江西中医学院考试复习资料之《医学英语》历年考试句子翻译
医学英语翻译
医学英语翻译第一篇：医学英语翻译Unit 1参考译文一、肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。
二、肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
中医英语翻译重点
中医英语翻译句子翻译重点1.由于证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质以及邪正关系，反映出疾病发展过程中某一阶段的病理变化的本质，因而它比症状更全面、更深刻、更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。
Since syndrome, covering the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi, indicates the nature of pathological changes in a phase during the disease progress, it more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly uncovers the nature of disease than symptom does.2.所谓辨证，就是将四诊（望、闻、问、切）所收集的资料、症状和体征，通过分析、综合、辨清疾病的原因、性质、部位以及邪正之间的关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。
The so-called syndrome differentiation refers to the process of figuring out the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi by analyzing the information, symptoms and signs of the patients collected by four examinations including inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry and palpation, and finally identifying the disease as a certain syndrome.3.辨证和论治，是诊治疾病过程中相互关系不可分割的两个方面，是理论和实践相结合的体现，是理法方药在临床上的具体体现，是指导中医临床工作的基本原则。
中医英语翻译重点
中医英语翻译句子翻译重点1.由于证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质以及邪正关系，反映出疾病发展过程中某一阶段的病理变化的本质，因而它比症状更全面、更深刻、更正确地揭示了疾病的本质。
Since syndrome, covering the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi, indicates the nature of pathological changes in a phase during the disease progress, it more comprehensively, profoundly and correctly uncovers the nature of disease than symptom does.2.所谓辨证，就是将四诊（望、闻、问、切）所收集的资料、症状和体征，通过分析、综合、辨清疾病的原因、性质、部位以及邪正之间的关系，概括、判断为某种性质的证。
The so-called syndrome differentiation refers to the process of figuring out the location, cause and nature of disease and conditions of healthy and pathogenic qi by analyzing the information, symptoms and signs of the patients collected by four examinations including inspection, listening and smelling examination, inquiry and palpation, and finally identifying the disease as a certain syndrome.3.辨证和论治，是诊治疾病过程中相互关系不可分割的两个方面，是理论和实践相结合的体现，是理法方药在临床上的具体体现，是指导中医临床工作的基本原则。
医学英英语期末句型翻译复习重点资料
英语期末句型翻译Unit 11.大学新生将会发现大学是一个鼓励他们研究，学习，成长的地方。
--Freshmen will discover that college is an inspiring place to study , and grow in.2.对于一个优秀的教育家来说，正是他那种渴望探究一切，解释一切和把所学的一切付诸实践的强烈好奇心使他在多种领域产生兴趣。
--For a great scientist , it was simple his desire to explore everything ,to explain everything , and to put to use everything he learned that guided his varied interests.3.达芬奇跨越学界的好奇心，对设计的自然法则的尊重以及解决实际问题的澎湃激情，是现代大学生应该具备的三大物质。
--The college students are fascinated by Da Vinci’s three qualities/facets to his characters , namely his multidisciplinary curiosity , his admiration for nature’s economy of design , and his enthusiastic passion for solving problems.4.你只有具备坚定的好奇心和吧所学的知识付诸实践的激情，才会充分利用好大学自己宝贵的时光。
--As long as you are determined in your studies and curious about the would around you , you will use your time at college to its fullest potential.5.我们早就知道成功人士不是袖手旁观，听之任之，而是采取主动性创造奇迹。
(完整版)医学英语翻译题汇总
UNIT 11.Although the DNA in the nucleus of each cell contains all of the genetic information for allhuman traits, only a small number of genes are actually active in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type.尽管每一个细胞核中的DNA都包含有人类特性的所有遗传信息，但实际上只有小数基因在特定细胞中有活性，这些活性基因是特有的细胞类型所必须的蛋白密码。
2.In facilitated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane from an area of greaterconcentration to an area of lesser concentration, but they need some help to do this.在易化扩散中，大分子经一层膜从高浓度区域向低浓度区域移动，但分子要完成这一工作需要某些帮助。
3.The cell membrane is selectively permeable, that is, certain substances are permitted to passthrough and others are not.细胞膜的渗透性是有选择性的，即某些物质允许通过，而其它物质则不行。
4.Filtration means that water and dissolved materials are forced through a membrane from anarea of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.过滤是指水和已溶解物质经一层膜从高压区压送到低压区。
医学英语课文翻译
第一单元 A History of TCMText A A History of TCM1.通过考古发掘，中医药的历史可以追溯到数百万年前。
原始人们在基本生存方面花了大部分时间：狩猎、种植植物以获取食物、建造住所、保护自己。
很容易想象，随着时间的推移，他们会尝试大多数当地植物来寻找食物。
经过一段时间，随着口头记载的流传，可以确定哪些植物可以做美食，哪些可以用于建筑，哪些可以影响疾病，和哪些是有毒的。
通过试验和错误，一种原始的草药和饮食疗法在中国逐渐形成。
2.火作为一种取暖，燃料和光的资源在他们的生活中也发挥了关键作用。
他们围坐在火堆周围，我们的祖先发现热的治疗力量是很自然的。
这些力量对像关节炎这类寒湿病的作用特别明显，热量起到迅速缓解的作用。
这是艾灸的艺术的起源,热量的医疗应用适合于多种多样的条件。
3.在他们艰苦的生活中，这些古老的人们一定经历了各种各样的伤害。
痛苦的一个自然的反应是摩擦或按压病变部位。
这种动手的治疗逐渐演变成一个系统的治疗操作。
人们发现按压在身体上特定的穴位有广泛的影响。
他们开始使用磨骨碎片或石片增强感觉，针刺诞生了。
