“李牧者,赵之北边良将也”阅读答案及译文原文及翻译

“李牧者,赵之北边良将也”阅读答案及译文原文及翻译
“李牧者,赵之北边良将也”阅读答案及译文原文及翻译

“李牧者,赵之北边良将也”阅读答案及

译文原文及翻译

阅读下面文言文,完成9~12题。

李牧者,赵之北边良将也。常居代雁门,备匈奴。以便宜置吏,市租皆输入幕府,为士卒费。日击数牛飨士,习射骑,谨烽火,多间谍,厚遇战士。为约曰:匈奴即入盗,急入收保,有敢捕虏者斩。匈奴每入,烽火谨,辄入收保,不敢战。如是数岁,亦不亡失。然匈奴以李牧为怯,虽赵边兵亦以为吾将怯。赵王让李牧,李牧如故。赵王怒,召之,使他人代将。岁余,匈奴每来,出战。出战,数不利,失亡多,边不得田畜,复请李牧。牧杜门不出,固称疾。赵王乃复强起使将兵。牧曰:王必用臣,臣如前,乃敢奉令。王许之。李牧至,如故约。匈奴数岁无所得。终以为怯。边士日得赏赐而不用,皆愿一战。于是乃具选车得千三百乘,选骑得万三千匹,百金之士五万人,彀者十万人,悉勒习战。大纵畜牧,人民满野。匈奴小入,佯北不胜,以数千人委之。单于闻之,大率众来入。李牧多为奇陈,张左右翼击之,大破杀匈奴十余万骑。灭襜褴,破东胡,降林胡,单于奔走。其后十余岁,匈奴不敢近赵边城。

赵悼襄王元年,廉颇既亡入魏,赵使李牧攻燕,拔武遂、方城。后七年,秦破杀赵将扈辄于武遂,斩首十万。赵乃以李牧为大将军,击秦军于宜安,大破秦军,走秦将桓齮。封李牧为武安君。居三年,

秦攻番吾,李牧击破秦军,南拒韩、魏。赵王迁七年,秦使王翦攻赵,赵使李牧、司马尚御之。秦多与赵王宠臣郭开金,为反间,言李牧、司马尚欲反。赵王乃使赵葱及齐将颜聚代李牧。李牧不受命,赵使人微捕得李牧,斩之。废司马尚。后三月,王翦因急击赵,大破杀赵葱,虏赵王迁及其将颜聚,遂灭赵。

(选自《史记廉颇蔺相如列传》)

9.下列句中加点词语的解释,不正确的一项是()

A.赵王让李牧让:责备

B.赵王乃复强起使将兵起:起来

C.佯北不胜,以数千人委之委:丢弃

D.赵使人微捕得李牧微:暗中

10.下列各组句中加点的词,意义、用法都相同的一组是()A.臣如前,乃敢奉令今其智乃反不能及

B.佯北不胜,以数千人委之赵王岂以一璧之故欺秦耶

C.边士日得赏赐而不用臣乃市井鼓刀屠者,而公子亲数存之D.秦多与赵王宠臣郭开金君王能与共分天下

11.下列句子编为四组,全部直接表现李牧军事才能的一组是()

①匈奴每入,烽火谨,辄入收保②匈奴每来,出战

③多为奇陈,张左右翼击之④匈奴不敢近赵边城

⑤匈奴小入,佯北不胜⑥赵使李牧、司马尚御之

A.①④⑥B.②③⑤C.②④⑥D.①③⑤

12.下列对原文的理解和分析,不正确的一项是()

A.李牧驻守雁门,犒劳士兵,操练射箭、骑马,并不急于出战,致使匈奴及赵国边防兵认为他胆小怕事。

B.李牧不肯迎战匈奴,赵王不满,让别的将领取代他,匈奴来犯,伤亡损失很多。赵王再请李牧出山,李牧觉得这个决定太急促,闭门不出。

C.李牧到任后,按照原来的规章办事。当匈奴始终认为李牧胆怯、守边将士都希望与匈奴一战时,李牧巧妙部署,打败匈奴。

D.赵王迁七年,赵王派李牧、司马尚抵抗秦军。秦国施行反间计,赵王派人逮捕了李牧并杀害了他。秦国乘势攻打赵国并灭之。

13.把下列各句翻译成现代汉语。(10分)

(1)臣所以去亲戚而事君者,徒慕君之高义也。(3分)(《廉颇与蔺相如》)

译文:

(2)楚兵罢食尽,此天亡楚之时也,不如因其机而遂取之。今释弗击,此所谓养虎自遗患也。(3分)(《垓下之战》)译文:

(3)善战者因其势而利导之。兵法:百里而趣利者蹶上将,五十里而趣利者军半至。(4)(《孙膑》)

译文:

