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning: it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.

一个句子的意义是抽象的、非语境化的，而话语的意义却是具体的、依赖于语境的。语话的意义是基于句子意义之上的;它是一个句子的抽象意义在一个真实的交际场合，或仅在一个语境中的体现。

II. Speech act theory（言语行为理论）

【考点：名词解释，区分，举例】

1. Austin’s model of speech acts（奥斯汀的言语行为模式）