中国传统医学历史的记载4.中医的书面历史发展主要是在过去的3000年。
商朝的考古挖掘揭示了医学著作被刻在占卜的骨头上：早期的巫师，大多数是妇女，使用肩胛骨执行占卜仪式；后来这些骨头也被用于写作。
5.在1973年发现的11篇写在丝绸上的医学文献在某些方面阐明了中国历史早期的复杂实践。
追溯到公元前168年，这些文章讨论饮食、锻炼、艾灸和草药疗法。
,一本广泛混杂萨满魔法的文章（52病方）描述了草药和食物的药理作用。
这个时期还存在着神农的传说，农业的皇帝，他每天品尝100草药来评估他们的性能。
（据说他在调查的过程中已经中毒多次调）6.到公元400年，中国传统医学的基础已具有书面形式。
此时，医学中大多数魔法的方面已经落后；越来越相信自然的力量可以治愈疾病。
最重要的书籍是在公元前300年到公元400年之间编制的黄帝内经。
医学(中医)英语状语从句翻译
4.倒译法
由于中英文语言习惯不同，所以翻译时应遵从目标 语言的语言习惯，有时翻译时要变换语序，把原来 的主句译为从句，原来的从句取代主句，这就是倒 译法。倒译法在时间状语从句、地点状语从句、让 步状语从句较常用。
“而”与条件状语从句的对应
伤寒先厥后发热，下利必自止，而反汗出，咽中痛者， 其喉为痹。（《伤寒论》）
When fever occurs after the prevalence of coldness on the extremities, diarrhea will come to a stop. If there is perspiration, throat pain and inflammation will occur.
这些病变特征可全部或部分地出现，所以人们可以看 到像鳞状红斑湿疹，丘泡红斑湿疹等疾病。
⑥ 条件状语从句
Thrombosis of the vessels to a part is followed by necrosis unless a collateral circulation can be quickly established.
children makes a serious and extensive damage to the myocardium that death from cardiac failure results within a few weeks. 罕见的是，儿童爆发性风湿热的发作使心肌受到严 重而广泛的损伤以致在几周内便死于心力衰竭。
中医英语课后句子翻译1-15课
Lesson 11. 中国医药学有数千年的历史,是中国人民长期同疾病作斗争的经验总结TCM has a history of thousand of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.2. 中医学有完整独立的理论体系.TCM has a unique and integrated theoretical system.3. 中医学是研究人的生命规律以与疾病的发生、发展和防治规律的一门科学.TCM is a science that studies the rules of life as well as the occurrence, progress, prevention and treatment of disease.4. 《黄帝内经》为中医学理论体系的形成奠定了基础Yellow Emperor’s Cannon of Internal Medicine has laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of TCM.5. 《难经》在许多方面,尤其是在脉学上,补充了《皇帝内经》的不足.Classic of Difficulties has supplemented what was unaddressed in the Yellow Emperor’s Cannon of Medicine in many respects,especially in pulse lore.6. 《诸病源侯论》是中医学最早的一部病因症候学专著.Discussion on the causes and symptom of various diseases is the earliest extant monograph on the causes and symptom ofdiseases in china.7. 阳常有余,阴常不足.Yang is usually excessive while Yin is frequently deficiency.8. 内伤脾胃,百病由生.Internal impairment of the spleen and stomach causes various diseases.9. 《本草纲目》是中药学史上的不朽著作,并对世界药学的发展做出了伟大的贡献.pendium of Materia Medica <Bencao Gangmu > is recognized as a monumental work in the history of Chinese material medical and a great contribution to the development of pharmacology in the world.10. 中药不但包含草药,而且包含矿物药和动物药等.Traditional Chinese material medical includes not only herbs but also mineral and animal drugs.11. 金元时期出现了后世称为"金元四大家"的医学流派.In the jin and yuan dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools.12. 刘宗素认为"火热"为主要病因,用药以寒凉为主.Liu WangSu believed that "five-heat" was the main cause of a variety of disease and these diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature.13. 刘暠主张治疗疾病以温补脾胃为主,被称为"补土派"LinGao emphasized that the most important thing in clinical treatment was to warm and invigorate the spleen and stomach, so his theory was known as the "school of Reinforcing the Earth".14. 朱丹溪治病以滋阴降火为主,被称为"养阴派"Zhu Zengheng advocated the remedies of nourishing Yin and reducing fire in treatment of disease, so his theory was known as the "school of nourishing Yin"15. 温病是研究四时温病的发生、发展规律与其诊治方法的一门临床科学Study on Warm Disease is a clinic specialty focusing on the occurrence, progress, diagnosis and treatment of Warm Diseases.16. 温病学派创立了以卫气营血和三焦为核心的温病辨证论治规范.The school of Warm Disease has developed the rules of treatment of Warm Disease based onsyndrome differentiation in light of defensive phase, qi phase , nutritive phase, blood phase and triple energizer.17. 王清任改正了古医学在人体解剖方面的错误,并倡导瘀血致病的理论Wang Qingren in the late Qing Dynasty corrected mistakes about anatomy made in ancient medical books and advocated the theory that diseases were caused by blood stasis.18. 中医学结合为中医的发展与现代化开辟了一条心途径.Integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine has paved a new way for the development and modernization of traditional Chinese medicine.19. 中医基础理论系统化和实验研究取得了快速的进展.Great progress has been made in systematic and experimental study of the basic theory oftraditional Chinese medicine.Lesson21. 中医理论体系有两个基本特点：一是整体观念,二是辨证论治.The theoretical system of TCM is mainly characterized by holism and treatment based on syndrome.2. 中医学认为人体是一个有机的整体TCM believes that the human body is organic whole.3. 人体各个组成部分在功能上相互为用,在病理上相互影响The constituent parts of the human body are interdependent in physiology and mutually influential in pathology.4. 