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平。广出猎,见草中石,以为虎而射之,中石没镞,视之,石也。因复更射之,终不能复入石矣。 广镇守右北平,匈奴听说他的名字,称他是“汉朝的飞将军”。躲避了他数年,不敢进右北平。广出外打猎,看见草中的石头,以为是虎就射去,箭头没入石中,近看原来是石头。于是又重射,却再不能射进石头里了。 广廉,得赏赐辄分其麾下,饮食与士共之。广之将兵,乏绝之处,见水,士卒不尽饮,广不近水,士卒不尽食,广不尝食。宽缓不苛,士以此爱乐为用。其射,见敌急,非在数十步之,度不中不发,发即应弦而倒。 广很廉洁,得到赏赐常常分给部下,饮食与士卒在一起。广带兵,遇到缺粮断水的地方,见到水,士兵还没有完全喝到水,广不去靠近水;士兵还没有完全吃上饭,广一口饭也不尝。广对士兵宽厚和缓不苛刻,士兵因此爱戴他,乐于为他所用。广射箭的方法是,看见敌人逼近,如果不在几十步之,估计射不中就不发射。只要一发射,敌人立即随弓弦之声倒地。 元朔六年,广复为后将军,从大将军军出定襄,击匈奴。诸将 多中首虏率,以功为侯者,而广军无功

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

【最新推荐】应急法律外文文献翻译原文+译文

文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

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《李将军列传》原文与译文 原文: 李将军广者,陇西成纪人也。其先曰李信,秦时为将,逐得燕太子丹者也。故槐里,徒成纪。广家世世受射。孝文帝十四年,匈奴大人萧关,而广以良家子从军击胡,用善骑射,杀首虏多,为汉中郎。广从弟李蔡,亦为郎,皆为武骑常侍,秩八百石。尝从行,有所冲陷折关及格猛兽,而文帝曰:“惜乎,子不遇时!如令子当高帝时,万户侯岂足道哉!” 及孝景初立,广为陇西都尉,徙为骑郎将。吴楚军时,广为骁骑都尉,从太尉亚夫击吴楚军,取旗,显功名昌邑下,以梁王授广将军印还,赏不行。徙为上谷太守。匈奴日以合战,典属国公孙昆邪为上泣曰:“李广才气,天下无双,自负其能,数与虏敌战,恐亡之。”于是,乃徙为上郡太守。后广转为边郡太守,徙上郡,尝为陇西、北地、雁门、代郡、云中太守,皆以力战为名。 匈奴大入上郡,天子使中贵人从广勒习兵击匈奴。中贵人将骑数十,纵见匈奴三人,与战,三人还射,伤中贵人,杀其骑且尽。中遗人走广,广曰:“是必射雕者也。”广乃遂从百骑往驰三人,三人亡马步行,行数十里,广令其骑张左右翼,而广身自射彼三人者,杀其二人,生得一人,果匈奴射雕者也。已缚之上马,望匈奴有数千骑,见广,以为诱骑,皆惊,上山陈。广之百骑皆大恐,欲驰还走,广曰:“吾去大军数十里,今如此以百骑走,匈奴追射我,立尽。今我留,匈奴必以我为大军之诱,必不敢击我。”广令诸骑曰:“前!”前,未到匈奴陈二里所,止,令曰:“皆下马解鞍!”其骑曰:“虏多且近,即有急,奈何?”广曰:“彼虏以我为走,今皆解鞍以示不走,用坚其意。”于是胡骑遂不敢击。有白马将出护其兵,李广上马与十余骑奔射杀胡白马将,而复还至其骑中,解鞍,令士皆纵马卧。是时会暮,胡兵终怪之,不敢击。夜半时,胡兵亦以为汉有伏军于旁欲夜取之,胡皆引而去。平旦,李广乃归其大军。大军不知广所之,故弗从。 译文: 李广将军,陇西成纪人。他的先祖名李信,秦朝时做过将军,就是追获燕太子丹的那位将军。他们老家在槐里,后迁徙到成纪。李广家世代传习射箭。汉文帝十四年,匈奴大举入侵萧关,李广以良家子弟的身份从军抗击匈奴,因为精通骑马射箭,杀敌斩首和虏获多,做了汉朝的中郎。李广的堂弟李蔡,也作了郎官,他们都是武骑常侍,俸禄八百石。李广曾经随从皇帝出行,有冲锋陷阵抵御敌寇和与猛兽搏斗的事,因而文帝说:“可惜呀,你未遇到好时候,假如让你生在高祖时代,封个万户侯哪还用说呢!” 到孝景帝初登位,李广任陇西都尉,后调为骑郎将。吴楚起兵叛乱时,李广任骁骑都尉,随太尉周亚夫反击吴楚叛军。在昌邑城下,夺取敌人军旗,立了大功,以此名声显扬。但因梁王授下授给他将军印,还师后,没有给予封赏。调为上谷太守,天天与匈奴交战。典属国公孙昆邪哭着对皇帝说:“李广的才气,天下无双,他自伏本领高查强,屡次与敌虏肉搏,恐怕会失去世他。”于是调他为上郡太守。后来转任边郡太守,曾为陵西、雁门、代郡、云中太守,都因奋力作战而出名。

外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/2c11694755.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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