2002年考研英语作文题目及范文
2002年考研英语一作文范文
The Power of Perseverance: A Journey toSuccessIn the realm of academic pursuits, perseverance stands as a pillar of success. It is the driving force that propels us forward, despite the challenges and obstacles we encounter. This essay explores the significance of perseverance in the context of a student's journey towards achieving academic excellence.Firstly, perseverance instills a sense of purpose and direction in our academic endeavors. When we persevere, we are more likely to set clear goals and work towards them with dedication. This focused approach helps us to stay on track and avoid getting distracted by extraneous matters. For instance, a student who perseveres in their studies is more likely to have a clear understanding of their academic objectives and to work towards achieving them step by step. Moreover, perseverance cultivates resilience and adaptability in the face of challenges. Academic life is often fraught with difficulties and setbacks. However, itis through perseverance that we learn to bounce back and adapt to these challenges. We learn to view failures asopportunities for growth and to use them as stepping stones towards success. A student who perseveres is not afraid of failure but views it as a part of the learning process, using it to their advantage in the long run.Additionally, perseverance fosters a growth mindsetthat is essential for academic success. When we persevere, we are more likely to embrace challenges and see them as opportunities for personal growth. This mindset helps us to stay motivated and engaged with our studies, constantly seeking to improve and expand our knowledge. A student who perseveres is constantly pushing their boundaries, striving to achieve more and learn more.Furthermore, perseverance helps us to develop a strong work ethic and discipline. Academic success often requires long hours of study and dedication. It is through perseverance that we learn to manage our time effectively, set aside distractions, and focus on our studies. A student who perseveres is disciplined and organized, able to balance their academic responsibilities with other aspects of their life.In conclusion, perseverance is an indispensable trait for academic success. It instills purpose and direction, cultivates resilience and adaptability, fosters a growth mindset, and helps us to develop a strong work ethic and discipline. As students, we must embrace perseverance and use it as a guiding force in our academic journey. By doing so, we can overcome challenges, achieve our goals, and ultimately, succeed in our academic pursuits.**坚持的力量：通往成功的旅程**在学术追求的领域里，坚持是成功的支柱。
2002年考研英语真题及解析
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C OR D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century and the diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before,it was not 2the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3_，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the 4of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution 5up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading 6through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures 7the 20th century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in 8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,9,that the introduction of the computer in the early 20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately 12.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became “personal”too,as well as 13,with display becoming sharper and storage 14increasing.They were thought of,like people,15generations,with the distance between generations much 16.It was within the computer age that the term “information society”began to be widely used to describe the 17within which we now live.The communications revolution has 18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been 19view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed 20“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between［B］before ［C］since ［D］later 2.［A］after［B］by ［C］during ［D］until 3.［A］means［B］method ［C］medium ［D］measure 4.［A］process［B］company ［C］light ［D］form 5.［A］gathered［B］speeded ［C］worked ［D］picked 6.［A］on［B］out ［C］over ［D］off 7.［A］of［B］for ［C］beyond ［D］into 8.［A］concept［B］dimension ［C］effect ［D］perspective 9.［A］indeed［B］hence ［C］however ［D］therefore 10.［A］brought［B］followed ［C］stimulated ［D］characterized 11.［A］unless［B］since ［C］lest ［D］although 12.［A］apparent ［B］desirable ［C］negative ［D］plausible 供学习参考Q13.［A］institutional ［B］universal ［C］fundamental ［D］instrumental 14.［A］ability ［B］capability ［C］capacity ［D］faculty 15.［A］by means of ［B］in terms of ［C］with regard to ［D］in line with 16.［A］deeper ［B］fewer ［C］nearer ［D］smaller 17.［A］context ［B］range ［C］scope ［D］territory 18.［A］regarded ［B］impressed ［C］influenced ［D］effected 19.［A］competitive ［B］controversial ［C］distracting ［D］irrational 20.［A］above ［B］upon ［C］against ［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text 1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries;alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations,beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Who is that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’s God,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’s a doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’s notorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’s the delivery which causes the 供学习参考Qaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don’t succeed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work,you should.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners22.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours23.It can be inferred from the text that public services .[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock24.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible25.The best title for the text may be .