整体观念贯穿于中医生理、病理、诊法、辩证和治疗的各个方面The holism permeates through the physiology, pathology, diagnostics, syndrome differentiation and therapeutics.5. 自然界的变化又可以直接或间接地影响人体.Change in the natural world directly and indirectly influence the human body.6. 人的气血春夏趋向于表,秋冬趋向里Qi and blood in the human body tend to flow to the exterior in spring and summer and to the interior in autumn and winter.7. 心开窍于舌并与小肠相表里The heart opens into the tongue and is internally and externally related the small intestine.8. 中医认识到社会活动对心理的影响TCM has noticed that the fact that social activity psychologically influences human being.9. 中医强调形神共存,互用并相互影响.According to TCM, the body and spirit co-exist, interacting with each other and influencing each other.10. 人体阳气白天多趋向于表,夜晚多趋向于里.Yang Qi in the human body tends to flow to the exterior in the daytime and to the interior atnight.11. 地区气候的差异在一定程度上也影响着人体的生理活动.Regional difference, to some extent, influences the physiological activities of the human body.12. 证是机体在疾病发展过程中的某一阶段的病理概括.Syndrome is a generalization of pathological changed at a certain stage during the course of a disease.13. 辨证论治是中医认识疾病和治疗疾病的基本原则,也是中医的基本特点之一.Treatment based on syndrome differentiation, one of the characteristics of TCM, is the basicprinciple in TCM forunderstanding and treating diseases.14. 证包括了病变的部位、原因、性质、以与邪正关系.Syndrome includes the location, cause and nature of a disease, as well as the state of pathogenic factors and health qi.15. 辩证和论治是诊治疾病过程中相互联系不可分割的两个方面.Differentiation of syndrome and treatment of disease are two inseparable aspects in diagnosing and treating diseases.16. 临床中医注重辨病,但更注重辩证,从而通过治证来治疗疾病Clinically doctors pay great attention to the differentiation of diseases, but therapeutically they care more about thedifferentiation of syndromes because diseases can be cured by treating syndromes.17. 证能更全面、跟正确的揭示疾病的本质Syndrome can prehensively and accurately reveal the nature of disease.18. 不同的疾病可因相同的病机而出现相同的证.Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis.19. 如果两种疾病表现出相同的中气下陷证,就均可用升提中气的方法治疗.If the syndrome of middle qi sinking appears in two different diseases, they all can be treated by the therapeutic method forelevating middle qi.20. 中医治病不是单纯注重病之异同,而是病机之异同.The treatment of disease in TCM does not only simple concentration the difference or similarity of disease, but on thedifference or similarity of pathogenesis.Lesson 31. 阴阳中国古代哲学的一对范畴Yin and Yang are two concepts in classical Chinese philosophy.2. 阴阳是自然界相互关联的某些事物和现象对立双方的概括Yin and Yang are the summarization of the attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomenal in nature.3. 宇宙间一切事物的发生、发展和变化都是阴阳对立矛盾运动的结果.The formation development and changes of all things in the universe are the result of the movement of Yin and Yang thatoppose to each other and unite with each other.4. 天气轻清故属阳,地气重浊故属阴.The celestial qi pertain to Yang because it is light and lucid, while the terrestrial qi pertain to Yin because it is heavy and turbid.5. 阴阳相互制约的过程就是相互消长的过程.The course of mutual restrain and inhibition between Yin and Yang signifies their progress in mutual reduction and promotion.6. 没有因也就无以言阳,没有阳亦无以言阴. Yin cannot exit alone without Yang and vice versa.7. 阴阳离绝,经气乃绝.Separation of Yin and Yang results in exhausting of essence.8. 只有不断的消长平衡,才能推动事物的发展.Only through constant reduction, promotion and balance can the normal development of things be maintained.9. 在一定条件下,那样可以各自向其反得方向发展.Under given condition, either Yin or Yang may transform into its counterpart.10．物生谓之化,物极谓之变.Sprout of things signifies transformation while extreme development of things indicates changes.11 人生有形,不离阴阳. Yin and Yang are indispensable to the human body.12 功能属于阳,物质属于阴.Function pertain to Yang while substances to Yin.13. 如果阴阳不能相互为用而分离,人的生命也就终止了.If Yin and Yang fail to promote each other and are thus separated from each other, it will lead to the end of life.14. 无论疾病的病理变化如何复杂,都不外乎阴阳的偏盛偏衰No matter how plicated pathological changes of adisease are, they are nothing more than relative predominance of Yin and Yang.15. 正气指整个机体的结构与功能,包括人体对疾病的抵抗力.The so-called healthy qi refers to the structure and functions of body, including body resistance against diseases.16 机体阴阳的任何一方虚损到一定程度,必然导致另一方的不足. If any part of the body, either Yin or Yang, becausedeficient to a certain extent, it will inevitably lead to insufficiency of the other part.17 疾病发生、发展的内在原因在于阴阳失调.Imbalance between Yin and Yang is the intrinsic factor responsible for the occurrence and progress of a disease.18 从色泽的明暗,可以辨别病情的阴阳属性.Manifestations of plexion can tell whether a disease pertains to Yin or Yang in nature. 19 治疗的基本原则是补其不足,泄其有余.The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.20 只有选用适用的药物,才能收到良好的疗效.Only when appropriate herbs are chosen can excellent therapeutic effects be ensured.Lesson 41. 木、火、土、金、水是不可缺少的五种最基本的物质.Wood, fire, earth, metal, and water are the five most essential materials indispensable to human existence.2. 中医理论体在形成过程中,受到古代五行学说的深刻影响.The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was deeply influenced by the doctrine of five elements.3. 水具有滋润和向下的特性.Water is characterized by moistening and downward flowing.4. 肝主升而归属于土The liver pertain to wood because it controls elevation5. 脾主运化而归属于木The spleen pertains to earth because it controls transportation and transformation.6. 肾主水而归属于水The kidney pertains to water because it controls water metabolism.7. 相克是指以事物对另事物的生长和功能具有抑制和制约的作用Restriction implies that one thing brings under control or restraint of the other.8. 木生火,,生我者为木；火生土,我生者为土.Since wood generates fire, wood is the generator of fire; since fire generates earth, fire is the generator of earth.9. 相乘即以强凌弱的意思.Subjugation or over restriction means to launch a violent attack when a counterpart is weak.10. 木过强时,既可以乘脾,又可以侮金.When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal.11. 心阳有温煦之功能,故心属火.Since the heart can warm the body, it pertains to fire.12. 肝藏血以济心The fire stores blood to plement the fire.13. 肾藏精以滋养肝的阴血The kidney stores essence to nourish blood in the liver.14. 子病犯母指疾病的传变从子脏传与母脏The idea that the disorder of a child-organ attacks the mother-organ means that the disease is transmitted from achild-organ to its mother-organ.15. 人体是一个有机的整体,内脏有病可以反映到体表.The human body is an organic whole, so disorders of the internal organs can be manifested over thesurface of the body.16. 相克传变包括相乘和相侮,均属于不正常的相克.Restriction includes over restriction and counter restriction, both of which are abnormal restriction among the five elements.17. 五行的基本属性是生,克,乘,侮.The basic relationship among the five elements are generation, restriction , over restriction and counter restriction.18. 生我者为母,我生者为子.The one that generates is the mother-element while the one that is being generated is the child-element.19. 在临床治疗上,五行学说用来确定治疗原则和治疗方法.Clinically the doctrine of the five elements is used to decline therapeutic principle and method.20. 五行学说也有一定的局限性.The doctrine of five elements obviously has limitations and is still in need of further improvement. Lesson 51. 藏象学说是研究人体各个脏腑的生理功能、病理变化与其相互关系色学说The theory of viscera manifestation studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of viscera and their relations.2. 藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占极与其重要的地位.The theory of viscera manifestation plays an important role in the theoretical system of TCM.3. 五脏的共同生理特点是化生和贮藏精气The mon physiological function of the five Zang-organs is to transform and store essence4.六腑的共同生理特点是受盛和传化水谷.The mon physiological function of the six-organs is to receive,transport and transform water and food.5.脏病多虚,腑病多实Diseases of the five Zang-organs are often of deficiency in nature,while diseases of the fu-organs are frequently of excess innature.6.脏实者可泄其腑,腑虚者可补其脏.Excess of zang-organs can be treated by purging the corresponding fu-organs while deficiency offu-organs can be treated byreinforcing the related zang-organs.7.皮肤受凉而感冒,会出现鼻塞、流涕、咳嗽等症状.mon cold due to invasion of cold into the skin is often characterized by stuffy nose,runningnose and cough.8.肾的精气有促进骨骼生长的作用.Kidney essence is helpful for promoting the growth of skeletone.9.心与小肠相表里.The heart and the small intestine are internally and externally related to each other.10五脏与形体诸窍联接成一个整体The five Zang-organs,the body and all the orifices form an organic whole.11脾开窍于口,其华仔唇四白The spleen opens into the mouth and its luster is manifested over the lips.12.五脏的生理活动与精神情志密切相关The physiological functions of the five Zang-organs are closely associated with the state of spiritand mind.13五脏的生理活动统帅全身整体的生理功能The physiological functions of the five Zang-organs play a leading role in the physiological functio ns of the whole body.14.五脏生理功能之间的平衡协调时维持机体内在环境相对恒定的重要环节The normal relationship between the five Zang-organs and the body and all the orifices is key tothe relative stability of theinternal environment of the body.15.五脏与形体诸窍的联系维系着体内外环境之间的相对平衡协调The normal relationship between the five Zang-organs and the body and all the orifices maintain s the relative balance between the internal environment and external environment of the body.16.