[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor Strategies Text 2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics —the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the 供学习参考Qtransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough ‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’t know quite how we do it.26.Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D]the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word “gizmos”(line 1,paragraph 2)most probably means .[A]programs ［B］experts ［C］devices ［D］creatures28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B]interact with human beings verbally.[C]have a little common sense.[D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also .[A]make a few decisions for themselves.[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.[C]improve factory environments.[D]cultivate human creativity.供学习参考Q30.Theauthor uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D]best used in a controlled environment.Text 3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26a barrel,up from less than $10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and 1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly 50%less oil than in 1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged $22a barrel for a full year,compared with $13in 1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974or 1980.On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have become more energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the 1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’s commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In 1973commodity prices jumped by 70%,and in 1979by almost 30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’s suspension of exports.32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go up 供学习参考Qdramatically if______.[A]price of crude rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[C]consumption rises.[D]oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text 4The Supreme Court’s decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”,a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”.George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’s like surgery,”he says.“We don’t call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’t intend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’s suicide as long as you don’t intend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’s ruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science (NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death:Improving Care at the End of Life .It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and 供学习参考Qeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices,to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”,to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse”.He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”.36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D]A doctor’s medication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’s report,one of the problems in end-of-life care is .[A]prolonged medical procedures [B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse [D]insufficient hospital care39.Which of the following best defines the word “aggressive”(line 4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they .[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology 供学习参考Qmight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character,human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects ,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched.Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning “values”.Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing 46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled “Cultures National and International”.In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about 200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points)供学习参考QAn American girl in traditional Chinese costume （服装）供学习参考Q第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年考研英语真题及解析
2002年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C ORD on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the20th century and the diffusion of printing in the15th and16th centuries.Yet much had happened 1.As was discussed before,it was not2the19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic_3_，following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the4of the periodical.It was during the same time that the communications revolution5up,beginning with transport,the railway,and leading6through the telegraph,the telephone,radio,and motion pictures7 the20th century world of the motor car and the air plane.Not everyone sees that Process in8.It is important to do so.It is generally recognized,9,that the introduction of the computer in the early20th century,10by the invention of the integrated circuit during the 1960s,radically changed the process,11its impact on the media was not immediately12.As time went by,computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became“personal”too,as well as13,with display becoming sharper and storage14increasing.They were thought of,like people,15 generations,with the distance between generations much16.It was within the computer age that the term“information society”began to be widely used to describe the17within which we now live.The communications revolution has18both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time,but there have been19view about its economic,political,social and cultural implications.“Benefits”have been weighed20“harmful”outcomes.And generalizations have proved difficult.1.［A］between［B］before［C］since［D］later2.［A］after［B］by［C］during［D］until3.［A］means［B］method［C］medium［D］measure4.［A］process［B］company［C］light［D］form5.［A］gathered［B］speeded［C］worked［D］picked6.［A］on［B］out［C］over［D］off7.［A］of［B］for［C］beyond［D］into8.［A］concept［B］dimension［C］effect［D］perspective9.［A］indeed［B］hence［C］however［D］therefore10.