精神情志和思维意识活动的失常也会影响五脏的生理功能Disorder of spirit,emotion,and mental activities affects the physiological functions of the five Za ng-organs.17.藏象学说的形成虽有一定的古代解剖知识为基础The formation of the doctrine of viscera manifestation was,to a certain extend,based on the kn owledge of anatomy in ancient times.18有诸内,必形诸外.The state of the internal organs must be manifested externally19.藏象学说对脏腑的认识大大超越了人体解剖学的脏腑范围The knowledge about the viscera in the doctrine of manifestation has exceeded the scope of that in modern anatomy.20藏象学说中的脏腑不单纯是一个解剖学概念,而是概括了人体某一系统的生理和病理学概念.The viscera in the doctrine of manifestation are not simply anatomic concepts,but the conceptsthat are used to generalize the physiological functions and pathological changes in the whole bod y.Lesson61．心脏的主要生理功能是主血脉和主神志.The physiological function of heart is to control blood and vessels and govern the mind.2．脉是血液运行的通道The vessels are the passages in which blood flow.3．血液的正常运行必须以心气充沛,血液充盈和脉道通利为其基本的前提条件.Sufficiency heart qi,abundant blood and smoothness of vessels are prerequisite to normal circul ation of blood.4．若心有病变,可以从舌上反映出来.Pathological changes of the heart can be observed from the tongue.5．肺的呼吸功能健全与否,直接影响着宗气的生成.The respiratory function of lung directly influences the production of thoracic qi.6．肺失于宣散,即可出现呼气不利、胸闷、咳喘等病理现象.Failure of the lung to disperse inevitably leads to dyspnea,chest oppression,cough and panting.. 7如果肺的通调水道功能减退,就可发生水液停聚而生痰、成饮.Hypofunction of the lung in regulating water passage will lead to production of phlegm and retai ned fluid due to stagnation of water.8肺的病变多见于鼻、喉的症状.he pathological changes of the lung are mainly manifested in the nose and throat.9运化水谷即是对饮食物的消化和吸收.Transportation and transformation of water and food means to digest food and absorb nutrients from food.10脾失健运即脾运化水谷精微的功能减退.Failure of the spleen to transport normally refers to hypofunction of the spleen in transporting a nd transforming the nutrients of water and foof,11．脾为后天之本,气血生化之源.The spleen is the acquired base of life and the source of qi and blood production,12百病皆由脾胃衰而生也.All diseases are caused by weakness if the spleen and stomach.13肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄与主藏血.The main physiological function of the liver is to control free flow of qi and store blood.14气机的郁结会导致血行与津液的输布代谢障碍.Stagnation of qi will affect blood circulation as well as distribution and metabolism of body fluid.15肝血不足或肝不藏血时即可引起月经量少,甚则闭经.Insufficient blood or failure of the liver to store bloodwill cause scanty menstruation or evename norrhea,16肢体运动的能量来源权依赖于肝的藏血充足和调节血量的作用.Sufficient blood stored in the liver and normal function of the liver to regulate blood enable the li mbs to get necessary energy for their movement.17肾主生长、发育、与生殖.The kidney governs growth,development and reproductions.18肾所藏得精气包括"先天之气"和"后天之气".The essence stored in the kidney includes innate essence and acquired essence.19肾的纳气功能正常则呼吸均匀和调.If the function of the kidney to receive qi is normal,breath will be smooth and even.20尿液的排泄虽在膀胱,但须依赖肾的气化才能完成.Through urine is discharged from the bladder,it depends on qi transforming activity of the kidne y to acplish such a discharge.Lesson71.the gallbladder excretes bile to promote the small intestine to digest food胆排泄胆汁于小肠以助消化食物.2.the main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile胆的主要生理功能是储存和排泄胆汁.3.胆汁由肝之精气所化生Bile is transformed from the essence in the liver4.胃的生理功能是收纳与腐熟水谷The main physiological function of the stomach is to receive and digest water and food.5.容纳于胃中的水谷经过胃的腐熟后,下传于小肠,其精微经脾的运化而营养全身.After primary digestion,the food in the stomach is transferred to the small intestine,the nutrien t of the food is then transported and transformed to nourish the whole body by the spleen.6.food is further divided into nutrient and reside after further digestion in the small intestine.饮食物经过小肠的进一步消化后分别为水谷精微和食物残渣两个部分.7.the small intestine also absorb large quantity of liquid when it absorbing nutrients from food.小肠在吸收水谷精微的同时,也吸收了大量的水液.8.the so-called"lucid"refers to the nutrients of water and food while the so-called"turbid"refer s to the resi de of food.9."清"指的是水谷精微,"浊"指的是食物残渣.if the function of the small intestine to separate the lucid from the turbid,the ctivity of defecati on and urination will be normal.小肠的泌别清浊功能正常,则二便正常.10.the main physiological function of the large intestine is to receive the waste part of foodstufftransmitted down from thesmall intestine,absorb part of the liquid from the waste and transform the rest part into feces.大肠接受经过小肠泌别清浊后所剩下的食物残渣,再吸收其中多余的水液,形成粪便,经过肛门而排除体外.11.the gallbladder stores and discharge urine through the function of qi transformation of the ki dney.膀胱储存和排泄尿液是在肾的气化作用下完成的.12.the stomach and the spleen are internally and externally related to each other.胃与脾相表里.13.the upper energizer functions as a sprayer.上焦如物14.the middle energizer functions as a fermentor.中焦如沤15.the low energizer functions as a drainer.下焦如渎16.the extraordinary fu-organs are morphologically similar to the fu-organs and functionally simi lar to the zang-organs.奇恒之腑形态类似于腑,功能类似于脏.17.the mon function of the six fu-organs is to transport and transform water and food and disch arge waste.六腑的共同生理功能是传化水谷,排泄糟粕.18.the intelligence and memory of man are associated with the function of the brain.人之灵机记性皆在脑中19.the brain is the house of the primordial spirit.脑为元神之府.20.the uterus is the organ where menstruation takes place and fetus is conceived.女子胞是发生月经和孕育胎儿的器官.Lesson81.Qi is the most essential substance to constitute the body.气是构成人体的最基本物质.2.Qi in the body is derived from innate qi that is transformed from the kidney essence inheritingfrom the parents,and acquired qi from both food nutrients that are transformed by the spleen an d stomach and fresh air that is inhaled by the lung.人体的气来源于秉受于父母的先天之精、饮食物中的营养物质和存在于自然界的清气.3.The innate essence depends on the essential qi stored in the kidney to take effect.先天之精依赖于肾藏精气的生理功能才能充分发挥其生理效应.4.The nutrients from water and food are transformed and absorbed through the function of the spleen and stomach in transportation and transformation.水谷精气依赖于脾胃的运化功能才能从饮食物中摄取而化生.5.Qi is a sort of refined substance with powerful activity.气是活力很强的精微物质.6.Body temperature is maintained with the warming function of qi.人体的体温是依赖气的温煦作用来维持恒定.7.In term of its defensive function,qi mainly protects the whole body and prevents exogenous p athogenic factors from invading the body.气的防御作用主要体现在护卫全身的肌表和防御外邪的入侵.8.Qi prevents blood and body fluid from losing.气对血、精液等液态物质具有防止其无故流失的作用.9.Failure of qi to control blood may lead to various kinds of bleeding.气不摄血可导致各种出血.10.Qi transformation refers to changes caused by qi movement.气化指通过其的运动而产生的各种变化.11.Qi flows all through the body to promote and stimulate various physiological functions of the body.气流行于全身而推动和激发人体的各种生理功能.12.The organs and tissues like viscera and meridians are all the places where qi ascends and des cends as well as exits from and enters into the body.人体的脏腑经络等器官组织都是气的升降出入场所.13.If qi stops ascending,descending,exiting and entering,it will lead to an end of life activities.气的升降出入运动一旦停止,也就意味着生命活动的终止和死亡.14.The primordial qi is the most essential and important qi and is the primary motive force of lif e.元气是人体最基本、最基本的气,是人体生命活动的原动力.15.Innate weakness or improper care after birth or prolonged illness will lead to deficiency anddecline of the primordial qi,and consequently causing various diseases.先天禀赋不足或后天失调,或久病损耗都会形成元气虚衰而产生种种病变.16.The thoracic qi is accumulated in the chest and functions to invigorate the heart and regulate heart rate and the rhythm ofheartbeat.宗气是积于胸中之气,具有推动心脏的搏动、调节心率和心律的功能.17.The nutritive qi es from the nutrients transformed from water and food by the spleen and sto mach.营气主要来自脾胃运化的水谷精气,由水谷精微中的精华部分所化生.18.The nutritive qi is distributed in the blood vessels and flows to the whole body as part of theblood.营气分布于血脉中,成为血液的组成部分所化生.19.The defensive qi flows outside the blood vessels with strong force and high speed.卫气运行于脉外,活动力特别强,流动很迅速.20.The nutritive qi pertains to yin because it maintains inside the body while the defensive qi d营主内守而属阴,卫主外卫而属阳.Lesson9气行则血行,气滞则血瘀normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of blood while stagnation of qicauses stagnation of blood气为血帅,血为气母qi manding the blood and the blood carries qi气行则水行,气滞则水滞normal flow of qi ensures normal flow of fluid while stagnation of qicauses stagnation of fluid益气固脱nourishing qi to stop collapse亡血家不可发汗sweating therapy should be not be used to treat patients suffering from hemorrhage夺血者勿汗sweating therapy should not be used to treat hemorrhage1.Qi,blood and body fluid are the basic substance for maintaining life activities.气血精液都是维持人体生命活动的基本物质2.Since qi pertain to yang because it is active in nature while the blood pertains to yin because it is static in nature,the relationship between qi and blood can be understood according to the rela tionship between Yin and Yang.