［A］brought［B］followed［C］stimulated［D］characterized11.［A］unless［B］since［C］lest［D］although12.［A］apparent［B］desirable［C］negative［D］plausible13.［A］institutional［B］universal［C］fundamental［D］instrumental14.［A］ability［B］capability［C］capacity［D］faculty15.［A］by means of［B］in terms of［C］with regard to［D］in line with16.［A］deeper［B］fewer［C］nearer［D］smaller17.［A］context［B］range［C］scope［D］territory18.［A］regarded［B］impressed［C］influenced［D］effected19.［A］competitive［B］controversial［C］distracting［D］irrational20.［A］above［B］upon［C］against［D］withSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A], [B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile,you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depending on whom you are addressing,the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers,you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries,you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses.Here is an example,which I heard at a nurses’convention,of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrivesin heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens,sunny weather,and so on.Everyone is very peaceful,polite and friendly until,waiting in a line for lunch,the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat,who rushes to the head of the line,grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself.“Whois that?”the new arrival asked St.Peter.“Oh,that’ｓGod,”came the reply,“but sometimes he thinks he’ｓa doctor.”If you are part of the group which you are addressing,you will be in a positionto know the experiences and problems which are commonto all of you and it’ll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman’ｓnotorious bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustn’ｔattempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system.If you feel awkward being humorous,you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often it’ｓthe delivery which causes theaudience to smile,so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark.Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote“If at first you don’ｔsucceed,give up”or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatement.Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.21.To make your humor work,you should.[A]take advantage of different kinds of audience[B]make fun of the disorganized people[C]address different problems to different people[D]show sympathy for your listeners22.The joke about doctors implies that,in the eyes of nurses,they are.[A]impolite to new arrivals[B]very conscious of their godlike role[C]entitled to some privileges[D]very busy even during lunch hours23.It can be inferred from the text that public services.[A]have benefited many people[B]are the focus of public attention[C]are an inappropriate subject for humor[D]have often been the laughing stock24.To achieve the desired result,humorous stories should be delivered.[A]in well-worded language[B]as awkwardly as possible[C]in exaggerated statements[D]as casually as possible25.The best title for the text may be.[A]Use Humor Effectively[B]Various Kinds of Humor[C]Add Humor to Speech[D]Different Humor StrategiesText2Since the dawn of human ingenuity,people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous,boring,burdensome,or just plain nasty.That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines.And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction,they have begun to come close.As a result,the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms.Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for thetransaction.Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers.And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics,there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility,they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,"says Dave Lavery,manager of a robotics program at NASA,“we can't yet give a robot enough‘common sense’to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results.Despite a spell of initial optimism in the1960s and1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year2010,researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found,in attempting to model thought,is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are muchmore talented—and humanperception far more complicated—than previously imagined.They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment.But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the98percent that is irrelevant,instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability,and neuroscientists still don’ｔknow quite how we do it.26.Humaningenuity was initially demonstrated in.[A]the use of machines to produce science fiction.[B]the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.[C]the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.[D]the elite’ｓcunning tackling of dangerous and boring work.27.The word“gizmos”(line1,paragraph2)most probably means.[A]programs［B］experts［C］devices［D］creatures28.According to the text,what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robotthat can.[A]fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.[B]interact with human beings verbally.[C]have a little commonsense.[D]respond independently to a changing world.29.Besides reducing human labor,robots can also.[A]make a few decisions for themselves.[B]deal with some errors with human intervention.[C]improve factory environments.[D]cultivate human creativity.30.The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are.[A]expected to copy human brain in internal structure.[B]able to perceive abnormalities immediately.[C]far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.[D]best used in a controlled environment.Text3Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return?Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March,the price of crude oil has jumped to almost$26a barrel, up from less than$10last December.This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the1973oil shock,when prices quadrupled,and1979-1980,when they also almost tripled.Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline.So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth,at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere,could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the1970s.In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the1970s.In Europe,taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price,so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were,and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price.Energy conservation,a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.Software,consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.For each dollar of GDP(in constant prices)rich economies now use nearly50%less oil than in1973.The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that,if oil prices averaged$22a barrel for a full year,compared with $13in1998,this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25-0.5%of GDP.That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in1974or1980. On the other hand,oil-importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have becomemore energy-intensive,and so could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline.The Economist’ｓcommodity price index is broadly unchanging from a year ago.In1973commodity prices jumped by70%,and in1979by almost30%.31.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is_______[A]global inflation.[B]reduction in supply.[C]fast growth in economy.[D]Iraq’ｓsuspension of exports.32.It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of petrol will go updramatically if______.[A]price of crude rises.[B]commodity prices rise.[C]consumption rises.[D]oil taxes rise.33.The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries_______.［A］heavy industry becomes more energy-intensive.［B］income loss mainly results from fluctuating crude oil prices.［C］manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezed.［D］oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP.34.We can draw a conclusion from the text that_______.［A］oil-price shocks are less shocking now.［B］inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocks.［C］energy conservation can keep down the oil prices.［D］the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry.35.From the text we can see that the writer seems__________.［A］optimistic.［B］sensitive.［C］gloomy.［D］scared.Text4The Supreme Court’ｓdecisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering.Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide,the Court in effect supported the medical principle of“double effect”，a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—ａgood one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients’pain,even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient.Nancy Dubler,director of Montefiore Medical Center,contends that the principle will shield doctors who“until now have very,very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death”．George Annas,chair of the health law department at Boston University,maintains that,as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose,the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death.“It’ｓlike surgery,”he says.“We don’ｔcall those deaths homicides because the doctors didn’ｔintend to kill their patients,although they risked their death.If you’re a physician,you can risk your patient’ｓsuicide as long as you don’ｔintend their suicide.”On another level,many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.Just three weeks before the Court’ｓruling on physician-assisted suicide,the National Academy of Science(NAS)released a two-volume report,Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life.It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of“ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong andeven dishonor the period of dying”as the twin problems of end-of-life care.The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies,to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care,and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life.Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care.“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”，to the extent that it constitutes“systematic patient abuse”．He says medical licensing boards“must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension”．36.From the first three paragraphs,we learn that.[A]doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients’pain[B]it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their lives[C]the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicide[D]patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide37.Which of the following statements its true according to the text?[A]Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients’death.[B]Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.[C]The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can beprescribed.[D]A doctor’ｓmedication is no longer justified by his intentions.38.According to the NAS’ｓreport,one of the problems in end-of-life care is.[A]prolonged medical procedures[B]inadequate treatment of pain[C]systematic drug abuse[D]insufficient hospital care39.Which of the following best defines the word“aggressive”(line4,paragraph7)?[A]Bold.[B]Harmful.[C]Careless.[D]Desperate40.George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they.[A]manage their patients incompetently[B]give patients more medicine than needed[C]reduce drug dosages for their patients[D]prolong the needless suffering of the patientsPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(10 points)Almost all our major problems involve human behavior,and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone.What is needed is a technology of behavior,but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technologymight be drawn.（41）One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind,feelings,traits of character, human nature,and so on.Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them.（42）The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.The environment is obviously important,but its role has remained obscure.It does not push or pull,it selects,and this function is difficult to discover and analyze.（43）The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood,however,effects once assigned to states of mind,feelings,and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions,and a technology of behavior may therefore become available.It will not solve our problems,however,until it replaces traditional prescientific views,and these are strongly entrenched. Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty.（44）They are the possessions of the autonomous（self-governing）man of traditional theory,and they are essentialto practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment.It also raises questions concerning“values”．Who will use a technology and to what ends?（45）Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.Section III Writing46.Directions:Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled“Cultures National and International”．In the essay you should1.describe the picture and interpret its meaning,and2.give your comment on the phenomenon.You should write about200words neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)An American girl in traditional Chinese costume（服装）第一部分英语知识应用试题解析一、文章总体分析本文主要介绍了计算机的发展对通信革命及人们的生存方式产生的影响。
2002年考研英语一作文
2002年考研英语一作文With the advent of the 21st century, the Internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we communicate, work, and learn. In the field of education, the Internet has brought about profound changes, transforming the traditional classroom and redefining the concept of learning. This essay will explore the impact of the Internet on education, focusing on its advantages and challenges.Firstly, the Internet has greatly enhanced access to educational resources. Students and educators alike can now access a wealth of information at the click of a button. Online libraries, academic journals, and educational websites provide a treasure trove of knowledge that was previously only available to those with access to physical libraries or those who could afford expensive subscriptions. This democratization of information has the potential to level the playing field for learners from different socioeconomic backgrounds.Secondly, the Internet has facilitated more interactive and personalized learning experiences. With the help of educational platforms and applications, students can now engage in self-paced learning, tailoring their educational journey to their individual needs and interests. Online courses and tutorials allow students to learn at their own pace, while discussion forums and chat groups provide opportunities for interaction with peers and experts fromaround the world.However, the Internet also presents challenges to the educational system. One of the major concerns is the issue of information overload. The vast amount of informationavailable online can be overwhelming and confusing for students, making it difficult for them to discern credible sources from unreliable ones. This requires a new set of skills, such as critical thinking and information literacy, which must be taught alongside traditional academic subjects.Another challenge is the digital divide, which refers to the gap between those who have access to the Internet and those who do not. This divide can exacerbate existing inequalities in education, as those without access to the necessary technology and resources are at a disadvantage. Efforts must be made to bridge this gap and ensure that the benefits of the Internet are accessible to all students, regardless of their circumstances.In conclusion, the Internet has had a significant impact on education, offering both opportunities and challenges. While it has opened up new avenues for learning and collaboration, it also requires a concerted effort to address the issues of information literacy and the digital divide. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is crucial for educators, policymakers, and students to work together to harness the power of the Internet for education in a way that isinclusive and beneficial for all.。
2002年考研英语作文真题
2002年考研英语作文真题English:In 2002, the Postgraduate Entrance Examination for English majors required candidates to write an essay on the topic of "Learning is a Change". This topic encouraged candidates to reflect on the transformative power of learning in one's personal growth and development. Learning is not merely acquiring knowledge or skills, but it is a journey of continuous self-improvement and evolution. Through learning, individuals can expand their horizons, challenge their beliefs, and cultivate critical thinking skills. It is through the process of learning that individuals can adapt to changing circumstances, overcome challenges, and ultimately thrive in an ever-evolving world. In essence, learning is a catalyst for change, enabling individuals to reach their full potential and make a positive impact on society.中文翻译：2002年，英语专业研究生入学考试要求考生写一篇关于“学习是一种变化”的文章。
2002英语一考研作文