从由于气性动而属阳,血性静儿属阴,所以气与血的关系可以从阴阳的相互关系来认识.3.The production of blood depends on the qi transforming activities of several viscera.血液的化生过程依赖于多个脏腑的气化作用4.The idea that qi mands the blood means that qi governs the blood and keeps it to flow inside the viscera.气摄血是指通过气的摄纳、统管等作用,使血液不致溢出脉外.5.The blood and body fluid depend on each other and transform into each other physiologically and influence each otherpathologically.血和精液在生理上具有非常密切的相互依存、相互转化的关系,在病理上也常相互影响.6.Both the blood and body fluid,pertaining to yin in nature as pared with qi,are liquid substance that nourish and moisten the body.血和精液均为液态物质,都有营养和滋润作用,与气相对而言,两者都属阴.7.f body fluid.在生产精液的过程中,脾胃之气起着决定性的作用.8.The blood is posed of fluid and nutritive qi.That is why fluid is an important of the blood.血液是由精液和营气两部分所组成,故精液在脉内是血液的重要组成部分.9.The metabolism of body fluid is characterized by opening and closing activities under the pro motion and transformation of qi.在气的推动和气化作用下,精液的代谢表现为开和合两种方式.10.The body discharges fluid through urination and sweating.人体排泄水液的途径主要是尿与汗.11.Pathologically excessive consumption of body fluid and profuse fluid oozing from the vessels will lead to emptiness of the vessels.在病理情况下,津液大量耗损,脉内的津液过多的渗出脉外,会导致血脉空虚.12.Sweating therapy cannot be used to treat patients with deficiency of blood and insufficiency of body fluid because profuse sweating will further consume body fluid.血虚之人,津液不充足,不宜发汗疗法,出汗多则津液耗损更加严重.13.The blood and body fluid not only depend on each other and transform into each other but a lso share the same source of production.That is to say that they all e from the nutrients of water and food.血与津液之间不但存在着相互依存相互转化的关系,而且他们的生成来源也相同,均是源于水谷精微.14.Metabolism of fluid depends on qi to promote and transform津液的代谢过程完全依赖于气的推动,气化作用.15.The state and flow of qi influence the movement of body fluid.气的充足与否,气机是否调畅,都会影响津液的运行.16.Clinically herbs for supplementing qi are often used together with other ones to treat patient s with blood deficiency.在临床治疗血虚的病人时,常常配合应用补气药以提高疗效.17.The production,distribution and discharge of body fluid depend on the lung,spleen,kidneyand triple energizer to transform qi.津液的生成、输布和排泄都离不开肺、脾、肾、三焦、膀胱等脏腑的气化功能.18.If qi fails to mand body fluid because of deficiency,it will lead to abnormal discharge ofurine and sweating with the manifestations of incontinence of urine,enuresis and profuse sweati ng,etc.如果气虚不能固摄津液,可导致尿与汗的异常排出,如小便多,小便失禁、遗尿、多汗.19.Qi can promote the production and flow of the blood and mand the blood,That is why it is s aid that"qi is themander of the blood"气能生血.行血、摄血,故称"气为血之帅".Lesson105.The twelve branches of meridians,which stem from the twelve regular meridians,start fromthe four limbs,run deep inthe viscera and emerge from the shallow region of the neck,十二经别是从十二经脉别出的经脉,它们分别起自四肢,循环于体腔脏腑深部,上出于颈项浅部.6.The branches of the yang meridians stem from the meridians proper run inside the body andfinally merge into the meridians proper.The branches of the yin meridians stem from the meridia ns proper,run inside the body and merge into the yang meridians that are internally and externall y related to the yin meridians.阳经的经别从本经别出而循环体内后,仍回到本经；阴经的经别从本经别出而循环于体内后,却与相表里的阳经相合.7.Collaterals can be divided into three categories,ie divergent collaterals,superficial collaterals and minute collaterals.经络可分为三类,即别络、浮络和孙络.9.According to the theory of meridians,tendons of meridians where qi of the meridians stays,ac cumulates,dissipates and associates with other parts of the body in the musculature and joints.根据经络学说,经筋是十二经脉之气"结、聚、散、络"于筋肉、关节的体系.10.Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body throu gh meridians.同样的,当脏腑发生病变时,也会通过经脉反应于体表.11.The plain conversation says"the liver disease is characterized by hypochondriac pain involving the lower abdomen……and lung disease is characterized by panting,cough,adverse flow of qi and pain in the shouldersand back."<<素问>>："肝病者,两肋下痛,引少腹-----肺病者,喘咳逆气肩背痛."12.Generally speaking,cough due to disorder of the lung meridian is acpanied by lung distensio n,chest oppression and pain in the superclavcular fossa;cough due to disorder of the kidney mer idian is often acpanied by throbbing sensation in the heart like being hunger and frequent fear.一般来说,肺经喘咳则兼肺胀、胸闷、缺盆中痛等；而肾经咳喘则往往心悬若肌、善恐等症相伴出现.13.The theory of meridians studies the physiological functions and pathological changes of meri dians and their relationships with the viscera.经络学说是研究人体经络的生理功能,病理变化与其脏腑相互关系的学说.。
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B百病皆由脾胃衰而生也。