2002英语一考研作文In today’s rapidly changing world, the topic of endangered species has become increasingly significant. Human activities have led to the alarming rate at which various species are becoming endangered. This essay aims to explore the reasons behind this issue, its impact on our ecosystem, and the measures that can be taken to protect endangered species. By understanding these factors, we can work towards a more sustainable future where biodiversity thrives.The primary causes of species endangerment can be broadly categorized into habitat destruction, pollution, overexploitation, and climate change. Each of these factors plays a critical role in diminishing the natural habitats and survival chances of numerous species.One of the most significant threats to wildlife is habitat destruction. Deforestation, urbanization, and agricultural expansion are the main culprits. Forests, wetlands, and grasslands are being converted into agricultural fields and urban areas at an unprecedented rate. This loss of habitat forces species to move to new areas, often leading to conflicts with humans and other species. Additionally, it reduces the availability of food, shelter, and breeding grounds, thereby threatening the survival of species.Pollution, in various forms, also poses a grave threat to wildlife. Industrial waste, plastic pollution, and chemical runoff contaminate water bodies, soil, and air, affecting both terrestrial and aquatic life. For instance, marine animals often ingest plastic debris, mistaking it for food, leading to fatalities. Similarly, air and water pollution can cause diseases and reproductive issues in many species, further pushing them towards extinction.Overexploitation refers to the excessive hunting, fishing, and harvesting of species beyond sustainable levels. This practice has led to the depletion of many species, including elephants, rhinos, and various fish species. The demand for animal products, such as ivory, fur, and traditional medicines, drives illegal poaching and trade, further endangering these species. Overfishing, in particular, has severely impacted marine biodiversity, disrupting entire ecosystems.Climate change is another critical factor contributing to species endangerment. The increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and rising sea levels disrupt the habitats and life cycles of many species. For example, polar bears are losing their ice habitats due to melting glaciers, while coral reefs are experiencing bleaching events due to warmer ocean temperatures. These changes not only threaten individual species but also the delicate balance of entire ecosystems.The loss of endangered species has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems and human life. Biodiversity is essential for the stability and resilience of ecosystems. Each species plays a unique role in maintaining the ecological balance, from pollination and seed dispersal to pest control and nutrient cycling.When species become endangered or extinct, the ecological balance is disrupted. For instance, the decline of predator species can lead to an overpopulation of prey species, which in turn affects vegetation and other wildlife. Such imbalances can trigger a cascade of negative effects throughout the ecosystem, ultimately reducing its productivity and stability.Humans are also directly affected by the loss of biodiversity. Many communities rely on natural resources for their livelihoods, including food, medicine, and raw materials.The decline of certain species can impact agriculture, fisheries, and forestry, leading to economic losses and food insecurity. Additionally, the loss of biodiversity can reduce the availability of genetic resources, which are crucial for developing new crops and medicines.To address the issue of species endangerment, concerted efforts are needed at local, national, and global levels. The following measures can help protect endangered species and promote biodiversity conservation.Governments must enforce strict laws and regulations to protect endangered species and their habitats. This includes establishing protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, where human activities are restricted. International agreements, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), also play a crucial role in regulating the trade of endangered species and their products.Restoring degraded habitats is essential for the survival of many species. This can involve reforestation, wetland restoration, and the creation of wildlife corridors to connect fragmented habitats. By improving the quality and connectivity of habitats, we can provide safe havens for endangered species and support their recovery.Efforts to reduce pollution can significantly benefit wildlife. This includes implementing stricter regulations on industrial emissions, promoting sustainable agricultural practices, and reducing plastic waste. Public awareness campaigns can also encourage individuals to adopt eco-friendly habits, such as recycling and reducing the use of single-use plastics.Promoting sustainable practices in hunting, fishing, and resource extraction is crucial for preventing overexploitation. This can involve setting quotas, implementing seasonal bans,and using selective harvesting techniques. Sustainable tourism can also contribute to conservation efforts by generating revenue for local communities and raising awareness about endangered species.Addressing climate change is vital for the long-term protection of endangered species. This requires global cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to renewable energy sources. Additionally, conservation strategies should incorporate climate resilience, such as protecting climate refugia and facilitating species migration.The protection of endangered species is a complex and urgent issue that requires a multifaceted approach. By addressing the root causes of species endangerment and implementing effective conservation measures, we can safeguard biodiversity for future generations. It is imperative that governments, organizations, and individuals work togetherto create a sustainable and harmonious coexistence with the natural world. Only through collective action can we ensure the survival of endangered species and the health of our planet’s ecosystems.。
2002考研英语写作
2002考研英语（一）写作Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures-National and International". In the essay you should:1. describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and2. give your comment on the phenomenonYou should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)【参考范文】At first sight of the picture, my eyes are brightened by the pretty girl, beaming with a smile. She is a typical American girl, but she is dressed in our traditional Chinese costume.Through such an unexpected and yet harmonious design, the picture conveys a deep and soul-stirring meaning. The girl stands for two different cultures—western and eastern cultures. Her charming smile is the essential touch of the whole picture, which symbolizes the harmonious blending of the two cultures. And thus the picture assumes a kind of peaceful and inspiring beauty.When it comes to cultural blending, we should attach importance to two factors. On the one hand, with economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become a necessary trend of the times. Furthermore, the fact that all cultures are both open to and infiltrating into each other lays down the foundation for cultural blending. On the other hand, maintaining and vitalizing national cultures are most important in cultural blending –what have been and will always be most appealing to foreigners are the unique characteristics of national cultures. Only on this basis can we achieve efficient cross-cultural communication and promote world peace and prosperity.【参考译文】第一眼看到这张图片时，我的双眼就被这位洋溢着笑容的女孩给吸引了，她是一位典型的美国女孩，但却身着中国的传统服饰。
2002年考研英语一作文范文
2002年考研英语一作文范文In the year 2002, the postgraduate entrance examination in English featured an essay prompt that resonated with many students. The topic, which was both thought-provoking and reflective, asked for a personal take on the rapid changes in society and their impact on individuals.The essay began by acknowledging the swift pace of societal development, highlighting the technological advancements and economic growth that have transformed our daily lives. It emphasized the importance of adapting to these changes and the need for continuous learning to keep pace with the evolving world.In the subsequent paragraphs, the writer delved into the challenges that accompany such rapid progress. The essay discussed the pressure on individuals to constantly upgrade their skills and knowledge, and the potential for alienation as people become more reliant on technology.Another paragraph focused on the cultural shifts that have occurred. It pointed out how traditional values are sometimes overshadowed by modern lifestyles, leading to a sense of loss for some and a struggle to find balance between the old and the new.The essay also explored the positive aspects of societal change, such as increased opportunities for personal growthand the broadening of horizons through exposure to diverse cultures and ideas.Towards the conclusion, the writer reflected on the personal responsibility to navigate these changes wisely. It stressed the importance of maintaining a sense of identity and community while embracing the benefits that come with progress.Finally, the essay ended on a hopeful note, suggesting that with the right mindset and approach, individuals can not only survive but thrive in a rapidly changing world. It called for a proactive stance, where one is both aparticipant in and a shaper of the future.。
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2002年考研英语作文真题解说
Directions:
Study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures National and International". In the essay you should
1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
An American girl in traditional Chinese costume(服装)
2002年考查的也是图画作文，但却是第一次使用照片。
照片上是一位穿着传统中国服饰的美国姑娘，她的脸上挂着微笑，可以看出她非常高兴，上面还有一行关于照片的注释。
文章中已经给出了标题和大纲。
大纲主要有两点：一是描述图片并解释含义；二是对此现象做出自己的评论。
从照片中考生很容易就可以想到其寓意是民族的文化可以成为世界的。
确定了这个主题后，我们就可以进一步确定一个支配思想，即这一趋势对于人类发展是有利的。
接下来考生就可以围绕这一思想，分三段进行写作，首段简要地描述照片，次段阐述其含义，末段给出评论。
在审题构思时应注意：以小见大、把握象征寓意。
关于评论部分可以有三个写作角度：提建议、考虑背景及原因、或描述未来、预测未来。
考生最好能列出简单的提纲，写好每段的主题句，最后进行扩展。
对于这张照片的描述可能会有一些单词需要特别注意：如发带 ribbon、耳环 earrings、项链 necklace、少数民族 minority group、妇女服饰accessories等。
经典范文赏析
Cultures-National and International
At first sight of the picture, my eyes are brightened by the pretty girl, beaming with a simile on her face. She is a typical American girl,
but she is dresses in our traditional Chinese costume. It seems that the girl is very proud of the Chinese costume.
It goes without saying that the picture indicates that a culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all human beings. Actually the girl stands for two different cultures-western and eastern cultures. Her charming smile is the essential touch of the whole picture, which symbolizes the harmonious blending of the two cultures. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become a necessary trend of the times. On one hand, a large number of people from different countries have been pouring into China. On the other hand, Chinese people are also exposed to different foreign cultures when they go abroad or when more foreign people come to China. In this way, people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other.
As far as I am concerned, I think this phenomenon is good to all of us. It is an effective way to achieve efficient cross-cultural communication and promote world peace and prosperity.
译文
看到这张照片的第一眼，我就被这个面带微笑的漂亮女孩吸引了。
很明显她是一个美国女孩，但她却穿着传统的中国服饰。
看上去她对于她穿的中国服饰非常的自豪。
勿容置疑这张照片揭示了这样一个道理，民族的可以变成世界的，这对人类的发展是有益的。
事实上这个女孩代表了两种文化——西方和东方文化。
她充满魅力的微笑是整张照片的核心，代表着两种文化的和谐相融。
随着经济全球化，不同文化的融合已经成为一个趋势。
一方面，很多外国人涌到了中国，另一方面，更多的中国人也可以自己出国或与来中国的外国人有更多的接触。
这样，世界各地的人们就可以更好地相互了解。
我个人认为，这一现象对大家都好。
这是进行跨文化交流和促进世界和平和繁荣的一种非常有效的方法。
黄金句型
At first sight of the picture, my eyes are brightened by...
看到这张照片的第一眼，我就被……吸引了。
It seems that...
看起来……
It goes without saying that the picture indicates that...
勿容置疑这张照片揭示了……
With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become a necessary trend of the times.
随着经济全球化，不同文化的融合已经成为一个趋势。
On one hand... on the other hand...
一方面……，另一方面……
As far as I am concerned, I think...
我个人认为……
It is an effective way to achieve efficient cross-cultural communication and promote world peace and prosperity.
这是进行跨文化交流和促进世界和平和繁荣的一种非常有效的方法。