All diseases are caused by weakness of the spleen and stomach.膀胱储存和排泄尿液是在肾的气化作用下完成的。
The bladder stores and discharge urine through the function of qi transformation of the kidney.表寒证是寒邪侵袭肌表所表现的证候Exterior cold syndrome is caused by invasion of pathogenic cold into the superficies.不同的疾病可因相同的病机而出现相同的证。
Different diseases may demonstrate the same syndrome because of the similarity in pathogenesis.C藏象学说在中医学理论体系中占有极其重要的地位。
The theory of visceral manifestation plays an important role in the theoretical system of TCM.常色是指人在正常生理状态下的面部色泽 Normal complexion refers to the facial colors under physiological conditions.除少数药单独使用外，多数都是配合起来使用的Most herbs have to be used in combination except a few special ones.从色泽的明暗，可以辨别病情的阴阳属性。
The manifestations of complexion can tell whether a disease pertains to yin or yang in nature.D胆的主要生理功能是贮存和排泄胆汁。
The main physiological function of the gallbladder is to store and excrete bile.胆排泄胆汁于小肠以助消化食物The gallbladder excretes bile to promote the small intestine to digest food胆汁由肝之精气所化生。
Bile is transformed from the essence in the liver.当脏腑发生病变的时，也会通过经脉反映于体表Similarly pathological changes of the viscera can manifest over the surface of the body through meridians.同样的，得神是精充气足神旺的表现“With spirit” is a manifestation of sufficient essence, abundant qi, and full vitality.地区气候的差异在一定程度上也影响着人体的生理活动。
Regional differences, to some extent, influences the physiological activities of the human body.毒性剧烈的药物用量过多就会发生副作用或中毒Overuse of herbs with acute toxicity will cause side-effects or intoxication.F肺的病变多见于鼻喉的症候。
The pathological changes of the lung are mainly manifested in the nose and throat.肺的呼吸功能健全与否，直接影响着宗气的生成。
The respiratory function of the lung directly influences the production of thoracic qi.肺失于宣散，即可以出现呼吸不利、胸闷、咳喘的病理现象。
Failure of the lung to disperse inevitably leads to dyspnea, chest oppression, cough and panting.G肝藏血以济心。
The liver stores blood to complement the liver.肝的主要生理功能是主疏泄和主藏血。
The main physiological function of the liver is to control free flow of qi and store blood.肝主升而归属于木。
The liver pertains to wood because it controls elevation.功能属于阳，物质属于阴。
Functions pertain to yang while substances to yin.光面舌主要是由于胃阴枯竭、胃气大伤所致Mirror-like tongue is primarily caused bydepletion of stomach yin and impairment of stomach qi.H寒性药物具有清热、泻火、解毒的作用Cold-natured herbs have the function of clearing away heat, purging fire, and removing toxins.寒证是感受寒邪或阴盛阳虚所表现的证候Cold syndrome is usually caused by cold attack or predominance of yin and decline of yang.患者若有啄雀或屋漏脉象，说明病情危重Sparrow-pecking pulse and roof-leaking pulse indicate unfavorable prognosis.火热之邪最易迫津外泄，耗伤人体阴液。
Pathogenic fire-heat tends to consume the body fluid and leads to deficiency of it.J基本原则是补其不足，泻其有余。
The basic therapeutic principle is to supplement insufficiency and reduce excess.治疗的疾病反映于脉象的变化叫做病脉The variation of pulse that reflects the state of a disease is known as morbid pulse.假神是垂危患者出现精神暂时好转的假象。
“False spirit” is a false manifestation of temporary vitality during the critical stage of a disease.介于温凉之间的药物为平性药Mild-natured herbs fall in between cool-natured herbs and warm-natured herbs.金元时期出现了后世称为“金元四大家”的医学流派。
In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared the so-called four great medical schools.津液的代谢过程完全依赖于气的推动，气化作用。
Metabolism of fluid depends on qi to promote and transform.经络是运行全身气血的通道Meridians are the pathways for qi to circulate in the whole body.经脉中的气血运行是循环贯注的，如环无端。
Qi and blood in the meridians circulate in cycles.K苦味药有燥湿和泻下的作用Herbs bitter in flavor have the function of drying dampness and promoting defecation.M麻黄与石膏配伍，重在清散郁热The compatibility of Mahuang and Shigao aims to clear away and disperse stagnated heat.脉分为三个部分，即寸、关、尺。
The pulse is divided into three parts known as cun, guan and chi.脉浮主表证，脉沉主里证Floating pulse indicates exterior syndrome while sunken pulse shows interior syndrome.脉是血液运行的通道。
The vessels are the passages in which blood flows.脉象沉滑，表明有消化不良A sunken-slippery pulse indicates indigestion.脉象浮芤，表明有出血A floating –hollow pulse indicates bleeding.脉象浮濡，表明有中暑A floating –soggy pulse indicates sunstroke.脉诊非常复杂，形成了一个独特的诊法体系Pulse-taking is so complicated that it has developed into a unique diagnostic system.脉诊是中医的一种非常神奇而典型的诊法。
Pulse-taking is a miraculous and typical Chinese diagnostic method.没有阴也就无以言阳，没有阳也就无以言阴。
Yin cannot exist alone without yang andvice versa.木过强时，既可以乘脾，又可以侮金。
When wood is too strong, it will over restrict the spleen and counter-restrict metal木火土金水是不可缺少的五种最基本的物质。